Reservoirs for human campylobacteriosis

Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni proteome profiles in co-incubation scenarios

In dynamic microbial ecosystems, bacterial communication is a relevant mechanism for interactions between different microbial species. When C. jejuni resides in the intestine of either avian or human hosts, it is exposed to diverse bacteria from the microbiome. This study aimed to reveal the influence of co-incubation with Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, or Staphylococcus aureus on the proteome of C. jejuni 81-176 using data-independent-acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS). We compared the proteome profiles during co-incubation with the proteome profile in response to the bile acid deoxycholate (DCA) and investigated the impact of DCA on proteomic changes during co-incubation, as C. jejuni is exposed to both factors during colonization. We identified 1,375 proteins by DIA-MS, which is notably high, approaching the theoretical maximum of 1,645 proteins. S. aureus had the highest impact on the proteome of C. jejuni with 215 up-regulated and 230 down-regulated proteins. However, these numbers are still markedly lower than the 526 up-regulated and 516 down-regulated proteins during DCA exposure. We identified a subset of 54 significantly differentially expressed proteins that are shared after co-incubation with all three microbial species. These proteins were indicative of a common co-incubation response of C. jejuni. This common proteomic response partly overlapped with the DCA response; however, several proteins were specific to the co-incubation response. In the co-incubation experiment, we identified three membrane-interactive proteins among the top 20 up-regulated proteins. This finding suggests that the presence of other bacteria may contribute to increased adherence, e.g., to other bacteria but eventually also epithelial cells or abiotic surfaces. Furthermore, a conjugative transfer regulon protein was typically up-expressed during co-incubation. Exposure to both, co-incubation and DCA, demonstrated that the two stressors influenced each other, resulting in a unique synergistic proteomic response that differed from the response to each stimulus alone. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD046477.

Survey on the Presence of Bacterial, Fungal and Helminthic Agents in Off-Leash Dog Parks Located in Urban Areas in Central-Italy

Simple Summary

Off-leash dog parks are designated, generally fenced, public spaces where dogs can move freely under the supervision of their owners. These areas, allowing animals to socialize and run free, play a fundamental role in dogs’ welfare. However, such environments may be a source of different pathogens, even zoonotic, excreted by the attending animals. The present study evaluated the occurrence of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens in off-leash dog parks located in Florence (central Italy). Yersinia spp., Listeria innocua, Toxocara canis eggs and Ancylostoma caninum/Uncinaria stenocephala eggs were found in canine feces. Keratinophilic geophilic fungi (mostly Microsporum gypseum/A. incurvatum, Microsporum canis in a single case) were recovered from soil. Trichosporon sp. and Geotrichum candidum were isolated from two water samples. The obtained results suggest that, despite the not negligible canine fecal contamination of selected areas (feces were found in 88.5% of the parks), attending dogs did not act as important carriers for the investigated pathogens, although examined off-leash dog parks may represent a risk for the spreading of some dermatophytoses to both pets and their owners. Thus, in a One-Health perspective, periodical examinations to detect the main bacteriological, parasitological and mycological pathogens in different samples collected in off-leash dog parks are recommended.

Abstract

Off-leash dog parks are designated public spaces where dogs can move freely, under their owners’ supervision. These areas, allowing animals to socialize and move freely, are fundamental for dogs’ welfare. However, different pathogens, even zoonotic, may be excreted by the attending animals and contaminate the environment. The aim of the present study was to verify the occurrence of bacterial, fungal and parasitic pathogens in off-leash dog parks located in Florence (central Italy). Between March and May 2019, 83 fecal samples, 43 soil samples and 23 water samples (from fountains and puddles) collected from 26 off-leash fenced areas were examined. Fecal samples scored positive for Yersinia spp. (n = 7), Listeria innocua (n = 4), Toxocara canis eggs (n = 2) and Ancylostoma caninum/Uncinaria stenocephala eggs (n = 1). Keratinophilic geophilic fungi (mostly Microsporum gypseum /A. incurvatum) were recovered from 43 soil samples belonging to 23 out of 26 parks, along with Microsporum canis in a single case. Prototheca spp. was never isolated from water samples, while Trichosporon sp. was cultured in two cases, alone and in association with Geotrichum candidum. These results show that dogs did not act as important carriers for the investigated bacterial and parasitic pathogens, although examined areas may represent a risk for the spreading of some dermatophytoses to both pets and their owners. Periodical examinations to assess the main bacteriological, parasitological and mycological pathogens in different samples collected in off-leash dog parks should be carried out in a One-Health perspective.

Detection of multi-antibiotic resistant Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in beef, mutton, chicken and water buffalo meat in Ahvaz, Iran

Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are the main causes of gastrointestinal diseases in humans even in industrialized countries affecting public health. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the occurrence and antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni and C. coli in chicken meat, beef, mutton and water buffalo meat slaughtered in Ahvaz city, Iran. A total of 380 samples including chicken meat from industrial abattoirs (n = 150), chicken meat from traditional abattoirs (n = 50), fresh packed chicken meat from local markets (n = 30) and beef, mutton and water buffalo meat from industrial abattoirs (50 samples for each meat) in Ahvaz,were collected and tested for the presence of Campylobacter spp. The procedure was one-step enrichment in Preston enrichment broth followed by plating on supplemented blood agar for 24 hr under microaerophilic conditions at 42 ˚C. Suspected colonies were tested by polymerase chain reaction assay and susceptibility of the confirmed isolates to various antibiotics was investigated by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Overall, 32 samples (8.40%) were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Mutton was the most contaminated meat (24%), while fresh packed chicken meat were not contaminated. Among the 32 isolates, 40.60%, 34.40%, 21.90%, and 15.60% were resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and streptomycin, respectively. Moreover, a high number of multi-antibiotic resistant Campylobacter spp. was determined. Since foods of animal origin are the most sources of Campylobacter infection, the presence of resistant strains to antibiotics is a potential risk to public health.

Campylobacter Phage Isolation and Characterization: What We Have Learned So Far

Lytic Campylobacter phages, which can be used to combat this pathogen in animals and on food products, have been studied for more than 30 years. Though, due to some peculiarities of the phages, which hampered their isolation and particularly their molecular analysis for a long time, progress in this research field was rather slow. Meanwhile, the situation has changed and much more is known about the biology and genetics of those phages. In this article, we address specific issues that should be considered when Campylobacter phages are studied, starting with the isolation and propagation of the phages and ending with a thorough characterization including whole-genome sequencing. The basis for advice and recommendations given here is a careful review of the scientific literature and experiences that we have had ourselves with Campylobacter phages.

Bacteriophages in Food Applications: From Foe to Friend

Bacteriophages (phages) have traditionally been considered troublesome in food fermentations, as they are an important cause of starter-culture failure and trigger significant financial losses. In addition, from an evolutionary perspective, phages have contributed to the pathogenicity of many bacteria through transduction of virulence genes. In contrast, phages have played an important positive role in molecular biology. Moreover, these agents are increasingly being recognized as a potential solution to the detection and biocontrol of various undesirable bacteria, which cause either spoilage of food materials, decreased microbiological safety of foods, or infectious diseases in food animals and crops. The documented successful applications of phages and various phage-derived molecules are discussed in this review, as are many promising new uses that are currently under development.

The Clinical Importance of Campylobacter concisus and Other Human Hosted Campylobacter Species

Historically, Campylobacteriosis has been considered to be zoonotic; the Campylobacter species that cause human acute intestinal disease such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli originate from animals. Over the past decade, studies on human hosted Campylobacter species strongly suggest that Campylobacter concisus plays a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). C. concisus primarily colonizes the human oral cavity and some strains can be translocated to the intestinal tract. Genome analysis of C. concisus strains isolated from saliva samples has identified a bacterial marker that is associated with active Crohn's disease (one major form of IBD). In addition to C. concisus, humans are also colonized by a number of other Campylobacter species, most of which are in the oral cavity. Here we review the most recent advancements on C. concisus and other human hosted Campylobacter species including their clinical relevance, transmission, virulence factors, disease associated genes, interactions with the human immune system and pathogenic mechanisms.

Genotypic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming abilities of Campylobacter isolated from chicken in Central China

Background

Campylobacter is considered to be the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis, of which poultry is the main reservoir. Campylobacter contaminated chicken products are a major cause of human Campylobacter infection. In this study, the prevalence of Campylobacter in chicken in central China was investigated, and the genotypic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm of these isolates were characterized.

Results

A total of 206 Campylobacter isolates, including 166 C. jejuni and 40 C. coli, were isolated from chicken farms and live poultry markets in central China. Multilocus sequence typing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Campylobacter isolates had diverse genetic backgrounds, which covered most of the dominant clone complexes (CCs) reported throughout China. The most prevalent CCs were CC-464, CC-1150, CC-353, and CC-828. All the isolates showed resistance to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and Cefazolin, and a prevalent resistance to fluoroquinolones, β-lactams and tetracyclines was also observed. Among all the isolates, 133 strains showed the ability to form biofilm, thereinto, the isolates in two genetic branches, mainly including CC-21, CC-48, CC-677 and CC-45, showed a significantly lower ability to form biofilm than other genetic branches (p < 0.05). However, in general, the ability to form biofilm varied among different genetic branches, suggesting a complex genetic background to biofilm formation, but not only the genetic lineages. Compared with the strains unable to form biofilm, biofilm-producing strains possessed a significantly higher resistance to ampicillin, neomycin, sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, clindamycin and erythromycin (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the relationship of the genotypic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming abilities of Campylobacter isolated from chicken in Central China, which showed the potential importance of biofilm in antimicrobial resistance. This study will help us better understand the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter.

Pet-associated Campylobacteriosis: A persisting public health concern

Campylobacter is regarded as a leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States. We report on a case of laboratory-confirmed Campylobacter jejuni infection in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania among members of a household living with a laboratory-confirmed but non-speciated Campylobacter-infected puppy. We describe an outbreak of likely dog-associated campylobacteriosis, the risk factors, potential routes of exposure and the clinical features in the exposed family members, which began shortly after exposure to the recently purchased dog. We also provide public health recommendations to prevent Campylobacter infections in veterinary care providers, pet owners and those planning to adopt pets in the future. Finally, this report underscores the importance of the One Health approach when public health responders, human and animal healthcare providers and clinical diagnostic laboratories are tasked with developing effective strategies when investigating, detecting and responding to zoonoses (diseases shared between animals and humans).

Molecular epidemiology, virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spreading in retail chicken meat in Central China

Background

Campylobacter species are the major food-borne pathogens which could cause bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Contaminated chicken products have been recognized as the primary vehicles of Campylobacter transmission to human beings. In this study, the prevalence of Campylobacter in retail chicken meat in Central China was investigated, and the isolates were further characterized using molecular approaches and tested for antibiotic resistance.

Results

A total of 302 chicken samples purchased from April 2014 to April 2015 were tested. The level of Campylobacter contamination was enumerated by most probable number-PCR (MPN-PCR). The Campylobacter positive rate was 17.2% (52/302), with bacterial count varying from 3.6 to 360 MPN/g in positive samples. A total of 52 Campylobacter strains, including 40 Campylobacter jejuni and 12 Campylobacter coli, were isolated from the positive samples. To examine the genetic diversity of the isolates, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technology was applied, which identified 23 sequence types (STs) belonging to seven clonal complexes (CCs) and unassigned. Among them, the dominant CCs of C. jejuni included CC-353 and CC-464, and the dominant CCs of C. coli were CC-828 and CC-1150. Antibiotic resistance analysis showed that all of the isolates were resistant to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. 23 virulence-associated genes were tested in the isolates, which showed that the number of virulence-associated genes detected in the C. jejuni isolates ranged from 16 to 21, while in most of the C. coli isolates ranged from 12 to 16. Virulence-associated genes, flaA, flgB, flgE2, fliM, fliY and cadF were detected in all isolates. VirB11, however, was not detected in any of the isolates.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the contamination level and molecular biological features of Campylobacter strains in retail chicken meat in Central China, which showed high genetic diversity and remarkable antibiotic resistance. This study provided scientific data for the risk assessment and evaluation of Campylobacter contamination in retail chicken products.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0132-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Making sense of the cause of Crohn's - a new look at an old disease

The cause of Crohn’s disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients’ inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.

Making sense of the cause of Crohn's - a new look at an old disease

The cause of Crohn's disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients' inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.

Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection

Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.

Selected Zoonoses

Human risks of acquiring a zoonotic disease from animals used in biomedical research have declined over the last decade because higher quality research animals have defined microbiologic profiles. Even with diminished risks, the potential for exposure to infectious agents still exists, especially from larger species such as nonhuman primates, which may be obtained from the wild, and from livestock, dogs, ferrets, and cats, which are generally not raised in barrier facilities and are not subject to the intensive health monitoring performed routinely on laboratory rodents and rabbits. Additionally, when laboratory animals are used as models for infectious disease studies, exposure to microbial pathogens presents a threat to human health. Also, with the recognition of emerging diseases, some of which are zoonotic, constant vigilance and surveillance of laboratory animals for zoonotic diseases are still required.

Quantification of Campylobacter and Salmonella in cattle before, during, and after the slaughter process

Salmonella and Campylobacter cause a significant number of human illnesses globally, most of which are food related. Cattle can be asymptomatic carriers of both of these pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the association between the concentration of Salmonella and Campylobacter pre- and postharvest in cattle. Samples were collected from each of 98 individually identified cattle during the periharvest and postharvest period. For each animal, four different phases were sampled: on farm (fecal sample), poststunning and exsanguination (hide sponge and rectal content sample [lairage]), prechilling (carcass sponge), and final product (ground meat). Salmonella and Campylobacter were cultured and quantified at each stage by using the direct dilution and most probable number (MPN) method. Salmonella was not isolated from any sample. The proportion (%) of samples that were Campylobacter positive was 77, 82, 97, 55, and 12 for farm, rectal content, hide, carcass, and meat samples respectively. The mean Campylobacter concentration for each sample was as follows: fecal sample from farm, 3.7×10(4) cfu/g; rectal content sample from lairage, 1.6×10(5) cfu/g; hide sponge, 0.9 cfu/cm(2); carcass sponge, 8.7 cfu/half carcass; and meat, 1.1 cfu/g. There were no associations between Campylobacter concentrations for any two sample types. This lack of association could indicate that there is an environmental reservoir that can contaminate the final meat product, or since the majority of animals were positive entering the slaughter process, that the process itself reduces the load of Campylobacter regardless of the initial concentration. In addition, contamination of beef may be more strongly associated with periharvest practices than animal carriage rates.

Factors related toCampylobacterspp. carriage in client-owned dogs visiting veterinary clinics in a region of Ontario, Canada

From July 2008 until May 2009, 240 client-owned pet dogs from seven veterinary clinics in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada participated in a study to determine pet-related management factors that may be associated with the presence ofCampylobacterspp. in dogs. The prevalence ofCampylobacterspp. carriage in our study population of pet dogs was 22%, with 19% of the dogs positive forC. upsaliensis, and 3% positive forC. jejuni. A significant risk factor from multivariable logistic regression models for bothCampylobacterspp. andC. upsaliensiscarriage was having homemade cooked food as the dog's diet or added to its diet, and a significant sparing factor for both models was treatment with antibiotics in the previous month. Increasing age of the dog decreased the odds ofCampylobacterspp. andC. upsaliensiscarriage. Based on the high prevalence ofCampylobacter, and specificallyC. upsaliensis, further research concerning pet dogs as a risk factor for campylobacteriosis in humans is warranted.

Zur ätiologischen Bedeutung von Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni und Parvovirus für akute Enteritiden des Hundes1

Zusammenfassung

Insgesamt 179 Kot‐ und Darminhaltsproben von Hunden wurden vergleichend bakteriologisch und virologisch untersucht. Aus 108 Proben von Hunden (Einzeltiere) mit schweren Enteritiden gelang 22mal die Isolierung von C. f. subsp. jejuni und 46mal der Parvovirusnachweis. In 13 Fällen lagen beide Erreger gemeinsam vor. Bei 54 Kontrollproben gesunder Hunde konnte C. f. subsp. jejuni in 1 Fall und Parvovirus in 4 Fällen isoliert werden. 15 von 17 Hunden einer Versuchstierzucht, in der akute Gastroenteritiden aufgetreten waren, erwiesen sich ebenfalls als Träger von Campylobacter‐Keimen. Hier gelang der Parvovirusnachweis in 4 Fällen, davon 3mal gemeinsam mit C. f. subsp. jejuni. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluß zu, daß sowohl C. f. subsp. jejuni als auch Parvovirus eine eigenständige ätiologische Rolle bei akuten Gastroenteritiden des Hundes spielen. Der auffallend gehäufte gleichzeitige Nachweis beider Erreger bei schwer erkrankten Tieren spricht darüber hinaus für ein synergistisches Zusammenwirken.

Summary

Aetiological significance of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni and Parvovirus for acute enteritis in dogs

A total of 179 faecal and gut contents samples from dogs (individual animals) were compared by bacteriological and virological examination. From 108 samples from dogs with severe enteritis C. f. subsp. jejuni was isolated 22 times and Parvovirus 46 times. In 13 samples both agents were found. With 54 control samples from healthy dogs C. f. subsp. jejuni was isolated in one case and Parvovirus in four. 15 of 17 dogs in a breeding kennels where acute gastroenteritis had occurred were found to be carriers of Campylobacter. Here the isolation of parvovirus succeeded in 4 cases, in three of which C. f. subsp. jejuni was also isolated. The results lead to the conclusion that both C. f. subsp. jejuni and Parvovirus play an aetiological role in acute canine gastroenteritis. The frequent simultaneous isolation of both agents in severely sick animals also suggests a synergistic effect.

Résumé

A propos de la signification étiologique de Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni et Parvovirus dans des entérites aiguës du chien

179 échantillons de matières fécales et de contenu intestinal ont été examinés en comparaison bactériologiquement et virologiquement. Sur 108 échantillons provenant de chiens atteints d'une grave entérite, il a été possible d'isoler C. F. ssp. jejuni 22 fois et de mettre en évidence un Parvovirus 46 fois. On a rencontré les deux agents dans 13 cas. C. f. ssp. jejuni a été isolé dans 1 cas et Parvovirus dans 4 cas avec 54 échantillons de contrôle de chiens en bonne sante. 15 chiens sur 17 d'un élevage d'expérience ayant présenté une atteinte de gastroentérite aiguë se sont révélés être porteurs de Campylobacter. La mise en évidence dans ce cas de Parvovirus a été possible dans 4 cas, dont 3 avec C. f. ssp. jejuni. Les résultats permettent de conclure qu'aussi bien D. v. ssp. jejuni que Parvovirus jouent un rôle étiologique indépendant lors de gastroentérites aiguës du chien. La mise en évidence fréquente et frappante des deux germes chez des animaux gravement malades parle pour une action commune synergique.

Resumen

Sobre la significación etiológica de Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni y del Parvovirus para las enteritis agudas del perro

Se examinó de forma comparada bacteriológica y virológicamente un total de 179 muestras de estiércol y contenido intestinal de perros. De 108 muestras de perros (animales individuales) con enteritis graves se logró aislar 22 veces Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni y 46 veces la identificación del Parvovirus. En 13 casos se hallaban juntos ambos agentes etiológicos. Entre 54 muestras de control de perros sanos pudo aislarse C. f. ssp. jejuni en 1 caso y Parvovirus en 4 ocasiones. 15 de 17 perros de una explotación zootécnica experimental, en la cual habían aparecido gastroenteritis agudas, también resultaron ser portadoras de gérmenes Campylobacter. Aquí se logró identificar el Parvovirus en 4 casos, 3 de ellos junto con C. f. ssp. jejuni. Los resultados obtenidos admiten el que se saque en conclusion que tanto C. J. ssp. jejuni como Parvovirus juegan un papel etiológico independiente en las gastroenteritis agudas del perro. La puesta en evidencia simultánea, sorprendentemente tan acumulada, de ambos agentes etiológicos en los animales enfermos de gravedad aboga, además de esto, a favor de un concurso sinergístico.

Functional characterization of the twin-arginine translocation system in Campylobacter jejuni

Human campylobacterosis is one of the most commonly occurring types of bacterial food poisoning in the United States and other developed countries. Most human cases are due to Campylobacter jejuni that is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. The twin-arginine translocase (TAT) secretion system uses N-terminal peptide tags with a distinct twin-arginine-containing motif to identify partially or fully folded proteins and directs them across the cytoplasmic membrane. In other bacteria, the TAT system contributes to diverse phenotypes, including virulence, but the role of this secretion system in Campylobacter pathophysiology is still not well defined. Genome sequence of C. jejuni revealed TAT pathway genes as well as several proteins that contain TAT pathway targeting motifs. The predicted Tat substrates are highly conserved among all sequenced C. jejuni strains. Phenotypic analyses revealed that the tatC knockout has defects in biofilm formation, motility, and flagellation, as well as an increased susceptibility to antimicrobials. Additionally, the tatC mutant was defective in survival under osmotic shock, oxidative, and nutrient stresses. Our results also indicated that tatC is essential for C. jejuni to sustain colonization in chickens. These findings suggest that the TAT pathway affects Campylobacter physiology and contributes to stress responses, allowing this fastidious pathogen to adapt to various environmental conditions.

A comparison of different culture methods for the recovery of Campylobacter species from pets

Five culture methods for the recovery of Campylobacter species (spp.) were evaluated on 361 rectal swabs collected from cats and dogs in Ireland. Speciation using PCR methods was performed on all isolates to assess the sensitivity of each culture method for isolation of Campylobacter spp., and to establish the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. upsaliensis, C. lari and C. helveticus. Overall 163 of 361 (45.2%) samples were confirmed Campylobacter spp. positive. Direct plating onto modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) with cefoperazone, amphotericin and teicoplanin (CAT) selective supplement yielded a significantly higher prevalence of Campylobacter spp. (33.0%) than each of the other four methods (P < or = 0.05). This method was also the most sensitive method for isolation of C. upsaliensis compared with any of the other four methods used in the current study (P < or = 0.05). A direct plating method onto mCCDA agar with CCDA selective supplement and a filtration method onto blood agar after pre-enrichment in CAT supplemented broth yielded lower Campylobacter spp. prevalences of 19.7% and 17.5% respectively. A filtration method onto CAT agar and pre-enrichment in Preston broth before plating onto mCCDA agar were less sensitive for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. Speciation results of Campylobacter isolates revealed the majority of Campylobacter isolates were C. upsaliensis (50.0%) and C. jejuni (41.9%). A small number of isolates were C. coli (2.6%), C. lari (1.5%) and C. helveticus (1.1%). The overall detection of Campylobacter spp. in the 361 pets sampled was significantly increased by using a combination of isolation methods (P < or = 0.05), producing a more accurate determination of the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in pets in Ireland and of the actual Campylobacter species. As the majority of Campylobacter spp. were recovered by direct plating onto mCCDA agar with CAT supplement, this method is the method of choice if only a single method is selected for isolation of the most common Campylobacter spp. detected in pets and humans.

Campylobacter jejuni: molecular biology and pathogenesis

Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne bacterial pathogen that is common in the developed world. However, we know less about its biology and pathogenicity than we do about other less prevalent pathogens. Interest in C. jejuni has increased in recent years as a result of the growing appreciation of its importance as a pathogen and the availability of new model systems and genetic and genomic technologies. C. jejuni establishes persistent, benign infections in chickens and is rapidly cleared by many strains of laboratory mouse, but causes significant inflammation and enteritis in humans. Comparing the different host responses to C. jejuni colonization should increase our understanding of this organism.

Prevalence of zoonotic agents in dogs visiting hospitalized people in Ontario: implications for infection control

Visitation of hospitalized people by dogs is becoming commonplace, but little is known about the potential health risks of introducing dogs to healthcare settings. This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of zoonotic agents in a group of 102 visitation dogs from a variety of sources across Ontario. Between May and July 2004, owners were interviewed by a standardized questionnaire while dogs underwent a standardized physical examination. One specimen of faeces, hair-coat brushings and one rectal, aural, nasal, oral and pharyngeal swab were collected from each dog and tested for 18 specific pathogens. All dogs were judged to be in good health. Zoonotic agents were isolated from 80 out of 102 (80%) dogs. The primary pathogen was Clostridium difficile, which was isolated from 58 (58%) faecal specimens. Seventy-one percent (41/58) of these isolates were toxigenic. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli was isolated from one (1%) dog, extended-spectrum cephalosporinase E. coli was isolated from three (3%) dogs, and organisms of the genus Salmonella were isolated from three (3%) dogs. Pasteurella multocida or Pasteurella canis was isolated from 29 (29%) oral swabs, and Malassezia pachydermatis was isolated from eight (8%) aural swabs. Giardia antigen was present in the faeces of seven (7%) dogs, while Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum were detected in two (2%) dogs and one (1%) dog, respectively. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Campylobacter spp., Microsporum canis, group A streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected. Further information is needed before the full implications of these findings for infection control can be assessed properly.

Epidemiologic evaluation of diarrhea in dogs in an animal shelter

OBJECTIVES

To determine associations among infectious pathogens and diarrheal disease in dogs in an animal shelter and demonstrate the use of geographic information systems (GISs) for tracking spatial distributions of diarrheal disease within shelters.

SAMPLE POPULATION

Feces from 120 dogs.

PROCEDURE

Fresh fecal specimens were screened for bacteria and bacterial toxins via bacteriologic culture and ELISA, parvovirus via ELISA, canine coronavirus via nested polymerase chain reaction assay, protozoal cysts and oocysts via a direct fluorescent antibody technique, and parasite ova and larvae via microscopic examination of direct wet mounts and zinc sulfate centrifugation flotation.

RESULTS

Salmonella enterica and Brachyspira spp were not common, whereas other pathogens such as canine coronavirus and Helicobacter spp were common among the dogs that were surveyed. Only intestinal parasites and Campylobacterjejuni infection were significant risk factors for diarrhea by univariate odds ratio analysis. Giardia lamblia was significantly underestimated by fecal flotation, compared with a direct fluorescent antibody technique. Spatial analysis of case specimens by use of GIS indicated that diarrhea was widespread throughout the entire shelter, and spatial statistical analysis revealed no evidence of spatial clustering of case specimens.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

This study provided an epidemiologic overview of diarrhea and interacting diarrhea-associated pathogens in a densely housed, highly predisposed shelter population of dogs. Several of the approaches used in this study, such as use of a spatial representation of case specimens and considering multiple etiologies simultaneously, were novel and illustrate an integrated approach to epidemiologic investigations in shelter populations.

Potential Virulence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofCampylobacter jejuniIsolates from Food and Companion Animals

Infection in humans with Campylobacter jejuni is commonly associated with exposure to food animal fecal material. In this study, we report on the recovery, potential for virulence and antimicrobial resistance levels of C. jejuni isolated from food and companion animals. Three hundred and seventy-eight fecal samples from food and companion animals and surface swabs from beef carcasses were tested for the presence of C. jejuni. C. jejuni was isolated from 13.8% (11/80) of dogs, 5% (1/20) of goats, 28.3% (17/60) of dairy cattle, 0% (0/65) of range cattle, 73.5% (36/49) of feedlot cattle, and 94.7% (18/19) of beef carcasses. Beef cattle from a single Arizona herd showed a considerable increase in fecal shedding of C. jejuni from pasture to feedlot and over time on the feedlot. Forty-two isolates were tested for susceptibility to four antimicrobial agents, each representing a class of antimicrobial drug approved for use in both humans and animals. None of the isolates were found to be resistant to erythromycin or gentamicin, whereas 2.4% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 28.6% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline. The presence of virulence traits among the 42 isolates was assessed using in vitro macrophage survival and epithelial cell adherence and invasion assays. Of the isolates examined, 17 were able to survive within macrophages through 72 h at viable counts of >/=10(3)/well and 12 were capable of invading epithelial cells at viable counts of >/=10(3)/well. Data from these studies suggests that many of the isolates recovered from the non-poultry animal sources have the capacity to cause disease if transmitted to humans.

Acquisition of quinolone resistance and point mutation of the gyrA gene in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broilers and in vitro-induced resistant strains

A dramatic rise in the number of resistant Campylobacter to quinolones has been documented in human patients and domestic animals. In this study, the mechanism of acquisition of quinolone resistance was studied by detecting point mutations in the gyrA gene of Campylobacter strains obtained from broilers and strains with in vitro-induced resistance. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of norfloxacin (NFLX) and ofloxacin (OFLX) for the strains that had no point mutation were slightly increased from the source strain (Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560). The MICs of nalidixic acid (NA), NFLX, and OFLX for the strains that had the point mutation at Thr-86 were 100 or 200 microg/ml, 50 microg/ml, and 25 microg/ml, respectively. The MIC of NA for the strain that had a point mutation at Asp-90 higher than those for the strains that had the point mutation at Thr-86, but the MICs of NFLX and OFLX were relatively lower than those for the strains that had point mutation at Thr-86. These findings suggest that the degree of antimicrobial resistance against NA, NFLX, and OFLX in the in vitro-induced C. jejuni strains was associated with the location of the point mutation in gyrA. On the other hand, a point mutation in all seven resistant strains isolated from broilers was located only at Thr-86, while the MICs of the three quinolones varied in each wild strain. This suggests that another mechanism might also be involved in the acquisition of quinolone resistance in C. jejuni wild strains.

Dogs, zoonoses and immunosuppression

Dogs are the source of a wide range of zoonotic infections that pose a significant threat to human health. This is particularly the case for immunocompromised people, although there are few robust studies that determine immunosuppression as a risk factor for transmission of zoonoses from dogs to humans. An increasing proportion of human society is immunodeficient, principally through the advent of HIV infection and through more people, particularly the expanding elderly group, being subjected to immunosuppressive agents. This is happening at a time when more such people are capitalizing on the acknowledged benefits of dog ownership, making for a potentially dangerous mix. Enteric pathogens (for example, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium species, that may be canine derived) are a frequent risk to the health of immunocompromised persons. Veterinarians and physicians can be criticised for not communicating with each other, and for not providing adequate risk assessment to pet owners. There is scope for voluntary groups to provide information and support for the immunosuppressed who wish to keep their dogs. Key recommendations are to maintain a clean personal environment and intact mucocutaneous barriers. Public health professionals could help rectify the current communications gap between veterinary and medical staff and so facilitate in the appropriate management of dog-owning immunocompromised people.

The physiology of Campylobacter species and its relevance to their role as foodborne pathogens

Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are recognised as the leading causes of bacterial foodborne diarrhoeal disease throughout the development world. While most foodborne bacterial pathogens are considered to be relatively robust organisms, as a consequence of the necessity to survive the inimical conditions imposed by food processing and preservation, Campylobacter species have uniquely fastidious growth requirements and an unusual sensitivity to environmental stress. Campylobacters also lack many of the well characterised adaptive responses that can be collated with resistance to stress in other bacteria. The aim of this review is to outline the unusual physiology of campylobacters (C. jejuni and C. coli) and to describe how this influences their role as foodborne pathogens.

Evidence base of incubation periods, periods of infectiousness and exclusion policies for the control of communicable diseases in schools and preschools

BACKGROUND

The optimal control of communicable diseases requires accurate information on incubation periods, periods of infectiousness and the effectiveness of exclusion. We collected the available evidence for a wide range of infections and infestations and produced evidence-based guidelines for their control in schools and preschools.

METHODS

A thorough MEDLINE literature search was conducted on the incubation period, period of infectiousness and effectiveness of exclusion for 41 infections. The quality of the information obtained was indicated by levels of evidence. The information was used to produce guidelines on exclusion, and the recommendations were graded according to the levels of evidence available. Grades A, B and C represented strongly, reasonably and poorly evidence-based recommendations, respectively.

RESULTS

The quality of data obtained was highly variable. Information on incubation periods was obtained for all 41 infections and was generally of good quality. Information on periods of infectiousness and effectiveness of exclusion was of a lesser quality and was found for only 11 and 4 conditions, respectively. There were 3 Grade A, 17 Grade B and 21 Grade C recommendations on exclusion. Examples of exclusion periods include: 5 days for chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis and scarlet fever; and 24 h from the cessation of diarrhea for most gastrointestinal diseases In contrast to existing guidelines exclusion was not recommended for school age children with hepatitis A.

CONCLUSIONS

We have been able to present the best available data on the incubation periods and periods of infectiousness of 41 childhood infections. It was possible to produce strongly or reasonably evidence-based guidelines on exclusion periods for approximately one-half of the infections.

Campylobacter upsaliensis: waiting in the wings

Despite strong epidemiological evidence supporting an important role for Campylobacter upsaliensis as a human enteropathogen, it remains relatively unknown in the realm of clinical microbiology. Clinical studies indicate that infection with this organism usually is associated with benign self-limiting diarrhea. However, more serious illnesses, including spontaneous abortion and hemolytic-uremic syndrome, recently have been associated with human infections. Understanding of the virulence properties and molecular biology of C. upsaliensis is beginning to evolve. There is now a pressing need for controlled, prospective epidemiologic studies in addition to further in-depth investigation of the pathogenesis of this enteric campylobacter to more precisely define its role in human disease. Furthermore, since C. upsaliensis is sensitive to the antibiotics routinely used in Campylobacter selective media, widespread appreciation of the importance of this organism will rely on the development of widely applicable, effective techniques for its isolation.

Hydrophobic characterization of thermophilic Campylobacter species and adhesion to INT 407 cell membranes and fibronectin

Cell surface hydrophobicity of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis was tested by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on octylsepharose CL-4B. The hydrophobicity was influenced by cultivation mode, presence or absence of intact lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane protein structures. Species-specific differences of hydrophobic characteristics were not detected. Bacteria grown in fluid medium exhibited a high degree of hydrophobicity. Agar-grown bacteria showed hydrophobic interaction to a significant lower extent. By oxidation of LPS with sodium meta-periodate the hydrophobicity of agar-grown bacteria was slightly increased. Bacteria pretreated with proteinase K exhibited a marked decrease of hydrophobic interaction, whereas pretreatment with trypsin did not influence the hydrophobic interaction. Live bacteria were allowed to adhere to INT 407 cell membranes. With exception of one aflagellate strain, bacteria grown in fluid medium adhered better to the cellular substrate than agar-grown bacteria. This difference was not found when adhesion to fibronectin was tested. LPS-oxidized bacteria adhered significantly better to both cell membranes and fibronectin, whereas proteinase K treated bacteria exhibited a significant loss of adhesion capacity for both substrates.

Direct detection of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken cecal contents by PCR

Campylobacter jejuni in chicken feces was detected by PCR and Southern blot hybridization (SBH). The detection limits of C. jejuni in chicken feces were 34,000 cells by PCR and 340 cells by SBH. Some cecal contents of chickens up to 3 weeks old were C. jejuni positive by SBH whereas all of them were negative by PCR. Two of 51 cecal contents of 18-day-old chicken embryos were C. jejuni positive by PCR and SBH; but, C. jejuni were not isolated from the samples by conventional culture with selective enrichment.

[Isolation of thermotolerant species of Campylobacter from 2 populations of chickens bred in confinement and at liberty]

The isolation rates of thermotolerant Campylobacter species in free-ranging domestic chickens and confined chickens from Iquitos city, Peru, were determined. Campylobacter spp. were isolated in 54.0% of the former group of chickens, being less frequent (35.0%) in the latter (p < 0.05). Of the classical thermotolerant species, C. jejuni and C. coli were the most frequent. However, the presence C. lari suggests that the chickens might be an important reservoir of this bacterium.

Efficacy of filter types for detecting Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in environmental water samples by polymerase chain reaction

A previously developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a target region in the flaA Campylobacter flagellin gene was evaluated and adapted for use with environmental water samples. The ability to detect Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli in seeded water samples was tested with various filters after concentration and freeze-thaw lysis of the bacterial cells. A nonradioactive probe for the amplified flagellin gene fragment detected as little as 1 to 10 fg of genomic DNA and as few as 10 to 100 viable C. jejuni cells per 100 ml of water filtered onto Fluoropore (Millipore Corp.) filters. No amplification was obtained with cellulose acetate filters, most likely because of binding of the DNA to the filter. Concentration and lysis of target cells on Fluoropore and Durapore (Millipore Corp.) filters allowed PCR to be performed in the same reaction tube without removing the filters. This methodology was then adapted for use with environmental water samples. The water supply to a broiler chicken production farm was suspected as the source of C. jejuni known to be endemic in grow-out flocks at the farm, despite the inability to culture the organisms by standard methods. The filtration-PCR method detected Campylobacter DNA in more than half of the farm water samples examined. Amplified campylobacter DNA was not detected in small volumes of regional surface water samples collected on a single occasion in February. The filtration-PCR amplification method provided a basis for detection of C. jejuni and C. coli in environmental waters with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity.

Bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral colitis

Colitides of bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral origin require an organized approach for diagnosis and treatment. Many colitides are transmitted through poor hygienic practices. However, increasing numbers of patients are at risk because of immunocompromise. This population includes the elderly, individuals taking steroids or immunosuppressive agents, and HIV-seropositive individuals. This latter group of individuals is at high risk not only because of immunocompromise but also because of practices such as oroanal intercourse with infected partners. These facts suggest that both the prevalence and the geographic scope of infectious colitides will continue to expand. Undoubtedly, the surgeon will be called on to assist in the diagnosis and management of the complications.

A case of bovine mastitis caused by Campylobacter jejuni

A Campylobacter jejuni mastitis in a Holstein cow, 60 days into the first lactation, is reported. This was characterized by a sudden onset, a pyrexia, painful quarter and pink milk with a few small clots present. There was good response to a treatment protocol of: parenteral oxytetracycline, frequent stripping and intramammary infusions of erythromycin. This organism has a zoonotic property.

Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis in neonates

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis in children. Only a few cases have been described in the world literature about neonatal enterocolitis due to campylobacter and none from Saudi Arabia. We describe six cases of neonatal enterocolitis due to this organism isolated during the period from September 1989 - January 1991 at Suleimania Children's Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All of the patients presented with diarrhea; duration ranging from 1-20 days. Three patients had blood and two had mucus in their stool. In contrast to the findings of other investigators, five neonates presented with fever. One neonate was treated with erythromycin, another received augmentin, and two received other antibiotics because of suspected sepsis. In one patient, previous antibiotics were discontinued and erythromycin was added and two received no antibiotics. Campylobacter infection should be suspected in any neonate presenting with diarrhea accompanied by mucus and blood in the stool.

Hazards from pathogenic microorganisms in land-disposed sewage sludge

Sewage sludge is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds of biological and mineral origin that are precipitated from wastewater and sewage during primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment. Present in these sludges are significant numbers of microorganisms that include viral, bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and helminth pathogens. The treatment of sludge to reduce biochemical oxygen demand, solids content, and odor is not always effective in reducing numbers of pathogens. This becomes a public health concern because the infectious dose for some of these pathogens may be as low as 1 particle (virus) to 50 organisms (Giardia). When sludge is applied to land for agricultural use and landfill compost, these pathogens can survive from days (bacteria) to months (viruses) to years (helminth eggs), depending on environmental conditions. Shallow aquifers can become contaminated with pathogens from sludge and, depending on groundwater flow, these organisms may travel significant distances from the disposal site. Communities that rely on groundwater for domestic use can become exposed to these pathogens, leading to a potential disease outbreak. Currently, methods to determine the risk of disease from pathogens in land-disposed sludge are inadequate because the sensitivity of pathogen detection is poor. The application of recombinant DNA technology (gene probes and polymerase chain reaction) to environmental samples may provide increased sensitivity for detecting specific pathogens in land-disposed sludge and greatly improved risk assessment models for our exposure to these sources of pathogens.

Campylobacter infections in calves, piglets, lambs and kids in Trinidad

Faeces or rectal swabs from 689 diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic animals were cultured for thermophilic campylobacters and their antibiograms were determined. Three hundred and fifteen (45.7%) samples were positive for Campylobacter. Piglets had the highest prevalence, 79.3% (233/294) and lambs, the lowest with 17.9% (15/84) being positive. The difference was statistically significant (P < or = 0.01; chi 2). In calves, 20.5% (60/293) and in kids 38.9% (7/18) were positive for campylobacters. The prevalence of infection was not significantly (P > or = 0.05; chi 2) different between diarrhoeic (46.1%) and non-diarrhoeic (45.1%) animals nor between male (47.5%) and female (43.8%). The frequency of isolation of campylobacters harvested from semi-intensively managed animals (75.4%) was, however, significantly higher (P < or = 0.001; chi 2) than from intensively or extensively managed animals. Overall, C. coli strains (32.8%) were more frequently isolated than C. jejuni strains (12.9%) and the difference was significant (P < or = 0.001; chi 2). Biotype I accounted for 67.3% (152/226) of C. coli and 64.0% (57/89) of C. jejuni strains isolated. A total of 245 (77.8%) strains of Campylobacter exhibited resistance to one or more antibiotics and was highest to streptomycin (76.5%), kanamycin (28.6%) and neomycin (26.7%). It was concluded that Campylobacter infections were widespread in livestock in Trinidad, particularly C. coli in piglets.

Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties

During the past two decades, an explosive growth in both the prevalence and types of sexually transmitted diseases has occurred. Up to 55 percent of homosexual men with anorectal complaints have gonorrhea; 80 percent of the patients with syphilis are homosexuals. Chlamydia is found in 15 percent of asymptomatic homosexual men, and up to one third of homosexuals have active anorectal herpes simplex virus. In addition, a host of parasites, bacterial, viral, and protozoan are all rampant in the homosexual population. Furthermore, the global epidemic of AIDS has produced a plethora of colorectal manifestations. Acute cytomegalovirus ileocolitis is the most common indication for emergency abdominal surgery in the homosexual AIDS population. Along with cryptosporidia and isospora, the patient may present to the colorectal surgeon with bloody diarrhea and weight loss before the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Other patients may present with colorectal Kaposi's sarcoma or anorectal lymphoma, and consequently will be found to have seropositivity for HIV. However, in addition to these protean manifestations, one third of patients with AIDS consult the colorectal surgeon with either condylomata acuminata, anorectal sepsis, or proctitis before the diagnosis of HIV disease. Although aggressive anorectal surgery is associated with reasonable surgical results in some asymptomatic HIV positive patients, the same procedures in AIDS (symptomatic HIV positive) patients will often be met with disastrous results. It is incumbent upon the surgeon, therefore, to recognize the manifestations of HIV disease and diagnose these conditions accordingly.

Chicken carcasses as a source of Campylobacter jejuni in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

The presence of Campylobacter jejuni was investigated in stool specimens from chicken meat workers and in ready-for-market chicken carcasses from one industrial and nine non industrial slaughters in Belo Horizonte. In the latter C. jejuni was isolated from 19 (38.0%) of the 50 chicken carcasses and from 2 (13.3%) of the stool specimens obtained from 15 chicken meat workers. In the industrial slaughter it was found in only 1 (2.0%) of the 50 chicken carcasses and it was not isolated from any of the 40 stool specimens. There was a significant difference between industrial and non industrial slaughter in regard to the frequency of C. jejuni isolation from carcasses (p = 0.000002), probably due to the low hygiene conditions present in non industrial slaughters. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests, SDS gel electrophoresis and biotyping of the strains isolated from stool specimens obtained from chicken meat workers were similar to those observed in strains isolated from chicken carcasses which suggest that chicken could be the source of C. jejuni for the workers and both, chicken and workers, could be implicated in the transmission of C. jejuni infection in Belo Horizonte.

Prevalence and antibiogram of Campylobacter jejuni in domestic animals in rural Ghana

A total of 134 samples of rectal and cloacal swabs taken from apparently healthy domestic animals that were in 43 of 76 homes located in rural Ghana were examined for Campylobacter jejuni. C. jejuni was isolated from 32.8% (44/134) of the animals. The highest isolation rate of 43.6% was from local domestic fowls, followed by goats (33.3%) and sheep (23%). This organism was not detected in the pigs, cats, and ducks. All 44 strains of this bacterium produced hydrogen sulphide and hydrolyzed hippurate; antibiogram on 24 strains showed resistance to cephalothin, cephalexin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. C. jejuni biotype 2 is the prevailing strain in animals in the area studied.