1
|
Berber E, Mulik S, Rouse BT. Meeting the Challenge of Controlling Viral Immunopathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3935. [PMID: 38612744 PMCID: PMC11011832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The mission of this review is to identify immune-damaging participants involved in antiviral immunoinflammatory lesions. We argue these could be targeted and their activity changed selectively by maneuvers that, at the same time, may not diminish the impact of components that help resolve lesions. Ideally, we need to identify therapeutic approaches that can reverse ongoing lesions that lack unwanted side effects and are affordable to use. By understanding the delicate balance between immune responses that cause tissue damage and those that aid in resolution, novel strategies can be developed to target detrimental immune components while preserving the beneficial ones. Some strategies involve rebalancing the participation of immune components using various approaches, such as removing or blocking proinflammatory T cell products, expanding regulatory cells, restoring lost protective cell function, using monoclonal antibodies (moAb) to counteract inhibitory molecules, and exploiting metabolic differences between inflammatory and immuno-protective responses. These strategies can help reverse ongoing viral infections. We explain various approaches, from model studies and some clinical evidence, that achieve innate and adaptive immune rebalancing, offering insights into potential applications for controlling chronic viral-induced lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Engin Berber
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Sachin Mulik
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahman MS, Hossain MS. Eicosanoids Signals in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Foe or Friend. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00919-4. [PMID: 37878227 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mediated infection instigated a scary pandemic state since 2019. They created havoc comprising death, imbalanced social structures, and a wrecked global economy. During infection, the inflammation and associated cytokine storm generate a critical pathological situation in the human body, especially in the lungs. By the passage of time of infection, inflammatory disorders, and multiple organ damage happen which might lead to death, if not treated properly. Until now, many pathological parameters have been used to understand the progress of the severity of COVID-19 but with limited success. Bioactive lipid mediators have the potential of initiating and resolving inflammation in any disease. The connection between lipid storm and inflammatory states of SARS-CoV-2 infection has surfaced and got importance to understand and mitigate the pathological states of COVID-19. As the role of eicosanoids in COVID-19 infection is not well defined, available information regarding this issue has been accumulated to address the possible network of eicosanoids related to the initiation of inflammation, promotion of cytokine storm, and resolution of inflammation, and highlight possible strategies for treatment and drug discovery related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in this study. Understanding the involvement of eicosanoids in exploration of cellular events provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been summarized as an important factor to deescalate any upcoming catastrophe imposed by the lethal variants of this micro-monster. Additionally, this study also recognized the eicosanoid based drug discovery, treatment, and strategies for managing the severity of SARS-COV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sharifur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad Salim Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mulik S, Berber E, Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Controlling viral inflammatory lesions by rebalancing immune response patterns. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257192. [PMID: 37671156 PMCID: PMC10475736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss a variety of immune modulating approaches that could be used to counteract tissue-damaging viral immunoinflammatory lesions which typify many chronic viral infections. We make the point that in several viral infections the lesions can be largely the result of one or more aspects of the host response mediating the cell and tissue damage rather than the virus itself being directly responsible. However, within the reactive inflammatory lesions along with the pro-inflammatory participants there are also other aspects of the host response that may be acting to constrain the activity of the damaging components and are contributing to resolution. This scenario should provide the prospect of rebalancing the contributions of different host responses and hence diminish or even fully control the virus-induced lesions. We identify several aspects of the host reactions that influence the pattern of immune responsiveness and describe approaches that have been used successfully, mainly in model systems, to modulate the activity of damaging participants and which has led to lesion control. We emphasize examples where such therapies are, or could be, translated for practical use in the clinic to control inflammatory lesions caused by viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mulik
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Engin Berber
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Barry Tyrrell Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou B, Wang L, Yang S, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Pan X, Li J. Diosmetin alleviates benzo[ a]pyrene-exacerbated H1N1 influenza virus-induced acute lung injury and dysregulation of inflammation through modulation of the PPAR-γ-NF-κB/P38 MAPK signaling axis. Food Funct 2023; 14:3357-3378. [PMID: 36942763 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02590f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The severity of a viral respiratory illness was greatly exacerbated after exposure to a contaminant containing benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Flavonoid-rich fruit intake has gained intense interest due to their health-promoting benefits for viral respiratory diseases, including influenza viruses. In our study, diosmetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone), a naturally occurring hydroxylated methoxyflavone that is abundant in Citrus fruits, was explored for its effects on B[a]P-exacerbated H1N1 influenza virus-mediated inflammation and lung injury. Initially, in vivo results demonstrated that diosmetin protected against H1N1 virus-elicited acute lung injury. Simultaneously, H1N1 virus or B[a]P-stimulated A549 cells treated with diosmetin inhibited NF-κB and P-P38 activation, resulting in suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. Interestingly, diosmetin obviously promoted the expression of PPAR-γ as well as nuclear translocation of PPAR-γ, whereas, PPAR-γ inhibition by GW9662 weakened the inhibitory effects of diosmetin on H1N1 virus or B[a]P-mediated activation of NF-κB and P-P38, elevated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators as well as apoptosis. Furthermore, it was surprising to discover that mice exposed to both B[a]P and H1N1 viruses contributed to exacerbated acute lung injury, which were significantly ameliorated by diosmetin administration. In vitro studies showed that A549 cells with the combination of B[a]P and H1N1 virus augmented NF-κB and P-P38 activation, accompanied by higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and apoptosis, all of which were also significantly reduced by diosmetin treatment. Repressing PPAR-γ abrogated the inhibitory effects of diosmetin on B[a]P-exacerbated H1N1 virus-mediated NF-κB and P-P38 activation, inflammation, and apoptosis in A549 cells. Our findings suggest that diosmetin protected against B[a]P-exacerbated H1N1 virus-mediated lung injury by suppressing the exacerbation of NF-κB and P38 kinase activation in a PPAR-γ-dependent manner, suggesting potential benefits for B[a]P-exacerbated influenza-related illness therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beixian Zhou
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | | | - Sushan Yang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Yueyun Liang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Yuehan Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | | | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Menezes dos Reis L, Berçot MR, Castelucci BG, Martins AJE, Castro G, Moraes-Vieira PM. Immunometabolic Signature during Respiratory Viral Infection: A Potential Target for Host-Directed Therapies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020525. [PMID: 36851739 PMCID: PMC9965666 DOI: 10.3390/v15020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are known to induce a wide variety of respiratory tract illnesses, from simple colds to the latest coronavirus pandemic, causing effects on public health and the economy worldwide. Influenza virus (IV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), metapneumovirus (MPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RhV), and coronavirus (CoV) are some of the most notable RNA viruses. Despite efforts, due to the high mutation rate, there are still no effective and scalable treatments that accompany the rapid emergence of new diseases associated with respiratory RNA viruses. Host-directed therapies have been applied to combat RNA virus infections by interfering with host cell factors that enhance the ability of immune cells to respond against those pathogens. The reprogramming of immune cell metabolism has recently emerged as a central mechanism in orchestrated immunity against respiratory viruses. Therefore, understanding the metabolic signature of immune cells during virus infection may be a promising tool for developing host-directed therapies. In this review, we revisit recent findings on the immunometabolic modulation in response to infection and discuss how these metabolic pathways may be used as targets for new therapies to combat illnesses caused by respiratory RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Menezes dos Reis
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues Berçot
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Gazieri Castelucci
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Julia Estumano Martins
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Castro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-872, SP, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-872, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Creisher PS, Seddu K, Mueller AL, Klein SL. Biological Sex and Pregnancy Affect Influenza Pathogenesis and Vaccination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:111-137. [PMID: 37695427 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Males and females differ in the outcome of influenza A virus (IAV) infections, which depends significantly on age. During seasonal influenza epidemics, young children (< 5 years of age) and aged adults (65+ years of age) are at greatest risk for severe disease, and among these age groups, males tend to suffer a worse outcome from IAV infection than females. Following infection with pandemic strains of IAVs, females of reproductive ages (i.e., 15-49 years of age) experience a worse outcome than their male counterparts. Although females of reproductive ages experience worse outcomes from IAV infection, females typically have greater immune responses to influenza vaccination as compared with males. Among females of reproductive ages, pregnancy is one factor linked to an increased risk of severe outcome of influenza. Small animal models of influenza virus infection and vaccination illustrate that immune responses and repair of damaged tissue following IAV infection also differ between the sexes and impact the outcome of infection. There is growing evidence that sex steroid hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone, directly impact immune responses during IAV infection and vaccination. Greater consideration of the combined effects of sex and age as biological variables in epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies of influenza pathogenesis is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Creisher
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kumba Seddu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alice L Mueller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Steinmetz-Späh J, Liu J, Singh R, Ekoff M, Boddul S, Tang X, Bergqvist F, Idborg H, Heitel P, Rönnberg E, Merk D, Wermeling F, Haeggström JZ, Nilsson G, Steinhilber D, Larsson K, Korotkova M, Jakobsson PJ. Biosynthesis of prostaglandin 15dPGJ 2 -glutathione and 15dPGJ 2-cysteine conjugates in macrophages and mast cells via MGST3. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100310. [PMID: 36370807 PMCID: PMC9792570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) results in decreased production of proinflammatory PGE2 and can lead to shunting of PGH2 into the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)/15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2) pathway. 15dPGJ2 forms Michael adducts with thiol-containing biomolecules such as GSH or cysteine residues on target proteins and is thought to promote resolution of inflammation. We aimed to elucidate the biosynthesis and metabolism of 15dPGJ2 via conjugation with GSH, to form 15dPGJ2-glutathione (15dPGJ2-GS) and 15dPGJ2-cysteine (15dPGJ2-Cys) conjugates and to characterize the effects of mPGES-1 inhibition on the PGD2/15dPGJ2 pathway in mouse and human immune cells. Our results demonstrate the formation of PGD2, 15dPGJ2, 15dPGJ2-GS, and 15dPGJ2-Cys in RAW264.7 cells after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Moreover, 15dPGJ2-Cys was found in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary murine macrophages as well as in human mast cells following stimulation of the IgE-receptor. Our results also suggest that the microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 is essential for the formation of 15dPGJ2 conjugates. In contrast to inhibition of cyclooxygenase, which leads to blockage of the PGD2/15dPGJ2 pathway, we found that inhibition of mPGES-1 preserves PGD2 and its metabolites. Collectively, this study highlights the formation of 15dPGJ2-GS and 15dPGJ2-Cys in mouse and human immune cells, the involvement of microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 in their biosynthesis, and their unchanged formation following inhibition of mPGES-1. The results encourage further research on their roles as bioactive lipid mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Steinmetz-Späh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajkumar Singh
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Ekoff
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjaykumar Boddul
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Tang
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Bergqvist
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Idborg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascal Heitel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elin Rönnberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z. Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karin Larsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina Korotkova
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,For correspondence: Per-Johan Jakobsson
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang H, Alford T, Liu S, Zhou D, Wang J. Influenza virus causes lung immunopathology through down-regulating PPARγ activity in macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958801. [PMID: 36091002 PMCID: PMC9452838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal influenza (flu) virus infection often activates excessive inflammatory signals, leading to multi-organ failure and death, also referred to as cytokine storm. PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) agonists are well-known candidates for cytokine storm modulation. The present study identified that influenza infection reduced PPARγ expression and decreased PPARγ transcription activity in human alveolar macrophages (AMs) from different donors. Treatment with PPARγ agonist Troglitazone ameliorated virus-induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion but did not interfere with the IFN-induced antiviral pathway in human AMs. In contrast, PPARγ antagonist and knockdown of PPARγ in human AMs further enhanced virus-stimulated proinflammatory response. In a mouse model of influenza infection, flu virus dose-dependently reduced PPARγ transcriptional activity and decreased expression of PPARγ. Moreover, PPARγ agonist troglitazone significantly reduced high doses of influenza infection-induced lung pathology. In addition, flu infection reduced PPARγ expression in all mouse macrophages, including AMs, interstitial macrophages, and bone-marrow-derived macrophages but not in alveolar epithelial cells. Our results indicate that the influenza virus specifically targets the PPARγ pathway in macrophages to cause acute injury to the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Hongbo Zhang,
| | - Taylor Alford
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Southern China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Hongbo Zhang,
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gopalakrishnan A, Joseph J, Shirey KA, Keegan AD, Boukhvalova MS, Vogel SN, Blanco JCG. Protection against influenza-induced Acute Lung Injury (ALI) by enhanced induction of M2a macrophages: possible role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in IL-4-induced M2a macrophage differentiation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968336. [PMID: 36052067 PMCID: PMC9424652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory viruses cause lung damage that may evolve into acute lung injury (ALI), a cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and ultimately, death. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) family of transcription factors, regulates transcription by forming heterodimers with another NHR family member, Retinoid X Receptor (RXR). Each component of the heterodimer binds specific ligands that modify transcriptional capacity of the entire heterodimer by recruiting different co-activators/co-repressors. However, the role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in the context of influenza infection is not well understood. PPARγ is associated with macrophage differentiation to an anti-inflammatory M2 state. We show that mice lacking the IL-4Rα receptor, required for M2a macrophage differentiation, are more susceptible to mouse-adapted influenza (A/PR/8/34; "PR8")-induced lethality. Mice lacking Ptgs2, that encodes COX-2, a key proinflammatory M1 macrophage mediator, are more resistant. Blocking the receptor for COX-2-induced Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also protective. Treatment with pioglitazone (PGZ), a PPARγ ligand, increased survival from PR8 infection, decreased M1 macrophage gene expression, and increased PPARγ mRNA in lungs. Conversely, conditional knockout mice expressing PPARγ-deficient macrophages were significantly more sensitive to PR8-induced lethality. These findings were extended in cotton rats: PGZ blunted lung inflammation and M1 cytokine gene expression after challenge with non-adapted human influenza. To study mechanisms by which PPARγ/RXR transcription factors induce canonical M2a genes, WT mouse macrophages were treated with IL-4 in the absence or presence of rosiglitazone (RGZ; PPARγ ligand), LG100754 (LG; RXR ligand), or both. IL-4 dose-dependently induced M2a genes Arg1, Mrc1, Chil3, and Retnla. Treatment of macrophages with IL-4 and RGZ and/or LG differentially affected induction of Arg1 and Mrc1 vs. Chil3 and Retnla gene expression. In PPARγ-deficient macrophages, IL-4 alone failed to induce Arg1 and Mrc1 gene expression; however, concurrent treatment with LG or RGZ + LG enhanced IL-4-induced Arg1 and Mrc1 expression, but to a lower level than in WT macrophages, findings confirmed in the murine alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S. These findings support a model in which PPARγ/RXR heterodimers control IL-4-induced M2a differentiation, and suggest that PPARγ/RXR agonists should be considered as important tools for clinical intervention against influenza-induced ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John Joseph
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thomas G, Hirter K, Frederick E, Hausburg M, Bar-Or R, Mulugeta Y, Roshon M, Mains C, Bar-Or D. AMP5A modulates Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 single-stranded RNA immune responses in PMA-differentiated THP-1 and PBMC. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 7:3. [PMID: 35261923 PMCID: PMC8891742 DOI: 10.1186/s41231-022-00110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of antiviral immunity has been implicated in the progression of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection into severe cases of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Imbalances in the inflammatory response drive the overabundant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The low molecular weight fraction of 5% human serum albumin commercial preparation (AMP5A) is a novel biologic drug currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of osteoarthritis and the hyperinflammatory response associated with COVID-19. This study aims to elucidate AMP5A effects following the activation of immune cells with agonists of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and/or 8, which detect ssRNA viral sequences. METHODS CXCL10 ELISAs were used to evaluate the dynamics of myeloid cells activated with CL075 and CL307, agonists of TLR7/8 and TLR7, respectively. In addition, enrichment analysis of gene sets generated by ELISA arrays was utilized to gain insight into the biologic processes underlying the identified differentially expressed cytokine profiles. Finally, relative potency (REP) was employed to confirm the involvement of mechanisms of action paramount to AMP5A activity. RESULTS AMP5A inhibits the release of CXCL10 from both CL075- and CL307-activated PMA-differentiated THP-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, AMP5A suppresses a distinct set of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and CXCL10) associated with COVID-19 and pro-inflammatory NF-κB activation. REP experiments using antagonists specific for the immunomodulatory transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor, also indicate that these pathways are involved in the ability of AMP5A to inhibit CXCL10 release. CONCLUSION Due to the biphasic course of COVID-19, therapeutic approaches that augment antiviral immunity may be more beneficial early in infection, whereas later interventions should focus on inflammation suppression. In this study, we show that AMP5A inhibits TLR 7/8 signaling in myeloid cells, resulting in a decrease in inflammatory mediators associated with hyperinflammation and autoimmunity. Furthermore, data demonstrating that AMP5A activates immunomodulatory transcription factors found to be protective in lung disease is provided. These findings suggest that the modes and mechanisms of action of AMP5A are well suited to treat conditions involving dysregulated TLR 7/8 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Thomas
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals Inc, 373 Inverness Parkway Suite 200, Englewood, CO 80122 USA
| | - Kristen Hirter
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals Inc, 373 Inverness Parkway Suite 200, Englewood, CO 80122 USA
| | - Elizabeth Frederick
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals Inc, 373 Inverness Parkway Suite 200, Englewood, CO 80122 USA
| | - Melissa Hausburg
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113 USA
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rocky Vista University, 8401 S Chambers Rd, Parker, CO 80134 USA
- Centura Health Systems, 9100 E. Mineral Cir, Centennial, CO 80112 USA
| | - Raphael Bar-Or
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals Inc, 373 Inverness Parkway Suite 200, Englewood, CO 80122 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113 USA
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rocky Vista University, 8401 S Chambers Rd, Parker, CO 80134 USA
- Centura Health Systems, 9100 E. Mineral Cir, Centennial, CO 80112 USA
| | - Yetti Mulugeta
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals Inc, 373 Inverness Parkway Suite 200, Englewood, CO 80122 USA
| | - Michael Roshon
- Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
| | - Charles Mains
- Centura Health Systems, 9100 E. Mineral Cir, Centennial, CO 80112 USA
| | - David Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113 USA
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rocky Vista University, 8401 S Chambers Rd, Parker, CO 80134 USA
- Centura Health Systems, 9100 E. Mineral Cir, Centennial, CO 80112 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baranwal M, Gupta Y, Dey P, Majaw S. Antiinflammatory phytochemicals against virus-induced hyperinflammatory responses: Scope, rationale, application, and limitations. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6148-6169. [PMID: 34816512 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammatory responses or cytokine storm associated with viral infections results in deleterious consequences such as vascular leakage, severe hemorrhage, shock, immune paralysis, multi-organ failure, and even death. With the emerging new viral infections and lack of effective prophylactic vaccines, evidence-based complementary strategies that limit viral infection-mediated hyperinflammatory responses could be a promising approach to limit host tissue injury. The present review emphasizes the potentials of antiinflammatory phytochemicals in limiting hyperinflammatory injury caused by viral infections. The predominant phytochemicals along with their mechanism in limiting hyperimmune and pro-inflammatory responses under viral infection have been reviewed comprehensively. How certain phytochemicals can be effective in limiting hyper-inflammatory response indirectly by favorably modulating gut microbiota and maintaining a functional intestinal barrier has also been presented. Finally, we have discussed improved systemic bioavailability of phytochemicals, efficient delivery strategies, and safety measures for effective antiinflammatory phytotherapies, in addition to emphasizing the requirement of tightly controlled clinical studies to establish the antiinflammatory efficacy of the phytochemicals. Collectively, the review provides a scooping overview on the potentials of bioactive phytochemicals to mitigate pro-inflammatory injury associated with viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Yogita Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Suktilang Majaw
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Development of mode of action networks related to the potential role of PPARγ in respiratory diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105821. [PMID: 34403731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key transcription factor, operating at the intercept of metabolic control and immunomodulation. It is ubiquitously expressed in multiple tissues and organs, including lungs. There is a growing body of information supporting the role of PPARγ signalling in respiratory diseases. The aim of the present study was to develop mode of action (MoA) networks reflecting the relationships between PPARγ signalling and the progression/alleviation of a spectrum of lung pathologies. Data mining was performed using the resources of the NIH PubMed and PubChem information systems. By linking available data on pathological/therapeutic effects of PPARγ modulation, knowledge-based MoA networking at different levels of biological organization (molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and system) was performed. Multiple MoA networks were developed to relate PPARγ modulation to the progress or the alleviation of pulmonary disorders, triggered by diverse pathogenic, genetic, chemical, or mechanical factors. Pharmacological targeting of PPARγ signalling was discussed with regard to ligand- and cell type-specific effects in the context of distinct disease inductor- and disease stage-dependent patterns. The proposed MoA networking analysis allows for a better understanding of the potential role of PPARγ modulation in lung pathologies. It presents a mechanistically justified basis for further computational, experimental, and clinical monitoring studies on the dynamic control of PPARγ signalling in respiratory diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee BR, Paing MH, Sharma-Walia N. Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins: Biologically Active Lipid Mediators Targeting Inflammation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640374. [PMID: 34335286 PMCID: PMC8320392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPGs) are biologically active lipid mediators, including PGA2, PGA1, PGJ2, and its metabolites. cyPGs are essential regulators of inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell migration, and stem cell activity. cyPGs biologically act on multiple cellular targets, including transcription factors and signal transduction pathways. cyPGs regulate the inflammatory response by interfering with NF-κB, AP-1, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways via both a group of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) dependent and PPAR-γ independent mechanisms. cyPGs promote the resolution of chronic inflammation associated with cancers and pathogen (bacterial, viral, and parasitic) infection. cyPGs exhibit potent effects on viral infections by repressing viral protein synthesis, altering viral protein glycosylation, inhibiting virus transmission, and reducing virus-induced inflammation. We summarize their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cytoprotective, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution, and anti-metastatic potential. These properties render them unique therapeutic value, especially in resolving inflammation and could be used in adjunct with other existing therapies. We also discuss other α, β -unsaturated carbonyl lipids and cyPGs like isoprostanes (IsoPs) compounds.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nishi A, Kaifuchi N, Shimobori C, Ohbuchi K, Iizuka S, Sugiyama A, Ogura K, Yamamoto M, Kuroki H, Nabeshima S, Yachie A, Matsuoka Y, Kitano H. Effects of maoto (ma-huang-tang) on host lipid mediator and transcriptome signature in influenza virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4232. [PMID: 33608574 PMCID: PMC7896050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maoto, a traditional kampo medicine, has been clinically prescribed for influenza infection and is reported to relieve symptoms and tissue damage. In this study, we evaluated the effects of maoto as an herbal multi-compound medicine on host responses in a mouse model of influenza infection. On the fifth day of oral administration to mice intranasally infected with influenza virus [A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)], maoto significantly improved survival rate, decreased viral titer, and ameliorated the infection-induced phenotype as compared with control mice. Analysis of the lung and plasma transcriptome and lipid mediator metabolite profile showed that maoto altered the profile of lipid mediators derived from ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids to restore a normal state, and significantly up-regulated the expression of macrophage- and T-cell-related genes. Collectively, these results suggest that maoto regulates the host’s inflammatory response by altering the lipid mediator profile and thereby ameliorating the symptoms of influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Nishi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Noriko Kaifuchi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chika Shimobori
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiichi Iizuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Aiko Sugiyama
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ogura
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Haruo Kuroki
- Sotobo Children's Clinic, Medical Corporation Shigyo-No-Kai, Isumi, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Ayako Yachie
- The Systems Biology Institute, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
de Carvalho MV, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Silva AR. PPAR Gamma: From Definition to Molecular Targets and Therapy of Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020805. [PMID: 33467433 PMCID: PMC7830538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate the expression of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation. There are three members: PPARα, PPARβ or PPARγ. PPARγ have several ligands. The natural agonists are omega 9, curcumin, eicosanoids and others. Among the synthetic ligands, we highlight the thiazolidinediones, clinically used as an antidiabetic. Many of these studies involve natural or synthetic products in different pathologies. The mechanisms that regulate PPARγ involve post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation and ubiquitination, among others. It is known that anti-inflammatory mechanisms involve the inhibition of other transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kB(NFκB), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) or activator protein 1 (AP-1), or intracellular signaling proteins such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. PPARγ transrepresses other transcription factors and consequently inhibits gene expression of inflammatory mediators, known as biomarkers for morbidity and mortality, leading to control of the exacerbated inflammation that occurs, for instance, in lung injury/acute respiratory distress. Many studies have shown the therapeutic potentials of PPARγ on pulmonary diseases. Herein, we describe activities of the PPARγ as a modulator of inflammation, focusing on lung injury and including definition and mechanisms of regulation, biological effects and molecular targets, and its role in lung diseases caused by inflammatory stimuli, bacteria and virus, and molecular-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia V. de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Cassiano F. Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
- Correspondence: (C.F.G.-d.-A.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Adriana R. Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (C.F.G.-d.-A.); (A.R.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alon R, Sportiello M, Kozlovski S, Kumar A, Reilly EC, Zarbock A, Garbi N, Topham DJ. Leukocyte trafficking to the lungs and beyond: lessons from influenza for COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:49-64. [PMID: 33214719 PMCID: PMC7675406 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding of the fundamental processes underlying the versatile clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is incomplete without comprehension of how different immune cells are recruited to various compartments of virus-infected lungs, and how this recruitment differs among individuals with different levels of disease severity. As in other respiratory infections, leukocyte recruitment to the respiratory system in people with COVID-19 is orchestrated by specific leukocyte trafficking molecules, and when uncontrolled and excessive it results in various pathological complications, both in the lungs and in other organs. In the absence of experimental data from physiologically relevant animal models, our knowledge of the trafficking signals displayed by distinct vascular beds and epithelial cell layers in response to infection by SARS-CoV-2 is still incomplete. However, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus elicit partially conserved inflammatory responses in the different respiratory epithelial cells encountered early in infection and may trigger partially overlapping combinations of trafficking signals in nearby blood vessels. Here, we review the molecular signals orchestrating leukocyte trafficking to airway and lung compartments during primary pneumotropic influenza virus infections and discuss potential similarities to distinct courses of primary SARS-CoV-2 infections. We also discuss how an imbalance in vascular activation by leukocytes outside the airways and lungs may contribute to extrapulmonary inflammatory complications in subsets of patients with COVID-19. These multiple molecular pathways are potential targets for therapeutic interventions in patients with severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Mike Sportiello
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stav Kozlovski
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ashwin Kumar
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Emma C Reilly
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Experimental Immunology Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bei Y, Tia B, Li Y, Guo Y, Deng S, Huang R, Zeng H, Li R, Wang GF, Dai J. Anti-influenza A Virus Effects and Mechanisms of Emodin and Its Analogs via Regulating PPAR α/ γ-AMPK-SIRT1 Pathway and Fatty Acid Metabolism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9066938. [PMID: 34540999 PMCID: PMC8445710 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9066938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ-adenosine 5'-monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase- (AMPK-) sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) pathway and fatty acid metabolism are reported to be involved in influenza A virus (IAV) replication and IAV-pneumonia. Through a cell-based peroxisome proliferator responsive element- (PPRE-) driven luciferase bioassay, we have investigated 145 examples of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Several TCMs, such as Polygonum cuspidatum, Rheum officinale Baillon, and Aloe vera var. Chinensis (Haw.) Berg., were found to possess high activity. We have further detected the anti-IAV activities of emodin (EMO) and its analogs, a group of common important compounds of these TCMs. The results showed that emodin and its several analogs possess excellent anti-IAV activities. The pharmacological tests showed that emodin significantly activated PPARα/γ and AMPK, decreased fatty acid biosynthesis, and increased intracellular ATP levels. Pharmaceutical inhibitors, siRNAs for PPARα/γ and AMPKα1, and exogenous palmitate impaired the inhibition of emodin. The in vivo test also showed that emodin significantly protected mice from IAV infection and pneumonia. Pharmacological inhibitors for PPARα/γ and AMPK signal and exogenous palmitate could partially counteract the effects of emodin in vivo. In conclusion, emodin and its analogs are a group of promising anti-IAV drug precursors, and the pharmacological mechanism of emodin is linked to its ability to regulate the PPARα/γ-AMPK pathway and fatty acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Bei
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, 226 001 Nantong, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Boyu Tia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Yuze Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Yingzhu Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Shufei Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Rouyu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Huiling Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Ge-Fei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Jianping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shahzad S, Willcox M. Immuno-pathogenesis of nCOVID-19 and a possible host-directed therapy including anti-inflammatory and anti-viral prostaglandin (PG J 2) for effective treatment and reduction in the death toll. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110080. [PMID: 32683221 PMCID: PMC7341031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2, also known as 2019-nCoV especially in China) replicate and divide in host cells. During this they are partly hidden from the innate immune responses although inflammatory consequences of viral replication still occur. We propose that anti-inflammatory antiviral prostaglandins may not only restrict viral replication but also prevent inflammatory responses in the lungs and other vital organs that are known to be part of the immuno-pathogenesis of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The combination of anti-inflammatory antiviral prostaglandins with interferons may lead to the clearance of viruses inside growth-restricted infected cells. However, further experimental studies and clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these possible therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Shahzad
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Background and objective COVID-19 is a highly contagious viral disease. In this study, we tried to define and discuss all the findings on the potential association between arachidonic acid (AA) pathway and COVID-19 pathophysiology. Methods A literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane database was conducted. A total of 25 studies were identified. Results The data elucidated that COX-2 and prostaglandins (PGs), particularly PGE2, have pro-inflammatory action in COVID-19 pathophysiology. Arachidonic acid can act as endogenous antiviral compound. A deficiency in AA can make humans more susceptible to COVID-19. Targeting these pro-inflammatory mediators may help in decreasing the mortality and morbidity rate in COVID-19 patients. Conclusions PGE2 levels and other PGs levels should be measured in patients with COVID-19. Lowering the PGE2 levels through inhibition of human microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) can enhance the host immune response against COVID-19. In addition, the hybrid compounds, such as COX-2 inhibitors/TP antagonists, can be an innovative treatment to control the overall balance between AA mediators in patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluations of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana, Albania.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular "kinome," have been used successfully to identify cellular factors that can support virus replication. Since some of these cellular factors are critical for virus replication, but are dispensable for the host, they can serve as novel targets for antiviral drug development. In addition, potentiation of immune responses, regulation of cytokine storms, and modulation of epigenetic changes upon virus infections are also feasible approaches to control infections. Because it is less likely that viruses will mutate to replace missing cellular functions, the chance of generating drug-resistant mutants with host-targeted inhibitor approaches is minimized. However, drug resistance against some host-directed agents can, in fact, occur under certain circumstances, such as long-term selection pressure of a host-directed antiviral agent that can allow the virus the opportunity to adapt to use an alternate host factor or to alter its affinity toward the target that confers resistance. This review describes novel approaches for antiviral drug development with a focus on host-directed therapies and the potential mechanisms that may account for the acquisition of antiviral drug resistance against host-directed agents.
Collapse
|
21
|
Thomas G, Frederick E, Hausburg M, Goldberg L, Hoke M, Roshon M, Mains C, Bar-Or D. The novel immunomodulatory biologic LMWF5A for pharmacological attenuation of the "cytokine storm" in COVID-19 patients: a hypothesis. Patient Saf Surg 2020; 14:21. [PMID: 32431755 PMCID: PMC7220573 DOI: 10.1186/s13037-020-00248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common complication of viral pulmonary infections, such as in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, is a phenomenon described as a "cytokine storm". While poorly defined, this hyperinflammatory response results in diffuse alveolar damage. The low molecular weight fraction of commercial human serum albumin (LMWF5A), a novel biologic in development for osteoarthritis, demonstrates beneficial in vitro immunomodulatory effects complimentary to addressing inflammation, thus, we hypothesize that LMWF5A could improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 by attenuating hyperinflammation and the potential development of a cytokine storm. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS A variety of human in vitro immune models indicate that LMWF5A reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in cytokine storm associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, evidence suggests LMWF5A also promotes the production of mediators required for resolving inflammation and enhances the barrier function of endothelial cultures. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS A randomized controlled trial, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nebulized LMWF5A in adults with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19 infection, was developed and is currently under review by the Food and Drug Administration. IMPLICATIONS OF HYPOTHESIS If successful, this therapy may attenuate the cytokine storm observed in these patients and potentially reduce mortality, increase ventilation free days, improve oxygenation parameters and consequently lessen the burden on patients and the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in vitro findings suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of LMWF5A make it a viable candidate for treating cytokine storm and restoring homeostasis to the immune response in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Thomas
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 373 Inverness Pkwy #200, Englewood, CO 80112 USA
| | - Elizabeth Frederick
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 373 Inverness Pkwy #200, Englewood, CO 80112 USA
| | - Melissa Hausburg
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113 USA
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W 15th St, Plano, TX 75075 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2316 E Meyer Blvd, Kansas City, MO 64132 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N Hillside St, Wichita, KS 67214 USA
| | - Laura Goldberg
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 373 Inverness Pkwy #200, Englewood, CO 80112 USA
| | - Marshall Hoke
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 373 Inverness Pkwy #200, Englewood, CO 80112 USA
| | - Michael Roshon
- Emergency Department, Penrose Hospital, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA
| | | | - David Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113 USA
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W 15th St, Plano, TX 75075 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2316 E Meyer Blvd, Kansas City, MO 64132 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N Hillside St, Wichita, KS 67214 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rocky Vista University, 8401 S Chambers Rd, Parker, CO 80134 USA
- Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden Ave. Rm 4-454, Englewood, CO 80013 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
15-Deoxy-∆- 12,14-Prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), an Endogenous Ligand of PPAR- γ: Function and Mechanism. PPAR Res 2019; 2019:7242030. [PMID: 31467514 PMCID: PMC6699332 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7242030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
15-Deoxy-∆-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, has been explored in some detail over the last 20 years. By triggering the PPAR-γ signalling pathway, it plays many roles and exerts antitumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, antifibrosis, and antiangiogenesis effects. Although many synthetic PPAR-γ receptor agonists have been developed, as an endogenous product of PPAR-γ receptors, 15d-PGJ2 has beneficial characteristics including rapid expression and the ability to contribute to a natural defence mechanism. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in our knowledge of the biological role of 15d-PGJ2 mediated through PPAR-γ. It is important to understand its structure, synthesis, and functional mechanisms to develop preventive agents and limit the progression of associated diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR) Suppresses Inflammation and Bacterial Clearance during Influenza-Bacterial Super-Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060505. [PMID: 31159430 PMCID: PMC6630660 DOI: 10.3390/v11060505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is among the most common causes of respiratory illness worldwide and can be complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia, a frequent cause of mortality. When influenza virus infects the lung, the innate immune response is activated, and interferons and inflammatory mediators are released. This "cytokine storm" is thought to play a role in influenza-induced lung pathogenesis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor super-family. PPARγ has numerous functions including enhancing lipid and glucose metabolism and cellular differentiation and suppressing inflammation. Synthetic PPARγagonists (thiazolidinediones or glitazones) have been used clinically in the treatment of type II diabetes. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), diabetic participants taking rosiglitazone had an increased risk of mortality from influenza/pneumonia compared to those not taking the drug. We examined the effect of rosiglitazone treatment during influenza and secondary bacterial (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) pneumonia in mice. We found decreased influenza viral burden, decreased numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage, and decreased production of cytokines and chemokines in influenza infected, rosiglitazone-treated mice when compared to controls. However, rosiglitazone treatment compromised bacterial clearance during influenza-bacterial super-infection. Both human and mouse data suggest that rosiglitazone treatment worsens the outcome of influenza-associated pneumonia.
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang S, Jiang L, Cheon IS, Sun J. Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Decreases Host Mortality After Influenza Infection in Obese Mice. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:161-169. [PMID: 31009317 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an independent risk factor for severe influenza infection. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. In this study, we have utilized a murine influenza infection model in genetic-induced obese (db/db) mice to explore the mechanisms by which obesity increases host susceptibility to influenza infection. We find that db/db mice have enhanced viral replication, exaggerated inflammatory responses, and dysregulated lung repair process after influenza infection, and consequently increased host mortality. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), an important inflammation regulator, was downregulated in the lung macrophages of db/db mice after influenza infection. Strikingly, the treatment of 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a PPAR-γ agonist, largely rescued the survival of db/db mice after influenza infection. Interestingly, macrophage PPAR-γ-deficient mice exhibited enhanced mortality after influenza infection and 15d-PGJ2 fails to rescue host mortality in macrophage PPAR-γ-deficient mice, suggesting that PPAR-γ expression in macrophages is critical for the action of 15d-PGJ2. These data indicate that obesity attenuates lung antiviral immunity and hampers host recovery through the modulation of macrophage PPAR-γ expression. Furthermore, modalities targeting macrophage PPAR-γ expression and/or function may serve as promising therapeutics to treat severe influenza infection in obese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Huang
- 1 Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,3 Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Pediatric Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Li Jiang
- 1 Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,3 Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Pediatric Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - In Su Cheon
- 1 Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,3 Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Pediatric Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jie Sun
- 1 Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,3 Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Pediatric Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
PPAR-γ in Macrophages Limits Pulmonary Inflammation and Promotes Host Recovery following Respiratory Viral Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00030-19. [PMID: 30787149 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00030-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) play pivotal roles in modulating host defense, pulmonary inflammation, and tissue injury following respiratory viral infections. However, the transcriptional regulation of AM function during respiratory viral infections is still largely undefined. Here we have screened the expression of 84 transcription factors in AM in response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We found that the transcription factor PPAR-γ was downregulated following IAV infection in AM through type I interferon (IFN)-dependent signaling. PPAR-γ expression in AM was critical for the suppression of exaggerated antiviral and inflammatory responses of AM following IAV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Myeloid PPAR-γ deficiency resulted in enhanced host morbidity and increased pulmonary inflammation following both IAV and RSV infections, suggesting that macrophage PPAR-γ is vital for restricting severe host disease development. Using approaches to selectively deplete recruiting monocytes, we demonstrate that PPAR-γ expression in resident AM is likely important in regulating host disease development. Furthermore, we show that PPAR-γ was critical for the expression of wound healing genes in AM. As such, myeloid PPAR-γ deficiency resulted in impaired inflammation resolution and defective tissue repair following IAV infection. Our data suggest a critical role of PPAR-γ expression in lung macrophages in the modulation of pulmonary inflammation, the development of acute host diseases, and the proper restoration of tissue homeostasis following respiratory viral infections.IMPORTANCE Respiratory viral infections, like IAV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, impose great challenges to public health. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are lung-resident immune cells that play important roles in protecting the host against IAV and RSV infections. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which AM modulate host inflammation, disease development, and tissue recovery are not very well understood. Here we identify that PPAR-γ expression in AM is crucial to suppress pulmonary inflammation and diseases and to promote fast host recovery from IAV and RSV infections. Our data suggest that targeting macrophage PPAR-γ may be a promising therapeutic option in the future to suppress acute inflammation and simultaneously promote recovery from severe diseases associated with respiratory viral infections.
Collapse
|
26
|
Vom Steeg LG, Klein SL. Sex and sex steroids impact influenza pathogenesis across the life course. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:189-194. [PMID: 30298431 PMCID: PMC6370518 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Males and females differ in the outcome of influenza A virus (IAV) infections, which depends significantly on age. During a typical seasonal influenza epidemic, young children (< 10 years of age) and aged adults (65+ years of age) are at greatest risk for severe disease, and among these age groups, males tend to suffer a worse outcome from IAV infection than females. Following infection with either pandemic or outbreak strains of IAVs, females of reproductive ages (i.e., 15-49 years of age) experience a worse outcome than their male counterparts. Among females of reproductive ages, pregnancy is one factor linked to an increased risk of severe outcome of influenza, although it is not the sole factor explaining the female-preponderance of severe disease. Small animal models of influenza virus infection illustrate that inflammatory immune responses and repair of damaged tissue following IAV infection also differ between the sexes and impact the outcome of infection. There also is growing evidence that sex steroid hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone, directly impact immune responses during IAV infection to alter outcomes. Greater consideration of the combined effects of sex and age as biological variables in epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies of influenza pathogenesis is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Landon G Vom Steeg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Davidson S. Treating Influenza Infection, From Now and Into the Future. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1946. [PMID: 30250466 PMCID: PMC6139312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses (IVs) are a continual threat to global health. The high mutation rate of the IV genome makes this virus incredibly successful, genetic drift allows for annual epidemics which result in thousands of deaths and millions of hospitalizations. Moreover, the emergence of new strains through genetic shift (e.g., swine-origin influenza A) can cause devastating global outbreaks of infection. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are currently used to treat IV infection and act directly on viral proteins to halt IV spread. However, effectivity is limited late in infection and drug resistance can develop. New therapies which target highly conserved features of IV such as antibodies to the stem region of hemagglutinin or the IV RNA polymerase inhibitor: Favipiravir are currently in clinical trials. Compared to NAIs, these treatments have a higher tolerance for resistance and a longer therapeutic window and therefore, may prove more effective. However, clinical and experimental evidence has demonstrated that it is not just viral spread, but also the host inflammatory response and damage to the lung epithelium which dictate the outcome of IV infection. Therapeutic regimens for IV infection should therefore also regulate the host inflammatory response and protect epithelial cells from unnecessary cell death. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as etanercept, statins or cyclooxygenase enzyme 2 inhibitors may temper IV induced inflammation, demonstrating the possibility of repurposing these drugs as single or adjunct therapies for IV infection. IV binds to sialic acid receptors on the host cell surface to initiate infection and productive IV replication is primarily restricted to airway epithelial cells. Accordingly, targeting therapies to the epithelium will directly inhibit IV spread while minimizing off target consequences, such as over activation of immune cells. The neuraminidase mimic Fludase cleaves sialic acid receptors from the epithelium to inhibit IV entry to cells. While type III interferons activate an antiviral gene program in epithelial cells with minimal perturbation to the IV specific immune response. This review discusses the above-mentioned candidate anti-IV therapeutics and others at the preclinical and clinical trial stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Davidson
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vermillion MS, Ursin RL, Attreed SE, Klein SL. Estriol Reduces Pulmonary Immune Cell Recruitment and Inflammation to Protect Female Mice From Severe Influenza. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3306-3320. [PMID: 30032246 PMCID: PMC6109301 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Estriol (E3) is an endogenous estrogen in females with broad biological activity within diverse tissue types. In the context of certain T-cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory diseases, E3 can ameliorate disease severity through immunomodulatory mechanisms that decrease tissue inflammation. Severe disease caused by influenza A virus (IAV) infection is also characterized by aberrant inflammation and immunopathology. How E3 might affect the pathogenesis of IAV infection, however, has not been explored. Gonadally intact female C57BL/6 mice that were treated with exogenous E3 during infection with mouse-adapted 2009 H1N1 had reduced total pulmonary inflammation and improved disease outcomes compared with females that received no hormone. Furthermore, compared with no hormone treatment, E3 treatment reduced the induction of genes associated with proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses in the lungs, which preceded clinical disease, reductions in innate immune cell recruitment, altered pulmonary T-cell skewing, and reduced antibody titers during IAV infection. Although E3 treatment was associated with reduced local and systemic anti-influenza adaptive immune responses, there was no effect of E3 on viral replication or clearance. Together, these data suggest that exogenous E3 confers protection during IAV infection through immunomodulatory mechanisms and that E3 may have broad therapeutic potential in the context of both infectious and noninfectious inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S Vermillion
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca L Ursin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E Attreed
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence: Sabra L. Klein, PhD, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Growcott EJ, Bamba D, Galarneau JR, Leonard VHJ, Schul W, Stein D, Osborne CS. The effect of P38 MAP kinase inhibition in a mouse model of influenza. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:452-462. [PMID: 29458547 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Influenza viruses are a common cause of human respiratory infections, resulting in epidemics of high morbidity and mortality. We investigated the effect of a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor in vitro and in a murine influenza model to further explore whether p38 MAPK inhibition could reduce viral replication. METHODS In vitro, the antiviral effect of p38 MAPK inhibitor BCT194 was evaluated in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs); in vivo, female BALB/c mice were infected intranasally with 150 pfu of influenza H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/34 and treated with BCT197 (a closely related p38 MAPK inhibitor with an IC50 value of<1 µM, currently in clinical testing), dexamethasone or oseltamivir (Tamiflu) starting 24 h post infection. Body weight, bronchoalveolar lavage cells, cytokines, total protein and lactate dehydrogenase as well as serum cytokines were measured; a subset of animals was evaluated histopathologically.Results/Key findings. p38MAP kinase inhibition with BCT194 had no impact on influenza replication in HBECs. When examining BCT197 in vivo, and comparing to vehicle-treated animals, reduced weight loss, improvement in survival and lack of impaired viral control was observed at BCT197 concentrations relevant to those being used in clinical trials of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; at higher concentrations of BCT197 these effects were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Compared to vehicle treatment, BCT197 (administered at a clinically relevant concentration) improved outcomes in a mouse model of influenza. This is encouraging given that the use of innate inflammatory pathway inhibitors may raise concerns of negative effects on infection regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Growcott
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Infectious Disease, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - D Bamba
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Infectious Disease, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Present address: Advaxis Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - J-R Galarneau
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V H J Leonard
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Infectious Disease, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - W Schul
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Infectious Disease, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - D Stein
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - C S Osborne
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Infectious Disease, Emeryville, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Coquenlorge S, Van Landeghem L, Jaulin J, Cenac N, Vergnolle N, Duchalais E, Neunlist M, Rolli-Derkinderen M. The arachidonic acid metabolite 11β-ProstaglandinF2α controls intestinal epithelial healing: deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25203. [PMID: 27140063 PMCID: PMC4853710 DOI: 10.1038/srep25203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy gut enteric glial cells (EGC) are essential to intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) functions. In Crohn's Disease (CD), both EGC phenotype and IEB functions are altered, but putative involvement of EGC in CD pathogenesis remains unknown and study of human EGC are lacking. EGC isolated from CD and control patients showed similar expression of glial markers and EGC-derived soluble factors (IL6, TGF-β, proEGF, GSH) but CD EGC failed to increase IEB resistance and healing. Lipid profiling showed that CD EGC produced decreased amounts of 15-HETE, 18-HEPE, 15dPGJ2 and 11βPGF2α as compared to healthy EGC. They also had reduced expression of the L-PGDS and AKR1C3 enzymes. Produced by healthy EGC, the 11βPGF2 activated PPARγ receptor of intestinal epithelial cells to induce cell spreading and IEB wound repair. In addition to this novel healing mechanism our data show that CD EGC presented impaired ability to promote IEB functions through defect in L-PGDS-AKR1C3-11βPGF2α dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Coquenlorge
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Julie Jaulin
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- Centre de Pathophysiologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1043 CNRS UMR-5282, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Centre de Pathophysiologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1043 CNRS UMR-5282, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Duchalais
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou J, Jiang L, Long X, Fu C, Wang X, Wu X, Liu Z, Zhu F, Shi J, Li S. Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit gastric aspiration lung injury and inflammation in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1706-17. [PMID: 27061967 PMCID: PMC4988291 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric aspiration lung injury is one of the most common clinical events. This study investigated the effects of bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on combined acid plus small non‐acidified particle (CASP)‐induced aspiration lung injury. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP+) or EGFP−BMSCs or 15d‐PGJ2 were injected via the tail vein into rats immediately after CASP‐induced aspiration lung injury. Pathological changes in lung tissues, blood gas analysis, the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of the lung, levels of total proteins and number of total cells and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. The cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. Protein expression was determined by Western blot. Bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells treatment significantly reduced alveolar oedema, exudation and lung inflammation; increased the arterial partial pressure of oxygen; and decreased the W/D of the lung, the levels of total proteins and the number of total cells and neutrophils in BALF in the rats with CASP‐induced lung injury. Bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells treatment decreased the levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α and Cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)‐1 and the expression of p‐p65 and increased the levels of interleukin‐10 and 15d‐PGJ2 and the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ in the lung tissue in CASP‐induced rats. Tumour necrosis factor‐α stimulated BMSCs to secrete 15d‐PGJ2. A tracking experiment showed that EGFP+BMSCs were able to migrate to local lung tissues. Treatment with 15d‐PGJ2 also significantly inhibited CASP‐induced lung inflammation and the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Our results show that BMSCs can protect lung tissues from gastric aspiration injury and inhibit lung inflammation in rats. A beneficial effect might be achieved through BMSC‐derived 15d‐PGJ2 activation of the PPAR‐γ receptor, reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Long
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jindong Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanqun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Park JH, Park EB, Lee JY, Min JY. Identification of novel membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors with anti-influenza activities in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:848-55. [PMID: 26673392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major public health concern that leads to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite various vaccination programs and development of drugs targeting essential viral proteins, the emergence of drug-resistant variants has been frequently reported and the therapeutic options are limited. Because exaggerated inflammation is considered as an important factor in disease pathogenesis, immunomodulatory agents that effectively suppress cytokine responses are needed for the treatment of IAV infection. Membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that is the best-characterized immune modulatory lipid in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation. In the present study, we tested the anti-influenza activities of mPGES-1 inhibitors, using a phenotype-based assay involving image analyses. Seven primary hits among 49 compounds targeting mPGES-1 exhibited anti-influenza activities against A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) in a dose-dependent manner. The most effective hit, MPO-0047, suppressed influenza-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. We also showed that mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-8, CCL5/RANTES, and CXCL10/IP-10 were significantly reduced by the treatment of influenza-infected cells with MPO-0047. Exogenous PGE2 reversed the inhibitory effects of MPO-0047. Our results showed that this selective mPGES-1 inhibitor has anti-influenza effects by inhibiting PGE2 production, which suppresses the induction of pro-inflammatory genes. Taken together our data revealed that mPGES-1 inhibitor has the potential for further development as an influenza therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Park
- Respiratory Viruses Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Beul Park
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Min
- Respiratory Viruses Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
PPARγ and the Innate Immune System Mediate the Resolution of Inflammation. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:549691. [PMID: 26713087 PMCID: PMC4680113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/549691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is an active and dynamic process, mediated in large part by the innate immune system. Resolution represents not only an increase in anti-inflammatory actions, but also a paradigm shift in immune cell function to restore homeostasis. PPARγ, a ligand activated transcription factor, has long been studied for its anti-inflammatory actions, but an emerging body of literature is investigating the role of PPARγ and its ligands (including thiazolidinediones, prostaglandins, and oleanolic acids) in all phases of resolution. PPARγ can shift production from pro- to anti-inflammatory mediators by neutrophils, platelets, and macrophages. PPARγ and its ligands further modulate platelet and neutrophil function, decreasing trafficking, promoting neutrophil apoptosis, and preventing platelet-leukocyte interactions. PPARγ alters macrophage trafficking, increases efferocytosis and phagocytosis, and promotes alternative M2 macrophage activation. There are also roles for this receptor in the adaptive immune response, particularly regarding B cells. These effects contribute towards the attenuation of multiple disease states, including COPD, colitis, Alzheimer's disease, and obesity in animal models. Finally, novel specialized proresolving mediators-eicosanoids with critical roles in resolution-may act through PPARγ modulation to promote resolution, providing another exciting area of therapeutic potential for this receptor.
Collapse
|
34
|
Gregory DJ, Kobzik L. Influenza lung injury: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1041-6. [PMID: 26408556 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this Perspectives, we discuss some recent developments in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury following influenza infection, with an emphasis on promising therapeutic leads. Damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier has been quantified in mice, and agents have been identified that can help to preserve barrier integrity, such as vasculotide, angiopoietin-like 4 neutralization, and sphingosine 1-phosphate mimics. Results from studies using mesenchymal stem cells have been disappointing, despite promising data in other types of lung injury. The roles of fatty acid binding protein 5, prostaglandin E2, and the interplay between IFN-γ and STAT1 in epithelial signaling during infection have been addressed in vitro. Finally, we discuss the role of autophagy in inflammatory cytokine production and the viral life cycle and the opportunities this presents for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Gregory
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The Flavonoid Isoliquiritigenin Reduces Lung Inflammation and Mouse Morbidity during Influenza Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6317-27. [PMID: 26248373 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01098-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The host response to influenza virus infection is characterized by an acute lung inflammatory response in which intense inflammatory cell recruitment, hypercytokinemia, and a high level of oxidative stress are present. The sum of these events contributes to the virus-induced lung damage that leads to high a level of morbidity and mortality in susceptible infected patients. In this context, we identified compounds that can simultaneously reduce the excessive inflammatory response and the viral replication as a strategy to treat influenza virus infection. We investigated the anti-inflammatory and antiviral potential activities of isoliquiritigenin (ILG). Interestingly, we demonstrated that ILG is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication in human bronchial epithelial cells (50% effective concentration [EC50] = 24.7 μM). In addition, our results showed that this molecule inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced after the infection of cells with influenza virus. We demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory activity of ILG in the context of influenza virus infection is dependent on the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma pathway. Interestingly, ILG phosphate (ILG-p)-treated mice displayed decreased lung inflammation as depicted by reduced cytokine gene expression and inflammatory cell recruitment. We also demonstrated that influenza virus-specific CD8(+) effector T cell recruitment was reduced up to 60% in the lungs of mice treated with ILG-p (10 mg/kg) compared to that in saline-treated mice. Finally, we showed that administration of ILG-p reduced lung viral titers and morbidity of mice infected with the PR8/H1N1 virus.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ramos I, Fernandez-Sesma A. Modulating the Innate Immune Response to Influenza A Virus: Potential Therapeutic Use of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Front Immunol 2015; 6:361. [PMID: 26257731 PMCID: PMC4507467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by influenza A viruses (IAV) is frequently characterized by robust inflammation that is usually more pronounced in the case of avian influenza. It is becoming clearer that the morbidity and pathogenesis caused by IAV are consequences of this inflammatory response, with several components of the innate immune system acting as the main players. It has been postulated that using a therapeutic approach to limit the innate immune response in combination with antiviral drugs has the potential to diminish symptoms and tissue damage caused by IAV infection. Indeed, some anti-inflammatory agents have been shown to be effective in animal models in reducing IAV pathology as a proof of principle. The main challenge in developing such therapies is to selectively modulate signaling pathways that contribute to lung injury while maintaining the ability of the host cells to mount an antiviral response to control virus replication. However, the dissection of those pathways is very complex given the numerous components regulated by the same factors (i.e., NF kappa B transcription factors) and the large number of players involved in this regulation, some of which may be undescribed or unknown. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge regarding the innate immune responses associated with tissue damage by IAV infection, the understanding of which is essential for the development of effective immunomodulatory drugs. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances on the development and evaluation of such drugs as well as the lessons learned from those studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu R, An L, Liu G, Li X, Tang W, Chen X. Mouse lung slices: An ex vivo model for the evaluation of antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza viruses. Antiviral Res 2015; 120:101-11. [PMID: 26022197 PMCID: PMC7125926 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse lung slices stay alive for at least 5 days ex vivo. Influenza viruses can replicate in mouse lung slices and trigger robust cytokine and chemokine responses. A positive correlation in cytokine and chemokine responses between ex vivo and in vivo exists. Neuraminidase and IP-10 can serve as readouts for antiviral and anti-inflammation activities, respectively. This ex vivo model may predict efficacy of drug candidates in antiviral and anti-inflammation activities in vivo.
The influenza A virus is notoriously known for its ability to cause recurrent epidemics and global pandemics. Antiviral therapy is effective when treatment is initiated within 48 h of symptom onset, and delaying treatment beyond this time frame is associated with decreased efficacy. Research on anti-inflammatory therapy to ameliorate influenza-induced inflammation is currently underway and seems important to the impact on the clinical outcome. Both antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs with novel mechanisms of action are urgently needed. Current methods for evaluating the efficacy of anti-influenza drugs rely mostly on transformed cells and animals. Transformed cell models are distantly related to physiological and pathological conditions. Although animals are the best choices for preclinical drug testing, they are not time- or cost-efficient. In this study, we established an ex vivo model using mouse lung slices to evaluate both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection. Both influenza virus PR8 (H1N1) and A/Human/Hubei/3/2005 (H3N2) can replicate efficiently in mouse lung slices and trigger significant cytokine and chemokine responses. The induction of selected cytokines and chemokines were found to have a positive correlation between ex vivo and in vivo experiments, suggesting that the ex vivo cultured lung slices may closely resemble the lung functionally in an in vivo configuration when challenged by influenza virus. Furthermore, a set of agents with known antiviral and/or anti-inflammatory activities were tested to validate the ex vivo model. Our results suggested that mouse lung slices provide a robust, convenient and cost-efficient model for the assessment of both antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza virus infection in one assay. This ex vivo model may predict the efficacy of drug candidates’ antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 43001, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwei An
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 43001, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China(1)
| | - Ge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 43001, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 43001, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 43001, Hubei, China
| | - Xulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 43001, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Marois I, Cloutier A, Garneau É, Lesur O, Richter MV. The administration of oseltamivir results in reduced effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses to influenza and affects protective immunity. FASEB J 2014; 29:973-87. [PMID: 25414485 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The clinical benefits of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) are well established, but the effects of antiviral treatment on the immune response are poorly understood. By use of flow cytometric analyses and the mouse model, we thoroughly investigated the impact of such a treatment on the immune response and the generation of protective immunity to influenza. We demonstrated that influenza-specific CD8(+) effector T cell recruitment was reduced up to 81% in the lungs of mice treated with oseltamivir (5 or 50 mg/kg twice daily; EC50 49 nM in vitro) compared to saline controls, but cell generation was unaffected in draining lymph nodes. Importantly, we showed that oseltamivir administration significantly decreased the pools of tissue-resident and circulating effector memory (93.7%) and central memory CD8(+) T cells (45%) compared to saline controls. During heterologous secondary infection, a decreased memory CD8(+) T cell pool combined with reduced generation of secondary influenza-specific effectors in the lymph nodes resulted in 10-fold decreased CD8(+) T cell recall responses, which increased mouse morbidity and delayed viral clearance. Furthermore, antiviral administration led to a significant 5.7-fold decreased production of functional anti-influenza antibodies. Thus, our study demonstrates that antiviral treatment affects the development of the adaptive immune response and protective immunity against influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Marois
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Cloutier
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Émilie Garneau
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin V Richter
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Marois I, Cloutier A, Meunier I, Weingartl HM, Cantin AM, Richter MV. Inhibition of influenza virus replication by targeting broad host cell pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110631. [PMID: 25333287 PMCID: PMC4204995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivirals that are currently used to treat influenza virus infections target components of the virus which can mutate rapidly. Consequently, there has been an increase in the number of resistant strains to one or many antivirals in recent years. Here we compared the antiviral effects of lysosomotropic alkalinizing agents (LAAs) and calcium modulators (CMs), which interfere with crucial events in the influenza virus replication cycle, against avian, swine, and human viruses of different subtypes in MDCK cells. We observed that treatment with LAAs, CMs, or a combination of both, significantly inhibited viral replication. Moreover, the drugs were effective even when they were administered 8 h after infection. Finally, analysis of the expression of viral acidic polymerase (PA) revealed that both drugs classes interfered with early events in the viral replication cycle. This study demonstrates that targeting broad host cellular pathways can be an efficient strategy to inhibit influenza replication. Furthermore, it provides an interesting avenue for drug development where resistance by the virus might be reduced since the virus is not targeted directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Marois
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Cloutier
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Hana M. Weingartl
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, and Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - André M. Cantin
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin V. Richter
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Coulombe F, Divangahi M. Targeting eicosanoid pathways in the development of novel anti-influenza drugs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1337-43. [PMID: 25269880 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.966082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The constant new emergence of life-threatening human respiratory viral pathogens presents new challenges to clinicians who are left with no available therapeutic interventions. Highly pathogenic strains of influenza A virus (IAV) share an enhanced capacity to propagate to the lower airways and paralyze alveolar macrophage antiviral capacity in order to replicate efficiently and cause pathologic inflammation. Following a century of using NSAIDs for the management of influenza symptoms, a number of studies have interrogated their function in the host response to IAV infection. We herein provide an overview of these studies as well as further insight of how pathogenic IAV hijacks the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1-dependent prostaglandin E2 pathway in order to evade host type I interferon-mediated antiviral immunity. We also reflect on the potential beneficial action of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 inhibitory compounds in the treatment of IAV infections and potentially other RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Coulombe
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 2P2, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
15-Deoxy- γ 12,14-prostaglandin J2 Reduces Liver Impairment in a Model of ConA-Induced Acute Hepatic Inflammation by Activation of PPAR γ and Reduction in NF- κ B Activity. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:215631. [PMID: 25120564 PMCID: PMC4121249 DOI: 10.1155/2014/215631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) reduces inflammation and has been identified as an anti-inflammatory prostaglandin in numerous animal models. In this study, we investigated both effects of 15d-PGJ2 and its protection mechanism in concanavalin A- (ConA-) induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice. Materials and Methods. In vivo, Balb/C mice were injected with ConA (25 mg/kg) to induce acute autoimmune hepatitis, and 15d-PGJ2 (10 μg or 25 μg) was administered 1 h before the ConA injection. The histological grade, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and NF-κB and PPARγ activity were determined 6, 12, and 24 h after the ConA injection. In vitro, LO2 cells and RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with 15d-PGJ2 (2 μM) 1 h before the stimulation with ConA (30 μg/mL). The NF-κB and PPARγ activity were determined 30 min after the ConA administration. Results. Pretreatment with 15d-PGJ2 reduced the pathological effects of ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis and significantly reduced the levels of cytokines after injection. 15d-PGJ2 activated PPARγ, blocked the degradation of IκBα, and inhibited the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus. Conclusion. These results indicate that 15d-PGJ2 protects against ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis by reducing proinflammatory cytokines. This reduction in inflammation may correlate with the activation of PPARγ and the reduction in NF-κB activity.
Collapse
|
42
|
Mehrbod P, Hair-Bejo M, Tengku Ibrahim TA, Omar AR, El Zowalaty M, Ajdari Z, Ideris A. Simvastatin modulates cellular components in influenza A virus-infected cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:61-73. [PMID: 24788303 PMCID: PMC4072341 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is one of the most important health risks that lead to significant respiratory infections. Continuous antigenic changes and lack of promising vaccines are the reasons for the unsuccessful treatment of influenza. Statins are pleiotropic drugs that have recently served as anti-influenza agents due to their anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, the effect of simvastatin on influenza A-infected cells was investigated. Based on the MTT cytotoxicity test, hemagglutination (HA) assay and qPCR it was found that simvastatin maintained cell viability and decreased the viral load significantly as compared to virus-inoculated cells. The expression of important pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interferon-γ), which was quantified using ELISA showed that simvastatin decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines to an average of 2-fold. Furthermore, the modulation of actin filament polymerization was determined using rhodamine staining. Endocytosis and autophagy processes were examined by detecting Rab and RhoA GTPase protein prenylation and LC3 lipidation using western blotting. The results showed that inhibiting GTPase and LC3 membrane localization using simvastatin inhibits influenza replication. Findings of this study provide evidence that modulation of RhoA, Rabs and LC3 may be the underlying mechanisms for the inhibitory effects of simvastatin as an anti-influenza compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | | | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed El Zowalaty
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zahra Ajdari
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ideris
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fernandez-Bustamante A, Klawitter J, Wilson P, Elkins ND, Agazio A, Shibata T, Uchida K, Christians U, Repine JE. Early increase in alveolar macrophage prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2 precedes neutrophil recruitment into lungs of cytokine-insufflated rats. Inflammation 2014; 36:1030-40. [PMID: 23616184 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and prevention is an important goal in acute respiratory distress syndrome research. We determined the concentration of the anti-inflammatory 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin-J2 (15d-PGJ2) and other components of the cyclopentenone prostaglandin cascade in relation to lung inflammation in cytokine (IL-1/LPS)-insufflated rats. We found that 15d-PGJ2 levels increase in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of rats insufflated with cytokines 2 h before. BAL 15d-PGJ2 increases preceded neutrophil recruitment, lung injury, and oxidative stress in the lungs of cytokine-insufflated rats. 15d-PGJ2 was localized in alveolar macrophages that decreased following cytokine insufflation. 15d-PGJ2 may constitute an early biomarker of lung inflammation and may reflect an endogenous attempt to regulate ongoing inflammation in macrophages and elsewhere after cytokine insufflation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernandez-Bustamante
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado SOM, AO-1, MS 8202, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Coulombe F, Jaworska J, Verway M, Tzelepis F, Massoud A, Gillard J, Wong G, Kobinger G, Xing Z, Couture C, Joubert P, Fritz JH, Powell WS, Divangahi M. Targeted prostaglandin E2 inhibition enhances antiviral immunity through induction of type I interferon and apoptosis in macrophages. Immunity 2014; 40:554-68. [PMID: 24726877 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin gained tremendous popularity during the 1918 Spanish Influenza virus pandemic, 50 years prior to the demonstration of their inhibitory action on prostaglandins. Here, we show that during influenza A virus (IAV) infection, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was upregulated, which led to the inhibition of type I interferon (IFN) production and apoptosis in macrophages, thereby causing an increase in virus replication. This inhibitory role of PGE2 was not limited to innate immunity, because both antigen presentation and T cell mediated immunity were also suppressed. Targeted PGE2 suppression via genetic ablation of microsomal prostaglandin E-synthase 1 (mPGES-1) or by the pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 substantially improved survival against lethal IAV infection whereas PGE2 administration reversed this phenotype. These data demonstrate that the mPGES-1-PGE2 pathway is targeted by IAV to evade host type I IFN-dependent antiviral immunity. We propose that specific inhibition of PGE2 signaling might serve as a treatment for IAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Coulombe
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Mark Verway
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Fanny Tzelepis
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Amir Massoud
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Joshua Gillard
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 11 côte du Palais, Quebec, Quebec G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Philippe Joubert
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 11 côte du Palais, Quebec, Quebec G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill Life Sciences Complex, Complex Traits Group, Bellini Pavilion, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - William S Powell
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tripathi S, White MR, Hartshorn KL. The amazing innate immune response to influenza A virus infection. Innate Immun 2013; 21:73-98. [PMID: 24217220 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913508992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a major health threat and a prime example of the significance of innate immunity. Our understanding of innate immunity to IAV has grown dramatically, yielding new concepts that change the way we view innate immunity as a whole. Examples include the role of p53, autophagy, microRNA, innate lymphocytes, endothelial cells and gut commensal bacteria in pulmonary innate immunity. Although the innate response is largely beneficial, it also contributes to major complications of IAV, including lung injury, bacterial super-infection and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. Research is beginning to dissect out which components of the innate response are helpful or harmful. IAV uses its limited genetic complement to maximum effect. Several viral proteins are dedicated to combating innate responses, while other viral structural or replication proteins multitask as host immune modulators. Many host innate immune proteins also multitask, having roles in cell cycle, signaling or normal lung biology. We summarize the plethora of new findings and attempt to integrate them into the larger picture of how humans have adapted to the threat posed by this remarkable virus. We explore how our expanded knowledge suggests ways to modulate helpful and harmful inflammatory responses, and develop novel treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tripathi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell R White
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Buckner MMC, Antunes LCM, Gill N, Russell SL, Shames SR, Finlay BB. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits macrophage colonization by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69759. [PMID: 23922794 PMCID: PMC3724865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is an anti-inflammatory downstream product of the cyclooxygenase enzymes. It has been implicated to play a protective role in a variety of inflammatory mediated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, neural damage, and myocardial infarctions. Here we show that 15d-PGJ2 also plays a role in Salmonella infection. Salmonella enterica Typhimurium is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that is able to survive and replicate inside phagocytic immune cells, allowing for bacterial dissemination to systemic sites. Salmonella species cause a wide range of morbidity and mortality due to gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. Previously we have shown that in mouse models of typhoid fever, Salmonella infection causes a major perturbation in the prostaglandin pathway. Specifically, we saw that 15d-PGJ2 production was significantly increased in both liver and feces. In this work we show that 15d-PGJ2 production is also significantly increased in macrophages infected with Salmonella. Furthermore, we show that the addition of 15d-PGJ2 to Salmonella infected RAW264.7, J774, and bone marrow derived macrophages is sufficient to significantly reduce bacterial colonization. We also show evidence that 15d-PGJ2 is reducing bacterial uptake by macrophages. 15d-PGJ2 reduces the inflammatory response of these infected macrophages, as evidenced by a reduction in the production of cytokines and reactive nitrogen species. The inflammatory response of the macrophage is important for full Salmonella virulence, as it can give the bacteria cues for virulence. The reduction in bacterial colonization is independent of the expression of Salmonella virulence genes SPI1 and SPI2, and is independent of the 15d-PGJ2 ligand PPAR-γ. 15d-PGJ2 also causes an increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation in infected macrophages. In conclusion, we show here that 15d-PGJ2 mediates the outcome of bacterial infection, a previously unidentified role for this prostaglandin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. C. Buckner
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L. Caetano M Antunes
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Navkiran Gill
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon L. Russell
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie R. Shames
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Treating influenza with statins and other immunomodulatory agents. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:417-35. [PMID: 23831494 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Statins not only reduce levels of LDL-cholesterol, they counteract the inflammatory changes associated with acute coronary syndrome and improve survival. Similarly, in patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza, statin treatment is associated with a 41% reduction in 30-day mortality. Most patients of any age who are at increased risk of influenza mortality have chronic low-grade inflammation characteristic of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, differences in the immune responses of children and adults seem responsible for the low mortality in children and high mortality in adults seen in the 1918 influenza pandemic and in other acute infectious and non-infectious conditions. These differences probably reflect human evolutionary development. Thus the host response to influenza seems to be the major determinant of outcome. Outpatient statins are associated with reductions in hospitalizations and deaths due to sepsis and pneumonia. Inpatient statins are also associated with reductions in short-term pneumonia mortality. Other immunomodulatory agents--ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), PPARγ and PPARα agonists (glitazones and fibrates) and AMPK agonists (metformin)--also reduce mortality in patients with pneumonia (ACEIs, ARBs) or in mouse models of influenza (PPAR and AMPK agonists). In experimental studies, treatment has not increased virus replication. Thus effective management of influenza may not always require targeting the virus with vaccines or antiviral agents. Clinical investigators, not systems biologists, have been the first to suggest that immunomodulatory agents might be used to treat influenza patients, but randomized controlled trials will be needed to provide convincing evidence that they work. To guide the choice of which agent(s) to study, we need new types of laboratory research in animal models and clinical and epidemiological research in patients with critical illness. These studies will have crucial implications for global public health. During the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, timely and affordable supplies of vaccines and antiviral agents were unavailable to more than 90% of the world's people. In contrast, statins and other immunomodulatory agents are currently produced as inexpensive generics, global supplies are huge, and they would be available to treat patients in any country with a basic health care system on the first pandemic day. Treatment with statins and other immunomodulatory agents represents a new approach to reducing mortality caused by seasonal and pandemic influenza.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gally F, Kosmider B, Weaver MR, Pate KM, Hartshorn KL, Oberley-Deegan RE. FABP5 deficiency enhances susceptibility to H1N1 influenza A virus-induced lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L64-72. [PMID: 23624787 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00276.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The early inflammatory response to influenza A virus infection contributes to severe lung disease and continues to pose a serious threat to human health. The mechanisms by which inflammatory cells invade the respiratory tract remain unclear. Uncontrolled inflammation and oxidative stress cause lung damage in response to influenza A infection. We have previously shown that the fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) has anti-inflammatory properties. We speculate that, as a transporter of fatty acids, FABP5 plays an important protective role against oxidative damage to lipids during infection as well. Using FABP5-/- and wild-type (WT) mice infected with influenza A virus, we showed that FABP5-/- mice had increased cell infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils compared with WT mice. FABP5-/- mice presented lower viral burden but lost as much weight as WT mice. The adaptive immune response was also increased in FABP5-/- mice as illustrated by the accumulation of T and B cells in the lung tissues and increased levels of H1N1-specific IgG antibodies. FABP5 deficiency greatly enhanced oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation following influenza A infection and presented with sustained tissue inflammation. Interestingly, FABP5 expression decreased following influenza A infection in WT lung tissues that corresponded to a decrease in the anti-inflammatory molecule PPAR-γ activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a previously unknown contribution of FABP5 to influenza A virus pathogenesis by controlling excessive oxidative damage and inflammation. This property could be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gally
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Beaulieu A, Gravel É, Cloutier A, Marois I, Colombo É, Désilets A, Verreault C, Leduc R, Marsault É, Richter MV. Matriptase proteolytically activates influenza virus and promotes multicycle replication in the human airway epithelium. J Virol 2013; 87:4237-51. [PMID: 23365447 PMCID: PMC3624356 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03005-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses do not encode any proteases and must rely on host proteases for the proteolytic activation of their surface hemagglutinin proteins in order to fuse with the infected host cells. Recent progress in the understanding of human proteases responsible for influenza virus hemagglutinin activation has led to the identification of members of the type II transmembrane serine proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 and human airway trypsin-like protease; however, none has proved to be the sole enzyme responsible for hemagglutinin cleavage. In this study, we identify and characterize matriptase as an influenza virus-activating protease capable of supporting multicycle viral replication in the human respiratory epithelium. Using confocal microscopy, we found matriptase to colocalize with hemagglutinin at the apical surface of human epithelial cells and within endosomes, and we showed that the soluble form of the protease was able to specifically cleave hemagglutinins from H1 virus, but not from H2 and H3 viruses, in a broad pH range. We showed that small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of matriptase in human bronchial epithelial cells significantly blocked influenza virus replication in these cells. Lastly, we provide a selective, slow, tight-binding inhibitor of matriptase that significantly reduces viral replication (by 1.5 log) of H1N1 influenza virus, including the 2009 pandemic virus. Our study establishes a three-pronged model for the action of matriptase: activation of incoming viruses in the extracellular space in its shed form, upon viral attachment or exit in its membrane-bound and/or shed forms at the apical surface of epithelial cells, and within endosomes by its membrane-bound form where viral fusion takes place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Éloïc Colombo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Désilets
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fedson DS, Opal SM. The controversy over H5N1 transmissibility research: an opportunity to define a practical response to a global threat. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:977-86. [PMID: 23391967 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2011, influenza virologists and biosecurity experts have been engaged in a controversial debate over research on the transmissibility of H5N1 influenza viruses. Influenza virologists disagreed with the NSABB's recommendation not to publish experimental details of their findings, whereas biosecurity experts wanted the details to be withheld and future research restricted. The virologists initially declared a voluntary moratorium on their work, but later the NSABB allowed their articles to be published, and soon transmissibility research will resume. Throughout the debate, both sides have had understandable views, but both have overlooked the more important question of whether anything could be done if one of these experimentally derived viruses or a naturally occurring and highly virulent influenza virus should emerge and cause a global pandemic. This is a crucial question, because during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, more than 90% of the world's people had no access to timely supplies of affordable vaccines and antiviral agents. Observational studies suggest that inpatient statin treatment reduces mortality in patients with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza. Other immunomodulatory agents (glitazones, fibrates and AMPK agonists) improve survival in mice infected with influenza viruses. These agents are produced as inexpensive generics in developing countries. If they were shown to be effective, they could be used immediately to treat patients in any country with a basic health care system. For this reason alone, influenza virologists and biosecurity experts need to join with public health officials to develop an agenda for laboratory and clinical research on these agents. This is the only approach that could yield practical measures for a global response to the next influenza pandemic.
Collapse
|