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Ahmed OB, Bahwerth FS, Alsafi R, Elsebaei EA, Ebid GT, Theyab A, Assaggaf H. The Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary Saudi Hospital. Cureus 2024; 16:e54809. [PMID: 38529437 PMCID: PMC10962010 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major public health problem all over the world. After the 2019 coronavirus illness (COVID-19), the pandemic may have influenced research priorities and resource allocation, potentially affecting the ability to monitor MRSA trends. AIMS The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus, including MRSA infections, and their antimicrobial susceptibilities over the years 2019 and 2020 in a tertiary hospital in Makkah City, KSA. METHODOLOGY A total of 2128 and 1515 laboratory (lab) samples were collected during the years 2019 and 2020, respectively. From these samples, the prevalence of S. aureus, including MRSA, and their antibiotic susceptibility were identified using standard, automated, and molecular microbiological methods. RESULTS The present study shows that the lab prevalence of all S. aureus during 2019 was found to be 35.5%, of which MRSA was 44.8%. During 2020, the frequency of S. aureus strains was 16%, of which MRSA was 41.2%. The most common MRSA isolated during both years were colonizing pus swabs and urine samples. The results showed that MRSA susceptibility against antimicrobial agents in 2019 was as follows: vancomycin (100%), linezolid (100%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88%), and doxycycline (34.2%). The MRSA strains isolated during 2020 were as follows: vancomycin (100%), linezolid (96%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100%), and doxycycline (24.3%). There was no significant difference in the incidence and antimicrobial resistance rates of MRSA over the two years. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the prevalence rates of MRSA have not increased in 2020 when compared to 2019. Vancomycin, linezolid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline remain susceptible to the positive collected MRSA strains. There was no significant difference between the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance rates of MRSA between 2019 and 2020. Continued research efforts are needed to address this persistent public health threat. Strategies to control the spread of MRSA should include early detection of MRSA and surveillance, even during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar B Ahmed
- Environmental and Health Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | | | - Radi Alsafi
- Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | - Eman A Elsebaei
- Medical Microbiology, Egypt Healthcare Authority, Cairo, EGY
| | - Gamal T Ebid
- Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah, Makkah, SAU
- National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, EGY
| | - Abdulrhaman Theyab
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Makkah, SAU
- Collage of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Hamza Assaggaf
- Laboratory Medicine/Public Health, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
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2
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Jordan PM, Günther K, Nischang V, Ning Y, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Ehrhardt C, Werz O. Influenza A virus selectively elevates prostaglandin E 2 formation in pro-resolving macrophages. iScience 2024; 27:108775. [PMID: 38261967 PMCID: PMC10797193 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory influenza A virus (IAV) infections are major health concerns worldwide, where bacterial superinfections substantially increase morbidity and mortality. The underlying mechanisms of how IAV impairs host defense remain elusive. Macrophages are pivotal for the innate immune response and crucially regulate the entire inflammatory process, occurring as inflammatory M1- or pro-resolving M2-like phenotypes. Lipid mediators (LM), produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids by macrophages, are potent immune regulators and impact all stages of inflammation. Using LM metabololipidomics, we show that human pro-resolving M2-macrophages respond to IAV infections with specific and robust production of prostaglandin (PG)E2 along with upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which persists after co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, cytokine/interferon production in macrophages was essentially unaffected by IAV infection, and the functionality of M1-macrophages was not influenced. Conclusively, IAV infection of M2-macrophages selectively elevates PGE2 formation, suggesting inhibition of the COX-2/PGE2 axis as strategy to limit IAV exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vivien Nischang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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3
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Hohensee L, Scheibner D, Schäfer A, Shelton H, Mettenleiter TC, Breithaupt A, Dorhoi A, Abdelwhab EM, Blohm U. The role of PB1-F2 in adaptation of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H7N7 in chickens. Vet Res 2024; 55:5. [PMID: 38173025 PMCID: PMC10765749 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H7N7 subtype are enzootic in the wild bird reservoir in Europe, cause infections in poultry, and have sporadically infected humans. The non-structural protein PB1-F2 is encoded in a second open frame in the polymerase segment PB1 and its sequence varies with the host of origin. While mammalian isolates predominantly carry truncated forms, avian isolates typically express full-length PB1-F2. PB1-F2 is a virulence factor of influenza viruses in mammals. It modulates the host immune response, causing immunopathology and increases pro-inflammatory responses. The role of full-length PB1-F2 in IAV pathogenesis as well as its impact on virus adaptation and virulence in poultry remains enigmatic. Here, we characterised recombinant high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV) H7N7 expressing or lacking PB1-F2 in vitro and in vivo in chickens. In vitro, full-length PB1-F2 modulated viability of infected chicken fibroblasts by limiting apoptosis. In chickens, PB1-F2 promoted gastrointestinal tropism, as demonstrated by enhanced viral replication in the gut and increased cloacal shedding. PB1-F2's effects on cellular immunity however were marginal. Overall, chickens infected with full-length PB1-F2 virus survived for shorter periods, indicating that PB1-F2 is also a virulence factor in bird-adapted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Hohensee
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
- Infection Pathogenesis, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Ash Road, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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Mochan E, Sego TJ. Mathematical Modeling of the Lethal Synergism of Coinfecting Pathogens in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2974. [PMID: 38138118 PMCID: PMC10745501 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections represent a substantial global health challenge and are often accompanied by coinfections involving secondary viruses or bacteria, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. The clinical impact of coinfections remains poorly understood, with conflicting findings regarding fatality. Isolating the impact of each pathogen and mechanisms of pathogen synergy during coinfections is challenging and further complicated by host and pathogen variability and experimental conditions. Factors such as cytokine dysregulation, immune cell function alterations, mucociliary dysfunction, and changes to the respiratory tract epithelium have been identified as contributors to increased lethality. The relative significance of these factors depends on variables such as pathogen types, infection timing, sequence, and inoculum size. Mathematical biological modeling can play a pivotal role in shedding light on the mechanisms of coinfections. Mathematical modeling enables the quantification of aspects of the intra-host immune response that are difficult to assess experimentally. In this narrative review, we highlight important mechanisms of IAV coinfection with bacterial and viral pathogens and survey mathematical models of coinfection and the insights gained from them. We discuss current challenges and limitations facing coinfection modeling, as well as current trends and future directions toward a complete understanding of coinfection using mathematical modeling and computer simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Mochan
- Department of Computational and Chemical Sciences, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - T. J. Sego
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Tang S, De Jesus AC, Chavez D, Suthakaran S, Moore SK, Suthakaran K, Homami S, Rathnasinghe R, May AJ, Schotsaert M, Britto CJ, Bhattacharya J, Hook JL. Rescue of alveolar wall liquid secretion blocks fatal lung injury due to influenza-staphylococcal coinfection. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163402. [PMID: 37581936 PMCID: PMC10541650 DOI: 10.1172/jci163402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary lung infection by inhaled Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a common and lethal event for individuals infected with influenza A virus (IAV). How IAV disrupts host defense to promote SA infection in lung alveoli, where fatal lung injury occurs, is not known. We addressed this issue using real-time determinations of alveolar responses to IAV in live, intact, perfused lungs. Our findings show that IAV infection blocked defensive alveolar wall liquid (AWL) secretion and induced airspace liquid absorption, thereby reversing normal alveolar liquid dynamics and inhibiting alveolar clearance of inhaled SA. Loss of AWL secretion resulted from inhibition of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel in the alveolar epithelium, and airspace liquid absorption was caused by stimulation of the alveolar epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Loss of AWL secretion promoted alveolar stabilization of inhaled SA, but rescue of AWL secretion protected against alveolar SA stabilization and fatal SA-induced lung injury in IAV-infected mice. These findings reveal a central role for AWL secretion in alveolar defense against inhaled SA and identify AWL inhibition as a critical mechanism of IAV lung pathogenesis. AWL rescue may represent a new therapeutic approach for IAV-SA coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tang
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Ana Cassandra De Jesus
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Deebly Chavez
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Sayahi Suthakaran
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Sarah K.L. Moore
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Keshon Suthakaran
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Sonya Homami
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Microbiology
| | - Alison J. May
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
- Department of Otolaryngology, and
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Microbiology
| | - Clemente J. Britto
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jahar Bhattacharya
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jaime L. Hook
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Microbiology
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6
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Shah P, Voice M, Calvo-Bado L, Rivero-Calle I, Morris S, Nijman R, Broderick C, De T, Eleftheriou I, Galassini R, Khanijau A, Kolberg L, Kolnik M, Rudzate A, Sagmeister MG, Schweintzger NA, Secka F, Thakker C, van der Velden F, Vermont C, Vincek K, Agyeman PK, Cunnington AJ, De Groot R, Emonts M, Fidler K, Kuijpers TW, Mommert-Tripon M, Brengel-Pesce K, Mallet F, Moll H, Paulus S, Pokorn M, Pollard A, Schlapbach LJ, Shen CF, Tsolia M, Usuf E, van der Flier M, von Both U, Yeung S, Zavadska D, Zenz W, Wright V, Carrol ED, Kaforou M, Martinon-Torres F, Fink C, Levin M, Herberg J. Relationship between molecular pathogen detection and clinical disease in febrile children across Europe: a multicentre, prospective observational study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 32:100682. [PMID: 37554664 PMCID: PMC10405323 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PERFORM study aimed to understand causes of febrile childhood illness by comparing molecular pathogen detection with current clinical practice. METHODS Febrile children and controls were recruited on presentation to hospital in 9 European countries 2016-2020. Each child was assigned a standardized diagnostic category based on retrospective review of local clinical and microbiological data. Subsequently, centralised molecular tests (CMTs) for 19 respiratory and 27 blood pathogens were performed. FINDINGS Of 4611 febrile children, 643 (14%) were classified as definite bacterial infection (DB), 491 (11%) as definite viral infection (DV), and 3477 (75%) had uncertain aetiology. 1061 controls without infection were recruited. CMTs detected blood bacteria more frequently in DB than DV cases for N. meningitidis (OR: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.92-5.99), S. pneumoniae (OR: 3.89, 95% CI: 2.07-7.59), Group A streptococcus (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.13-6.09) and E. coli (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.02-6.71). Respiratory viruses were more common in febrile children than controls, but only influenza A (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.11-0.46), influenza B (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02-0.37) and RSV (OR 0.16, 95% CI: 0.06-0.36) were less common in DB than DV cases. Of 16 blood viruses, enterovirus (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.23-0.72) and EBV (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56-0.90) were detected less often in DB than DV cases. Combined local diagnostics and CMTs respectively detected blood viruses and respiratory viruses in 360 (56%) and 161 (25%) of DB cases, and virus detection ruled-out bacterial infection poorly, with predictive values of 0.64 and 0.68 respectively. INTERPRETATION Most febrile children cannot be conclusively defined as having bacterial or viral infection when molecular tests supplement conventional approaches. Viruses are detected in most patients with bacterial infections, and the clinical value of individual pathogen detection in determining treatment is low. New approaches are needed to help determine which febrile children require antibiotics. FUNDING EU Horizon 2020 grant 668303.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyen Shah
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Marie Voice
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- GENVIP Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sophie Morris
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ruud Nijman
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Claire Broderick
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Tisham De
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Irini Eleftheriou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “P. and A. Kyriakou” Children's Hospital, Thivon and Levadias, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Rachel Galassini
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Aakash Khanijau
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Kolberg
- Division Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mojca Kolnik
- Division of Pediatrics and Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Manfred G. Sagmeister
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina A. Schweintzger
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Fatou Secka
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Clare Thakker
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Fabian van der Velden
- Great North Children's Hospital, Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Clementien Vermont
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katarina Vincek
- Division of Pediatrics and Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Philipp K.A. Agyeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aubrey J. Cunnington
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ronald De Groot
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands and Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Emonts
- Great North Children's Hospital, Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Katy Fidler
- Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital, Brighton, UK
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Sanquin Research Institute, & Landsteiner Laboratory at the AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Karen Brengel-Pesce
- Open Innovation & Partnerships (OIP), bioMérieux S.A., Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Francois Mallet
- Open Innovation & Partnerships (OIP), bioMérieux S.A., Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Henriette Moll
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Paulus
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marko Pokorn
- Division of Pediatrics and Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrew Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luregn J. Schlapbach
- Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Paediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Maria Tsolia
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “P. and A. Kyriakou” Children's Hospital, Thivon and Levadias, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Effua Usuf
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands and Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, the Netherlands
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Division Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dace Zavadska
- Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Werner Zenz
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Victoria Wright
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Enitan D. Carrol
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, UK
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Federico Martinon-Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- GENVIP Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Colin Fink
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Levin
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jethro Herberg
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, London, UK
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7
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Vanders RL, Gomez HM, Hsu AC, Daly K, Wark PAB, Horvat JC, Hansbro PM. Inflammatory and antiviral responses to influenza A virus infection are dysregulated in pregnant mice with allergic airway disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L385-L398. [PMID: 37463835 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00232.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are increased during pregnancy especially with asthma as a comorbidity, leading to asthma exacerbations, secondary bacterial infections, intensive care unit admissions, and mortality. We aimed to define the processes involved in increased susceptibility and severity of IAV infections during pregnancy, especially with asthma. We sensitized mice to house dust mite (HDM), induced pregnancy, and challenged with HDM to induce allergic airway disease (AAD). At midpregnancy, we induced IAV infection. We assessed viral titers, airway inflammation, lung antiviral responses, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). During early IAV infection, pregnant mice with AAD had increased mRNA expression of the inflammatory markers Il13 and IL17 and reduced mRNA expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant marker Kc. These mice had increased mucous hyperplasia and increased AHR. miR155, miR574, miR223, and miR1187 were also reduced during early infection, as was mRNA expression of the antiviral β-defensins, Bd1, Bd2, and Spd and IFNs, Ifnα, Ifnβ, and Ifnλ. During late infection, Il17 was still increased as was eosinophil infiltration in the lungs. mRNA expression of Kc was reduced, as was neutrophil infiltration and mRNA expression of the antiviral markers Ifnβ, Ifnλ, and Ifnγ and Ip10, Tlr3, Tlr9, Pkr, and Mx1. Mucous hyperplasia was still significantly increased as was AHR. Early phase IAV infection in pregnancy with asthma heightens underlying inflammatory asthmatic phenotype and reduces antiviral responses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Influenza A virus (IAV) infection during pregnancy with asthma is a major health concern leading to increased morbidity for both mother and baby. Using murine models, we show that IAV infection in pregnancy with allergic airway disease is associated with impaired global antiviral and antimicrobial responses, increased lung inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Targeting specific β-defensins or microRNAs (miRNAs) may prove useful in future treatments for IAV infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Vanders
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Vaccines, Infection, Viruses and Asthma Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Henry M Gomez
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Vaccines, Infection, Viruses and Asthma Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan C Hsu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Vaccines, Infection, Viruses and Asthma Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katie Daly
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Vaccines, Infection, Viruses and Asthma Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Vaccines, Infection, Viruses and Asthma Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Vaccines, Infection, Viruses and Asthma Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Vaccines, Infection, Viruses and Asthma Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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The Activation of the RIG-I/MDA5 Signaling Pathway upon Influenza D Virus Infection Impairs the Pulmonary Proinflammatory Response Triggered by Mycoplasma bovis Superinfection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0142322. [PMID: 36692289 PMCID: PMC9972951 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01423-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent infections with multiple pathogens are often described in cattle with respiratory illness. However, how the host-pathogen interactions influence the clinical outcome has been only partially explored in this species. Influenza D virus (IDV) was discovered in 2011. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in different hosts. A significant association between IDV and bacterial pathogens in sick cattle was shown in epidemiological studies, especially with Mycoplasma bovis. In an experimental challenge, IDV aggravated M. bovis-induced pneumonia. However, the mechanisms through which IDV drives an increased susceptibility to bacterial superinfections remain unknown. Here, we used the organotypic lung model precision-cut lung slices to study the interplay between IDV and M. bovis coinfection. Our results show that a primary IDV infection promotes M. bovis superinfection by increasing the bacterial replication and the ultrastructural damages in lung pneumocytes. In our model, IDV impaired the innate immune response triggered by M. bovis by decreasing the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are important for immune cell recruitment and the bacterial clearance. Stimulations with agonists of cytosolic helicases and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) revealed that a primary activation of RIG-I/MDA5 desensitizes the TLR2 activation, similar to what was observed with IDV infection. The cross talk between these two pattern recognition receptors leads to a nonadditive response, which alters the TLR2-mediated cascade that controls the bacterial infection. These results highlight innate immune mechanisms that were not described for cattle so far and improve our understanding of the bovine host-microbe interactions and IDV pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Since the spread of the respiratory influenza D virus (IDV) infection to the cattle population, the question about the impact of this virus on bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains still unanswered. Animals affected by BRD are often coinfected with multiple pathogens, especially viruses and bacteria. In particular, viruses are suspected to enhance secondary bacterial superinfections. Here, we use an ex vivo model of lung tissue to study the effects of IDV infection on bacterial superinfections. Our results show that IDV increases the susceptibility to the respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma bovis. In particular, IDV seems to activate immune pathways that inhibit the innate immune response against the bacteria. This may allow M. bovis to increase its proliferation and to delay its clearance from lung tissue. These results suggest that IDV could have a negative impact on the respiratory pathology of cattle.
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9
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Goncheva MI, Gibson RM, Shouldice AC, Dikeakos JD, Heinrichs DE. The Staphylococcus aureus protein IsdA increases SARS CoV-2 replication by modulating JAK-STAT signaling. iScience 2023; 26:105975. [PMID: 36687318 PMCID: PMC9838083 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) pandemic has affected millions globally. A significant complication of CoV-2 infection is secondary bacterial co-infection, as seen in approximately 25% of severe cases. The most common organism isolated during co-infection is Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we describe the development of an in vitro co-infection model where both viral and bacterial replication kinetics may be examined. We demonstrate CoV-2 infection does not alter bacterial interactions with host epithelial cells. In contrast, S. aureus enhances CoV-2 replication by 10- to 15-fold. We identify this pro-viral activity is due to the S. aureus iron-regulated surface determinant A (IsdA) protein and demonstrate IsdA modifies host transcription. We find that IsdA alters Janus Kinase - Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling, by affecting JAK2-STAT3 levels, ultimately leading to increased viral replication. These findings provide key insight into the molecular interactions between host cells, CoV-2 and S. aureus during co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I. Goncheva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada,Corresponding author
| | - Richard M. Gibson
- ImPaKT Laboratory, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ainslie C. Shouldice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - David E. Heinrichs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada,Corresponding author
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10
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Chen S, Li W, Li Y, Akerley BJ, Shao L, Zhang W, Shen H, Abt MC. Antigen-specific memory Th17 cells promote cross-protection against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae after mild influenza A virus infection. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:153-166. [PMID: 36736665 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza A virus (IAV) infection is the leading cause of hospitalization and death associated with IAV infection worldwide. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is one of the most common causes of secondary bacterial pneumonia. Current efforts to develop vaccines against NTHi infection focus on inducing antibodies but are hindered by antigenic diversity among NTHi strains. Therefore, we investigated the contribution of the memory T helper type 17 (Th17) response in protective immunity against IAV/NTHi coinfection. We observed that even a mild IAV infection impaired the NTHi-specific Th17 response and increased morbidity and mortality compared with NTHi monoinfected mice. However, pre-existing memory NTHi-specific Th17 cells induced by a previous NTHi infection overcame IAV-driven Th17 inhibition and were cross-protective against different NTHi strains. Last, mice immunized with a NTHi protein that induced a strong Th17 memory response were broadly protected against diverse NTHi strains after challenge with coinfection. These results indicate that vaccination that limits IAV infection to mild disease may be insufficient to eliminate the risk of a lethal secondary bacterial pneumonia. However, NTHi-specific memory Th17 cells provide serotype-independent protection despite an ongoing IAV infection and demonstrate the advantage of developing broadly protective Th17-inducing vaccines against secondary bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - ShengSen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian J Akerley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Linyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Michael C Abt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
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11
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Tang Y, Su R, Gu Q, Hu Y, Yang H. PI3K/AKT-mediated autophagy inhibition facilitates mast cell activation to enhance severe inflammatory lung injury in influenza A virus- and secondary Staphylococcus aureus-infected mice. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105502. [PMID: 36549394 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection causes considerable morbidity and mortality each year globally, and secondary bacterial infection further exacerbates the severity and fatality of the initial viral infection. Mast cells have substantial roles in protecting the respiratory tract mucosa, while their role in viral and bacterial co-infection remains unclear. The present study revealed that secondary Staphylococcus aureus infection significantly aggravated the activation of mast cells during the initial H1N1 infection both in vivo and in vitro, which was closely related to the increased inflammatory lung injury and mortality. Meanwhile, the secondary S. aureus infection suppressed autophagy and promoted inflammatory mediators released by mast cells through activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Blocking PI3K/Akt pathway by LY294002, an inhibitor of Akt phosphorylation, could rescue autophagy and inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, based on the influenza A viral and secondary bacterial infected mice model, we showed that the combination of LY294002 and antiviral drug oseltamivir could effectively reduce the inflammatory damage and pro-inflammatory cytokines releasing in lungs, recovering body weight loss and improving the survival rate from the co-infections. In conclusion, secondary bacterial infection can inhibit autophagy and stimulate mast cell activation through the PI3K/Akt pathway, which might explain why secondary bacterial infection would cause severe and fatal consequences following an initial influenza A viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruijing Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qingyue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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12
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Song J, Zhao J, Cai X, Qin S, Chen Z, Huang X, Li R, Wang Y, Wang X. Lianhuaqingwen capsule inhibits non-lethal doses of influenza virus-induced secondary Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115653. [PMID: 35995276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lianhuaqingwen capsule (LH-C) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), consisting of two prescriptions, Ma-xing-shi-gan-tang (MXSGT) and Yinqiao San. It has been proven to have antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects in recent years. Clinically, it is commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. AIM OF THE STUDY It was demonstrated in our previous studies that LH-C has an effect of antivirus and inhibits influenza virus-induced bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells through down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules in vitro. However, LH-C's effect against influenza-induced secondary bacterial infection in animal studies remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we established a mouse model of infection with non-lethal doses of influenza virus(H1N1) and secondary infection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), to investigate the potential effects of LH-C. METHODS Experiments were carried out on BALB/c mice infecting non-lethal doses of H1N1 and non-lethal doses of S. aureus, and the viral, and bacterial doses were determined by observing and recording changes in the body weight, mortality, and pathological changes. Moreover, after LH-C treatment, the survival rate, body weight, lung index, viral titers, bacterial colonies, pathological changes, and the inflammatory cytokines in the mouse model have all been systematically determined. RESULTS In the superinfection models of H1N1 and S. aureus, the mortality rate was 100% in groups of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 105 CFU/mL of S. aureus, 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus, 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 50% in the group of mice infected with 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 105 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 37.5% in the group of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 alone and in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus was 30%. The infected mice of 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus had a weight loss of nearly 10%. About the histopathological changes in the lung tissue of infection mice, severe lung lesions were found in the superinfection models. LH-C improved survival in the superinfected mice, significantly reduced lung index, lowered viral titers and bacterial loads, and alleviated lung damage. It reduced lung inflammation by down-regulating mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators like IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-β, MCP-1, and RANTES. CONCLUSIONS We found that superinfection from non-lethal doses of S. aureus following non-lethal doses of H1N1 was equally fatal in mice, confirming the severity of secondary infections. The ability of LH-C to alleviate lung injury resulting from secondary S. aureus infection induced by H1N1 was confirmed. These findings provided a further assessment of LH-C, suggesting that LH-C may have good therapeutic efficacy in influenza secondary bacterial infection disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengle Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zexin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Verma AK, McKelvey M, Uddin MB, Palani S, Niu M, Bauer C, Shao S, Sun K. IFN-γ transforms the transcriptomic landscape and triggers myeloid cell hyperresponsiveness to cause lethal lung injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011132. [PMID: 36203588 PMCID: PMC9530332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is an inflammatory disease that is associated with high mortality but no specific treatment. Our understanding of initial events that trigger ARDS pathogenesis is limited. We have developed a mouse model of inflammatory lung injury by influenza and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) coinfection plus daily antibiotic therapy. Using this pneumonic ARDS model, here we show that IFN-γ receptor signaling drives inflammatory cytokine storm and lung tissue damage. By single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis, we demonstrate that IFN-γ signaling induces a transcriptional shift in airway immune cells, particularly by upregulating macrophage and monocyte expression of genes associated with inflammatory diseases. Further evidence from conditional knockout mouse models reveals that IFN-γ receptor signaling in myeloid cells, particularly CD11c+ mononuclear phagocytes, directly promotes TNF-α hyperproduction and inflammatory lung damage. Collectively, the findings from this study, ranging from cell-intrinsic gene expression to overall disease outcome, demonstrate that influenza-induced IFN-γ triggers myeloid cell hyperresponsiveness to MRSA, thereby leading to excessive inflammatory response and lethal lung damage during coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Michael McKelvey
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sunil Palani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Christopher Bauer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shengjun Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Keer Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Keer Sun,
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14
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Cipolla EM, Yue M, Nickolich KL, Huckestein BR, Antos D, Chen W, Alcorn JF. Heterotypic Influenza Infections Mitigate Susceptibility to Secondary Bacterial Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:760-771. [PMID: 35914833 PMCID: PMC9378502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza-associated bacterial superinfections have devastating impacts on the lung and can result in increased risk of mortality. New strains of influenza circulate throughout the population yearly, promoting the establishment of immune memory. Nearly all individuals have some degree of influenza memory before adulthood. Due to this, we sought to understand the role of immune memory during bacterial superinfections. An influenza heterotypic immunity model was established using influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 and influenza A/X31. We report in this article that influenza-experienced mice are more resistant to secondary bacterial infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as determined by wasting, bacterial burden, pulmonary inflammation, and lung leak, despite significant ongoing lung remodeling. Multidimensional flow cytometry and lung transcriptomics revealed significant alterations in the lung environment in influenza-experienced mice compared with naive animals. These include changes in the lung monocyte and T cell compartments, characterized by increased expansion of influenza tetramer-specific CD8+ T cells. The protection that was seen in the memory-experienced mouse model is associated with the reduction in inflammatory mechanisms, making the lung less susceptible to damage and subsequent bacterial colonization. These findings provide insight into how influenza heterotypic immunity reshapes the lung environment and the immune response to a rechallenge event, which is highly relevant to the context of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyse M Cipolla
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Molin Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kara L Nickolich
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Brydie R Huckestein
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Danielle Antos
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
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15
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Smith AP, Williams EP, Plunkett TR, Selvaraj M, Lane LC, Zalduondo L, Xue Y, Vogel P, Channappanavar R, Jonsson CB, Smith AM. Time-Dependent Increase in Susceptibility and Severity of Secondary Bacterial Infections During SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894534. [PMID: 35634338 PMCID: PMC9134015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections can exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection, but their prevalence and impact remain poorly understood. Here, we established that a mild to moderate infection with the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 strain increased the risk of pneumococcal (type 2 strain D39) coinfection in a time-dependent, but sex-independent, manner in the transgenic K18-hACE2 mouse model of COVID-19. Bacterial coinfection increased lethality when the bacteria was initiated at 5 or 7 d post-virus infection (pvi) but not at 3 d pvi. Bacterial outgrowth was accompanied by neutrophilia in the groups coinfected at 7 d pvi and reductions in B cells, T cells, IL-6, IL-15, IL-18, and LIF were present in groups coinfected at 5 d pvi. However, viral burden, lung pathology, cytokines, chemokines, and immune cell activation were largely unchanged after bacterial coinfection. Examining surviving animals more than a week after infection resolution suggested that immune cell activation remained high and was exacerbated in the lungs of coinfected animals compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 increases susceptibility and pathogenicity to bacterial coinfection, and further studies are needed to understand and combat disease associated with bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Evan P. Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Taylor R. Plunkett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Muneeswaran Selvaraj
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lindey C. Lane
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lillian Zalduondo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Amber M. Smith, ; Colleen B. Jonsson,
| | - Amber M. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Amber M. Smith, ; Colleen B. Jonsson,
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16
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R. Borgogna T, M. Voyich J. Examining the Executioners, Influenza Associated Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infections typically present mild to moderate morbidities in immunocompetent host and are often resolved within 14 days of infection onset. Death from influenza infection alone is uncommon; however, antecedent influenza infection often leads to an increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia following viral infection exhibits mortality rates greater than 10-fold of those of influenza alone. Furthermore, bacterial pneumonia has been identified as the major contributor to mortality during each of the previous four influenza pandemics. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes are the most prevalent participants in this pathology. Of note, these lung pathogens are frequently found as commensals of the upper respiratory tract. Herein we describe influenza-induced host-changes that lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia, review virulence strategies employed by the most prevalent secondary bacterial pneumonia species, and highlight recent findings of bacterial sensing and responding to the influenza infected environment.
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17
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Prevention of antimicrobial prescribing among infants following maternal vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112410119. [PMID: 35286196 PMCID: PMC8944586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112410119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to reduce consumption of antimicrobial drugs are needed to contain the growing burden of antimicrobial resistance. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a prominent cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, as a single agent and in conjunction with bacterial pathogens, and may thus contribute to the burden of both inappropriately treated viral infections and appropriately treated polymicrobial infections involving bacteria. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, administering an RSV vaccine to pregnant mothers reduced antimicrobial prescribing among their infants by 12.9% over the first 3 mo of life. Our findings implicate RSV as an important contributor to antimicrobial exposure among infants and demonstrate that this exposure is preventable by use of effective maternal vaccines against RSV. Reductions in antimicrobial consumption are needed to mitigate the burden of antimicrobial resistance. Vaccines may have an important role to play in reducing antimicrobial consumption by preventing infections for which treatment is often prescribed, whether appropriately or inappropriately. However, limited understanding of the volume of antimicrobial treatment attributable to specific pathogens—and to viruses, in particular—presently hinders efforts to prioritize vaccines with the greatest potential to reduce antimicrobial consumption. In a double-blind trial undertaken across 11 countries, infants born to mothers who were randomized to receive an experimental vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) experienced 12.9% (95% CI: 1.3 to 23.1%) lower incidence of antimicrobial prescribing over the first 3 mo of life than infants whose mothers were randomized to receive placebo. Vaccine efficacy against antimicrobial prescriptions associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) was 16.9% (95% CI: 1.4 to 29.4%). Over the first 3 mo of life, maternal vaccination prevented 3.6 antimicrobial prescription courses for every 100 infants born in high-income countries and 5.1 courses per 100 infants in low- and middle-income countries, representing 20.2 and 10.9% of all antimicrobial prescribing in these settings, respectively. While LRTI episodes accounted for 69 to 73% of all antimicrobial prescribing prevented by maternal vaccination, striking vaccine efficacy (71.3% [95% CI: 28.1 to 88.6%]) was also observed against acute otitis media–associated antimicrobial prescription among infants in high-income countries. Our findings implicate RSV as a cause of substantial volumes of antimicrobial prescribing among young infants and demonstrate the potential for prevention of such prescribing through use of maternal vaccines against RSV.
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18
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Smith AP, Williams EP, Plunkett TR, Selvaraj M, Lane LC, Zalduondo L, Xue Y, Vogel P, Channappanavar R, Jonsson CB, Smith AM. Time-Dependent Increase in Susceptibility and Severity of Secondary Bacterial Infection during SARS-CoV-2 Infection.. [PMID: 35262077 PMCID: PMC8902874 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.28.482305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections can exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection, but their prevalence and impact remain poorly understood. Here, we established that a mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection increased the risk of pneumococcal coinfection in a time-dependent, but sex-independent, manner in the transgenic K18-hACE mouse model of COVID-19. Bacterial coinfection was not established at 3 d post-virus, but increased lethality was observed when the bacteria was initiated at 5 or 7 d post-virus infection (pvi). Bacterial outgrowth was accompanied by neutrophilia in the groups coinfected at 7 d pvi and reductions in B cells, T cells, IL-6, IL-15, IL-18, and LIF were present in groups coinfected at 5 d pvi. However, viral burden, lung pathology, cytokines, chemokines, and immune cell activation were largely unchanged after bacterial coinfection. Examining surviving animals more than a week after infection resolution suggested that immune cell activation remained high and was exacerbated in the lungs of coinfected animals compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 increases susceptibility and pathogenicity to bacterial coinfection, and further studies are needed to understand and combat disease associated with bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.
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19
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Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122519. [PMID: 34960788 PMCID: PMC8704309 DOI: 10.3390/v13122519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important respiratory pathogens of horses and humans. Infected individuals develop typical respiratory disorders associated with the death of airway epithelial cells (AECs) in infected areas. Virulence and risk of secondary bacterial infections vary among IAV strains. The IAV non-structural proteins, NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X are important virulence factors controlling AEC death and host immune responses to viral and bacterial infection. Polymorphism in these proteins impacts their function. Evidence from human and mouse studies indicates that upon IAV infection, the manner of AEC death impacts disease severity. Indeed, while apoptosis is considered anti-inflammatory, necrosis is thought to cause pulmonary damage with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as interleukin-33 (IL-33). IL-33 is a potent inflammatory mediator released by necrotic cells, playing a crucial role in anti-viral and anti-bacterial immunity. Here, we discuss studies in human and murine models which investigate how viral determinants and host immune responses control AEC death and subsequent lung IL-33 release, impacting IAV disease severity. Confirming such data in horses and improving our understanding of early immunologic responses initiated by AEC death during IAV infection will better inform the development of novel therapeutic or vaccine strategies designed to protect life-long lung health in horses and humans, following a One Health approach.
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20
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D’Anna SE, Maniscalco M, Cappello F, Carone M, Motta A, Balbi B, Ricciardolo FLM, Caramori G, Di Stefano A. Bacterial and viral infections and related inflammatory responses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Med 2021; 53:135-150. [PMID: 32997525 PMCID: PMC7877965 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1831050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, bacterial and viral infections play a relevant role in worsening lung function and, therefore, favour disease progression. The inflammatory response to lung infections may become a specific indication of the bacterial and viral infections. We here review data on the bacterial-viral infections and related airways and lung parenchyma inflammation in stable and exacerbated COPD, focussing our attention on the prevalent molecular pathways in these different clinical conditions. The roles of macrophages, autophagy and NETosis are also briefly discussed in the context of lung infections in COPD. Controlling their combined response may restore a balanced lung homeostasis, reducing the risk of lung function decline. KEY MESSAGE Bacteria and viruses can influence the responses of the innate and adaptive immune system in the lung of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The relationship between viruses and bacterial colonization, and the consequences of the imbalance of these components can modulate the inflammatory state of the COPD lung. The complex actions involving immune trigger cells, which activate innate and cell-mediated inflammatory responses, could be responsible for the clinical consequences of irreversible airflow limitation, lung remodelling and emphysema in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Divisione di Pneumologia, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Telese, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (BIND), Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Istologia Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Mauro Carone
- UOC Pulmonology and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Bruno Balbi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Fabio L. M. Ricciardolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Torino, Italy
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini morfologiche e funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli studi di Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
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21
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Murine Type III interferons are functionally redundant and correlate with bacterial burden during influenza/bacterial super-infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255309. [PMID: 34618816 PMCID: PMC8496871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type III interferon, or interferon lambda (IFNλ) is a crucial antiviral cytokine induced by influenza infection. While IFNλ is important for anti-viral host defense, published data demonstrate that IFNλ is pathogenic during influenza/bacterial super-infection. It is known that polymorphisms in specific IFNλ genes affect influenza responses, but the effect of IFNλ subtypes on bacterial super-infection is unknown. Methods Using an established model of influenza, Staphylococcus aureus super-infection, we studied IFNλ3-/- and control mice to model a physiologically relevant reduction in IFNλ and to address its role in super-infection. Results Surprisingly, IFNλ3-/- mice did not have significantly lower total IFNλ than co-housed controls, and displayed no change in viral or bacterial clearance. Importantly, both control and IFNλ3-/- mice displayed a positive correlation between viral burden and total IFNλ in the bronchoalveolar lavage during influenza/bacterial super-infection, suggesting that higher influenza viral burden drives a similar total IFNλ response regardless of IFNλ3 gene integrity. Interestingly, total IFNλ levels positively correlated with bacterial burden, while viral burden and bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity did not. Conclusions These data suggest IFNλ2 can compensate for IFNλ3 to mount an effective antiviral and defense, revealing a functional redundancy in these highly similar IFNλ subtypes. Further, the IFNλ response to influenza, as opposed to changes in cellular inflammation or viral load, significantly correlates with susceptibility to bacterial super-infection. Moreover, the IFNλ response is regulated and involves redundant subtypes, suggesting it is of high importance to pulmonary pathogen defense.
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22
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Viral and Bacterial Co-Infections in the Lungs: Dangerous Liaisons. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091725. [PMID: 34578306 PMCID: PMC8472850 DOI: 10.3390/v13091725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections constitute a significant public health problem, with a therapeutic arsenal that remains relatively limited and that is threatened by the emergence of antiviral and/or antibiotic resistance. Viral–bacterial co-infections are very often associated with the severity of these respiratory infections and have been explored mainly in the context of bacterial superinfections following primary influenza infection. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these co-infections between respiratory viruses (influenza viruses, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2) and bacteria, at both the physiological and immunological levels. This review also explores the importance of the microbiome and the pathological context in the evolution of these respiratory tract co-infections and presents the different in vitro and in vivo experimental models available. A better understanding of the complex functional interactions between viruses/bacteria and host cells will allow the development of new, specific, and more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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23
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Burnham AJ, Miller JR, Singh I, Billings EA, Rush MA, Air GM, Bour S. Novel isoforms of influenza virus PA-X and PB1-F2 indicated by automatic annotation. Virus Res 2021; 304:198545. [PMID: 34391827 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The influenza A virus genome contains 8 gene segments encoding 10 commonly recognized proteins. Additional protein products have been identified, including PB1-F2 and PA-X. We report the in-silico identification of novel isoforms of PB1-F2 and PA-X in influenza virus genomes sequenced from avian samples. The isoform observed in PA-X includes a mutated stop codon that should extend the protein product by 8 amino acids. The isoform observed in PB1-F2 includes two nonsense mutations that should truncate the N-terminal region of the protein product and remove the entire mitochondrial targeting domain. Both isoforms were uncovered during automatic annotation of CEIRS sequence data. Nominally termed PA-X8 and PB1-F2-Cterm, both predicted isoforms were subsequently found in other annotated influenza genomes previously deposited in GenBank. Both isoforms were noticed due to discrepant annotations output by two annotation engines, indicating a benefit of incorporating multiple algorithms during gene annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Burnham
- CEIRS Data Processing and Coordinating Center, United States; Gryphon Scientific, United States
| | - Jason Rafe Miller
- CEIRS Data Processing and Coordinating Center, United States; Shepherd University, United States
| | - Indresh Singh
- CEIRS Data Processing and Coordinating Center, United States; J. Craig Venter Institute, United States
| | - Emily A Billings
- CEIRS Data Processing and Coordinating Center, United States; Gryphon Scientific, United States
| | - Margaret A Rush
- CEIRS Data Processing and Coordinating Center, United States; Gryphon Scientific, United States
| | - Gillian M Air
- CEIRS Data Processing and Coordinating Center, United States; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Stephan Bour
- CEIRS Data Processing and Coordinating Center, United States; Digital Infuzion, United States.
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24
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Hoque MN, Akter S, Mishu ID, Islam MR, Rahman MS, Akhter M, Islam I, Hasan MM, Rahaman MM, Sultana M, Islam T, Hossain MA. Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104941. [PMID: 33962007 PMCID: PMC8095020 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has traumatized the whole world with the ongoing devastating pandemic. A plethora of microbial domains including viruses (other than SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, archaea and fungi have evolved together, and interact in complex molecular pathogenesis along with SARS-CoV-2. However, the involvement of other microbial co-pathogens and underlying molecular mechanisms leading to extortionate ailment in critically ill COVID-19 patients has yet not been extensively reviewed. Although, the incidence of co-infections could be up to 94.2% in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, the fate of co-infections among SARS-CoV-2 infected hosts often depends on the balance between the host's protective immunity and immunopathology. Predominantly identified co-pathogens of SARS-CoV-2 are bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila and Clamydia pneumoniae followed by viruses including influenza, coronavirus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, influenza B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The cross-talk between co-pathogens (especially lung microbiomes), SARS-CoV-2 and host is an important factor that ultimately increases the difficulty of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. Simultaneously, co-infecting microbiotas may use new strategies to escape host defense mechanisms by altering both innate and adaptive immune responses to further aggravate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Better understanding of co-infections in COVID-19 is critical for the effective patient management, treatment and containment of SARS-CoV-2. This review therefore necessitates the comprehensive investigation of commonly reported microbial co-pathogens amid COVID-19, their transmission pattern along with the possible mechanism of co-infections and outcomes. Thus, identifying the possible co-pathogens and their underlying molecular mechanisms during SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis may shed light in developing diagnostics, appropriate curative and preventive interventions for suspected SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections in the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazmul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh; Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | | | - M Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Shaminur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Masuda Akhter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh; Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mizanur Rahaman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), BSMRAU, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh; Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.
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25
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Dynamic Pneumococcal Genetic Adaptations Support Bacterial Growth and Inflammation during Coinfection with Influenza. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0002321. [PMID: 33875471 PMCID: PMC8208518 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00023-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the primary bacterial pathogens that complicates influenza virus infections. These bacterial coinfections increase influenza-associated morbidity and mortality through a number of immunological and viral-mediated mechanisms, but the specific bacterial genes that contribute to postinfluenza pathogenicity are not known. Here, we used genome-wide transposon mutagenesis (Tn-Seq) to reveal bacterial genes that confer improved fitness in influenza virus-infected hosts. The majority of the 32 genes identified are involved in bacterial metabolism, including nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, protein translation, and membrane transport. We generated mutants with single-gene deletions (SGD) of five of the genes identified, SPD1414, SPD2047 (cbiO1), SPD0058 (purD), SPD1098, and SPD0822 (proB), to investigate their effects on in vivo fitness, disease severity, and host immune responses. The growth of the SGD mutants was slightly attenuated in vitro and in vivo, but each still grew to high titers in the lungs of mock- and influenza virus-infected hosts. Despite high bacterial loads, mortality was significantly reduced or delayed with all SGD mutants. Time-dependent reductions in pulmonary neutrophils, inflammatory macrophages, and select proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were also observed. Immunohistochemical staining further revealed altered neutrophil distribution with reduced degeneration in the lungs of influenza virus-SGD mutant-coinfected animals. These studies demonstrate a critical role for specific bacterial genes and for bacterial metabolism in driving virulence and modulating immune function during influenza-associated bacterial pneumonia.
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26
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Liu K, Mao W, Liu B, Li T, Wang X, Pei L, Cao J, Wang F. Prostaglandin E2 promotes Staphylococcus aureus infection via EP4 receptor in bovine endometrium. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105019. [PMID: 34107344 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) enhances Staphylococcus aureus infection but its mechanism is not well understood. Here, we examined the effect of PGE2 on Staphylococcal Protein A (SPA) expression in bovine endometrium and determined the role of select PGE2 receptors (i.e., EP2 and EP4) in adhesion and internalization of S. aureus. S. aureus isolate SA113 was used for in vitro infection of bovine endometrial tissues and epithelial cells, with treatment conditions consisting of untreated control, SA113 treatment, SA113 + PGE2, SA113 + PGE2 + EP2 receptor antagonist (AH-6809), and SA113 + PGE2 + EP4 receptor antagonist (AH-23848). Immunofluorescence assay revealed that PGE2 could promote SPA expression in S. aureus-infected bovine endometrial tissues. PGE2 also enhanced the adhesion and internalization of S. aureus in bovine endometrial cells. The addition of EP4 antagonist, but not the EP2 antagonist, abrogated the ability of PGE2 to promote S. aureus SPA expression, adhesion, and internalization in endometrial cells. Our findings suggest that S. aureus infection in the endometrium is enhanced by PGE2 through the EP4 receptor. This result is essential for the development of new approach to treating S. aureus infection, such as the application of EP4 antagonist as an adjunct drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Tingting Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Xinfei Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Le Pei
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China.
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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27
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Ma J, Wu M, Wang Z, Yang D, Hou S, Cheng Y, Wang H, Yan Y, Sun J. Pre-exposure to Streptococcus suis improved survival of influenza virus co-infection in mice. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109071. [PMID: 33965701 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synergism of the influenza virus and respiratory tract pathogens is known to exacerbate diseases in both humans and animals. The mechanism of the co-infection of associated respiratory tract pathogens is explored in this study. Co-infection has a directional effect when influenza virus or other pathogens occur in a different order. In the present study, we used a mouse animal model to study the synergism of influenza virus and Streptococcus suis co-infection in different orders of administration. We found that the group infected with bacteria alone did not show any clinical symptoms, but the group infected with the virus alone showed 100 % mortality and clinical signs typical in infected mice. In the bacteria infected following virus pre-exposure group, the mice died before the virus-infected group and showed severer clinical signs. When the influenza virus was administered after the bacteria, the infected mice showed reduced mortality compared with mice administered the influenza virus alone. The results indicated that the order of infection significantly affected the outcome of the co-infection of these two pathogens in the mice. However, the underlying mechanism was unclear. Therefore, a transcriptome analysis of mouse lungs was conducted to explore the potential mechanism. The results showed that inflammation and cell damage signaling pathways were upregulated, which may have contributed to the increased mortality in the secondary bacterial infection group. Upregulated innate immunity may have been a major cause of reduced mortality when the bacteria were inoculated before the virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mingqing Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Denghui Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Silu Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Heng'an Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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28
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Wilden JJ, Hrincius ER, Niemann S, Boergeling Y, Löffler B, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Impact of Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants on Human Lung Epithelial Cells with Subsequent Influenza Virus Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1998. [PMID: 33333815 PMCID: PMC7765246 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings are exposed to microorganisms every day. Among those, diverse commensals and potential pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) compose a significant part of the respiratory tract microbiota. Remarkably, bacterial colonization is supposed to affect the outcome of viral respiratory tract infections, including those caused by influenza viruses (IV). Since 30% of the world's population is already colonized with S. aureus that can develop metabolically inactive dormant phenotypes and seasonal IV circulate every year, super-infections are likely to occur. Although IV and S. aureus super-infections are widely described in the literature, the interactions of these pathogens with each other and the host cell are only scarcely understood. Especially, the effect of quasi-dormant bacterial subpopulations on IV infections is barely investigated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of S. aureus small colony variants on the cell intrinsic immune response during a subsequent IV infection in vitro. In fact, we observed a significant impact on the regulation of pro-inflammatory factors, contributing to a synergistic effect on cell intrinsic innate immune response and induction of harmful cell death. Interestingly, the cytopathic effect, which was observed in presence of both pathogens, was not due to an increased pathogen load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine J. Wilden
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.J.W.); (E.R.H.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Eike R. Hrincius
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.J.W.); (E.R.H.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.J.W.); (E.R.H.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2051 “Balance of the Microverse”, FSU Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.J.W.); (E.R.H.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003 “Cells in Motion”, WWU Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Żelaźniewicz A, Nowak-Kornicka J, Figura R, Groyecka-Bernard A, Sorokowski P, Pawłowski B. Pharyngeal Detection of Staphylococcus aureus as a Possible Factor Related to Disgust Sensitivity in Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218286. [PMID: 33182475 PMCID: PMC7665136 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Disgust triggers behavioral avoidance of pathogen-carrying and fitness-reducing agents. However, because of the cost involved, disgust sensitivity should be flexible, varying as a function of an individual’s immunity. Asymptomatic colonization with Staphylococcus aureus often results from weakened immunity and is a potential source of subsequent infections. In this study, we tested if pharyngeal colonization with S. aureus, evaluated based on a single swab collection, is related to an individual’s disgust sensitivity, measured with the Three Domain Disgust Scale. Levels of immunomodulating hormones (cortisol and testosterone), general health, and body adiposity were controlled. Women (N = 95), compared to men (N = 137), displayed higher sexual disgust sensitivity, but the difference between individuals with S. aureus and without S. aureus was significant only in men, providing support for prophylactic hypothesis, explaining inter-individual differences in disgust sensitivity. Men (but not women) burdened with asymptomatic S. aureus presence in pharynx exhibit higher pathogen disgust (p = 0.04) compared to individuals in which S. aureus was not detected. The positive relationship between the presence of the pathogen and sexual disgust was close to the statistical significance level (p = 0.06), and S. aureus colonization was not related with moral disgust domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Żelaźniewicz
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-138 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.N.-K.); (R.F.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Judyta Nowak-Kornicka
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-138 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.N.-K.); (R.F.); (B.P.)
| | - Renata Figura
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-138 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.N.-K.); (R.F.); (B.P.)
| | - Agata Groyecka-Bernard
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-529 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.-B.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Sorokowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-529 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.-B.); (P.S.)
| | - Bogusław Pawłowski
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-138 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.N.-K.); (R.F.); (B.P.)
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30
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Molecular pathogenesis of secondary bacterial infection associated to viral infections including SARS-CoV-2. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1397-1404. [PMID: 32712106 PMCID: PMC7359806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections are commonly associated with prior or concomitant respiratory viral infections. Viral infections damage respiratory airways and simultaneously defects both innate and acquired immune response that provides a favorable environment for bacterial growth, adherence, and facilitates invasion into healthy sites of the respiratory tract. Understanding the molecular mechanism of viral-induced secondary bacterial infections will provide us a chance to develop novel and effective therapeutic approaches for disease prevention. The present study describes details about the secondary bacterial infection during viral infections and their immunological changes.The outcome of discussion avails an opportunity to understand possible secondary bacterial infections associated with novel SARS-CoV-2, presently causing pandemic outbreak COVID-19.
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31
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Penkert RR, Smith AP, Hrincius ER, McCullers JA, Vogel P, Smith AM, Hurwitz JL. Effect of Vitamin A Deficiency in Dysregulating Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Increasing Mortality Rates After Bacterial Coinfections. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1806-1816. [PMID: 32959872 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary bacterial coinfections are ranked as a leading cause of hospitalization and morbid conditions associated with influenza. Because vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and insufficiency are frequent in both developed and developing countries, we asked how VAD influences coinfection severity. METHODS VAD and control mice were infected with influenza virus for evaluation of inflammatory cytokines, cellular immune responses, and viral clearance. Influenza-infected mice were coinfected with Streptococcus pneumoniae to study weight loss and survival. RESULTS Naive VAD mouse lungs exhibited dysregulated immune function. Neutrophils were enhanced in frequency and there was a significant reduction in RANTES (regulated on activation of normal T cells expressed and secreted), a chemokine instrumental in T-cell homing and recruitment. After influenza virus infection, VAD mice experienced failures in CD4+ T-cell recruitment and B-cell organization into lymphoid structures in the lung. VAD mice exhibited higher viral titers than controls and slow viral clearance. There were elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and innate cell subsets in the lungs. However, arginase, a marker of alternatively activated M2 macrophages, was rare. When influenza-infected VAD animals were exposed to bacteria, they experienced a 100% mortality rate. CONCLUSION Data showed that VAD dysregulated the immune response. Consequently, secondary bacterial infections were 100% lethal in influenza-infected VAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon R Penkert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amanda P Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eike R Hrincius
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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32
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Elabbadi A, Pichon J, Visseaux B, Schnuriger A, Bouadma L, Philippot Q, Patrier J, Labbé V, Ruckly S, Fartoukh M, Timsit JF, Voiriot G. Respiratory virus-associated infections in HIV-infected adults admitted to the intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure: a 6-year bicenter retrospective study ( HIV- VIR study). Ann Intensive Care 2020; 10:123. [PMID: 32953200 PMCID: PMC7488215 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute respiratory failure is the main reason for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) in HIV-infected adults. There is little data about the epidemiology of respiratory viruses in this population. Methods HIV-infected adults admitted to two intensive care units over a 6-year period for an acute respiratory failure and explored for respiratory viruses with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) were retrospectively selected. Objectives were to describe the prevalence of respiratory viruses, coinfections with non-viral pathogens, and hospital outcome. Results A total of 123 episodes were included. An HIV infection was newly diagnosed in 9% of cases and 72% of the population were on antiretroviral therapy. Real-time mPCR tests identified at least one respiratory virus in the respiratory tract of 33 (27%) patients, but with a non-viral copathogen in two-thirds of cases. Rhinovirus was predominant, documented in 15 patients, followed by Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (both n = 6). The prevalence of respiratory virus-associated infection did not vary along with the level of the CD4 T-cell deficiency, except for Rhinovirus which was more prevalent in patients with a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/µL (n = 13 (20%) vs. n = 2 (4%), p < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, respiratory virus-associated infection was not associated with a worse prognosis. Conclusions Viruses are frequently identified in the respiratory tract of HIV-infected patients with acute respiratory failure that requires ICU admission, but with a non-viral copathogen in two-thirds of cases. Rhinovirus is the predominant viral specie; its prevalence is highest in patients with a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/µL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Elabbadi
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de médecine intensive réanimation, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Pichon
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de médecine intensive réanimation, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,UMR 1137-IAME Team 5-DeSCID: Decision SCiences in Infectious Diseases control and care, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Schnuriger
- INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center (CRSA), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de virologie site Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Lila Bouadma
- UMR 1137-IAME Team 5-DeSCID: Decision SCiences in Infectious Diseases control and care, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de réanimation médicale et infectieuse, Hôpital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de médecine intensive réanimation, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Patrier
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de réanimation médicale et infectieuse, Hôpital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Labbé
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de médecine intensive réanimation, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique GRC05 CARMAS, Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, INSERM, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Stéphane Ruckly
- UMR 1137-IAME Team 5-DeSCID: Decision SCiences in Infectious Diseases control and care, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Fartoukh
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de médecine intensive réanimation, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique GRC05 CARMAS, Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, INSERM, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- UMR 1137-IAME Team 5-DeSCID: Decision SCiences in Infectious Diseases control and care, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de réanimation médicale et infectieuse, Hôpital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Voiriot
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de médecine intensive réanimation, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique GRC05 CARMAS, Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, INSERM, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
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Mirzaei R, Goodarzi P, Asadi M, Soltani A, Aljanabi HAA, Jeda AS, Dashtbin S, Jalalifar S, Mohammadzadeh R, Teimoori A, Tari K, Salari M, Ghiasvand S, Kazemi S, Yousefimashouf R, Keyvani H, Karampoor S. Bacterial co-infections with SARS-CoV-2. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2097-2111. [PMID: 32770825 PMCID: PMC7436231 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has affected millions of people worldwide. To date, there are no proven effective therapies for this virus. Efforts made to develop antiviral strategies for the treatment of COVID‐19 are underway. Respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, predispose patients to co‐infections and these lead to increased disease severity and mortality. Numerous types of antibiotics such as azithromycin have been employed for the prevention and treatment of bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infections in patients with a viral respiratory infection (e.g., SARS‐CoV‐2). Although antibiotics do not directly affect SARS‐CoV‐2, viral respiratory infections often result in bacterial pneumonia. It is possible that some patients die from bacterial co‐infection rather than virus itself. To date, a considerable number of bacterial strains have been resistant to various antibiotics such as azithromycin, and the overuse could render those or other antibiotics even less effective. Therefore, bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infection are considered critical risk factors for the severity and mortality rates of COVID‐19. Also, the antibiotic‐resistant as a result of overusing must be considered. In this review, we will summarize the bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infection in some featured respiratory viral infections, especially COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pedram Goodarzi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Asadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayda Soltani
- School of Basic Sciences, Ale-Taha Institute of Higher Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hussain Ali Abraham Aljanabi
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Alnahrain University College of Medicine, Iraq
| | - Ali Salimi Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Dashtbin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rokhsareh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Kamran Tari
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salari
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sima Ghiasvand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes annual epidemics and sporadic pandemics of respiratory disease. Secondary bacterial coinfection by organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus is the most common complication of primary IAV infection and is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Here, we report the first identified S. aureus factor (lipase 1) that enhances IAV replication during infection via positive modulation of virus budding. The effect is observed in vivo in embryonated hen’s eggs and greatly enhances the yield of a vaccine strain, a finding that could be applied to address global shortages of influenza vaccines. Influenza A virus (IAV) causes annual epidemics of respiratory disease in humans, often complicated by secondary coinfection with bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we report that the S. aureus secreted protein lipase 1 enhances IAV replication in vitro in primary cells, including human lung fibroblasts. The proviral activity of lipase 1 is dependent on its enzymatic function, acts late in the viral life cycle, and results in increased infectivity through positive modulation of virus budding. Furthermore, the proviral effect of lipase 1 on IAV is exhibited during in vivo infection of embryonated hen’s eggs and, importantly, increases the yield of a vaccine strain of IAV by approximately 5-fold. Thus, we have identified the first S. aureus protein to enhance IAV replication, suggesting a potential role in coinfection. Importantly, this activity may be harnessed to address global shortages of influenza vaccines.
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35
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Sudaryatma PE, Saito A, Mekata H, Kubo M, Fahkrajang W, Okabayashi T. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Decreased Pasteurella multocida Adherence by Downregulating the Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 on the Surface of Upper Respiratory Epithelial Cells. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108748. [PMID: 32605748 PMCID: PMC7265823 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic infection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) may predispose cattle to develop severe pneumonia. Previously, we reported that BRSV infection significantly decreased PM adherence to the upper respiratory epithelial cells. It may allow bacteria to invade into the lower respiratory tract and lead to severe pneumonia. To investigate whether BRSV infection regulates the cell surface adherence receptor on bovine trachea epithelial cells (bTECs), we performed proteomic and functional analyses. BRSV infection decreased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) on bTECs. Inhibition and knockdown experiments using anti-ICAM1 antibody and siRNAs targeting ICAM1 indicated that PM adherence to bTECs was dependent on ICAM1 expression. These data suggest that under normal conditions bTECs may capture PM in the upper respiratory tract, while BRSV infection reverses this mechanism. The proposed gateway function of bTECs is disrupted by BRSV infection that may facilitate bacterial invasion into the lower respiratory tract and lead to secondary or more severe respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Eka Sudaryatma
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Meiko Kubo
- Takazaki Meat Inspection Center, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Watcharapong Fahkrajang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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36
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The influenza replication blocking inhibitor LASAG does not sensitize human epithelial cells for bacterial infections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233052. [PMID: 32413095 PMCID: PMC7228112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe influenza virus (IV) infections still represent a major challenge to public health. To combat IV infections, vaccines and antiviral compounds are available. However, vaccine efficacies vary with very limited to no protection against newly emerging zoonotic IV introductions. In addition, the development of resistant virus variants against currently available antivirals can be rapidly detected, in consequence demanding the design of novel antiviral strategies. Virus supportive cellular signaling cascades, such as the NF-κB pathway, have been identified to be promising antiviral targets against IV in in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials. While administration of NF-κB pathway inhibiting agents, such as LASAG results in decreased IV replication, it remained unclear whether blocking of NF-κB might sensitize cells to secondary bacterial infections, which often come along with viral infections. Thus, we examined IV and Staphylococcus aureus growth during LASAG treatment. Interestingly, our data reveal that the presence of LASAG during superinfection still leads to reduced IV titers. Furthermore, the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway resulted in decreased intracellular Staphylococcus aureus loads within epithelial cells, indicating a dependency on the pathway for bacterial uptake. Unfortunately, so far it is not entirely clear if this phenomenon might be a drawback in bacterial clearance during infection.
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37
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Klausberger M, Leneva IA, Egorov A, Strobl F, Ghorbanpour SM, Falynskova IN, Poddubikov AV, Makhmudova NR, Krokhin A, Svitich OA, Grabherr R. Off-target effects of an insect cell-expressed influenza HA-pseudotyped Gag-VLP preparation in limiting postinfluenza Staphylococcus aureus infections. Vaccine 2020; 38:859-867. [PMID: 31718898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and historical data underscore the ability of influenza viruses to ally with Staphylococcus aureus and predispose the host for secondary bacterial pneumonia, which is a leading cause of influenza-associated mortality. This is fundamental because no vaccine for S. aureus is available and the number of antibiotic-resistant strains is alarmingly rising. Hence, this leaves influenza vaccination the only strategy to prevent postinfluenza staphylococcal infections. In the present work, we assessed the off-target effects of a Tnms42 insect cell-expressed BEI-treated Gag-VLP preparation expressing the HA of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) in preventing S. aureus superinfection in mice pre-infected with a homologous or heterologous H1N1 viral challenge strain. Our results demonstrate that matched anti-hemagglutinin immunity elicited by a VLP preparation may suffice to prevent morbidity and mortality caused by lethal secondary bacterial infection. This effect was observed even when employing a single low antigen dose of 50 ng HA per animal. However, induction of anti-hemagglutinin immunity alone was not helpful in inhibiting heterologous viral replication and subsequent bacterial infection. Our results indicate the potential of the VLP vaccine approach in terms of immunogenicity but suggest that anti-HA immunity should not be considered as the sole preventive method for combatting influenza and postinfluenza bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Klausberger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina A Leneva
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Egorov
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia; Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Florian Strobl
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Irina N Falynskova
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Poddubikov
- Department of Microbiology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nailya R Makhmudova
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Krokhin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Oxana A Svitich
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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38
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McAteer J, Wang LA, Chan A, Raabe VN, Kamat P, Freeman A, Yildirim I. Chest Wall Swelling in a Child With Pneumonia. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2019; 58:1462-1465. [PMID: 31165640 DOI: 10.1177/0009922819853004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Welte T, Kantecki M, Stone GG, Hammond J. Ceftaroline fosamil as a potential treatment option for Staphylococcus aureus community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54:410-422. [PMID: 31404620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is an important aetiological cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Empiric therapy for CAP frequently consists of β-lactam monotherapy or β-lactam/macrolide combination therapy. However, such agents are often ineffective against S. aureus and do not reflect the emergence and increasing prevalence of MRSA in the community setting. Ceftaroline fosamil is a fifth-generation parenteral cephalosporin with broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive pathogens - such as S. aureus (including MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes - and typical Gram-negative pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. The approval of ceftaroline fosamil in the United States and Europe for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe CAP was based on two phase 3 trials (FOCUS 1 and 2), which demonstrated that ceftaroline fosamil was non-inferior to ceftriaxone, a standard empiric treatment for CAP, while exhibiting a comparable safety profile. Although head-to-head trials of ceftaroline fosamil versus comparators against MRSA CAP are lacking, the effectiveness of ceftaroline fosamil in subpopulations of patients not covered by phase 3 trials (e.g. those with MRSA CAP or severe renal impairment) has been demonstrated in the Clinical Assessment Program and Teflaro Utilization Registry (CAPTURE) study. As ineffective empiric therapy is associated with adverse outcomes, including mortality and increased costs, ceftaroline fosamil, with its extended spectrum of activity, is an attractive alternative to standard antibiotic CAP regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Welte
- University of Hannover, School of Medicine, Carl-Neuberg-Straße, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Linezolid Attenuates Lethal Lung Damage during Postinfluenza Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00538-19. [PMID: 31383747 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00538-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postinfluenza methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection can quickly develop into severe, necrotizing pneumonia, causing over 50% mortality despite antibiotic treatments. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of antibiotic therapies and the impact of S. aureus alpha-toxin in a model of lethal influenza virus and MRSA coinfection. We demonstrate that antibiotics primarily attenuate alpha-toxin-induced acute lethality, even though both alpha-toxin-dependent and -independent mechanisms significantly contribute to animal mortality after coinfection. Furthermore, we found that the protein synthesis-suppressing antibiotic linezolid has an advantageous therapeutic effect on alpha-toxin-induced lung damage, as measured by protein leak and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Importantly, using a Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL)-negative MRSA isolate from patient sputum, we show that linezolid therapy significantly improves animal survival from postinfluenza MRSA pneumonia compared with vancomycin treatment. Rather than improved viral or bacterial control, this advantageous therapeutic effect is associated with a significantly attenuated proinflammatory cytokine response and acute lung damage in linezolid-treated mice. Together, our findings not only establish a critical role of alpha-toxin in the extreme mortality of secondary MRSA pneumonia after influenza but also provide support for the possibility that linezolid could be a more effective treatment than vancomycin to improve disease outcomes.
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Robinson KM, Ramanan K, Tobin JM, Nickolich KL, Pilewski MJ, Kallewaard NL, Sellman BR, Cohen TS, Alcorn JF. Survival during influenza-associated bacterial superinfection improves following viral- and bacterial-specific monoclonal antibody treatment. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125554. [PMID: 31341107 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Postinfluenza bacterial superinfections cause increased morbidity and mortality compared with singular infection with influenza during both pandemics and seasonal epidemics. Vaccines and current treatments provide limited benefit, a rationale to conduct studies utilizing alternative therapies. FY1 and an optimized version, MEDI8852, anti-influenza HA mAbs, have been shown to neutralize influenza virus during singular influenza infection. MEDI4893*, an anti-Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin mAb, has been shown to improve survival when administered prophylactically prior to S. aureus pneumonia. Our objective was to determine if mAbs can improve survival during postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia. We administered FY1 in a murine model of postinfluenza methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) pneumonia and observed improved survival rates when given early during the course of influenza infection. Our findings indicate decreased lung injury and increased uptake and binding of bacteria by macrophages in the mice that received FY1 earlier in the course of influenza infection, corresponding to decreased bacterial burden. We also observed improved survival when mice were treated with a combination of FY1 and MEDI4893* late during the course of postinfluenza MRSA pneumonia. In conclusion, both FY1 and MEDI4893* prolong survival when used in a murine model of postinfluenza MRSA pneumonia, suggesting pathogen-specific mAbs as a possible therapeutic in the context of bacterial superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven M Robinson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Krishnaveni Ramanan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua M Tobin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara L Nickolich
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew J Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Bret R Sellman
- Department of Microbial Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Taylor S Cohen
- Department of Microbial Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nunes MC, Cutland CL, Jones S, Downs S, Weinberg A, Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM, Simões EAF, Klugman KP, Madhi SA. Efficacy of Maternal Influenza Vaccination Against All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalizations in Young Infants: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 65:1066-1071. [PMID: 28575286 PMCID: PMC5848298 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza immunization of pregnant women protects their young infants against laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. Influenza infection might predispose to subsequent bacterial infections that cause severe pneumonia. In a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial (RCT), we evaluated the effect of maternal vaccination on infant hospitalizations for all-cause acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). Methods Infants born to women who participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled RCT in 2011 and 2012 on the efficacy of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) during pregnancy were followed during the first 6 months of life. Results The study included 1026 infants born to IIV recipients and 1023 born to placebo recipients. There were 52 ALRI hospitalizations (median age, 72 days). The incidence (per 1000 infant-months) of ALRI hospitalizations was lower in infants born to IIV recipients (3.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.2–5.4]; 19 cases) compared with placebo recipients (6.0 [95% CI, 4.3–8.5]; 33 cases) with a vaccine efficacy of 43.1% (P = .050). Thirty of the ALRI hospitalizations occurred during the first 90 days of life, 9 in the IIV group (3.0 [95% CI, 1.6–5.9]) and 21 in the placebo group (7.2 [95% CI, 4.7–11.0]) (incidence rate ratio, 0.43 [95% CI, .19–.93]) for a vaccine efficacy of 57.5% (P = .032). The incidence of ALRI hospitalizations was similar in the IIV and placebo group for infants >3 months of age. Forty-four of the hospitalized infants were tested for influenza virus infection and 1 tested positive. Conclusions Using an RCT as a vaccine probe, influenza vaccination during pregnancy decreased all-cause ALRI hospitalization during the first 3 months of life, suggesting possible protection against subsequent bacterial infections that influenza infection might predispose to. Clinical Trial Registration NCT01306669.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta C Nunes
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, and.,Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clare L Cutland
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, and.,Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Jones
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, and.,Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sarah Downs
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, and.,Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Department of Medicine and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Eric A F Simões
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | | | - Shabir A Madhi
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, and.,Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Thors V, Christensen H, Morales-Aza B, Oliver E, Sikora P, Vipond I, Muir P, Finn A. High-density Bacterial Nasal Carriage in Children Is Transient and Associated With Respiratory Viral Infections-Implications for Transmission Dynamics. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:533-538. [PMID: 30985547 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This longitudinal study describes the associations between respiratory viral infections, rhinitis and the prevalence and density of the common nasopharyngeal bacterial colonizers, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp), Moraxella catarrhalis (Mc), Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) and Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS In an observational cohort study, 161 children attending day care centers in Bristol, United Kingdom, were recruited. Monthly nasopharyngeal swabs were taken and stored frozen in Skim-milk, tryptone, glucose and glycerin broth (STGG) broth. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for detection of respiratory viruses and 4 bacterial species. t tests and logistic regression models were used for analysis. RESULTS The frequent colonisers, Sp, Mc and Hi were more frequently found at high density in contrast to Staphylococcus aureus although temporally, high-density carriage was short lived. Respiratory viral infections and symptoms of rhinitis were both independently and consistently associated with higher bacterial density with an observed 2-fold increase in density for Sp, Mc and Hi (P = 0.004-0.017). CONCLUSIONS For Sp and Hi, the association between young age and higher bacterial DNA density was explained by more frequent viral infection and increased nasal discharge, while the associations between some viral specie's and some bacterial species' density appear to be stronger than others. Increased colonization density and rhinitis may promote transmission of these commonly carried organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtyr Thors
- From the School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Education Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Children's Hospital, Landspitali University Hospital Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Begonia Morales-Aza
- From the School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Education Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- From the School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Education Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Sikora
- From the School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Education Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Vipond
- Public Health Laboratory Bristol, Public Health England, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Muir
- Public Health Laboratory Bristol, Public Health England, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Finn
- From the School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Education Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol
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Teng F, Liu X, Guo SB, Li Z, Ji WQ, Zhang F, Zhu XM. Community-acquired bacterial co-infection predicts severity and mortality in influenza-associated pneumonia admitted patients. J Infect Chemother 2018; 25:129-136. [PMID: 30448361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is frequently complicated by bacterial co-infection, causing additional hospitalization and mortality. We determined the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of patients with influenza-associated community-acquired bacterial co-infection. METHOD This was a retrospective, observational study. Influenza was diagnosed using the polymerase chain reaction. Co-infection had to be confirmed using standard bacteriological tests. The primary endpoint was presence of community-acquired co-infection, and the secondary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS During the 8 influenza seasons from 2010 to 2018, of the 209 influenza-associated pneumonia admitted patients, 41 (19.6%) were identified with community-acquired bacterial co-infections and Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant strain. Compared with patients without co-infection, patients with co-infection had similar demographic characteristics and co-morbidities, obtained a higher APACHE II score and a higher SOFA score, and had higher ratio of sepsis shock, invasive mechanical ventilation, and ICU requirement. In-hospital mortality independently associated with bacterial co-infection (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.619; 95%CI 1.252-5.480; p = 0.011); in subgroup S. aureus (aHR 6.267; 95%CI 2.679-14.662; p < 0.001) and other pathogens (aHR 2.964; 95%CI 1.160-7.577; p = 0.023); and in subgroup positive findings in bloodstream (aHR 7.420; 95%CI 2.712-20.302; p < 0.001) and positive findings in other site (aHR 3.427; 95%CI 1.514-7.757; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Community-acquired bacterial co-infection was frequent in influenza-associated pneumonia, without risk factor identified yet. Bacterial co-infection was likely to predict severity, and was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality. Co-infection of Staphylococcus aureus with influenza was identified as a lethal synergism, and should be targeted when developing clinical antibiotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Emergency Department, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Emergency Department, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Shu-Bin Guo
- Emergency Department, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Zhuo Li
- Emergency Department, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Wen-Qing Ji
- Emergency Department, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- Emergency Department, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhu
- Emergency Department, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
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In Vitro Models to Study Influenza Virus and Staphylococcus aureus Super-Infection on a Molecular Level. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30151583 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8678-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of pathogen-host interactions on a molecular level requires sophisticated in vitro infection procedures, especially in the presence of different pathogens.Super-infections of influenza viruses (IV) and bacteria, with increasing incidence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cases, are a long-known phenomenon and represent a major complication in IV-infected patients. Although several in vivo studies have improved our knowledge about pathogenesis and immune responses of super-infections that result in increased morbidity and mortality, the consequences of the direct interplay of viruses and bacteria on a molecular level in affected cells that may contribute to the deadly synergism of these pathogens are so far poorly characterized. Here we describe different infection schemes to study IV and S. aureus coinfections of distinct cell populations in vitro. Depending on the focus of interest, regulation of cell responses such as signalling mechanisms or pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, or consequences for the viral or bacterial life cycle, can be analyzed. The described infection procedures could be used as guidelines and adapted to super-infection settings of other viral and bacterial pathogens.
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Kang SS, Kim AR, Yun CH, Han SH. Staphylococcus aureus lipoproteins augment inflammatory responses in poly I:C-primed macrophages. Cytokine 2018; 111:154-161. [PMID: 30153621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infection contributes to severe inflammation following viral infection. Among foodborne pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus is known to exacerbate severe inflammatory responses after infection with single-stranded RNA viruses such as influenza viruses. However, it has not been determined if S. aureus infection enhances inflammatory responses after infection with RNA enteric viruses, including rotavirus, which is a double-stranded RNA virus. We therefore investigated the molecular mechanisms by which a cell wall component of S. aureus enhanced inflammatory responses during enteric viral infection using poly I:C-primed macrophages, which is a well-established model for double-stranded RNA virus infection. S. aureus lipoproteins enhanced IL-6 as well as TNF-α production in poly I:C-primed macrophages. Pam2CSK4, a mimic of Gram-positive bacterial lipoproteins and S. aureus lipoproteins, also significantly enhanced IL-6 production in poly I:C-primed macrophages. While IFN-β expression was increased in poly I:C-primed macrophages treated with Pam2CSK4 or S. aureus lipoproteins, the level of IL-6 enhancement in poly I:C-primed macrophages was decreased in the presence of anti-IFN-α/β receptor antibody, suggesting that IFN-β plays an important role in enhanced IL-6 production. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Akt, ERK and NF-κB were also involved in the enhanced IL-6 production. Collectively, these results suggest that S. aureus lipoproteins induce excessive inflammatory responses in the presence of poly I:C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Seong Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Primary human nasal epithelial cells: a source of poly (I:C) LMW-induced IL-6 production. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11325. [PMID: 30054566 PMCID: PMC6063928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection plays a significant role in the relapse of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), however, the role of primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) in this process is largely unknown. Here, we determined the effect of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and inflammatory cytokines on mucosal barrier integrity and immune response of HNECs. TLR 1–9 agonists and inflammatory cytokines were applied to submerged and/or air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of HNECs from CRS patients and controls for 24 hours. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein levels were determined by ELISA. Mucosal barrier integrity was measured via Transepithelial Electrical Resistance and passage of fluorescently-labelled dextrans. IL-1β and IFN- γ significantly increased IL-6 production in HNECs derived from CRS patients and controls, however, a dose-dependent effect was observed in CRS-derived HNECs only. Stimulation with Poly (I:C) LMW induced a 15 to 17 fold increase in IL-6 production by HNEC-ALI control cells (p < 0.05) and HNEC-ALI-CRS cells (p = 0.004) whilst a 2.5 fold increase was observed in CRS HNEC submerged cultures. Priming of cells with Poly (I:C) LMW reduced subsequent IL-6 secretion upon stimulation with TLR 2–4 agonists. Poly (I:C) LMW exerts a potent pro-inflammatory effect on HNECs and reduces a subsequent immune activation by TLR agonists.
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48
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Jeannoel M, Casalegno JS, Ottmann M, Badiou C, Dumitrescu O, Lina B, Lina G. Synergistic Effects of Influenza and Staphylococcus aureus Toxins on Inflammation Activation and Cytotoxicity in Human Monocytic Cell Lines. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070286. [PMID: 29997328 PMCID: PMC6070873 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with influenza, morbidity and mortality are strongly influenced by infections with Staphylococcus aureus producing high amounts of certain toxins. Here we tested the impact of influenza virus on the pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic actions of a panel of S. aureus virulence factors, including Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL), phenol-soluble modulin α1 (PSMα1) and 3 (PSMα3), α-hemolysin (Hla), and cell wall components, i.e., heat-killed S. aureus (HKSA) and protein A. We initially screened for potential synergic interactions using a standardized in vitro model in influenza-infected continuous human monocytic cell lines. Then we tested the identified associations using an ex vivo model in influenza-infected human monocytes freshly isolated from blood. Co-exposure to influenza virus and HKSA, PVL, PSMα1, and PSMα3 increased NF-κB/AP-1 pathway activation in THP1-XBlue cells, and co-exposure to influenza virus and PVL increased cytotoxicity in U937 cells. In monocytes isolated from blood, the synergy between influenza virus and HKSA was confirmed based on cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), and co-exposure to influenza virus and Hla-increased cytotoxicity. Our findings suggest that influenza virus potentiates the pro-inflammatory action of HKSA and contributes to the cytotoxicity of Hla on monocytes. Synergic interactions identified in the cell-line model must be cautiously interpreted since few were relevant in the ex vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Jeannoel
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord des Hospices Civils de Lyon, CEDEX 04, 69317 Lyon, France.
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologies Humaines Virpath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Jean-Sebastien Casalegno
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord des Hospices Civils de Lyon, CEDEX 04, 69317 Lyon, France.
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologies Humaines Virpath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Michèle Ottmann
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologies Humaines Virpath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Cédric Badiou
- Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Oana Dumitrescu
- Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France.
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord des Hospices Civils de Lyon, CEDEX 04, 69317 Lyon, France.
| | - Bruno Lina
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord des Hospices Civils de Lyon, CEDEX 04, 69317 Lyon, France.
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologies Humaines Virpath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Gérard Lina
- Pathogénie des Staphylocoques, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France.
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord des Hospices Civils de Lyon, CEDEX 04, 69317 Lyon, France.
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Crane MJ, Lee KM, FitzGerald ES, Jamieson AM. Surviving Deadly Lung Infections: Innate Host Tolerance Mechanisms in the Pulmonary System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1421. [PMID: 29988424 PMCID: PMC6024012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research on infectious diseases focuses on clearing the pathogen through the use of antimicrobial drugs, the immune response, or a combination of both. Rapid clearance of pathogens allows for a quick return to a healthy state and increased survival. Pathogen-targeted approaches to combating infection have inherent limitations, including their pathogen-specific nature, the potential for antimicrobial resistance, and poor vaccine efficacy, among others. Another way to survive an infection is to tolerate the alterations to homeostasis that occur during a disease state through a process called host tolerance or resilience, which is independent from pathogen burden. Alterations in homeostasis during infection are numerous and include tissue damage, increased inflammation, metabolic changes, temperature changes, and changes in respiration. Given its importance and sensitivity, the lung is a good system for understanding host tolerance to infectious disease. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death for children under five worldwide. One reason for this is because when the pulmonary system is altered dramatically it greatly impacts the overall health and survival of a patient. Targeting host pathways involved in maintenance of pulmonary host tolerance during infection could provide an alternative therapeutic avenue that may be broadly applicable across a variety of pathologies. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on tolerance to host lung infection. We will focus on the involvement of innate immune responses in tolerance and how an initial viral lung infection may alter tolerance mechanisms in leukocytic, epithelial, and endothelial compartments to a subsequent bacterial infection. By understanding tolerance mechanisms in the lung we can better address treatment options for deadly pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amanda M. Jamieson
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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50
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Bruchhagen C, Jarick M, Mewis C, Hertlein T, Niemann S, Ohlsen K, Peters G, Planz O, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Metabolic conversion of CI-1040 turns a cellular MEK-inhibitor into an antibacterial compound. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9114. [PMID: 29904167 PMCID: PMC6002397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infections cause severe respiratory illnesses that can be complicated by bacterial super-infections. Previously, we identified the cellular Raf-MEK-ERK cascade as a promising antiviral target. Inhibitors of MEK, such as CI-1040, showed potent antiviral activity. However, it remained unclear if this inhibitor and its active form, ATR-002, might sensitize host cells to either IV or secondary bacterial infections. To address these questions, we studied the anti-pathogen activity of ATR-002 in comparison to CI-1040, particularly, its impact on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which is a major cause of IV super-infections. We analysed IV and S. aureus titres in vitro during super-infection in the presence and absence of the drugs and characterized the direct impact of ATR-002 on bacterial growth and phenotypic changes. Importantly, neither CI-1040 nor ATR-002 treatment led to increased bacterial titres during super-infection, indicating that the drug does not sensitize cells for bacterial infection. In contrast, we rather observed reduced bacterial titres in presence of ATR-002. Surprisingly, ATR-002 also led to reduced bacterial growth in suspension cultures, reduced stress- and antibiotic tolerance without resistance induction. Our data identified for the first time that a particular MEK-inhibitor metabolite exhibits direct antibacterial activity, which is likely due to interference with the bacterial PknB kinase/Stp phosphatase signalling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Bruchhagen
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marcel Jarick
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, D-97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Mewis
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tobias Hertlein
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, D-97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Domagkstr. 10, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, D-97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Domagkstr. 10, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Oliver Planz
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149, Muenster, Germany.
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