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Taylor BD, Noah AI, Adekanmbi V, Zhang Y, Berenson AB. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances May Be Correlated With Chlamydia trachomatis: Data From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2016. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:750-756. [PMID: 38752649 PMCID: PMC11371533 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) alter immune function increasing infectious diseases risk. We examined the relationship between PFAS and chlamydia. METHODS A total of 3965 nonpregnant adults ages 18-39 years from the National Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2016 cycles were included. Poisson regression with robust error variance estimated the prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the association between PFAS and chlamydia. A g computation model was used to examine PFAS mixtures and chlamydia. RESULTS In adjusted age and sex-stratified models, an increase in PFAS mixtures by one quintile was associated with chlamydia in older males and younger females. Associations were not observed before stratification. CONCLUSIONS PFAS exposure associated with higher chlamydia prevalence, but only in stratified models suggesting biological differences by gender and age. However, small sample sizes could have affected the precision of our models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie DePaoli Taylor
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (B.D.T., A.N., V.A., A.B.); Department of Population Health and Health Disparities, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (B.D.T.); Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women's Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (B.D.T., V.A., A.B.); and Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (Y.Z.)
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Bovungana Q, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. The association of host genes with specific sexually transmitted infections. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2023; 5:1124074. [PMID: 37937275 PMCID: PMC10627165 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2023.1124074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are hazardous to human health worldwide. STIs have a direct influence on sexual and reproductive health and can increase the chances of HIV. Globally, more than 1 million STIs are acquired every day and the majority are asymptomatic. Approximately, 374 million cases of STIs have been reported annually. The most prevalent STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis. These STIs are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and Trichomonas vaginalis. The major factor that contributes to the susceptibility and prognosis of infectious diseases is genetic variation. Host genes play a huge role in STIs and immune response. The production of host factors is stimulated by a variety of bacteria, viruses and parasites and the host factors can play a role in increasing host vulnerability to infection and pathogen persistence. Genetic variation or polymorphisms within certain host genes can influence the course of pathogen infection and disease progression. Polymorphisms can contribute to changes in gene expression and or changes in the protein structure. which may either contribute to/or protect against infection. This review discusses the role of host genes in influencing the susceptibility of the most prevalent STIs caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. We evaluate polymorphisms associated pathogen recognition signalling pathway of these diseases. These polymorphisms may be used as biomarkers to infer risk to specific STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qhama Bovungana
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Pintea-Trifu ML, Bâlici Ş, Siserman CV, Vică ML, Matei HV. Chlamydia trachomatis and the HLA involvement in the development of infection and disease: a narrative review. Med Pharm Rep 2023; 96:335-345. [PMID: 37970191 PMCID: PMC10642737 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction CT (Chlamydia trachomatis) is among the most common pathogens leading to sexually transmitted diseases. Considering the uncertain mechanism by which HLA polymorphisms influence the CT infection, reinfection, comorbidities or evolution and because there is no consensus regarding the alleles involved in the pathogenesis of the infection, we considered necessary to perform a review to summarize the current knowledge of HLA related to CT. Methods Pubmed was researched using key terms. Out of the 198 results found, we analyzed articles of all types which describe how the MHC, through HLA alleles, participates in the different stages of CT penetration in the body, including studies about cells or other molecules involved in the process. Results Almost 40% of the variation in the clinical course of CT infection depends on host genetic factors. There are haplotypes that influence the infection susceptibility/resistance, haplotypes that are involved in the recurrence of the infection, haplotypes that are related to tubal infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease development or trachoma. Antibody to Chsp60 (influenced by MHC genes) has been observed to correlate with late tissue-damaging sequelae. Toll-like receptors were found to increase the susceptibility to CT. The association of HLA-B27 creates susceptibility of reactive arthritis in the organisms infected by CT, but does not influence the carriage of CT. Conclusion We identified HLA haplotypes belonging both to MHC class l and ll, which influence different stages of CT infection. Genetic risk factors still need research, especially on Caucasians. Studies are moving towards designing a safe and effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina-Luciana Pintea-Trifu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ştefana Bâlici
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Costel-Vasile Siserman
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela-Laura Vică
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horea-Vladi Matei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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DePaoli Taylor B, Criscitiello MF, Bazer FW, Richardson LS, Noah A, Haggerty CL. Functional interferon-epsilon gene polymorphisms and sexually transmitted infections of the endometrium. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 90:e13754. [PMID: 37491918 PMCID: PMC10793201 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Interferon-epsilon (IFNε) is the only type I IFN constitutively expressed in the female reproductive tract and fluctuates across the menstrual cycle in humans. Mouse models show that IFNε protects against Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes Simplex Virus, HIV, and Zika in mice, but human studies are limited. Bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STI) can ascend to the upper genital tract and cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and subsequent infertility. However, the host immunological mechanisms that play a role in the ascension and infection of the endometrium in individuals with clinically suspected PID are not elucidated. METHOD OF STUDY This pilot investigation determined if IFNε gene variants are associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and endometrial infection with C. trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Mycoplasma genitalium using biospecimens from 154 self-report Black individuals who participated in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study. RESULTS The T allele for rs2039381 was associated with endometrial STI infection (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0-7.1) and the C allele for rs1125488 was inversely associated with BV (OR: .2, 95% CI: .05-.8). CONCLUSIONS Few studies have examined IFNε gene variants, our study raises the possibility that IFNε gene variants may be a potential host contributor to STI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie DePaoli Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Lauren S. Richardson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Akaninyene Noah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Catherine L. Haggerty
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Ortiz B, Driscoll A, Menon R, Taylor BD, Richardson LS. Chlamydia trachomatis antigen induces TLR4-TAB1-mediated inflammation, but not cell death, in maternal decidua cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13664. [PMID: 36495029 PMCID: PMC10436189 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During gestation, the decidua is an essential layer of the maternal-fetal interface, providing immune support and maintaining inflammatory homeostasis. Although Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes the pathogenic effects on maternal decidua contributing to adverse events are not understood. This study examined how C. trachomatis antigen affects cell signaling, cell death, and inflammation in the decidua. METHODS Primary decidua cells (pDECs) from term, not-in-labor, fetal membrane-decidua were cultured using the following conditions: (1) control - standard cell culture conditions, (2) 100 ng/ml or (3) 200 ng/ml of C. trachomatis antigen to model decidual cell infection in vitro. Differential expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 (receptor for C. trachomatis antigen), signaling pathway markers phosphorylated TGF-Beta Activated Kinase 1 (PTAB1), TAB1, phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (Pp38 MAPK), and p38 MAPK (western blot), decidual cell apoptosis and necrosis (flow cytometry), and inflammation (ELISA for cytokines) were determined in cells exposed to C. trachomatis antigen. T-test was used to assess statistical significance (p < 0.05). RESULTS C. trachomatis antigen significantly induced expression of TLR4 (p = 0.03) and activation of TAB1 (p = 0.02) compared to controls. However, it did not induce p38 MAPK activation. In addition, pDECs maintained their stromal cell morphology when exposed to C. trachomatis antigen showing no signs of apoptosis and/or necrosis but did induce pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 (100 ng/ml: p = 0.02 and 200 ng/ml: p = 0.03), in pDECs compared to controls. CONCLUSION Prenatal C. trachomatis infection can produce antigens that induce TLR4-TAB1 signaling and IL-6 inflammation independent of Pp38 MAPK and apoptosis and necrosis. This suggests that C. trachomatis can imbalance decidual inflammatory homeostasis, potentially contributing to adverse events during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Ortiz
- School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley Driscoll
- School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA
| | - Brandie D. Taylor
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA
| | - Lauren S. Richardson
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA
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Zhong W, Kollipara A, Liu Y, Wang Y, O’Connell CM, Poston TB, Yount K, Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Li Y, Darville T, Zheng X. Genetic susceptibility loci for Chlamydia trachomatis endometrial infection influence expression of genes involved in T cell function, tryptophan metabolism and epithelial integrity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001255. [PMID: 36248887 PMCID: PMC9562917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Identify genetic loci of enhanced susceptibility to Chlamydial trachomatis (Ct) upper genital tract infection in women. Methods We performed an integrated analysis of DNA genotypes and blood-derived mRNA profiles from 200 Ct-exposed women to identify expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and determine their association with endometrial chlamydial infection using a mediation test. We further evaluated the effect of a lead eQTL on the expression of CD151 by immune cells from women with genotypes associated with low and high whole blood expression of CD151, respectively. Results We identified cis-eQTLs modulating mRNA expression of 81 genes (eGenes) associated with altered risk of ascending infection. In women with endometrial infection, eGenes involved in proinflammatory signaling were upregulated. Downregulated eGenes included genes involved in T cell functions pivotal for chlamydial control. eGenes encoding molecules linked to metabolism of tryptophan, an essential chlamydial nutrient, and formation of epithelial tight junctions were also downregulated in women with endometrial infection. A lead eSNP rs10902226 was identified regulating CD151, a tetrospanin molecule important for immune cell adhesion and migration and T cell proliferation. Further in vitro experiments showed that women with a CC genotype at rs10902226 had reduced rates of endometrial infection with increased CD151 expression in whole blood and T cells when compared to women with a GG genotype. Conclusions We discovered genetic variants associated with altered risk for Ct ascension. A lead eSNP for CD151 is a candidate genetic marker for enhanced CD4 T cell function and reduced susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujuan Zhong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Avinash Kollipara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Catherine M. O’Connell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Taylor B. Poston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kacy Yount
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Harold C. Wiesenfeld
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sharon L. Hillier
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Toni Darville
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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7
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Mostafa M, Elwasify M, Fathy AA, Abdelsalam M. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:2009-2024. [PMID: 35815676 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2093118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common psychiatric disorder that exhibits a variety of symptoms. The exact etiology and pathogenesis are still doubtful. However, genetic and environmental factors seem to have a role. Years ago, the role of the immune system was focused on auto-antibodies, cytokines, different types of immune cells and immune genes. The Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a cornerstone of the innate immune system, particularly TLR4. TLR4 primarily recognises gram-negative lipopolysaccharides bacteria. This case-control study, for the first time to our knowledge, examined the role of TLR4 gene polymorphisms in 142 Egyptian schizophrenic patients and 175 healthy controls. Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated in the TLR4 gene rs11536889, rs10759931, rs1927911, and rs1927914. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used in diagnosis and assessment. A statistically significant association was observed between rs11536889, rs1927911 and rs1927914, but no association was found between rs10759931. There was no association between the different SNP genotypes and PANSS, except between rs1927914 and general psychopathologic symptoms. This study shows a strong association between TLR4 rs11356889 and rs1927911 minor alleles and schizophrenia. These findings could be additional evidence for the immune system's role in schizophrenia development. However, more studies with a more significant sample number, TLR4 protein assessment, and a larger number of SNPs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Mostafa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elwasify
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Aya Ahmed Fathy
- Department of Public Health, and Community, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maha Abdelsalam
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Immunology, Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo Egypt
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Barnes AB, Keener RM, Schott BH, Wang L, Valdivia RH, Ko DC. Human genetic diversity regulating the TLR10/TLR1/TLR6 locus confers increased cytokines in response to Chlamydia trachomatis. HGG ADVANCES 2022; 3:100071. [PMID: 35047856 PMCID: PMC8756536 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2021.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetic diversity can have profound effects on health outcomes upon exposure to infectious agents. For infections with Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), the wide range of genital and ocular disease manifestations are likely influenced by human genetic differences that regulate interactions between C. trachomatis and host cells. We leveraged this diversity in cellular responses to demonstrate the importance of variation at the Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR6, and TLR10 locus to cytokine production in response to C. trachomatis. We determined that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs1057807), located in a region that forms a loop with the TLR6 promoter, is associated with increased expression of TLR1, TLR6, and TLR10 and secreted levels of ten C. trachomatis-induced cytokines. Production of these C. trachomatis-induced cytokines is primarily dependent on MyD88 and TLR6 based on experiments using inhibitors, blocking antibodies, RNAi, and protein overexpression. Population genetic analyses further demonstrated that the mean IL-6 response of cells from two European populations were higher than the mean response of cells from three African populations and that this difference was partially attributable to variation in rs1057807 allele frequency. In contrast, a SNP associated with a different pro-inflammatory cytokine (rs2869462 associated with the chemokine CXCL10) exhibited an opposite response, underscoring the complexity of how different genetic variants contribute to an individual's immune response. This multidisciplinary study has identified a long-range chromatin interaction and genetic variation that regulates TLR6 to broaden our understanding of how human genetic variation affects the C. trachomatis-induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson B. Barnes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel M. Keener
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Raphael H. Valdivia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Chauhan A, Pandey N, Jain N. A review of methods for detecting single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor gene family. Biomark Med 2021; 15:1187-1198. [PMID: 34402632 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptors play an essential role in immunity through targeting the pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Nucleotide variations in TLR genes, especially single-nucleotide polymorphisms, have been shown to alter host immune susceptibility to several infections and diseases. Since TLR genes' polymorphisms can be a promising biomarker, ongoing investigations aim to develop, optimize and validate SNP detection methods. This review discusses various TLR SNP detection methods, either used extensively or occasionally, but having a vast potential in high-throughput settings. Methods such as PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, TaqMan® assay, direct sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight mass spectroscopy MS are frequently used methods whereas Illumina GoldenGate® assay, reverse hybridization technology, PCR-confronting two-pair primers, KBiosciences KASPar® SNP assay, SNP stream®, PCR-fluorescence hybridization and SNaPshot® are powerful but sporadically used methods. We suggest that, for individual laboratories, the detection method of choice depends on a combination of factors such as throughput volume, reproducibility, feasibility and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chauhan
- P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science & Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, 388421, India.,Norgen Biotek Corp., Ontario, L2V 4Y6, Canada
| | - Nilesh Pandey
- P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science & Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, 388421, India.,Charotar Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Charotar University of Science & Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, 388421, India
| | - Neeraj Jain
- P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science & Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, 388421, India
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Brunham RC, Paavonen J. Reproductive system infections in women: lower genital tract syndromes. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:5848196. [PMID: 32463432 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynecological and obstetrical infectious diseases are an important component of women's health. A system approach to gynecological and obstetrical infection helps unify and classify microbial etiology and pathogenesis within a clinical anatomical framework of lower and upper genital tract syndromes. The reproductive system of women includes the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. During pregnancy, additional tissues include the chorioamnion and placenta together with the fetus and amniotic fluid. We review in two parts reproductive system infection syndromes in women using selected research results to illustrate the clinical utility of the system approach in terms of diagnosis, treatment and prevention. We conclude that a reproductive system perspective will lead to improvements in understanding, management and prevention of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Brunham
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC V5Z 4R4, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jorma Paavonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
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Kayesh MEH, Hashem MA, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Toll-Like Receptor and Cytokine Responses to Infection with Endogenous and Exogenous Koala Retrovirus, and Vaccination as a Control Strategy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:52-64. [PMID: 33946297 PMCID: PMC8928999 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Koala populations are currently declining and under threat from koala retrovirus (KoRV) infection both in the wild and in captivity. KoRV is assumed to cause immunosuppression and neoplastic diseases, favoring chlamydiosis in koalas. Currently, 10 KoRV subtypes have been identified, including an endogenous subtype (KoRV-A) and nine exogenous subtypes (KoRV-B to KoRV-J). The host’s immune response acts as a safeguard against pathogens. Therefore, a proper understanding of the immune response mechanisms against infection is of great importance for the host’s survival, as well as for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. A vaccine is an important protective as well as being a therapeutic tool against infectious disease, and several studies have shown promise for the development of an effective vaccine against KoRV. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing has opened a new window for gene therapy, and it appears to be a potential therapeutic tool in many viral infections, which could also be investigated for the treatment of KoRV infection. Here, we discuss the recent advances made in the understanding of the immune response in KoRV infection, as well as the progress towards vaccine development against KoRV infection in koalas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.E.H.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abul Hashem
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.E.H.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Department of Health, Chattogram City Corporation, Chattogram 4000, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.E.H.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-3589
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Grolmusz VK, Bozsik A, Papp J, Patócs A. Germline Genetic Variants of Viral Entry and Innate Immunity May Influence Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Toward a Polygenic Risk Score for Risk Stratification. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653489. [PMID: 33763088 PMCID: PMC7982482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has affected all aspects of human society with a special focus on healthcare. Although older patients with preexisting chronic illnesses are more prone to develop severe complications, younger, healthy individuals might also exhibit serious manifestations. Previous studies directed to detect genetic susceptibility factors for earlier epidemics have provided evidence of certain protective variations. Following SARS-CoV-2 exposure, viral entry into cells followed by recognition and response by the innate immunity are key determinants of COVID-19 development. In the present review our aim was to conduct a thorough review of the literature on the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as key agents affecting the viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity. Several SNPs within the scope of our approach were found to alter susceptibility to various bacterial and viral infections. Additionally, a multitude of studies confirmed genetic associations between the analyzed genes and autoimmune diseases, underlining the versatile immune consequences of these variants. Based on confirmed associations it is highly plausible that the SNPs affecting viral entry and innate immunity might confer altered susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complex clinical consequences. Anticipating several COVID-19 genomic susceptibility loci based on the ongoing genome wide association studies, our review also proposes that a well-established polygenic risk score would be able to clinically leverage the acquired knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Kornél Grolmusz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network—Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Bozsik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network—Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Papp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network—Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network—Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Yadav S, Verma V, Singh Dhanda R, Yadav M. Insights into the toll-like receptors in sexually transmitted infections. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12954. [PMID: 32762084 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are like soldiers of an innate immune system, which protects vital biological processes against invading pathogens. TLR signalling pathways help in the removal of pathogens and mediate well-established inflammatory processes. However, these processes may also aid in the development or augmentation of an infection or an autoimmune disease. Recent studies have delineated TLR polymorphism's role in the loss of function, making hosts more resistant or vulnerable to the development of an infection. In this review, we have discussed the association of TLRs with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially to the pathogen-specific ligands. We have also assessed the impact on TLR downstream signalling and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis during immune responses. Besides, we have discussed the role of TLRs single nucleotide polymorphisms in various STIs. Since TLRs are known to play a part in defence mechanisms and in aiding infections therefore, a thorough understanding of TLRs structure and molecular mechanisms is required to explain how they can influence the outcome of an STI. Such a strategy may lead to the development of novel and useful immunotherapeutic approaches to control pathogen progression and prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Verma
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Manisha Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Pathogen-associated selection on innate immunity genes (TLR4, TLR7) in a neotropical rodent in landscapes differing in anthropogenic disturbance. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 125:184-199. [PMID: 32616896 PMCID: PMC7490709 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form part of the innate immune system and can recognize structurally conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules. Their functional importance in the resistance to pathogens has been documented in laboratory experimental settings and in humans. TLR diversity, however, has been rarely investigated in wildlife species. How the genetic diversity of TLRs is associated with various pathogens and how it is shaped by habitat disturbance are understudied. Therefore, we investigated the role of genetic diversity in the functionally important parts of TLR4 and TLR7 genes in resistance towards gastrointestinal nematodes and Hepacivirus infection. We chose a generalist study species, the rodent Proechimys semispinosus, because it is highly abundant in three Panamanian landscapes that differ in their degree of anthropogenic modification. We detected only two TLR7 haplotypes that differed by one synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) position. The TLR4 variability was higher, and we detected four TLR4 haplotypes that differed at one synonymous SNP and at three amino acid positions within the leucine-rich repeat region. Only TLR4 haplotypes had different frequencies in each landscape. Using generalized linear models, we found evidence that nematode loads and virus prevalence were influenced by both specific TLR4 haplotypes and landscape. Here, the variable “landscape” served as a surrogate for the important influential ecological factors distinguishing landscapes in our study, i.e. species diversity and host population density. Individuals carrying the common TLR4_Ht1 haplotype were less intensely infected by the most abundant strongyle nematode. Individuals carrying the rare TLR4_Ht3 haplotype were all Hepacivirus-positive, where those carrying the rare haplotype TLR4_Ht4 were less often infected by Hepacivirus than individuals with other haplotypes. Our study highlights the role of TLR diversity in pathogen resistance and the importance of considering immune genetic as well as ecological factors in order to understand the effects of anthropogenic changes on wildlife health.
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15
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Association of variants in selected genes mediating host immune response with duration of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Genes Immun 2020; 21:240-248. [PMID: 32507857 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Host genetic variation may be a contributing factor to variability in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia duration. We assessed whether 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven genes (TLR2, TLR4, TIRAP, IRAK4, TRAF6, NOD2, and CISH) that mediate host immune response were associated with S. aureus bacteremia duration. Subjects included 158 patients with short-term (≤4 days) and 44 with persistent (>4 days) S. aureus bacteremia from an academic medical center. In single SNP analyses, the minor allele frequencies of three TIRAP SNPs (rs655540, rs563011, and rs8177376) were higher in persistent bacteremia (P < 0.05). A haplotype with all three minor alleles was also associated with persistent bacteremia (P = 0.037). The minor allele frequencies of four other TIRAP SNPs (rs8177342, rs4937114, rs3802813, and rs4937115) were higher in short-term bacteremia (P < 0.05), and a haplotype containing the four minor alleles was associated with short-term bacteremia (P = 0.045). All seven SNPs are located in binding sites for proteins or noncoding RNAs that regulate transcription. None of the associations remained statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Further investigation is needed to understand how genetic variation in TIRAP and other host immune genes may influence the duration of S. aureus bacteremia.
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16
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Chauhan A, Pandey N, Desai A, Raithatha N, Patel P, Choxi Y, Kapadia R, Khandelwal R, Jain N. Association of TLR4 and TLR9 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with cervicitis susceptibility. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220330. [PMID: 31365550 PMCID: PMC6668796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervicitis is one of the major health problems amongst women caused by infection of various pathogens including Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) as well as human papillomavirus (HPV), and persistent cervical inflammation is one of the etiologic agents of cervical cancer. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition and subsequent elimination of these pathogens. Variations in the Toll-like receptor genes influence susceptibility to pathogens as well as disease progression independently. METHODS Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms, five each of TLR4 and TLR9 genes were analyzed among 130 cervicitis patients and 150 controls either using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism or allele specific-PCR. RESULTS T. vaginalis infection was found at the highest frequency (30.7%) as compared to C. trachomatis (1.5%), N. gonorrhoeae (2.3%) and HPV (4.6%) infections in cervicitis patients. TLR4 rs11536889 CC (age-adjusted OR, 2.469 [95% CI, 1.499 to 4.065]; p < 0.001) and TLR9 rs187084 TC (age-adjusted OR, 2.165 [95% CI, 1.267-3.699]; p = 0.005) genotypes showed the higher distribution in cervicitis patients compared to controls. In addition, TLR4 rs11536889 C allele was shown to increase the risk of cervicitis (age-adjusted OR, 1.632 [95% CI, 1.132 to 2.352]; p = 0.009) compared to controls. The TLR4 haplotype GCA (OR, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.38-0.95]; p = 0.0272) and TLR9 haplotype GTA (OR, 1.99 [95% CI, 1.14-3.48]; p = 0.014) were found to be associated with decreased and increased risk of cervicitis respectively. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphisms, as well as haplotypes were shown to modulate the cervicitis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chauhan
- P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Anand, India
| | - Nilesh Pandey
- P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Anand, India
| | - Ajesh Desai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nitin Raithatha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pramukh Swami Medical College, Shree Krishna Hospital, Karamsad, India
| | - Purvi Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sir Sayajirao General Hospital and Medical College Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Yesha Choxi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rutul Kapadia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ronak Khandelwal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sir Sayajirao General Hospital and Medical College Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Neeraj Jain
- P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Anand, India
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17
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Mukherjee S, Huda S, Sinha Babu SP. Toll-like receptor polymorphism in host immune response to infectious diseases: A review. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12771. [PMID: 31054156 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunopolymorphism is considered as an important aspect behind the resistance or susceptibility of the host to an infectious disease. Over the years, researchers have explored many genetic factors for their role in immune surveillance against infectious diseases. Polymorphic characters in the gene encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play profound roles in inducing differential immune responses by the host against parasitic infections. Protein(s) encoded by TLR gene(s) are immensely important due to their ability of recognizing different types of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This study reviews the polymorphic residues present in the nucleotide or in the amino acid sequence of TLRs and their influence on alteration of inflammatory signalling pathways promoting either susceptibility or resistance to major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria and filariasis. Population-based studies exploring TLR polymorphisms in humans are primarily emphasized to discuss the association of the polymorphic residues with the occurrence and epidemiology of the mentioned infectious diseases. Principal polymorphic residues in TLRs influencing immunity to infection are mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). I602S (TLR1), R677W (TLR2), P554S (TLR3), D299G (TLR4), F616L (TLR5), S249P (TLR6), Q11L (TLR7), M1V (TLR8), G1174A (TLR9) and G1031T (TLR10) are presented as the major influential SNPs in shaping immunity to pathogenic infections. The contribution of these SNPs in the structure-function relationship of TLRs is yet not clear. Therefore, molecular studies on such polymorphisms can improve our understanding on the genetic basis of the immune response and pave the way for therapeutic intervention in a more feasible way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahel Huda
- Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Santi P Sinha Babu
- Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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18
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Taylor BD, Totten PA, Astete SG, Ferris MJ, Martin DH, Ness RB, Haggerty CL. Toll-like receptor variants and cervical Atopobium vaginae infection in women with pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 79:10.1111/aji.12804. [PMID: 29286178 PMCID: PMC5826617 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Toll-like (TLR) receptor genetic variants have been implicated in bacterial vaginosis (BV). We determined whether TLR variants are associated with fastidious BV-associated microbes that are linked with infertility following pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). METHOD OF STUDY Sneathia spp., Atopobium vaginae, BVAB1, and Ureaplasma urealyticum were measured in 250 women from the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated adjusting for chlamydia and gonorrhea. Principal component analysis was used to adjust for population stratification. A false discovery rate q-value of 0.05 was significant. RESULTS TLR2-1733C>A (P = .003) and TLR2-616A>G (P = .004) were associated with cervical A. vaginae. TLR2-1733C>A and TLR6-438C>T were associated with A. vaginae detection in the endometrium, but this was not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons (FDR q-value = 0.06). CONCLUSION Host gene variants in TLR2 signaling pathways were modestly associated with cervical A. vaginae in women with clinical PID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie D Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patricia A Totten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sabina G Astete
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J Ferris
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David H Martin
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Roberta B Ness
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine L Haggerty
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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A novel vitamin D receptor polymorphism associated with leprosy. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 89:304-307. [PMID: 29290530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Iqbal MS, Ashfaq UA, Khaliq S, Masoud MS, Qasim M, Haque A, Ghani MU, Jahan S. Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism as pretreatment predictor of response to HCV genotype 3a interferon-based treatment. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene may exaggerate the chances and pathogenesis of HCV. Aim: This study intends to examine the relationship of genetic polymorphisms of TLR4 with HCV disease in Pakistani patients. Methodology: For this purpose, 500 blood samples were collected to confirm the genetic profile of all the subjects. Results: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TLR4 gene, rs4986790 (A>G), was genotyped in 400 HCV infected and 100 healthy individuals. The TLR4 gene was associated with a significantly increased risk of HCV-related diseases in comparing genotype assessments in patients and controls (pooled OR [95%CI]: 1.671 [0.946–2.949] for dominant; 0.503 [0.221–1.145] for recessive; 2.33 [1.518–3.576] for allele frequency). Subgroup analyses showed an increased risk of HCV infection and effect on interferon therapy associated with AA+AG/GG genotypes of rs4986790 (2.033 [1.094–3.778]). Conclusion: TLR4 SNP rs4986790 was found to be related to HCV-infected patients in the Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarfaraz Iqbal
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saba Khaliq
- Department of Physiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shareef Masoud
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Haque
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghani
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shah Jahan
- Department of Physiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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21
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Huang C, Zhang H, Bai R, Wang L, Lv J. A896G and C1196T Polymorphisms Within the TLR4 Gene Abate Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Signaling in HepG2 Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:1029-1038. [PMID: 28945461 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) appears to play an important role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but it is unclear whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR4 gene influence HCC. In this study, we investigated the effects of TLR4 SNPs on HepG2 cell survival and proliferation, migration, and invasion. Plasmids carrying wild-type or mutant versions of the TLR4 gene (A896G and/or C1196T) were stably transfected into HepG2 cells, and cell viability and proliferation were analyzed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assays, whereas apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Migration and invasion were measured in a transwell chamber assay, and expression of inflammatory cytokines and downstream effectors was examined using real-time PCR and western blotting. Specific inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) were added to the HepG2 cultures to explore the potential role of each pathway in TLR4 signaling. TLR4 SNPs did not affect expression levels in transfected cells. Compared with wild-type TLR4, mutant TLR4 was associated with lower cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptotic threshold. In addition, the mutations were associated with significantly lower expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), IL-6, and TGF-β1, even after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. The expression of p-Akt was similar in the presence of wild-type or mutant TLR4. The 896G and 1196T SNPs in the TLR4 gene are associated with reduced TLR4-mediated signaling and, therefore, with lower survival, proliferation, and metastasis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Ruidan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
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Nosratababadi R, Bagheri V, Zare-Bidaki M, Hakimi H, Zainodini N, Kazemi Arababadi M. Toll like receptor 4: an important molecule in recognition and induction of appropriate immune responses against Chlamydia infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 51:27-33. [PMID: 28504091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular pathogens causing different infectious diseases particularly asymptomatic genital infections and are also responsible for a wide range of complications. Previous studies showed that there are different immune responses to Chlamydia species and their infections are limited to some cases. Moreover, Chlamydia species are able to alter immune responses through modulating the expression of some immune system related molecules including cytokines. Toll like receptors (TLRs) belonge to pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and play vital roles in recognition of microbes and stimulation of appropriate immune responses. Therefore, it appears that TLRs may be considered as important sensors for recognition of Chlamydia and promotion of immune responses against these bacterial infections. Accordingly, TLR4 detects several microbial PAMPs such as bacterial lipopolysacharide (LPS) and subsequently activates transcription from pro-inflammatory cytokines in both MYD88 and TRIF pathways dependent manner. The purpose of this review is to provide the recent data about the status and major roles played by TLR4 in Chlamydia species recognition and promotion of immune responses against these infections and also the relationship between TLR4 activities and pathogenesis of Chlamydia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nosratababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Bagheri
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zare-Bidaki
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamid Hakimi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Nahid Zainodini
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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23
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Santana NDL, Rêgo JL, Oliveira JM, Almeida LFD, Braz M, Machado LMM, Machado PRL, Castellucci LC. Polymorphisms in genes TLR1, 2 and 4 are associated with differential cytokine and chemokine serum production in patients with leprosy. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:260-268. [PMID: 28327786 PMCID: PMC5354609 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy or hansen's disease is a spectral disease whose clinical forms mostly depends on host's immune and genetic factors. Different Toll-like receptors (TLR) variants have been described associated with leprosy, but with some lack of replication across different populations. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of polymorphisms in genes TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4 and susceptibility to leprosy in a genetic case control study; to verify the association between genotypes of these markers and the immunological profile in the serum of patients with leprosy. METHODS Pre-designed TaqMan® assays were used to genotype markers at TLR1 (rs4833095, rs5743551), TLR2 (rs7656411, rs3804099) and TLR4 (rs1927914, rs1927911). A panel of cytokines and chemokines was accessed by enzime-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in the serum of a subgroup of patients with and without leprosy reactions. FINDINGS Our results show an association between the T allele of rs3804099 at the TLR2 gene and increased risk for leprosy per se [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.296, p = 0,022]. In addition, evaluating the association between different genotypes of the TLR1, 2 and 4 markers and cytokine/chemokine serological levels, IL-17 appears as an immunological marker regulated by the polymorphism of the three TLR genes evaluated, whereas different TLR1 genotypes were associated with differential production of IL-12p40 and MCP-1(CCL2). Furthermore, other relevant serum markers such as CXCL-10 and IL-6 seemed to be regulated by TLR2 variants and IL-1β was related to TLR4 genotypes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS All together our data points that the tested TLR markers may have a regulatory role in the immunity against Mycobacterium leprae, by driving the host's production of key cytokines and chemokines involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja de Lima Santana
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Jamile Leão Rêgo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Joyce Moura Oliveira
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Lucas Frederico de Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Marcos Braz
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Paulo Roberto Lima Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Léa Cristina Castellucci
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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24
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Taylor BD, Zheng X, Darville T, Zhong W, Konganti K, Abiodun-Ojo O, Ness RB, O'Connell CM, Haggerty CL. Whole-Exome Sequencing to Identify Novel Biological Pathways Associated With Infertility After Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44:35-41. [PMID: 27898568 PMCID: PMC5145761 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideal management of sexually transmitted infections (STI) may require risk markers for pathology or vaccine development. Previously, we identified common genetic variants associated with chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and reduced fecundity. As this explains only a proportion of the long-term morbidity risk, we used whole-exome sequencing to identify biological pathways that may be associated with STI-related infertility. METHODS We obtained stored DNA from 43 non-Hispanic black women with PID from the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health Study. Infertility was assessed at a mean of 84 months. Principal component analysis revealed no population stratification. Potential covariates did not significantly differ between groups. Sequencing kernel association test was used to examine associations between aggregates of variants on a single gene and infertility. The results from the sequencing kernel association test were used to choose "focus genes" (P < 0.01; n = 150) for subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to identify "gene sets" that are enriched in biologically relevant pathways. RESULTS Pathway analysis revealed that focus genes were enriched in canonical pathways including, IL-1 signaling, P2Y purinergic receptor signaling, and bone morphogenic protein signaling. CONCLUSIONS Focus genes were enriched in pathways that impact innate and adaptive immunity, protein kinase A activity, cellular growth, and DNA repair. These may alter host resistance or immunopathology after infection. Targeted sequencing of biological pathways identified in this study may provide insight into STI-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie D Taylor
- From the *Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; †Department of Pediatrics, ‡Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; §Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; ¶University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX; and ∥Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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25
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Al-Anazi MR, Nazir N, Abdo AA, Sanai FM, Alkahtani S, Alarifi S, Alkahtane AA, Al-Yahya H, Ali D, Alessia MS, Al-Ahdal MN, Al-Qahtani AA. Genetic variations of NOD2 and MD2 genes in hepatitis B virus infection. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 26:270-280. [PMID: 31485165 PMCID: PMC6717085 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) have crucial roles in the innate immune system. NOD2 is a member of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), while MD-2 is a co-receptor for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which comprises another group of PRRs. Genetic variations in the NOD2 and MD-2 genes may be susceptibility factors to viral pathogens including hepatitis B virus (HBV). We investigated whether polymorphisms at NOD2 (rs2066845 and rs2066844) or at MD-2 (rs6472812 and rs11466004) were associated with susceptibility to HBV infection and advancement to related liver complications in a Saudi Arabian population. Methods: A total of 786 HBV-infected patients and 600 healthy uninfected controls were analyzed in the present study. HBV-infected patients were categorized into three groups based on the clinical stage of the infection: inactive HBV carriers, active HBV carriers, and patients with liver cirrhosis + hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Results: All four SNPs were significantly associated with susceptibility to HBV infection although none of the SNPs tested in NOD2 and MD-2 were significantly associated with persistence of HBV infection. We found that HBV-infected patients that were homozygous CC for rs2066845 in the NOD2 gene were at a significantly increased risk of progression to HBV-related liver complications (Odds Ratio = 7.443 and P = 0.044). Furthermore, haplotype analysis found that the rs2066844-rs2066845 C-G and T-G haplotypes at the NOD2 gene and four rs6472812-rs11466004 haplotypes (G-C, G-T, A-C, and A-T) at the MD-2 gene were significantly associated with HBV infection in the affected cohort compared to those found in our control group. Conclusion: We found that the single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2066844 and rs2066845 at NOD2 and rs6472812 and rs11466004 at MD-2 were associated with susceptibility to HBV infection in a Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael R Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nyla Nazir
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A Abdo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal M Sanai
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alkahtane
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Al-Yahya
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Alessia
- Department of Biology, Science College, AI-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Finethy R, Coers J. Sensing the enemy, containing the threat: cell-autonomous immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:875-893. [PMID: 28201690 PMCID: PMC5975928 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of the most common sexually transmitted infection in North America and Europe. Medical complications resulting from genital C. trachomatis infections arise predominantly in women where the initial infections often remain asymptomatic and thus unrecognized. Untreated asymptomatic infections in women can ascend into the upper genital tract and establish persistence, ultimately resulting in extensive scarring of the reproductive organs, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancies. Previously resolved C. trachomatis infections fail to provide protective immune memory, and no effective vaccine against C. trachomatis is currently available. Critical determinants of the pathogenesis and immunogenicity of genital C. trachomatis infections are cell-autonomous immune responses. Cell-autonomous immunity describes the ability of an individual host cell to launch intrinsic immune circuits that execute the detection, containment and elimination of cell-invading pathogens. As an obligate intracellular pathogen C. trachomatis is constantly under attack by cell-intrinsic host defenses. Accordingly, C. trachomatis evolved to subvert and co-opt cell-autonomous immune pathways. This review will provide a critical summary of our current understanding of cell-autonomous immunity to C. trachomatis and its role in shaping host resistance, inflammation and adaptive immunity to genital C. trachomatis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Finethy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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27
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Shen CC, Yang AC, Hung JH, Hu LY, Chiang YY, Tsai SJ. Risk of psychiatric disorders following pelvic inflammatory disease: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2016; 37:6-11. [PMID: 26821967 DOI: 10.3109/0167482x.2015.1124852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) a common infection in women that is associated with significant morbidity and is a major cause of infertility. A clear temporal causal relationship between PID and psychiatric disorders has not been well established. We used a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study to explore the relationship between PID and the subsequent development of psychiatric disorders. We identified subjects who were newly diagnosed with PID between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2002 in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A comparison cohort was constructed for patients without PID. A total of 21 930 PID and 21 930 matched control patients were observed until diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, or until death, withdrawal from the NHI system, or until 31 December 2009. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and sleep disorder in subjects with PID were significantly higher (HR: 2.671, 2.173, 2.006 and 2.251, respectively) than that of the controls during the follow-up. PID may increase the risk of subsequent newly diagnosed bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and sleep disorder, which will impair life quality. Our findings highlight that clinicians should pay particular attention to psychiatric comorbidities in PID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Che Shen
- a Department of Psychiatry , Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital , Chiayi , Taiwan .,b Department of Information Management , National Chung-Cheng University , Chiayi , Taiwan .,c School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Albert C Yang
- c School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan .,d Department of Psychiatry , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Hsiu Hung
- e Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Hu
- d Department of Psychiatry , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan .,f Department of Psychiatry , Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan , and
| | - Yung-Yen Chiang
- g Department of Dental Technology and Materials , Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- c School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan .,d Department of Psychiatry , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
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28
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Schad J, Voigt CC. Adaptive evolution of virus-sensing toll-like receptor 8 in bats. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:783-795. [PMID: 27502317 PMCID: PMC7079948 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, bats have gained attention as potential reservoir hosts for emerging zoonotic single-stranded (ssRNA) viruses that may prove fatal for humans and other mammals. It has been hypothesized that some features of their innate immune system may enable bats to trigger an efficient early immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a first line defense within the innate immune system and lie directly at the host–pathogen interface in targeting specific microbe-molecular patterns. However, the direction and strength of selection acting on TLRs are largely unknown for bats. Here, we studied the selection on viral ssRNA sensing TLR8 based on sequence data of 21 bat species. The major part (63 %) of the TLR8 gene evolved under purifying selection, likely due to functional constraints. We also found evidence for persistent positive selection acting on specific amino acid sites (7 %), especially when compared to viral TLR evolution of other mammals. All of these putatively positively selected codons were located in the ligand-binding ectodomain, some coincidenced or were in close proximity to functional sites, as suggested by the crystallographic structure of the human TLR8. This might contribute to the inter-species variation in the ability to recognize molecular patterns of viruses. TLR8 evolution within bats revealed that branches leading to ancestral and recent lineages evolved under episodic positive selection, indicating selective selection pressures in restricted bat lineages. Altogether, we found that the TLR8 displays extensive sequence variation within bats and that unique features separate them from humans and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schad
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Seminal Fluid-Mediated Inflammation in Physiology and Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:9707252. [PMID: 27446968 PMCID: PMC4947502 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9707252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a multifaceted process involving a host of resident and recruited immune cells that eliminate the insult or injury and initiate tissue repair. In the female reproductive tract (FMRT), inflammation-mediated alterations in epithelial, vascular, and immune functions are important components of complex physiological processes and many local and systemic pathologies. It is well established that intracoital and postcoital function of seminal fluid (SF) goes beyond nutritive support for the spermatozoa cells. SF, in particular, the inflammatory bioactive lipids, and prostaglandins present in vast quantities in SF, have a role in localized immune modulation and regulation of pathways that can exacerbate inflammation in the FMRT. In sexually active women SF-mediated inflammation has been implicated in physiologic processes such as ovulation, implantation, and parturition while also enhancing tumorigenesis and susceptibility to infection. This review highlights the molecular mechanism by which SF regulates inflammatory pathways in the FMRT and how alterations in these pathways contribute to physiology and pathology of the female reproductive function. In addition, based on findings from TaqMan® 96-Well Plate Arrays, on neoplastic cervical cells treated with SF, we discuss new findings on the role of SF as a potent driver of inflammatory and tumorigenic pathways in the cervix.
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30
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Smieszek T, White PJ. Apparently-Different Clearance Rates from Cohort Studies of Mycoplasma genitalium Are Consistent after Accounting for Incidence of Infection, Recurrent Infection, and Study Design. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149087. [PMID: 26910762 PMCID: PMC4766284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is a potentially major cause of urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and increased HIV risk. A better understanding of its natural history is crucial to informing control policy. Two extensive cohort studies (students in London, UK; Ugandan sex workers) suggest very different clearance rates; we aimed to understand the reasons and obtain improved estimates by making maximal use of the data from the studies. As M. genitalium is a sexually-transmitted infectious disease, we developed a model for time-to-event analysis that incorporates the processes of (re)infection and clearance, and fitted to data from the two cohort studies to estimate incidence and clearance rates under different scenarios of sexual partnership dynamics and study design (including sample handling and associated test sensitivity). In the London students, the estimated clearance rate is 0.80p.a. (mean duration 15 months), with incidence 1.31%-3.93%p.a. Without adjusting for study design, corresponding estimates from the Ugandan data are 3.44p.a. (mean duration 3.5 months) and 58%p.a. Apparent differences in clearance rates are probably mostly due to lower testing sensitivity in the Uganda study due to differences in sample handling, with 'true' clearance rates being similar, and adjusted incidence in Uganda being 28%p.a. Some differences are perhaps due to the sex workers having more-frequent antibiotic treatment, whilst reinfection within ongoing sexual partnerships might have caused some of the apparently-persistent infection in the London students. More information on partnership dynamics would inform more accurate estimates of natural-history parameters. Detailed studies in men are also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Smieszek
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology and MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter J. White
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology and MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
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31
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Whitmore LC, Hook JS, Philiph AR, Hilkin BM, Bing X, Ahn C, Wong HR, Ferguson PJ, Moreland JG. A Common Genetic Variant in TLR1 Enhances Human Neutrophil Priming and Impacts Length of Intensive Care Stay in Pediatric Sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1376-86. [PMID: 26729809 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) achieve an intermediate or primed state of activation following stimulation with certain agonists. Primed PMN have enhanced responsiveness to subsequent stimuli, which can be beneficial in eliminating microbes but may cause host tissue damage in certain disease contexts, including sepsis. As PMN priming by TLR4 agonists is well described, we hypothesized that ligation of TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 would prime PMN. Surprisingly, PMN from only a subset of donors were primed in response to the TLR2/1 agonist, Pam3CSK4, although PMN from all donors were primed by the TLR2/6 agonist, FSL-1. Priming responses included generation of intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species, MAPK phosphorylation, integrin activation, secondary granule exocytosis, and cytokine secretion. Genotyping studies revealed that PMN responsiveness to Pam3CSK4 was enhanced by a common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TLR1 (rs5743618). Notably, PMN from donors with the SNP had higher surface levels of TLR1 and were demonstrated to have enhanced association of TLR1 with the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gp96. We analyzed TLR1 genotypes in a pediatric sepsis database and found that patients with sepsis or septic shock who had a positive blood culture and were homozygous for the SNP associated with neutrophil priming had prolonged pediatric intensive care unit length of stay. We conclude that this TLR1 SNP leads to excessive PMN priming in response to cell stimulation. Based on our finding that septic children with this SNP had longer pediatric intensive care unit stays, we speculate that this SNP results in hyperinflammation in diseases such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Whitmore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jessica S Hook
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Amanda R Philiph
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Brieanna M Hilkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Xinyu Bing
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Chul Ahn
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
| | - Hector R Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Polly J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jessica G Moreland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
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Human and Pathogen Factors Associated with Chlamydia trachomatis-Related Infertility in Women. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:969-85. [PMID: 26310245 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00035-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted pathogen worldwide. Infection can result in serious reproductive pathologies, including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility, in women. However, the processes that result in these reproductive pathologies have not been well defined. Here we review the evidence for the human disease burden of these chlamydial reproductive pathologies. We then review human-based evidence that links Chlamydia with reproductive pathologies in women. We present data supporting the idea that host, immunological, epidemiological, and pathogen factors may all contribute to the development of infertility. Specifically, we review the existing evidence that host and pathogen genotypes, host hormone status, age of sexual debut, sexual behavior, coinfections, and repeat infections are all likely to be contributory factors in development of infertility. Pathogen factors such as infectious burden, treatment failure, and tissue tropisms or ascension capacity are also potential contributory factors. We present four possible processes of pathology development and how these processes are supported by the published data. We highlight the limitations of the evidence and propose future studies that could improve our understanding of how chlamydial infertility in women occurs and possible future interventions to reduce this disease burden.
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33
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Sung H, Camargo MC, Yu K, Weinstein SJ, Morgan DR, Albanes D, Rabkin CS. Association of 4p14 TLR locus with antibodies to Helicobacter pylori. Genes Immun 2015; 16:567-70. [PMID: 26312625 PMCID: PMC4670272 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide association study among Europeans related polymorphisms of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) locus at 4p14 and the Fcγ receptor 2a locus at 1q23.3 to Helicobacter pylori serologic status. We replicated associations of 4p14 but not 1q23.3 with anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies in 1402 Finnish males. Importantly, our analysis clarified that the phenotype affected by 4p14 is quantitative level of these antibodies rather than association with seropositivity per se. In addition, we annotated variants at 4p14 as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) associated with TLR6/10 and FAM114A1. Our findings suggest that 4p14 polymorphisms are linked to host immune response to H. pylori infection but not to its acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Sung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Constanza Camargo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas R. Morgan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Verweij SP, Karimi O, Pleijster J, Lyons JM, de Vries HJC, Land JA, Morré SA, Ouburg S. TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 genotypes and haplotypes in the susceptibility to and clinical course of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Dutch women. Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv107. [PMID: 26568059 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infections demonstrate remarkable differences in clinical course that are approximately 40% based on host genetic variation. Here, we study the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their haplotypes in TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 (TLR2 +2477G>A; TLR2 -16934T>A; TLR4+896A>G; TLR9 -1237T>C and TLR9 +2848G>A) in relation to the susceptibility to, and severity of C. trachomatis infections. We analysed the five SNPs in a cohort of 770 Dutch Caucasian women either attending a sexually transmitted diseases outpatient clinic (n = 731) or having complaints of subfertility (n = 39). Haplotype analyses showed a trend for TLR2 haplotype I (-16934T/+2477G) to protect against the development of symptoms and tubal pathology (Ptrend = 0.03) after Chlamydia infection. In the susceptibility cohort, TLR9 haplotype III (-1237C/+2848A) showed a significant decreasing trend in the development of symptoms after C. trachomatis infection (P = 0.02, OR: 0.55, 95%CI: 0.33-0.91). Logistic regression of the TLR2 haplotypes, TLR4+896A>G, and TLR9 haplotypes showed that the TLR2 haplotype combinations AG-TA and AG-TG confer risk (OR 3.4 (P = 0.01) and 1.6 (P = 0.03)), while the TLR9 haplotype combination TG-TA protects against C. trachomatis infections (OR: 0.4, P = 0.004). Our study shows that both TLR2 and TLR9 genes and SNP combinations do influence the clinical course of Chlamydia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Verweij
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Ouafae Karimi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Jolein Pleijster
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph M Lyons
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Henry J C de Vries
- STI outpatient clinic, Cluster Infectious Diseases, Municipal Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 WT, the Netherlands Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, the Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Jolande A Land
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Servaas A Morré
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands Institute of Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute GROW, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, 6229 ER, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Ouburg
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
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Balamuth F, Zhang Z, Rappaport E, Hayes K, Mollen C, Sullivan KE. RNA Biosignatures in Adolescent Patients in a Pediatric Emergency Department With Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Pediatr Emerg Care 2015; 31:465-72. [PMID: 26125533 PMCID: PMC4495580 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents are at high risk for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Because accurate diagnosis of PID is difficult, and complications of untreated PID are significant, novel methods to improve diagnosis are essential. OBJECTIVES To determine if patients with PID have unique RNA expression patterns compared to controls. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from adolescent females with PID in the emergency department, and from control patients in the operating room. RNA was isolated, and microarray analysis was performed. Initial analysis involved a training set of 18 patients (9 PID patients with either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis infection and 9 control patients). Supervised and unsupervised cluster analyses were performed, followed by network analysis. The training set was used to classify a set of 15 additional PID patients and 2 controls. RESULTS Supervised cluster analysis of the training set revealed 170 genes which were differentially expressed in PID patients versus controls. Network analysis indicated that several differentially expressed genes are involved in immune activation. Analysis of additional PID patients based on the training set findings revealed that patients with positive testing for Trichomonas vaginalis partitioned with the PID group, whereas patients with no organism identified partitioned with both groups. CONCLUSIONS RNA sample collection from adolescents in the emergency department is feasible. Genes were identified which were differentially expressed in PID patients versus controls, many of which are involved in inflammation. Future studies should confirm the training set findings on a larger sample and may lead to improved accuracy of PID diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Balamuth
- Division of Emergency Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Eric Rappaport
- Microarray Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Katie Hayes
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center
| | - Cynthia Mollen
- Division of Emergency Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Kathleen E. Sullivan
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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Inflammatory Signalling in Fetal Membranes: Increased Expression Levels of TLR 1 in the Presence of Preterm Histological Chorioamnionitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124298. [PMID: 25965269 PMCID: PMC4429010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) is an established marker of ascending infection, a major cause of preterm birth. No studies have characterised the global change in expression of genes involved in the toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways in the presence of HCA in the setting of preterm birth (pHCA). Fetal membranes were collected immediately after delivery and underwent histological staging for inflammation to derive 3 groups; term spontaneous labour without HCA (n = 9), preterm birth <34 weeks gestation without HCA (n = 8) and pHCA <34 weeks (n = 12). Profiling arrays ran in triplicate for each group were used to determine the expression of 84 genes associated with TLR signalling and screen for genes of interest (fold change >2; p<0.1). Expression of identified genes was validated individually for all samples, relative to GAPDH, using RT-PCR. Expression of TLR 1, TLR 2, lymphocyte antigen 96, interleukin 8 and Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 was increased in pHCA (p<0.05). Degree of expression was positively associated with histological staging of both maternal and fetal inflammation (p<0.05). The inflammatory expression profile at the maternal/fetal interface associated with pHCA, a reflection of ascending infection, is extremely heterogeneous suggesting polymicrobial involvement with activation of a common pathway. Antagonism of TLR 1 and TLR 2 signalling in this setting warrants further assessment.
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Skevaki C, Pararas M, Kostelidou K, Tsakris A, Routsias JG. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:165-77. [PMID: 25560985 PMCID: PMC4408151 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-studied family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), whose task is to rapidly recognize evolutionarily conserved structures on the invading microorganisms. Through binding to these patterns, TLRs trigger a number of proinflammatory and anti-microbial responses, playing a key role in the first line of defence against the pathogens also promoting adaptive immunity responses. Growing amounts of data suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the various human TLR proteins are associated with altered susceptibility to infection. This review summarizes the role of TLRs in innate immunity, their ligands and signalling and focuses on the TLR SNPs which have been linked to infectious disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Skevaki
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of PediatricsAthens, Greece
| | - M Pararas
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - K Kostelidou
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of PediatricsAthens, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the AegeanLemnos, Greece
| | - A Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - J G Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the early defence against invading pathogens, yet our understanding of TLRs in marsupial immunity is limited. Here, we describe the characterisation of nine TLRs from a koala immune tissue transcriptome and one TLR from a draft sequence of the koala genome and the subsequent development of an assay to study genetic diversity in these genes. We surveyed genetic diversity in 20 koalas from New South Wales, Australia and showed that one gene, TLR10 is monomorphic, while the other nine TLR genes have between two and 12 alleles. 40 SNPs (16 non-synonymous) were identified across the ten TLR genes. These markers provide a springboard to future studies on innate immunity in the koala, a species under threat from two major infectious diseases.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease in the adolescent: a poignant, perplexing, potentially preventable problem for patients and physicians. Curr Opin Pediatr 2015; 27:92-9. [PMID: 25514575 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review considers recent pelvic inflammatory disease literature. It remains a difficult condition to accurately diagnose and manage in the adolescent woman. Failure of accurate diagnosis and prompt management leads to complications, including chronic pelvic pain and infertility. RECENT FINDINGS Annual chlamydia screening of sexually active adolescents is an important method for early identification of this common cause of this disorder. Youth with positive screens can be lost for treatment if effective follow-up plans are not in place in clinical practice. The intrauterine device is not a risk factor for this condition in adolescents and is a recommended contraceptive device in sexually active adolescent women. A variety of chlamydial antigens are being used to help differentiate lower genital infection from upper genital disorder. Clinicians are not following established protocols for its diagnosis and management. SUMMARY Sequelae can be reduced in adolescent women if clinicians continue with regular chlamydia screening in sexually active adolescent women, have a low index of suspicion for pelvic inflammatory disease, carefully follow accepted treatment protocols, and teach youth comprehensive sexuality education including regular condom use. Funded research is needed to develop improved diagnosis and management tools as well as a chlamydia vaccine.
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Eleutério J, Teles RA, Linhares IM, Normand N, Witkin SS. Interferon-gamma gene polymorphism influences the frequency of a Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection in young women. Int J STD AIDS 2014; 26:960-4. [PMID: 25505046 DOI: 10.1177/0956462414563627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cervicitis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis is frequent worldwide, but the factors determining susceptibility to infection remain incompletely determined. We evaluated whether a functional single nucleotide polymorphism at position +874 in the gene coding for interferon gamma (rs2430561) influenced the likelihood of having a cervical C. trachomatis infection. This was a cross-sectional study of 142 sexually-active women attending a general gynaecology service on the outskirts of the city of Fortaleza in northeastern Brazil between August 2011 and August 2012. Endocervical swabs were evaluated for C. trachomatis DNA using hybrid capture. DNA from buccal swabs was utilised for detection of the interferon gamma 874 T/A single nucleotide polymorphism by gene amplification, endonuclease digestion and gel electrophoresis. Nineteen women (13.4%) were positive for C. trachomatis in their cervix. Positivity was 21.7% in women with the A,A genotype versus 7.0% in women with one or two T alleles (p = 0.0227). The variant T allele frequency, associated with elevated interferon gamma production, was 36.2% in women who were negative for C. trachomatis as opposed to 18.4% in women who were positive for a cervical infection with this organism (p = 0.0415). Possession of the T allele at position +874 in the gene coding for interferon gamma is associated with a reduced likelihood of a C. trachomatis cervical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eleutério
- Departamento de Saúde Maternoinfantil, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A Teles
- Mestrado em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Iara M Linhares
- Departamento de Obstetricia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neil Normand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven S Witkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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The association of toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism with hepatitis C virus infection in Saudi Arabian patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:357062. [PMID: 25177689 PMCID: PMC4142570 DOI: 10.1155/2014/357062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single stranded RNA virus. It affects millions of people worldwide and is considered as a leading cause of liver diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A recent study reported that TLR4 gene polymorphisms are good prognostic predictors and are associated with protection from liver fibrosis among Caucasians. This study aims to investigate the implication of genetic polymorphisms of TLR4 gene on the HCV infection in Saudi Arabian patients. Two SNPs in the TLR4 gene, rs4986790 (A/G) and rs4986791 (C/T), were genotyped in 450 HCV patients and 600 uninfected controls. The association analysis confirmed that both SNPs showed a significant difference in their distribution between HCV-infected patients and uninfected control subjects (P < 0.0001; OR = 0.404, 95% CI = 0.281-0.581) and (P < 0.0001; OR = 0.298, 95% CI = 0.201-0.443), respectively. More importantly, haplotype analysis revealed that four haplotypes, AC, GT, GC, and AT (rs4986790, rs4986791), were significantly associated with HCV infection when compared with control subjects. One haplotype AC was more prominently found when chronic HCV-infected patients were compared with cirrhosis/HCC patients (frequency = 94.7% and P = 0.04). Both TLR4 SNPs under investigation were found to be significantly implicated with HCV-infection among Saudi Arabian population.
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Al-Kuhlani M, Rothchild J, Pal S, de la Maza LM, Ouburg S, Morré SA, Dean D, Ojcius DM. TRAIL-R1 is a negative regulator of pro-inflammatory responses and modulates long-term sequelae resulting from Chlamydia trachomatis infections in humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93939. [PMID: 24695582 PMCID: PMC3973638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system eliminates Chlamydia trachomatis infection through inflammation. However, uncontrolled inflammation can enhance pathology. In mice, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAIL-R), known for its effects on apoptosis, also regulates inflammation. In humans, the four homologues of TRAIL-R had never been investigated for effects on inflammation. Here, we examined whether TRAIL-R regulates inflammation during chlamydial infection. We examined TRAIL-R1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in an Ecuadorian cohort with and without C. trachomatis infections. There was a highly significant association for the TRAIL+626 homozygous mutant GG for infection vs no infection in this population. To confirm the results observed in the human population, primary lung fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated from wildtype (WT) and TRAIL-R-deficient mice, and TRAIL-R1 levels in human cervical epithelial cells were depleted by RNA interference. Infection of BMDMs and primary lung fibroblasts with C. trachomatis strain L2, or the murine pathogen C. muridarum, led to higher levels of MIP2 mRNA expression or IL-1β secretion from TRAIL-R-deficient cells than WT cells. Similarly, depletion of TRAIL-R1 expression in human epithelial cells resulted in a higher level of IL-8 mRNA expression and protein secretion during C. trachomatis infection. We conclude that human TRAIL-R1 SNPs and murine TRAIL-R modulate the innate immune response against chlamydial infection. This is the first evidence that human TRAIL-R1 is a negative regulator of inflammation and plays a role in modulating Chlamydia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufadhal Al-Kuhlani
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - James Rothchild
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Luis M. de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Sander Ouburg
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Research School V-ICI, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Servaas A. Morré
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Research School V-ICI, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Dean
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Pothlichet J, Quintana-Murci L. The genetics of innate immunity sensors and human disease. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:157-208. [PMID: 23570315 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.777064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, innate immunity microbial sensors have been increasingly studied and shown to play a critical role in innate responses to microbes in several experimental in vitro, ex vivo, and animal models. However, their role in the human response to infection in natural conditions has just started to be deciphered, by means of clinical studies of primary immunodeficiencies and epidemiological genetic studies. Here, we summarize the major findings concerning the genetic diversity of the various families of microbial sensors in humans, and of other molecules involved in the signaling pathways they trigger. Specifically, we review the genetic associations, revealed by both clinical and epidemiological genetics studies, of microbial sensors from five different families: Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. In particular, we consider the relationships between variation at the genes encoding these molecules and susceptibility to and the severity of infectious diseases and other clinical conditions associated with immune dysfunction, including autoimmunity, inflammation, allergy, and cancer. Despite the fact that the genetic links between innate immunity sensors and human disorders remain still limited, human genetics studies are increasingly improving our understanding of the genuine functions of microbial sensors and downstream signaling molecules in the natural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pothlichet
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
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44
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Frazer LC, Sullivan JE, Zurenski MA, Mintus M, Tomasak TE, Prantner D, Nagarajan UM, Darville T. CD4+ T cell expression of MyD88 is essential for normal resolution of Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4269-79. [PMID: 24038087 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of Chlamydia genital tract infection is delayed in the absence of MyD88. In these studies, we first used bone marrow chimeras to demonstrate a requirement for MyD88 expression by hematopoietic cells in the presence of a wild-type epithelium. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras we then determined that MyD88 expression was specifically required in the adaptive immune compartment. Furthermore, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that CD4(+) T cell expression of MyD88 was necessary for normal resolution of genital tract infection. This requirement was associated with a reduced ability of MyD88(-/-)CD4(+) T cells to accumulate in the draining lymph nodes and genital tract when exposed to the same inflammatory milieu as wild-type CD4(+) T cells. We also demonstrated that the impaired infection control we observed in the absence of MyD88 could not be recapitulated by deficiencies in TLR or IL-1R signaling. In vitro, we detected an increased frequency of apoptotic MyD88(-/-)CD4(+) T cells upon activation in the absence of exogenous ligands for receptors upstream of MyD88. These data reveal an intrinsic requirement for MyD88 in CD4(+) T cells during Chlamydia infection and indicate that the importance of MyD88 extends beyond innate immune responses by directly influencing adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Frazer
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201
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Heffelfinger C, Pakstis AJ, Speed WC, Clark AP, Haigh E, Fang R, Furtado MR, Kidd KK, Snyder MP. Haplotype structure and positive selection at TLR1. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:551-7. [PMID: 24002163 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 1, when dimerized with Toll-like receptor 2, is a cell surface receptor that, upon recognition of bacterial lipoproteins, activates the innate immune system. Variants in TLR1 associate with the risk of a variety of medical conditions and diseases, including sepsis, leprosy, tuberculosis, and others. The foremost of these is rs5743618 c.2079T>G(p.(Ile602Ser)), the derived allele of which is associated with reduced risk of sepsis, leprosy, and other diseases. Interestingly, 602Ser, which shows signatures of selection, inhibits TLR1 surface trafficking and subsequent activation of NFκB upon recognition of a ligand. This suggests that reduced TLR1 activity may be beneficial for human health. To better understand TLR1 variation and its link to human health, we have typed all 7 high-frequency missense variants (>5% in at least one population) along with 17 other variants in and around TLR1 in 2548 individuals from 56 populations from around the globe. We have also found additional signatures of selection on missense variants not associated with rs5743618, suggesting that there may be multiple functional alleles under positive selection in this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Heffelfinger
- 1] Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA [2] Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eva Haigh
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Mahohar R Furtado
- 1] Life Technologies, Foster City, CA, USA [2] President & Founder, Biology for Global Good, Sam Ramon, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth K Kidd
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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46
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Meštrović T, Ljubin-Sternak S, Sviben M. Potential role of enterohepatic Helicobacter species as a facilitating factor in the development of Chlamydia trachomatis proctitis. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:481-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hafner LM, Wilson DP, Timms P. Development status and future prospects for a vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Vaccine 2013; 32:1563-71. [PMID: 23973245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis continues to be the most commonly reported sexually transmitted bacterial infection in many countries with more than 100 million new cases estimated annually. These acute infections translate into significant downstream health care costs, particularly for women, where complications can include pelvic inflammatory disease and other disease sequelae such as tubal factor infertility. Despite years of research, the immunological mechanisms responsible for protective immunity versus immunopathology are still not well understood, although it is widely accepted that T cell driven IFN-g and Th17 responses are critical for clearing infection. While antibodies are able to neutralize infections in vitro, alone they are not protective, indicating that any successful vaccine will need to elicit both arms of the immune response. In recent years, there has been an expansion in the number and types of antigens that have been evaluated as vaccines, and combined with the new array of mucosal adjuvants, this aspect of chlamydial vaccinology is showing promise. Most recently, the opportunities to develop successful vaccines have been given a significant boost with the development of a genetic transformation system for Chlamydia, as well as the identification of the key role of the chlamydial plasmid in virulence. While still remaining a major challenge, the development of a successful C. trachomatis vaccine is starting to look more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Hafner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David P Wilson
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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48
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Medvedev AE. Toll-like receptor polymorphisms, inflammatory and infectious diseases, allergies, and cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:467-84. [PMID: 23675778 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germ-line-encoded innate immune sensors that recognize conserved microbial structures and host alarmins and signal expression of MHC proteins, costimulatory molecules, and inflammatory mediators by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and other cell types. These processes activate immediate and early mechanisms of innate host defense, as well as initiate and orchestrate adaptive immune responses. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TLR genes have been associated with altered susceptibility to infectious, inflammatory, and allergic diseases, and have been found to play a role in tumorigenesis. Critical advances in our understanding of innate immune functions and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered complex interactions of genetic polymorphisms within TLRs and environmental factors. However, conclusions obtained in the course of such analyses are restricted by limited power of many studies that is likely to explain controversial findings. Further, linkages to certain ethnic backgrounds, gender, and the presence of multigenic effects further complicate the interpretations of how the TLR SNPs affect immune responses. For many TLRs, the molecular mechanisms by which SNPs impact receptor functions remain unknown. In this review, I have summarized current knowledge about the TLR polymorphisms, their impact on TLR signaling, and associations with various inflammatory, infectious, allergic diseases and cancers, and discussed the directions of future scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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49
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Abu Raya B, Bamberger E, Kerem NC, Kessel A, Srugo I. Beyond "safe sex"--can we fight adolescent pelvic inflammatory disease? Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:581-90. [PMID: 22777641 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-012-1786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common disorder affecting sexually active adolescents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and European CDC report Chlamydia trachomatis as the most common sexually transmitted infection and one of the main etiological agents causing PID. C. trachomatis' and PID's high prevalence may be attributed to multiple factors including high-risk sexual behaviors, sensitive laboratory diagnostics (polymerase chain reaction), and the introduction of chlamydia screening programs. The pathogenesis of C. trachomatis infection is complex with recent data highlighting the role of toll-like receptor 2 and four in the mediation of the inflammatory cascade. The authors review the etiology of the disease, explore its pathogenesis, and discuss a variety of strategies that may be implemented to reduce the prevalence of C. trachomatis including: (a) behavioral risk reduction, (b) effective screening of asymptomatic females, (c) targeted male screening, (d) implementation of a sensitive, rapid, self-administered point-of-care testing, and (e) development of an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Abu Raya
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Golomb St. 47, Haifa 31048, Israel.
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50
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de Sales Marques C, Brito-de-Souza VN, Guerreiro LTA, Martins JH, Amaral EP, Cardoso CC, Dias-Batista IMF, da Silva WL, Nery JAC, Medeiros P, Gigliotti P, Campanelli AP, Virmond M, Sarno EN, Mira MT, Lana FCF, Caffarena ER, Pacheco AG, Pereira AC, Moraes MO. Toll-like Receptor 1 N248S Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Is Associated With Leprosy Risk and Regulates Immune Activation During Mycobacterial Infection. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:120-9. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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