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Vanden Brink H, Burgert TS, Barral R, Malik A, Gadiraju M, Lujan ME. Ovarian Morphology in Girls Longitudinal Cohort Study: Pilot Evaluation of Ovarian Morphology as a Biomarker of Reproductive and Metabolic Features during the First Gynecological Year. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2024; 37:315-322. [PMID: 38395192 PMCID: PMC11195913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to establish whether aspects of ovarian morphology correlate with reproductive and metabolic features during the first postmenarcheal year using data from the Ovarian Morphology in Girls (OMG!) cohort study. The feasibility of transabdominal ultrasonography to assess ovarian features was also determined. METHODS Healthy adolescent females enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Study visits occurred at 6-10, 11-13, 17-19, and 23-25 months postmenarche and entailed a physical exam, transabdominal ultrasound, and fasting blood draw. Participants maintained menstrual diaries throughout the study. The present analysis reflects participants who completed the study visit at 6-10 months postmenarche. Associations between ovarian morphology or average cycle length with reproductive and metabolic features were assessed by Spearman correlations and linear regression. RESULTS Forty participants enrolled in the OMG! STUDY Thirty-one participants initiated study procedures at 6-10 months postmenarche, and data were available for analysis for 29 participants. Image quality was judged as partially visible or excellent in 90% of the left and 78% of the right ovaries assessed, with all images collected having sufficient image quality to provide measurements of at least 1 ovarian marker. The follicle number per ovary and ovarian volume were positively associated with anti-Müllerian hormone levels and negatively associated with fasting insulin. The average cycle length was only associated negatively with triglycerides. CONCLUSION Transabdominal ultrasonography in the early postmenarcheal period provides sufficient resolution to enable estimations of antral follicle count and ovarian size. Ovarian features in early gynecological life may correspond with measures of reproductive and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Vanden Brink
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Division of Endocrinology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
| | - Tania S Burgert
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Romina Barral
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Anushka Malik
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Manasa Gadiraju
- University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Marla E Lujan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
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Liu Y, Ni T, Zhao Q, Cui W, Lan X, Zhou T, Zhang Q, Yan J. Maternal hypercholesterolemia would increase the incidence of embryo aneuploidy in couples with recurrent implantation failure. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:534. [PMID: 37990245 PMCID: PMC10662148 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of dyslipidemia with embryo development and pregnancy outcomes is largely unknown, especially in unexplained recurrent implantation failure (uRIF) patients. Here, this study aimed to explore the impact of abnormal blood lipid levels on embryo genetic status and pregnancy outcomes after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) from a clinical perspective. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed 502 patients diagnosed as uRIF. They were divided into four groups according to the levels of cholesterol and triglyceride: nonhyperlipidemia group (NonH group), simple hypercholesterolemia group (SHC group), simple hypertriglyceridemia group (SHC group) and mixed hyperlipidemia group (MixH group). At the same time, patients were divided into non-low HDL-C group and low HDL-C group according to their HDL-C level. The outcomes of embryos genetic testing and pregnancy outcomes after PGT-A was analyzed between groups. Binary logistic regression and/or generalized estimating equation (GEE) model were conducted to investigate the association of different types of dyslipidemia with embryonic aneuploidy rate and cumulative live-birth rate. RESULTS 474 women who met the inclusion criteria were divided into four groups: NonH group (N = 349), SHC group (N = 55), SHT group (N = 52) and MixH group (N = 18). Compared with the NonH group, SHC group had a significantly increased rate of embryo aneuploidy [48.3% vs. 36.7%, P = 0.006; adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) = 1.52(1.04-2.22), P = 0.029], as well as a reduced number of good-quality embryos on day 5 or 6 [3.00 ± 2.29 vs. 3.74 ± 2.77, P = 0.033]. The SHC group showed a tendency of a lower cumulative live birth rate (47.0% vs. 40.0%), a lower incidence of good birth outcome (37.2% vs. 34.5%) and a higher risk of clinical pregnancy loss (11.1% vs. 17.9%), but did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). The incidences of obstetric or neonatal complications and other adverse events were similar in the four groups. Whether patients have low HDL-C did not differ in pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We found that uRIF women with hypercholesterolemia had an increased proportion of aneuploid embryos and a reduced proportion of high-quality embryos, while different types of hyperlipidemia had no correlation with cumulative live birth rate as well as pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tianxiang Ni
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Weiran Cui
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangxin Lan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Junhao Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Aggarwal M, Chakole S. Prevalence of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Its Link to Obesity in Adolescent Girls. Cureus 2023; 15:e45405. [PMID: 37854752 PMCID: PMC10581327 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), also referred to as Stein-Leventhal syndrome, happens to be one of most common hormonal disorders found in females, causing large-sized ovaries with small cysts of non-ovulated oocytes in the outer medulla part of the ovary. Women suffering from PCOS often exhibit symptoms like oligomenorrhoea, elevated testosterone levels, acne, alopecia, hirsutism, sudden weight gain and many more. It can predispose a woman to developing infertility in future, and thus, difficulties in conceiving; due to the cystic changes in the ovaries, it results in anovulation and amenorrhea. The early symptoms of PCOS are being commonly observed nowadays in young women who are in their early 20s and those who are overweight or obese. The metabolic expression of PCOS increases with obesity. Obesity is a factor that is considered to contribute the most in the occurrence of various long-standing and non-transmissible illnesses apart from PCOS such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, high blood cholesterol and even certain types of cancers. In obesity, there is an increase in the size and number of fat cells in the body. Obese and overweight young girls have a heightened likelihood of developing PCOS and its corresponding metabolic and reproductive health complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Aggarwal
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Swarupa Chakole
- Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Mićić B, Djordjevic A, Veličković N, Kovačević S, Martić T, Macut D, Vojnović Milutinović D. AMPK Activation as a Protective Mechanism to Restrain Oxidative Stress in the Insulin-Resistant State in Skeletal Muscle of Rat Model of PCOS Subjected to Postnatal Overfeeding. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1586. [PMID: 37371678 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, often associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Childhood obesity is an important predisposing factor for the development of PCOS later in life. Being particularly interested in the interplay between prepubertal obesity and hyperandrogenemia, we investigated the effects of early postnatal overfeeding, accomplished by reducing litter size during the period of suckling, on energy sensing and insulin signaling pathways in the gastrocnemius muscle of a rat model of PCOS-induced by 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The combination of overfeeding and DHT treatment caused hyperinsulinemia and decreased systemic insulin sensitivity. Early postnatal overfeeding induced defects at critical nodes of the insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle, which was associated with reduced glucose uptake in the presence of hyperandrogenemia. In this setting, under a combination of overfeeding and DHT treatment, skeletal muscle switched to mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids, resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation that stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and its downstream targets involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant protection. Overall, a combination of overfeeding and hyperandrogenemia resulted in a prooxidative and insulin-resistant state in skeletal muscle. This was accompanied by the activation of AMPK, which could represent a potential therapeutic target in insulin-resistant PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Mićić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Veličković
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Kovačević
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Martić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Doktora Subotića 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Vojnović Milutinović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Wang YX, Stuart JJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Missmer SA, Rexrode KM, Farland LV, Mukamal KJ, Nelson SM, Solomon CG, Fraser A, Chavarro JE. Menstrual Cycle Regularity and Length Across the Reproductive Lifespan and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2238513. [PMID: 36282498 PMCID: PMC9597395 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Menstrual cycle characteristics may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, existing studies are limited, and few have explored the mediating role of established CVD risk factors. Objective To explore the associations of menstrual cycle characteristics across the reproductive lifespan with the risk of CVD and to what extent these associations were mediated by hypercholesterolemia, chronic hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study prospectively followed Nurses' Health Study II participants between 1993 and 2017 who reported menstrual cycle regularity and length for ages 14 to 17 years and 18 to 22 years at enrollment in 1989 and updated current cycle characteristics in 1993 (at ages 29 to 46 years). Data analysis was performed from October 1, 2019, to January 1, 2022. Exposures Menstrual cycle regularity and length across the reproductive lifespan. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident CVD events of interest, including fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD; myocardial infarction [MI] or coronary revascularization) and stroke. Results A total of 80 630 Nurses' Health Study II participants were included in the analysis, with a mean (SD) age of 37.7 (4.6) years and body mass index of 25.1 (5.6) at baseline. Over 24 years of prospective follow-up, 1816 women developed their first CVD event. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models showed that, compared with women reporting very regular cycles at the same ages, women who had irregular cycles or no periods at ages 14 to 17, 18 to 22, or 29 to 46 years had hazard ratios for CVD of 1.15 (95% CI, 0.99-1.34), 1.36 (95% CI, 1.06-1.75), and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.14-1.71), respectively. Similarly, compared with women reporting a cycle length of 26 to 31 days, women reporting a cycle length 40 days or more or a cycle too irregular to estimate from ages 18 to 22 or 29 to 46 years had hazard ratios for CVD of 1.44 (95% CI, 1.13-1.84) and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.09-1.57), respectively. Mediation analyses showed that subsequent development of hypercholesteremia, chronic hypertension, and type 2 diabetes only explained 5.4% to 13.5% of the observed associations. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, both irregular and long menstrual cycles were associated with increased rates of CVD, which persisted even after accounting for subsequently established CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer J. Stuart
- Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janet W. Rich-Edwards
- Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stacey A. Missmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids
| | - Kathryn M. Rexrode
- Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leslie V. Farland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kenneth J. Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott M. Nelson
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Caren G. Solomon
- Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge E. Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Restaino RM, Cradock K, Barlow MA. Effects of the Follicular Menstrual Phase on Forearm Vascular Conductance in Abdominal Obese Premenopausal Women During Graded Handgrip Exercise. Artery Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s44200-022-00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Previous studies have reported a sympatholytic action of estrogen on the vasculature in response to increased sympathetic outflow, an effect most notable during exercise, providing for necessary increases in blood flow to working muscle. In contrast, elevated concentrations of progesterone can inhibit this action of estrogen, impairing increases in blood flow. We hypothesize that the peak concentration of estrogen during the proliferative portion of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in female humans will increase vascular conductance during exercise when the effects of progesterone are negligible. In addition, we hypothesize that overweight abdominally obese females will have an attenuated conductance response to dynamic exercise during the same menstrual phase.
Methods
Participants engaged in graded forearm exercise using an isotonic handgrip dynometer with sequential increases in resistance at a cadence of 30 contractions/minute until task failure. They performed exercise at time points of the menstrual cycle corresponding to low concentrations of both sex hormones and elevated estrogen, while progesterone remained low. Blood flow and vascular conductance were measured using Doppler ultrasound.
Results
This revealed a trend that abdominal obese women during a phase of low estrogen had a lower overall blood flow and vascular conductance response than healthy controls at matching resistance stages during rest and exercise. This group difference was attenuated during the proliferative phase with elevated circulating estrogen. There is not a statistically significant interaction between Ovarian Phase and Weight group (P = 0.778).
Conclusion
The results indicate that overweight women are at a disadvantage during exercise in increasing blood flow to working muscles, which can be detrimental to overall fitness improvement during the early and potentially late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
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Soria-Contreras DC, Perng W, Rifas-Shiman SL, Hivert MF, Chavarro JE, Oken E. Menstrual cycle length and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women in Project Viva. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2022; 36:347-355. [PMID: 35172020 PMCID: PMC9050743 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrospective studies suggest that menstrual cycle length may be a risk marker of adverse pregnancy outcomes, but this evidence is susceptible to recall bias. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prospective association between menstrual cycle length and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS Secondary analysis of 2046 women enrolled in Project Viva at ~10 weeks of gestation and followed through delivery. The exposure was menstrual cycle length. The outcomes included gestational glucose tolerance (gestational diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance [GDM/IGT] and isolated hyperglycaemia), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (gestational hypertension/preeclampsia), gestational weight gain, birthweight-for-gestational age z-scores (BWZ) categorised in tertiles, preterm birth and birth outcome (live birth and pregnancy loss). We used modified Poisson and multinomial logistic regression adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, parity, age at menarche and pre-pregnancy body mass index. RESULTS Mean (SD) age at enrolment was 32.1 (4.9) years. Most women (74.3%) had a cycle length of 26-34 days (reference group), 16.2% reported short cycles (≤25 days), and 9.5% reported long/irregular cycles (≥35 days/too irregular to estimate). Compared with the reference group, women with short cycles had lower odds of GDM/IGT (odds ratio [OR] 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28, 0.89), whereas women with long/irregular cycles had higher odds (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.04, 2.83). Additionally, women with short cycles had higher odds of having a newborn in the lowest tertile of BWZ (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06, 1.98). There was a U-shaped relation between cycle length and preterm birth with both short (relative risk [RR] 1.49, 95% CI 0.98, 2.27) and long/irregular (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.30, 3.20) cycles, associated with a higher risk. CONCLUSIONS Variation in menstrual cycle length may be a risk marker of GDM/IGT, lower birth size and preterm birth and flag women who may benefit from targeted monitoring and care before and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Soria-Contreras
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National
Institute of Public Health. Avenida Universidad No. 655, Santa Maria Ahuacatitlan,
Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico
| | - Wei Perng
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public
Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place,
Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD)
Center, Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of
Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12474 East 19 Ave, Aurora, CO 80045,
USA
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse,
Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health
Care Institute, 401 Park Drive, Suite 401 East, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse,
Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health
Care Institute, 401 Park Drive, Suite 401 East, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford
Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jorge E. Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis
St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse,
Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health
Care Institute, 401 Park Drive, Suite 401 East, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kiconco S, Teede HJ, Earnest A, Loxton D, Joham AE. Menstrual cycle regularity as a predictor for heart disease and diabetes: Findings from a large population-based longitudinal cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:605-616. [PMID: 34817084 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Menstrual cycle regularity underpins the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is linked to adverse cardio-metabolic profile. However, links between menstrual disorders and metabolic conditions are often under-appreciated and not considered when assessing cardio-metabolic risk in women. We aimed to assess the risk of diabetes and heart disease in women with irregular menstrual cycles and those whose cycles were regular. METHODS This was a community based longitudinal cohort study. We utilized the 1946 to 1951 birth cohort database (N = 13,714) of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) over a 20-year follow-up period. Data were analysed using Cox regression models. RESULTS Women with irregular menstrual cycles had 20% higher risk of developing heart disease [adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.43) compared with those with regular menstrual cycles. We also observed 17% higher risk of diabetes (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.00-1.38) in women who had irregular menstrual cycles than in women who had regular menstrual cycles. The diabetes risk was 30% higher (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.09-1.55) if women had irregular cycles and did not use hormone replacement therapy, but this was not significant on adjustment for all covariates. CONCLUSION Having irregular menstrual cycles appears to be an early indicator for heart disease and diabetes. These findings suggest that irregular cycles among women in their forties may be linked to adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes. These women may benefit from screening and prevention strategies as recommended by related guidelines such as the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kiconco
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena J Teede
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arul Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah Loxton
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anju E Joham
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Laru J, Nedelec R, Koivuaho E, Ojaniemi M, Järvelin MR, Tapanainen JS, Franks S, Tolvanen M, Piltonen TT, Sebert S, Morin-Papunen L. BMI in childhood and adolescence is associated with impaired reproductive function-a population-based cohort study from birth to age 50 years. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2948-2961. [PMID: 34364312 PMCID: PMC8643422 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the association between childhood and adolescent BMI and reproductive capacity in women? SUMMARY ANSWER Adolescent girls with obesity had an increased risk of infertility and childlessness in adulthood independently of their marital status or the presence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Girls with obesity (BMI (kg/m2)>95th percentile) more often exhibit menstrual irregularities and infertility problems as compared to those with normal weight, and premenarcheal girls with obesity have an increased risk of childlessness and infertility in adulthood. Follow-up studies on the relation between childhood and adolescence growth patterns and fertility or parity throughout the reproductive life span are limited. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A prospective, population-based cohort study (the Northern Finland birth cohort 1966) was performed with 5889 women born in 1966 and followed from birth to age 50 years. Postal questionnaires at ages 31 and 46 years addressed questions on reproductive capacity evaluated by decreased fecundability, need for infertility assessment and treatment by 46 years of age. Childlessness and number of children by age 50 years were recovered from registers. Women who did not report ever having attempted to achieve pregnancy (n = 1507) were excluded. The final study population included 4382 women who attempted to achieve pregnancy before age 46 years. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Data on BMI were collected by trained personnel at all stages. We assessed association with both prospectively measured BMI at various time points and with early adiposity phenotypes derived from linear mixed models including the timing and the BMI at adiposity peak (AP) and adiposity rebound (AR). Self-reported infertility assessments and treatments were assessed at ages 31 and 46 years. Data on deliveries were collected from the national birth register. Decreased fecundability was defined at age 31 years as time to achieve pregnancy over 12 months. Logistic regression analyses were conducted with adjustments for marital status, education level and smoking at age 31 years. Women with PCOS were excluded from stratification-based sensitivity analyses. Obesity at a specific age group was defined by having at least one BMI value above the 95th percentile during the related period. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE BMI at the age of AR (5-7 years) was not associated with fertility outcomes after adjustments, but girls with AR <5.1 years had a higher risk of remaining childless compared to girls with AR over 5.1 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.45 (1.10-1.92)). At ages 7-10 and 11-15 years, obesity was associated with decreased fecundability (adjusted OR 2.05 (1.26-3.35) and 2.04 (1.21-3.44), respectively) and a lower number of children. At age 11-15 years, both overweight and obesity were associated with a higher risk of childlessness (adjusted OR 1.56 (1.06-2.27), 1.77 (1.02-3.07), respectively), even after excluding women with PCOS. Underweight at age 11-15 years was associated with an increased risk for infertility treatment (adjusted OR 1.55 (1.02-2.36)) and a tendency for an increased risk for infertility assessment (adjusted OR 1.43 (0.97-2.10)) after excluding women with PCOS. LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTION Despite a high participation rate throughout the follow-up, some growth data for children over the different age groups were missing. Infertility outcomes were self-reported. A potential over-diagnosis of obesity may have reduced the significance of the association between childhood obesity and fertility outcomes, and the diagnosis of PCOS was self-reported. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study supports previous results showing that girls with obesity in late childhood and in adolescence displayed reduced fertility and an increased risk of remaining childless in adulthood, independently of marital history and PCOS in adulthood. These findings corroborate the body of evidence for a causal relation between early adiposity and the reproductive functions in women. We recommend reinforcing the prevention of obesity in school-age girls to reduce the risk of impaired reproductive functions. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) NFBC1966 received financial support from University of Oulu Grant no. 65354, Oulu University Hospital Grant no. 2/97, 8/97, Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Grant no. 23/251/97, 160/97, 190/97, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki Grant no. 54121, Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland Grant no. 50621, 54231. The Finnish Medical Foundation, the North Ostrobothnia Regional Fund, the Academy of Finland (project grants 315921, 104781, 120315, 129269, 1114194, 24300796), Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics and SALVE, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Biocenter Oulu, University Hospital Oulu and University of Oulu (75617), Jalmari ja Rauha Ahokkaan säätiö, The Finnish Medical Foundation, Medical Research Center Oulu, National Institute for Health Research (UK). M. R. J., S. S. and R. N. received funding by the Academy of Finland (#268336) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (under Grant agreement no. 633595 for the DynaHEALTH action and GA 733206 for LifeCycle). The funders had no role in study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, in the writing of the article and in the decision to submit it for publication. The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Grants
- 54121 Department of Health
- Medical Research Council
- University of Oulu
- Oulu University Hospital
- Ministry of Health and Social Affairs
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki
- Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
- The Finnish Medical Foundation, the North Ostrobothnia Regional Fund, the Academy of Finland
- Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics and SALVE, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Biocenter Oulu, University Hospital Oulu and University of Oulu
- Jalmari ja Rauha Ahokkaan säätiö
- The Finnish Medical Foundation, Medical Research Center Oulu, National Institute for Health Research (UK)
- Academy of Finland
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - R Nedelec
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - E Koivuaho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Ojaniemi
- Department of Children and Adolescents, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - M -R Järvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Tolvanen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - T T Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - S Sebert
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - L Morin-Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence address. PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Kajaanintie 50, BOX 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. Tel: +358 8 3154109; E-mail: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5987-7534
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10
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Dondi E, Tufano M, Vigone MC, Lucaccioni L, Pozzobon G, Ubertini G, Mozzillo E, Delvecchio M. Polycystic ovary syndrome in pediatric obesity and diabetes. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2021; 73:523-536. [PMID: 34286948 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.21.06542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polycystic ovary syndrome is characterized by anovulation (amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, irregular menstrual cycles) combined with symptoms of androgen excess (hirsutism, acne, alopecia). The clear definition and diagnosis in adolescents could be challenging considering that most of symptoms occur as part of the expected physiological hormonal imbalance of puberty. Therefore, different diagnostic criteria have been elaborated. Polycystic ovary syndrome could be associated to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. In adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome, adiposity is associated with higher androgen concentrations and greater menstrual irregularity. Polycystic ovary syndrome in youth is considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adulthood. On the other hand, increased prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome has been shown in type 1 diabetes mellitus. EVIDENCE The treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents is controversial considering that adequate trials are lacking. First line treatment comprises lifestyle modification (preferably multicomponent including diet, exercise and behavioural strategies) that should be recommended overall in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and overweight, central obesity and insulin resistance. Beyond non-pharmacological therapy, pharmacological agents include combined hormonal contraceptives, metformin and antiandrogens, used separately or in combination. The aim of therapy is to bring back ovulation, to normalize menses, to reduce hirsutism and acne, to reduce weight. Other important goal is the treatment of hyperlipidaemia and of hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS This narrative review aims to review the most pertinent literature about polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents with obesity or diabetes. We overviewed the diagnostic criteria, the pathophysiology and the possible treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dondi
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Andrea Hospital, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Maria Tufano
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Usl Central Tuscany, Florence, Prato, Italy
| | - Maria C Vigone
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Lucaccioni
- Pediatric Unit, Departmente of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pozzobon
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Enza Mozzillo
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetes, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Delvecchio
- Metabolic Disorders and Genetic Unit, Giovanni XXIII Children Hospital, Bari, Italy -
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11
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Hosseinzadeh P, Barsky M, Gibbons WE, Blesson CS. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Forgotten Uterus. F&S REVIEWS 2021; 2:11-20. [PMID: 34423324 PMCID: PMC8378802 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder that affects various facets of fertility. Although the ovarian and metabolic aspects of the disease is well studied, its role in uterine dysfunction is not well understood. Our objective was to review the features of endometrial and uterine aberrations in women with PCOS. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane Library databases for papers published in English up to March 2020. The following key words were used for the search: polycystic ovary syndrome, poly cystic ovarian disease, polycystic ovaries, PCOS, PCOD, PCO, PCOM, oligoovulation, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperandrogenism and this was combined with terms; endometrium, infertility, uterus, progesterone resistance, endometrial hyperplasia, pregnancy outcomes, preterm delivery. In this review, we highlight various uterine pathologies that are associated with PCOS and explore its impact on fertility. We also discuss key uterine molecular pathways that are altered in PCOS that may be related to infertility, endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Hosseinzadeh
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Maya Barsky
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Family Fertility Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - William E. Gibbons
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Family Fertility Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chellakkan S. Blesson
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Family Fertility Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
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12
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Meyer ML, Sotres‐Alvarez D, Steiner AZ, Cousins L, Talavera GA, Cai J, Daviglus ML, Loehr LR. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Signs and Metabolic Syndrome in Premenopausal Hispanic/Latina Women: the HCHS/SOL Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5698885. [PMID: 31917455 PMCID: PMC7007876 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition of androgen excess in women, is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors; however, this association is not fully characterized in a population-based sample of premenopausal women and high-risk groups such as Hispanics/Latinas. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of PCOS signs and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in premenopausal Hispanic/Latina women. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis includes 1427 women age 24 to 44 years from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. PCOS signs included menstrual cycle greater than 35 days or irregular, self-reported PCOS, and oral contraceptive use to regulate periods or acne, and a composite of 1 or more PCOS signs. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI for MetS, accounting for sociodemographic factors and the complex survey design; an additional model included body mass index (BMI). RESULTS The mean age was 34 years and 30% reported any PCOS sign. The odds of MetS were higher in women reporting cycles greater than 35 days or irregular (OR 1.63; CI: 1.07-2.49) vs cycles 24 to 35 days, self-reported PCOS (OR 2.49; CI: 1.38-4.50) vs no PCOS, and any PCOS sign (OR 1.58; CI: 1.10-2.26) vs none. We found no association between OC use to regulate periods or acne and MetS (OR 1.1; CI: 0.6-1.8). When adjusting for BMI, only the association of self-reported PCOS and MetS was attenuated (OR 1.78; CI: 0.92-3.44). CONCLUSIONS In Hispanic/Latina women, irregular menstrual cycles, self-reported PCOS, and any PCOS sign were associated with MetS and could indicate women at metabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Meyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Correspondence: Michelle L. Meyer, PhD, MPH, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Department of Emergency Medicine, 170 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7594, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7594. E-mail:
| | | | - Anne Z Steiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Duke, North Carolina
| | - Larry Cousins
- Children’s Specialists of San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Gregory A Talavera
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Laura R Loehr
- Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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13
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Anikwe CC, Ekwedigwe KC, Adiele NA, Ikeoha CC, Asiegbu OGK, Nnadozie UU. Clinical Presentation and Management Outcome of Emergency Adolescent Gynecological Disorders at Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Niger Med J 2019; 60:144-148. [PMID: 31543567 PMCID: PMC6737796 DOI: 10.4103/nmj.nmj_55_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gynecological emergencies which affect the adolescents may pose a serious challenge to both the patient and the gynecologist. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the clinical presentations and management outcomes of emergency adolescent gynecological disorders at Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective review of all cases of adolescent gynecological emergencies managed at Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2014. Data obtained from their case notes were analyzed using the IBM statistics version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data were presented using percentages and pie chart. Results: The prevalence of adolescent gynecological emergency disorders was 5.1%. The majority (82%) of the patients belong to the age bracket 15–19 with a mean age of 16.7 (2.4) years. About 90% of the patients were nulliparous. Unmarried patients comprised 80% of the study group. Vaginal bleeding was the most common clinical presentation (86%). The two most common diagnoses were abortion (60%) and sexual assault (26%). Only 10% of sexually active adolescent were using any form of contraception. Care received includes manual vaccum aspiration, laparotomy, and antibiotics. Blood transfusion was given in 18% of the cases. No death was recorded in all the cases. Conclusion: Abortive conditions and sexual assault were the most common clinical diagnosis among adolescents in the study. The percentage of adolescent assaulted in our study is unacceptable and should be prevented and efforts should be made to reduce the high unmet need for contraception seen in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidebe Christian Anikwe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Chinedu Ekwedigwe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Nnabugwu Alfred Adiele
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Cyril Chijioke Ikeoha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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14
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Age at adiposity rebound in childhood is associated with PCOS diagnosis and obesity in adulthood-longitudinal analysis of BMI data from birth to age 46 in cases of PCOS. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1370-1379. [PMID: 30718819 PMCID: PMC6760596 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adiposity rebound (AR), the second BMI rise in childhood at around the age of 6 years, is associated with obesity and metabolic alteration in later life. Given that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has a strong metabolic component, early life growth patterns could reveal a risk of PCOS. Thus, we aimed to investigate the associations between age at AR and PCOS diagnosis and BMI later in life. Materials and methods: This study is part of a prospective, population-based longitudinal study, where women with PCOS diagnosis by age 46 (n = 280) were compared with asymptomatic women (CTRLs, n = 1573). Weight and height data from birth to age 13 years, at age at menarche, and at ages 31 and 46 years were analyzed Results: Women with PCOS had lower birth weight (3357 ± 477 vs. 3 445 ± 505 g, p < 0.001), earlier age at AR (5.2 ± 1.0 vs. 5.6 ± 0.90 years, p < 0.001) and higher BMI from AR onwards compared with controls. Early timing of AR was associated with PCOS diagnosis independently of BMI (OR 1.62, 95% Cl 1.37–1.92). Women with PCOS and early AR had higher BMI at 31 and 46 years when compared to controls with early AR. The age at AR did not associate with T levels at ages 31 or 46 years. Conclusions: Early AR was associated with PCOS diagnosis and high BMI in adulthood. Adolescent girls with early AR and persisting obesity should be screened for PCOS symptoms, such as persistent irregular cycles and hirsutism.
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15
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Large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome suggests shared genetic architecture for different diagnosis criteria. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007813. [PMID: 30566500 PMCID: PMC6300389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology. Affected women frequently have metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance and dysregulation of glucose homeostasis. PCOS is diagnosed with two different sets of diagnostic criteria, resulting in a phenotypic spectrum of PCOS cases. The genetic similarities between cases diagnosed based on the two criteria have been largely unknown. Previous studies in Chinese and European subjects have identified 16 loci associated with risk of PCOS. We report a fixed-effect, inverse-weighted-variance meta-analysis from 10,074 PCOS cases and 103,164 controls of European ancestry and characterisation of PCOS related traits. We identified 3 novel loci (near PLGRKT, ZBTB16 and MAPRE1), and provide replication of 11 previously reported loci. Only one locus differed significantly in its association by diagnostic criteria; otherwise the genetic architecture was similar between PCOS diagnosed by self-report and PCOS diagnosed by NIH or non-NIH Rotterdam criteria across common variants at 13 loci. Identified variants were associated with hyperandrogenism, gonadotropin regulation and testosterone levels in affected women. Linkage disequilibrium score regression analysis revealed genetic correlations with obesity, fasting insulin, type 2 diabetes, lipid levels and coronary artery disease, indicating shared genetic architecture between metabolic traits and PCOS. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested variants associated with body mass index, fasting insulin, menopause timing, depression and male-pattern balding play a causal role in PCOS. The data thus demonstrate 3 novel loci associated with PCOS and similar genetic architecture for all diagnostic criteria. The data also provide the first genetic evidence for a male phenotype for PCOS and a causal link to depression, a previously hypothesized comorbid disease. Thus, the genetics provide a comprehensive view of PCOS that encompasses multiple diagnostic criteria, gender, reproductive potential and mental health. We performed an international meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies combining over 10,000,000 genetic markers in more than 10,000 European women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 100,000 controls. We found three new risk variants associated with PCOS. Our data demonstrate that the genetic architecture does not differ based on the diagnostic criteria used for PCOS. We also demonstrate a genetic pathway shared with male pattern baldness, representing the first evidence for shared disease biology in men, and shared genetics with depression, previously postulated based only on observational studies.
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16
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Peña AS, Doherty DA, Atkinson HC, Hickey M, Norman RJ, Hart R. The majority of irregular menstrual cycles in adolescence are ovulatory: results of a prospective study. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:235-239. [PMID: 28794095 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-312968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While ovulation is most likely to occur in adolescent girls with regular menstrual cycles, there are limited data on the incidence of ovulation in girls with irregular menstrual cycles in early postmenarcheal years. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of ovulation in healthy postmenarcheal girls with irregular menstrual cycles. METHODS, DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Prospective cohort study over 12 weeks including 40 healthy postmenarcheal girls recruited from the population-based cohort of adolescents from Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study with irregular menstrual cycles defined by either menstrual cycles <21 days or >35 days in duration or cycle length that varied from month to month by >4 days according to menstrual diaries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Ovulation defined by urinary pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide/creatinine measurements higher than three times above minimum value obtained from 12 samples (1 per week). RESULTS Forty girls (37 Caucasians) with irregular menstrual cycles aged 15.1 (median (IQR) 14.9-15.4) years who were 2.3 (1.9-3.3) years postmenarche were assessed. Urinary pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide/creatinine values identified that 33 girls (82.5%) ovulated during the 3 months of observation and 7 girls had anovulatory cycles. Menstrual diaries collected for a median (IQR) of 159 (137.5-188.2) days showed median minimal and maximum menstrual cycle duration of 24 (11.5-29) and 38.5 (35-48) days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of healthy adolescent girls with irregular menstrual cycles are still ovulating despite irregular and infrequent menses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia S Peña
- Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Endocrine and Diabetes, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dorota A Doherty
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, Women and Infants Research Foundation, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen C Atkinson
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, Women and Infants Research Foundation, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Norman
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Obstetrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roger Hart
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, Women and Infants Research Foundation, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Shores DR, Everett AD. Children as Biomarker Orphans: Progress in the Field of Pediatric Biomarkers. J Pediatr 2018; 193:14-20.e31. [PMID: 29031860 PMCID: PMC5794519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darla R Shores
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Allen D Everett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Heikkinen AL, Päkkilä F, Hartikainen AL, Vääräsmäki M, Männistö T, Suvanto E. Maternal Thyroid Antibodies Associates With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children at the Age of 16. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4184-4190. [PMID: 28945847 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effects of maternal thyroid dysfunction or antibodies during pregnancy on the cardiometabolic risk factors in children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective population-based cohort study, Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, included all pregnancies within a year in the area. Maternal serum samples were collected before the 20th week of gestation and analyzed for thyrotropin, free T4, thyroid-peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Abs), and thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Abs). Cardiometabolic risk factors in children at the age of 16 years were evaluated via blood sampling and clinical examination. Data were available for 3229 to 4176 mother-child pairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids and lipoproteins, and insulin resistance were measured. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cardiometabolic risk factors in children with and without mothers with thyroid dysfunction or antibodies were calculated with logistic regression and adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Children of TPO-Ab-positive mothers had higher odds of metabolic syndrome (OR, 2.57; 95%, CI 1.26 to 5.25) and waist circumference indicative of metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.50). They were also more likely to be overweight or obese (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.34). Maternal thyroid dysfunction or Tg-Ab positivity did not associate with cardiometabolic risk factors in children. CONCLUSION Metabolic syndrome, greater waist circumference, and higher body mass index were more prevalent in children of TPO-Ab-positive mothers, indicating an adverse cardiovascular health profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Leena Heikkinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Fanni Päkkilä
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
| | - Marja Vääräsmäki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuija Männistö
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Nordlab, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Eila Suvanto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Alebić MŠ, Stojanović N, Baldani DP, Duvnjak LS. Metabolic implications of menstrual cycle length in non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology. Endocrine 2016; 54:798-807. [PMID: 27484772 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between menstrual cycle lenght and metabolic parameters in non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology, n = 250. Metabolic profiles of all participants were evaluated using anthropometric parameters (body mass index, waist circumference), parameters of dyslipidemia (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides) and markers of insulin resistance (fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index). The associations between menstrual cycle lenght and cardiometabolic risk factors such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity were investigated. In non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology, menstrual cycle lenght was associated with hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance independently of body mass index. Moreover, menstrual cycle lenght added value to body mass index in predicting hypertriglyceridemia. The optimal menstrual cycle lenght cut-off value for identifying of non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology at metabolic risk was found to be 45 days. Metabolic profile of non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology (n = 75) with menstrual cycle lenght >45 days was similar to that of hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology (n = 138) while metabolic profile of non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology with menstrual cycle lenght ≤45 days (n = 112) was similar to that of controls (n = 167). Non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology with menstrual cycle lenght >45 days had higher prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors compared to those with menstrual cycle lenght ≤45 days. Non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology are not metabolically homogeneous. Menstrual cycle lenght is an easy-to-obtain clinical parameter positively associated with the probability of unfavorable metabolic status in non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology. Menstrual cycle lenght cut-off value of 45 days was found to have the best capacity in discriminating non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology with and without metabolic derangement(s) corroborating in favor of the cardiometabolic risk factors screening and management in non-hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian morphology with menstrual cycle lenght >45 days through strategies for prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miro Šimun Alebić
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Podobnik Maternity and Gynecology Outpatient Clinic, Sveti Duh 112, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Stojanović
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zajčeva 19, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinka Pavičić Baldani
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Petrova 13, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lea Smirčić Duvnjak
- University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Vuk Vrhovac, Merkur University Hospital, Zajčeva 19, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Risk factors in adolescence for the development of polycystic ovary syndrome. DER GYNÄKOLOGE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00129-016-3935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhou Y, Hu LW, Qian ZM, Chang JJ, King C, Paul G, Lin S, Chen PC, Lee YL, Dong GH. Association of perfluoroalkyl substances exposure with reproductive hormone levels in adolescents: By sex status. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:189-195. [PMID: 27258660 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of common chemicals that ubiquitously exist in wildlife and humans. However, few studies have researched the effect of PFASs on reproductive hormones in adolescents. To provide information in this regard, we recruited 225 Taiwanese adolescents aged 13-15years from 2009 to 2010 to investigate the relationship between serum PFASs (PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFDA, PFDoA, PFHxA, PFHxS, PFNA and PFTA) and reproductive hormone concentrations using a cross-sectional study design. Results showed PFOS and PFTA levels were highest among the PFASs, with a median concentrations of 29.9 (interquartile range: 13.0-43.8) ng/mL and 6.0 (0.6-25.9) ng/mL in males, and a median concentrations of 28.8 (14.8-42.6) ng/mL and 4.5 (0.3-18.4) ng/mL in females. After adjustment for confounding factors, nonsignificant associations between PFASs and reproductive hormone were found except for PFNA with ln(estradiol) (β=0.2060, 95%CI: 0.0016, 0.4105). When stratified by sex, more significant associations were found in males than in females. Among males, PFASs were negatively associated with ln(testosterone) level for PFOS (β=-0.0029, 95%CI: -0.0055, -0.0003), PFDA (β=-0.2565, 95%CI: -0.4135, -0.0994), PFHxA (β=-0.3095, 95%CI: -0.5942, -0.0248), and PFNA (β=-0.4233, 95%CI: -0.6998, -0.1467). Furthermore, male participant ln(estradiol) levels were positively associated with PFOA (β=0.0921, 95%CI: 0.0186, 0.1656), and PFHxS (β=0.0462, 95%CI: 0.0020, 0.0905). Among females, a significant relationship was found only for PFDoA with ln(testosterone) (β=-0.0119, 95%CI: -0.0227, -0.0010). In conclusion, this study showed higher levels of PFASs coincide with lower testosterone and higher estradiol levels, and more significant associations of PFASs with reproductive hormone were found in males than in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengmin Min Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Jen-Jen Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Chris King
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Gunther Paul
- Faculty of Health, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12144-3445, USA
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene and Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yungling Leo Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in adolescent girls that has both reproductive and metabolic implications. Patients with PCOS typically present to their pediatrician for evaluation of menstrual irregularity and/or signs of hyperandrogenism, such as hirsutism and acne. The diagnosis of PCOS is made by clinical symptoms and laboratory evaluation. Because of the long-term health consequences that can accompany the disorder, pediatricians should consider PCOS in their initial evaluation of menstrual irregularity. Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of treatment for girls with PCOS; however, hormonal medication such as oral contraceptive pills and insulin-sensitizing agents are useful and effective adjuncts to therapy. The goals of treatment for girls with PCOS are to improve clinical manifestations of the disorder, health-related quality of life, and long-term health outcomes.
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Liu W, Liu W, Fu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Bak Foong pills combined with metformin in the treatment of a polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1819-1825. [PMID: 26622758 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the treatment effects and associated mechanism of Bak Foong pills (BFPs) combined with metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). BFPs and/or metformin were administrated to treat the PCOS rats, and the weights and morphologies of the ovary, uterus and adrenal gland were measured. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone, fasting insulin (FIN) and insulin-like growth factor-1 were also measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The expression level of androgen receptor (AR) in the ovarian tissue, and the cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) mRNA levels in the ovary and adrenal tissues were detected. The levels of T, FIN, FBG and HOMA-IR in the combination group were significantly reduced; the wet weights of the ovary and the adrenal gland were decreased significantly, while that of the uterus was increased, and the histological morphology benignly recovered. The rats of each treatment group all experienced restored ovulation. The AR expression level in the treatment group was reduced, and the P450scc mRNA levels in the ovary and the adrenal gland of the combined treatment group were decreased. BFPs combined with metformin significantly affected PCOS, and the possible mechanism involved in the treatment may have been through the reduction of P450scc generation. BFPs may reduce the androgen levels, thus allowing the ovary to restore ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Liu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wenpei Liu
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated to The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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West S, Lashen H, Bloigu A, Franks S, Puukka K, Ruokonen A, Järvelin MR, Tapanainen JS, Morin-Papunen L. Irregular menstruation and hyperandrogenaemia in adolescence are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility in later life: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:2339-51. [PMID: 25085801 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do teenage girls with a history of menstrual irregularity and/or elevated androgen levels in adolescence exhibit an increased risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and/or infertility later on in adulthood? SUMMARY ANSWER Our results suggest that menstrual irregularity and/or elevated androgen levels at 16 years are still associated with symptoms of PCOS at 26 years as well as infertility problems at 26 years but not with decreased pregnancy or delivery rates at 26 years. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Hyperandrogenaemia is associated with menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, acne and potentially higher risk for PCOS, but there are few follow-up studies investigating whether adolescent hyperandrogenaemia and/or menstrual irregularity are an early sign of PCOS. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A prospective population-based cohort study was conducted using two postal questionnaires targeting girls in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986, n = 4567). The NFBC1986 comprises all expected births from the year 1986 in the two northernmost provinces of Finland. Collection of the database was performed at the age of 16 and 26. The 16-year and 26-year questionnaires included one question about the regularity and length of the menstrual cycle. The 26-year questionnaire also included questions about symptoms of PCOS, reproduction and infertility problems. PARTICIPANTS, SETTING, METHODS The response rates for the questionnaires were 80% (n = 3669) at 16 years and 50% (n = 2270) at 26 years. At 15-16 years, of 2448 girls, 709 (29%) girls reported menstrual irregularity (symptomatic girls) and 1739 (71%) had regular periods (non-symptomatic girls). After combining data from the two questionnaires a total of 2033 girls were included in the analyses. The χ(2) and Student's t-test was used to compare reproductive outcome and prevalence of clinical hyperandrogenaemia, PCOS and infertility at 26 years between the study groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to estimate the association of menstrual irregularity at 16 years with clinical hyperandrogenaemia, PCOS and infertility at 26 years. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE At follow-up, the proportion of symptomatic girls who had conceived at least once (68.0 versus 67.9%) and had delivered at least one child (25.7 versus 28.1%) was similar to the non-symptomatic women and the groups had similar miscarriage rates (11.6 versus 12.1%). Logistic regression analyses indicated that menstrual irregularity at 16 years was associated with an increased risk of menstrual irregularity [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.88, P = 0.050], PCOS (adjusted OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.74-4.84, P < 0.001) and infertility problems (adjusted OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.16-3.76, P = 0.013) at 26 years. At 26 years, women with PCOS (P = 0.013), hirsutism (P = 0.001) and acne (P < 0.001) exhibited significantly higher values of free androgen index (FAI) at 16 years than control women. There was a significant linear trend in the higher FAI quartiles at 16 years towards higher prevalence of PCOS (P = 0.005), hirsutism (P < 0.001) and acne (P < 0.001) at 26 years. Only 10.5% of the girls with menstrual irregularity at 16 years had PCOS at 26 years. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The diagnosis of menstrual irregularity was based on a self-reported questionnaire, thus introducing a risk of information bias in reporting the symptoms. Moreover, ovarian ultrasonography was not available to aid the diagnosis of PCOS and there was no clinical evaluation of hyperandrogenism. The relatively low rate of participation to the questionnaire at 26 years may also have biased the results. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings confirm that menstrual irregularity and/or elevated androgen levels are already present in adolescence in women with PCOS and infertility in later life, which strengthens the importance of early identification of menstrual irregularity. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by grants from the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, the North Ostrobothnia Regional Fund, the Academy of Finland, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, University Hospital Oulu and University of Oulu, the European Commission and the Medical Research Council, UK, Welcome Trust (089549/Z/09/Z). None of the authors have any conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S West
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Lashen
- Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Jessop Wing, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK
| | - A Bloigu
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - S Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K Puukka
- NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Ruokonen
- NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M-R Järvelin
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Unit of Primary Care, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Morin-Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Pinola P, Morin-Papunen LC, Bloigu A, Puukka K, Ruokonen A, Järvelin MR, Franks S, Tapanainen JS, Lashen H. Anti-Müllerian hormone: correlation with testosterone and oligo- or amenorrhoea in female adolescence in a population-based cohort study. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:2317-25. [PMID: 25056088 PMCID: PMC4164146 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTIONS Can serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels measured in female adolescents predict polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-associated features in adolescence and early adulthood? SUMMARY ANSWER AMH levels associated well with PCOS-associated features (such as testosterone levels and oligoamenorrhoea) in adolescence, but was not an ideal marker to predict PCOS-associated features in early adulthood. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Several studies have reported that there is a strong correlation between antral follicle count and serum AMH levels and that women with PCOS/PCO have significantly higher serum AMH levels than women with normal ovaries. Other studies have reported an association between AMH serum levels and hyperandrogenism in adolescence, but none has prospectively assessed AMH as a risk predictor for developing features of PCOS during adulthood. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A subset of 400 girls was selected from the prospective population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 4567 at age 16 and n = 4503 at age 26). The population has been followed from 1986 to the present. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIAL, SETTING, METHODS At age 16, 400 girls (100 from each testosterone quartile: 50 with oligo- or amenorrhoea and 50 with a normal menstrual cycle) were selected at random from the cohort for AMH measurement. Metabolic parameters were also assessed at age 16 in all participants. Postal questionnaires enquired about oligo- or amenorrhoea, hirsutism, contraceptive use and reproductive health at ages 16 and 26. MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE There was a significant correlation between AMH and testosterone at age 16 (r = 0.36, P < 0.001). AMH levels at age 16 were significantly higher among girls with oligo- or amenorrhoea compared with girls with normal menstrual cycles (35.9 pmol/l [95% CI: 33.2;38.6] versus 27.7 pmol/l [95% CI: 25.0;30.4], P < 0.001). AMH at age 16 was higher in girls who developed hirsutism at age 26 compared with the non-hirsute group (31.4 pmol/l [95% CI 27.1;36.5] versus 25.8 pmol/l [95% CI 23.3;28.6], P = 0.036). AMH at age 16 was also higher in women with PCOS at age 26 compared with the non-PCOS subjects (38.1 pmol/l [95% CI 29.1;48.4] versus 30.2 pmol/l [95% CI 27.9;32.4], P = 0.044). The sensitivity and specificity of the AMH (cut-off 22.5 pmol/l) for predicting PCOS at age 26 was 85.7 and 37.5%, respectively. The addition of testosterone did not significantly improve the accuracy of the test. There was no significant correlation between AMH levels and metabolic indices at age 16. IMPLICATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION AMH is related to oligo- or amenorrhoea in adolescence, but it is not a good marker for metabolic factors. The relatively low rate of participation in the questionnaire at age 26 may also have affected the results. AMH was measured in a subset of the whole cohort. AMH measurement is lacking international standardization and therefore the concentrations and cut-off points are method dependent. WIDER IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FINDINGS Using a high enough cut-off value of AMH to predict which adolescents are likely to develop PCOS in adulthood could help to manage the condition from an early age due to a good sensitivity. However, because of its low specificity, it is not an ideal diagnostic marker, and its routine use in clinical practice cannot, at present, be recommended. STUDY FUNDINGS AND COMPETING INTERESTS The study was funded by a grant from Wellcome Trust (089549/Z/09/Z) to H.L., S.F. and M.-R.J. Study funding was also received from Oulu University Hospital Research Funds, Sigrid Juselius Foundation and the Academy of Finland. None of the authors have any competing interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pinola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - L C Morin-Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Bloigu
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - K Puukka
- NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Ruokonen
- NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M-R Järvelin
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, PO Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
| | - S Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Lashen
- Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Jessop Wing, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To raise awareness about the importance of early diagnosis of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in the adolescent. RECENT FINDINGS Menstrual cycle irregularity or amenorrhea in the adolescent has historically been treated with oral contraceptives or ignored, with no evaluation done to determine the cause. However, it is now becoming clear that the health consequences of menstrual irregularities differ depending on the cause, and evaluation to determine the cause of menstrual irregularity is warranted. Although POI is classically diagnosed when menstrual cycle irregularity is accompanied by high circulating levels of gonadotropins and low estradiol, anti-Mullerian hormone is emerging as a biomarker of increasing importance. When POI is diagnosed, further evaluation including karyotype, FMR1 premutation analysis, and 21-hydroxylase or adrenal antibody is warranted. Girls at high risk for the development of POI (e.g. because of planned cancer treatment) should be offered the option of oocyte or ovarian tissue cryopreservation. SUMMARY POI should be ruled out in adolescents with menstrual cycle irregularity. Early diagnosis of POI facilitates the individualization of therapy, as the health consequences of POI differ from those of other causes of menstrual cycle irregularity. In addition, recognition of premature oocyte depletion allows for the option of fertility preservation to be discussed when oocytes are still present.
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Sabaa BME. Pathological conditions predisposing to infertility and gynaecological neoplasia. World J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 3:28-34. [DOI: 10.5317/wjog.v3.i2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the conditions long blamed for female factor infertility are now acknowledged as well established risk factors of gynecological neoplasia. This realization has lead to the proposition that infertility might be a risk factor for the development of several types of gynecological neoplasms. This review addresses different conditions that play a role in both infertility and gynaecological neoplasia. An intricate interplay between growth factors and hormonal factors (estrogens and progestins, androgens and gonadotropins) is said to link the state of infertility to some gynecological tumors. The relation between endometriosis -as one of the well established causes of female infertility - and ovarian cancer is well known. Endometriosis has been particularly related to endometrioid and clear-cell ovarian carcinomas. Another evidence for this association is embodied in finding endometriotic lesions adjacent to ovarian cancers. The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders and a long studied cause of female infertility increases the risk of endometrial carcinoma. The link between PCOS and endometrial carcinoma seems to be endometrial hyperplasia. PCOS-associated endometrial carcinoma tends to present at a younger age and early stage, with lower grade and lower risk of metastasis. Turner’s syndrome and other types of ovarian dysgenesis constitute a rare cause of infertility and are known to confer a definite risk of germ cell tumors. There seems to be a link between infertility and an increased risk of gynecological neoplasia. Hence, it is important to assess the risk of malignancy in each category of infertile patients so as to provide optimal and timely intervention.
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Agapova SE, Cameo T, Sopher AB, Oberfield SE. Diagnosis and challenges of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence. Semin Reprod Med 2014; 32:194-201. [PMID: 24715514 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have become less stringent over the years, determination of the minimum diagnostic features in adolescents is still an area of controversy. Of particular concern is that many of the features considered to be diagnostic for PCOS may evolve over time and change during the first few years after menarche. Nonetheless, attempts to define young women who may be at risk for development of PCOS is pertinent since associated morbidity such as obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia may benefit from early intervention. The relative utility of diagnostic tools such as persistence of anovulatory cycles, hyperandrogenemia, hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, acne, or alopecia), or ovarian findings on ultrasound is not established in adolescents. Some suggest that even using the strictest criteria, the diagnosis of PCOS may not valid in adolescents younger than 18 years. In addition, evidence does not necessarily support that lack of treatment of PCOS in younger adolescents will result in untoward outcomes since features consistent with PCOS often resolve with time. The presented data will help determine if it is possible to establish firm criteria which may be used to reliably diagnose PCOS in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia E Agapova
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tamara Cameo
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Aviva B Sopher
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sharon E Oberfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Anderson AD, Solorzano CMB, McCartney CR. Childhood obesity and its impact on the development of adolescent PCOS. Semin Reprod Med 2014; 32:202-13. [PMID: 24715515 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity exacerbates the reproductive and metabolic manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The symptoms of PCOS often begin in adolescence, and the rising prevalence of peripubertal obesity has prompted concern that the prevalence and severity of adolescent PCOS is increasing in parallel. Recent data have disclosed a high prevalence of hyperandrogenemia among peripubertal adolescents with obesity, suggesting that such girls are indeed at risk for developing PCOS. Obesity may impact the risk of PCOS via insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which augments ovarian/adrenal androgen production and suppresses sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), thereby increasing androgen bioavailability. Altered luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion plays an important role in the pathophysiology of PCOS, and although obesity is generally associated with relative reductions of LH, higher LH appears to be the best predictor of increased free testosterone among peripubertal girls with obesity. Other potential mechanisms of obesity-associated hyperandrogenemia include enhanced androgen production in an expanded fat mass and potential effects of abnormal adipokine/cytokine levels. Adolescents with PCOS are at risk for comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance, and concomitant obesity compounds these risks. For all of these reasons, weight loss represents an important therapeutic target in obese adolescents with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Anderson
- Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia School of Medicine
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Korsoff P, Bogl LH, Korhonen P, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Rose RJ, Kaaja R, Kaprio J. A comparison of anthropometric, metabolic, and reproductive characteristics of young adult women from opposite-sex and same-sex twin pairs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:28. [PMID: 24639667 PMCID: PMC3945783 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to androgens has been linked to masculinization of several traits. We aimed to determine whether putative female intra-uterine exposure to androgens influences anthropometric, metabolic, and reproductive parameters using a twin design. METHODS Two cohorts of Finnish twins born in 1975-1979 and 1983-1987 formed the basis for the longitudinal FinnTwin16 (FT16) and FinnTwin12 (FT12) studies. Self-reported anthropometric characteristics, disease status, and reproductive history were compared between 679 same-sex (SS) and 789 opposite-sex (OS) female twins (mean age ± SD: 34 ± 1.1) from the wave 5 of data collection in FT16. Serum lipid and lipoprotein subclass concentrations measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were compared in 226 SS and 169 OS female twins (mean age ± SD: 24 ± 2.1) from the wave 4 of data collection in FT12 and FT16. RESULTS Anthropometric measures, the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 did not differ significantly between females from SS and OS twin pairs at age 34. Similarly, the prevalence of infertility, age at first pregnancy and number of induced and spontaneous abortions did not differ significantly between these two groups of women. The serum lipid and lipoprotein profile did not differ between females from SS and OS twins at age 24. CONCLUSION We found no evidence that androgen overexposure of the female fetus affects obesity, metabolic profile, or reproductive health in young adult females. However, these results do not exclude the possibility that prenatal androgen exposure in females could be adversely associated with these phenotypes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie H. Bogl
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Korhonen
- Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Risto Kaaja
- Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Jaakko Kaprio, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41, Helsinki, Finland e-mail:
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Vani K R, K S V, L S, Kumar V R H, A B. Menstrual abnormalities in school going girls - are they related to dietary and exercise pattern? J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:2537-40. [PMID: 24392394 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/6464.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adolescence is the transitional phase of physical and mental development between childhood and adulthood and is characterized by immense hormonal changes.75% of girls experience some problems associated with menstruation. AIM We tried to find out the prevalence of menstrual abnormalities in school going girls in Pondicherry and their association with dietary and exercise habits. SETTING AND DESIGN A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in adolescent girls who attained menarche in four secondary schools of Pondicherry, India. MATERIAL AND METHODS All students who attained menarche and willing to participate in the study were invited to answer the questionnaire, which dealt with anthropometric data, socioeconomic data, menstrual history, and diet and exercise pattern. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test was used to compare the dietary and exercise patterns among students having menstrual abnormalities and those who do not have menstrual abnormalities. RESULTS A total of 853 students participated in the study. Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms were the most frequent problems encountered. Premenstrual symptoms were significantly more common among girls who were overweight, in girls who were eating junk food regularly, in girls who were eating less food (dieting) in order to lose weight and in those who were not doing regular physical activity. Dysmenorrhea was significantly more common in the girls who were dieting to lose weight. Passage of clots was also significantly high in the girls who were dieting. CONCLUSION Lifestyle modifications like regular physical activity, decreasing the intake of junk food and promoting healthy eating habits should be emphasised in school health education programs to improve their menstrual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Vani K
- Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College , Pondicherry, India
| | - Veena K S
- Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College , Pondicherry, India
| | - Subitha L
- Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College , Pondicherry, India
| | - Hemanth Kumar V R
- Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College , Pondicherry, India
| | - Bupathy A
- Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College , Pondicherry, India
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32
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Hardy TSE, Norman RJ. Diagnosis of adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2013; 78:751-4. [PMID: 23624032 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting women of reproductive age and is increasingly recognized as a disorder manifesting in the peripubertal and adolescent period. Diagnosis in the adolescent is difficult due to the high background rate of menstrual irregularity, the high prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology and hyperandrogenic features in this population. Recent guidelines suggest that menstrual irregularity for over two years, reduced reliance on ultrasound diagnosis of polycystic ovarian morphology, and accurate assessment of hyperandrogenic and metabolic features are suitable strategies for the diagnosis of PCOS in the adolescent. Accurate diagnosis is important given the long-term implications of the disorder, with increasing emphasis on metabolic sequelae.
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Ságodi L, Kiss-Tóth E, Barkai L. [Role of genetic and environmental factors in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome]. Orv Hetil 2013; 154:650-7. [PMID: 23608312 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2013.29589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common heterogeneous endocrine abnormality in women in the reproductive age. The syndrome remains an enigmatic disorder because the aetiology is still unclear. Familial aggreagation is relatively common among patients with polycystic ovary syndrome suggesting a significant genetic component, although the way of inheritance has not been established firmly. The authors review the relevant medical literature and suggest that genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome. To date, no gene has been identified that causes or contributes substantially to the development of a polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is considered to be an oligogenic disorder in which the interaction of a number of genetic and environmental factors determines the heterogeneous clinical and biochemical phenotype. To summarize current evidence the authors conclude, that when we are able to identify and then modify environmental determinants, then we will be able to safeguard better the health of those patients who are predisposed to disease development due to genotype or previous environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Ságodi
- Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Megyei Kórház és Egyetemi Oktató Kórház Csecsemő- és Gyermekosztály, Miskolc, Szentpéteri kapu 72-76. 3524. Miskolci Egyetem, Egészségügyi Kar, Preventív Egészségtudományi Tanszék, Miskolc.
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Evaluation of Adiponectin, Resistin, IL-6, TNF-α in Obese and Non-obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1001-7844(12)60032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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