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Mihaylova NM, Manoylov IK, Nikolova MH, Prechl J, Tchorbanov AI. DNA and protein-generated chimeric molecules for delivery of influenza viral epitopes in mouse and humanized NSG transfer models. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2292381. [PMID: 38193304 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2292381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purified subunit viral antigens are weakly immunogenic and stimulate only the antibody but not the T cell-mediated immune response. An alternative approach to inducing protective immunity with small viral peptides may be the targeting of viral epitopes to immunocompetent cells by DNA and protein-engineered vaccines. This review will focus on DNA and protein-generated chimeric molecules carrying engineered fragments specific for activating cell surface co-receptors for inducing protective antiviral immunity. Adjuvanted protein-based vaccine or DNA constructs encoding simultaneously T- and B-cell peptide epitopes from influenza viral hemagglutinin, and scFvs specific for costimulatory immune cell receptors may induce a significant increase of anti-influenza antibody levels and strong CTL activity against virus-infected cells in a manner that mimics the natural infection. Here we summarize the development of several DNA and protein chimeric constructs carrying influenza virus HA317-41 fragment. The generated engineered molecules were used for immunization in intact murine and experimentally humanized NSG mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina M Mihaylova
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iliyan K Manoylov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria H Nikolova
- National Reference Laboratory of Immunology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andrey I Tchorbanov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- National Institute of Immunology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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Rader NA, Lee KS, Loes AN, Miller-Stump OA, Cooper M, Wong TY, Boehm DT, Barbier M, Bevere JR, Heath Damron F. Influenza virus strains expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain protein confer immunity in K18-hACE2 mice. Vaccine X 2024; 20:100543. [PMID: 39221180 PMCID: PMC11364132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), rapidly spread across the globe in 2019. With the emergence of the Omicron variant, COVID-19 shifted into an endemic phase. Given the anticipated rise in cases during the fall and winter seasons, the strategy of implementing seasonal booster vaccines for COVID-19 is becoming increasingly valuable to protect public health. This practice already exists for seasonal influenza vaccines to combat annual influenza seasons. Our goal was to investigate an easily modifiable vaccine platform for seasonal use against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we evaluated the genetically modified influenza virus ΔNA(RBD) as an intranasal vaccine candidate for COVID-19. This modified virus was engineered to replace the coding sequence for the neuraminidase (NA) protein with a membrane-anchored form of the receptor binding domain (RBD) protein of SARS-CoV-2. We designed experiments to assess the protection of ΔNA(RBD) in K18-hACE2 mice using lethal (Delta) and non-lethal (Omicron) challenge models. Controls of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and our lab's previously described intranasal virus like particle vaccine were used as comparisons. Immunization with ΔNA(RBD) expressing ancestral RBD elicited high anti-RBD IgG levels in the serum of mice, high anti-RBD IgA in lung tissue, and improved survival after Delta variant challenge. Modifying ΔNA(RBD) to express Omicron variant RBD shifted variant-specific antibody responses and limited viral burden in the lungs of mice after Omicron variant challenge. Overall, this data suggests that ΔNA(RBD) could be an effective intranasal vaccine platform that generates mucosal and systemic immunity towards SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A. Rader
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Katherine S. Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Andrea N. Loes
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Olivia A. Miller-Stump
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Melissa Cooper
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ting Y. Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dylan T. Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Justin R. Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - F. Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
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3
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Sinha D, Yaugel-Novoa M, Waeckel L, Paul S, Longet S. Unmasking the potential of secretory IgA and its pivotal role in protection from respiratory viruses. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105823. [PMID: 38331200 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity has regained its spotlight amidst the ongoing Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, with numerous studies highlighting the crucial role of mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) in protection against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2 infections. The observed limitations in the efficacy of currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines in inducing effective mucosal immune responses remind us of the limitations of systemic vaccination in promoting protective mucosal immunity. This resurgence of interest has motivated the development of vaccine platforms capable of enhancing mucosal responses, specifically the SIgA response, and the development of IgA-based therapeutics. Recognizing viral respiratory infections as a global threat, we would like to comprehensively review the existing knowledge on mucosal immunity, with a particular emphasis on SIgA, in the context of SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infections. This review aims to describe the structural and functional specificities of SIgA, along with its nuanced role in combating influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Subsequent sections further elaborate promising vaccine strategies, including mucosal vaccines against Influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses, currently undergoing preclinical and clinical development. Additionally, we address the challenges associated with mucosal vaccine development, concluding with a discussion on IgA-based therapeutics as a promising platform for the treatment of viral respiratory infections. This comprehensive review not only synthesizes current insights into mucosal immunity but also identifies critical knowledge gaps, strengthening the way for further advancements in our current understanding and approaches to combat respiratory viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sinha
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louis Waeckel
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France; Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France; Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055, Saint-Etienne, France; CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Stéphanie Longet
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
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4
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Thwaites RS, Uruchurtu ASS, Negri VA, Cole ME, Singh N, Poshai N, Jackson D, Hoschler K, Baker T, Scott IC, Ros XR, Cohen ES, Zambon M, Pollock KM, Hansel TT, Openshaw PJM. Early mucosal events promote distinct mucosal and systemic antibody responses to live attenuated influenza vaccine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8053. [PMID: 38052824 PMCID: PMC10697962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to intramuscular vaccines, nasally administered vaccines have the advantage of inducing local mucosal immune responses that may block infection and interrupt transmission of respiratory pathogens. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is effective in preventing influenza in children, but a correlate of protection for LAIV remains unclear. Studying young adult volunteers, we observe that LAIV induces distinct, compartmentalized, antibody responses in the mucosa and blood. Seeking immunologic correlates of these distinct antibody responses we find associations with mucosal IL-33 release in the first 8 hours post-inoculation and divergent CD8+ and circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) T cell responses 7 days post-inoculation. Mucosal antibodies are induced separately from blood antibodies, are associated with distinct immune responses early post-inoculation, and may provide a correlate of protection for mucosal vaccination. This study was registered as NCT04110366 and reports primary (mucosal antibody) and secondary (blood antibody, and nasal viral load and cytokine) endpoint data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Victor Augusti Negri
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Megan E Cole
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nehmat Singh
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nelisa Poshai
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Tina Baker
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian C Scott
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xavier Romero Ros
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Suzanne Cohen
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Katrina M Pollock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Wang S, Cui H, Zhang C, Li W, Wang W, He W, Feng N, Zhao Y, Wang T, Tang X, Yan F, Xia X. Oral delivery of a chitosan adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine provides long-lasting and broad-spectrum protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in golden hamsters. Antiviral Res 2023; 220:105765. [PMID: 38036065 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seriously threatens public health safety and the global economy, which warrant effective prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. Currently, vaccination and establishment of immunity have significantly reduced the severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, in regard to COVID-19 vaccines, the broad-spectrum protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants and the blocking of virus transmission need to be further improved. In this study, an optimum oral COVID-19 vaccine candidate, rVSVΔG-Sdelta, was selected from a panel of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based constructs bearing spike proteins from different SARS-CoV-2 strains. After chitosan modification, rVSVΔG-Sdelta induced both local and peripheral antibody response, particularly, broad-spectrum and long-lasting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 persisted for 1 year. Cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 WT, Beta, Delta, BA.1, and BA.2 strains was achieved in golden hamsters, which presented as significantly reduced viral replication in the respiratory tract and alleviated pulmonary pathology post SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Overall, this study provides a convenient, oral-delivered, and effective oral mucosal vaccine against COVID-19, which would supplement pools and facilitate the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Huan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lucky South Street, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lucky South Street, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Wujian Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Wenwen He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 42100, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 42100, China.
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China.
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6
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Hitchings MDT, Borgert BA, Shir A, Yang B, Grantz KH, Ball J, Moreno CA, Rand K, Small PA, Fowke KR, Cummings DAT. Dynamics of Anti-influenza Mucosal IgA Over a Season in a Cohort of Individuals Living or Working in a Long-term Care Facility. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:383-390. [PMID: 36740584 PMCID: PMC10428196 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological surveys are used to ascertain influenza infection and immunity, but evidence for the utility of mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) as a correlate of infection or protection is limited. METHODS We performed influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance on 220 individuals living or working in a retirement community in Gainesville, Florida from January to May 2018, and took pre- and postseason nasal samples of 11 individuals with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed influenza infection and 60 randomly selected controls. Mucosal IgA against 10 strains of influenza was measured from nasal samples. RESULTS Overall, 28.2% and 11.3% of individuals experienced a 2-fold and 4-fold rise, respectively, in mucosal IgA to at least 1 influenza strain. Individuals with PCR-confirmed influenza A had significantly lower levels of preseason IgA to influenza A. Influenza-associated respiratory illness was associated with a higher rise in mucosal IgA to influenza strains of the same subtype, and H3N2-associated respiratory illness was associated with a higher rise in mucosal IgA to other influenza A strains. CONCLUSIONS By comparing individuals with and without influenza illness, we demonstrated that mucosal IgA is a correlate of influenza infection. There was evidence for cross-reactivity in mucosal IgA across influenza A subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D T Hitchings
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brooke A Borgert
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Adam Shir
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyra H Grantz
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob Ball
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carlos A Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Rand
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Parker A Small
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Diallo BK, Chasaide CN, Wong TY, Schmitt P, Lee KS, Weaver K, Miller O, Cooper M, Jazayeri SD, Damron FH, Mills KHG. Intranasal COVID-19 vaccine induces respiratory memory T cells and protects K18-hACE mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:68. [PMID: 37179389 PMCID: PMC10182552 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Current COVID-19 vaccines prevent severe disease, but do not induce mucosal immunity or prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2, especially with recent variants. Furthermore, serum antibody responses wane soon after immunization. We assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an experimental COVID-19 vaccine based on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike trimer formulated with a novel adjuvant LP-GMP, comprising TLR2 and STING agonists. We demonstrated that immunization of mice twice by the intranasal (i.n.) route or by heterologous intramuscular (i.m.) prime and i.n. boost with the Spike-LP-GMP vaccine generated potent Spike-specific IgG, IgA and tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells in the lungs and nasal mucosa that persisted for at least 3 months. Furthermore, Spike-LP-GMP vaccine delivered by i.n./i.n., i.m./i.n., or i.m./i.m. routes protected human ACE-2 transgenic mice against respiratory infection and COVID-19-like disease following lethal challenge with ancestral or Delta strains of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings underscore the potential for nasal vaccines in preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béré K Diallo
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitlín Ní Chasaide
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ting Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Pauline Schmitt
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katherine S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kelly Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Olivia Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Melissa Cooper
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Seyed D Jazayeri
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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8
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Wang S, Liang B, Wang W, Li L, Feng N, Zhao Y, Wang T, Yan F, Yang S, Xia X. Viral vectored vaccines: design, development, preventive and therapeutic applications in human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:149. [PMID: 37029123 PMCID: PMC10081433 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and distribution of novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are the prioritized countermeasures of human disease. Among all vaccine platforms, viral vector vaccines offer distinguished advantages and represent prominent choices for pathogens that have hampered control efforts based on conventional vaccine approaches. Currently, viral vector vaccines remain one of the best strategies for induction of robust humoral and cellular immunity against human diseases. Numerous viruses of different families and origins, including vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, adenovirus and poxvirus, are deemed to be prominent viral vectors that differ in structural characteristics, design strategy, antigen presentation capability, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. This review summarized the overall profile of the design strategies, progress in advance and steps taken to address barriers to the deployment of these viral vector vaccines, simultaneously highlighting their potential for mucosal delivery, therapeutic application in cancer as well as other key aspects concerning the rational application of these viral vector vaccines. Appropriate and accurate technological advances in viral vector vaccines would consolidate their position as a leading approach to accelerate breakthroughs in novel vaccines and facilitate a rapid response to public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Li
- China National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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9
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Tang W, Xie H, Ye Z, Eick-Cost AA, Scheckelhoff M, Gustin CE, Bream JH, Plant EP. Post-vaccination serum cytokines levels correlate with breakthrough influenza infections. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1174. [PMID: 36670200 PMCID: PMC9857916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-vaccination cytokine levels from 256 young adults who subsequently suffered breakthrough influenza infections were compared with matched controls. Modulation within the immune system is important for eliciting a protective response, and the optimal response differs according to vaccine formulation and delivery. For both inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) lower levels of IL-8 were observed in post-vaccination sera. Post-vaccination antibody levels were higher and IFN-γ levels were lower in IIV sera compared to LAIV sera. Subjects who suffered breakthrough infections after IIV vaccination had higher levels of sCD25 compared to the control group. There were differences in LAIV post-vaccination interleukin levels for subjects who subsequently suffered breakthrough infections, but these differences were masked in subjects who received concomitant vaccines. Wide variances, sex-based differences and confounders such as concomitant vaccines thwart the establishment of specific cytokine responses as a correlate of protection, but our results provide real world evidence that the status of the immune system following vaccination is important for successful vaccination and subsequent protection against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Tang
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Angelia A Eick-Cost
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mark Scheckelhoff
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Courtney E Gustin
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ewan P Plant
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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10
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Guo T, Xiao J, Li L, Xu W, Yuan Y, Yin Y, Zhang X. rM2e-ΔPly protein immunization induces protection against influenza viruses and its co-infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Divergent age-related humoral correlates of protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in older and young adults: a pilot, controlled, human infection challenge model. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e405-e416. [PMID: 36098319 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections are typically more severe in older adults. Older adults are more vulnerable to infection and do not respond effectively to vaccines due to a combination of immunosenescence, so-called inflamm-ageing, and accumulation of comorbidities. Although age-related changes in immune responses have been described, the causes of this enhanced respiratory disease in older adults remain poorly understood. We therefore performed volunteer challenge with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in groups of younger and older adult volunteers. The aim of this study was to establish the safety and tolerability of this model and define age-related clinical, virological, and immunological outcomes. METHODS In this human infection challenge pilot study, adults aged 18-55 years and 60-75 years were assessed for enrolment using protocol-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Symptoms were documented by self-completed diaries and viral load determined by quantitative PCR of nasal lavage. Peripheral blood B cell frequencies were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot and antibodies against pre-fusion and post-fusion, NP, and G proteins in the blood and upper respiratory tract were measured. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03728413. FINDINGS 381 adults aged 60-75 years (older cohort) and 19 adults aged 18-55 years (young cohort) were assessed for enrolment using protocol-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria between Nov 12, 2018, and Feb 26, 2020. 12 healthy volunteers aged 60-75 years and 21 aged 18-55 years were inoculated intranasally with RSV Memphis-37. Nine (67%) of the 12 older volunteers became infected, developing mild-to-moderate upper respiratory tract symptoms that resolved without serious adverse events or sequelae. Viral load peaked on day 6 post-inoculation and symptoms peaked between days 6 and 8. Increases in circulating IgG-positive and IgA-positive antigen-specific plasmablasts, serum neutralising antibodies, and pre-F specific IgG were similar younger and older adults. However, in contrast to young participants, secretory IgA titres in older volunteers failed to increase during infection and, unlike serum IgG, did not correlate with protection. INTERPRETATION Better understanding of age-related differences in clinical outcomes and immune correlates of protection can overcome reduction in vaccine efficacy with advancing age. We identify correlates of protection in older adults, revealing previously unrecognised factors which might have implications for targeted vaccine discovery and drug development in this vulnerable group. FUNDING Medical Research Council and GlaxoSmithKline EMINENT Consortium.
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12
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Pannaraj PS, da Costa-Martins AG, Cerini C, Li F, Wong SS, Singh Y, Urbanski AH, Gonzalez-Dias P, Yang J, Webby RJ, Nakaya HI, Aldrovandi GM. Molecular alterations in human milk in simulated maternal nasal mucosal infection with live attenuated influenza vaccination. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1040-1047. [PMID: 35739193 PMCID: PMC9225800 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding protects against mucosal infections in infants. The underlying mechanisms through which immunity develops in human milk following maternal infection with mucosal pathogens are not well understood. We simulated nasal mucosal influenza infection through live attenuated influenza vaccination (LAIV) and compared immune responses in milk to inactivated influenza vaccination (IIV). Transcriptomic analysis was performed on RNA extracted from human milk cells to evaluate differentially expressed genes and pathways on days 1 and 7 post-vaccination. Both LAIV and IIV vaccines induced influenza-specific IgA that persisted for at least 6 months. Regulation of type I interferon production, toll-like receptor, and pattern recognition receptor signaling pathways were highly upregulated in milk on day 1 following LAIV but not IIV at any time point. Upregulation of innate immunity in human milk may provide timely protection against mucosal infections until antigen-specific immunity develops in the human milk-fed infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - André Guilherme da Costa-Martins
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chiara Cerini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Youvika Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alysson H Urbanski
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gonzalez-Dias
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Scientific Platform Pasteur-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Fuentes-Villalobos F, Garrido JL, Medina MA, Zambrano N, Ross N, Bravo F, Gaete-Argel A, Oyarzún-Arrau A, Amanat F, Soto-Rifo R, Valiente-Echeverría F, Ocampo R, Esveile C, Ferreira L, Cabrera J, Torres V, Rioseco ML, Riquelme R, Barría S, Alvarez R, Pinos Y, Krammer F, Calvo M, Barria MI. Sustained Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions in Mild COVID-19 Outpatients During Convalescence. Front Immunol 2022; 13:796481. [PMID: 35197972 PMCID: PMC8859986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.796481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has left researchers scrambling to identify the humoral immune correlates of protection from COVID-19. To date, the antibody mediated correlates of virus neutralization have been extensively studied. However, the extent that non-neutralizing functions contribute to anti-viral responses are ill defined. In this study, we profiled the anti-spike antibody subtype/subclass responses, along with neutralization and antibody-dependent natural killer cell functions in 83 blood samples collected between 4 and 201 days post-symptoms onset from a cohort of COVID-19 outpatients. We observed heterogeneous humoral responses against the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Overall, anti-spike profiles were characterized by a rapid rise of IgA and sustained IgG titers. In addition, strong antibody-mediated natural killer effector responses correlated with milder disease and being female. While higher neutralization profiles were observed in males along with increased severity. These results give an insight into the underlying function of antibodies beyond neutralization and suggest that antibody-mediated natural killer cell activity is a key function of the humoral response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose L Garrido
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Matías A Medina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicole Zambrano
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalia Ross
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Aracelly Gaete-Argel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Leonila Ferreira
- Hospital Clínico Regional Dr. Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Vivianne Torres
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria L Rioseco
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Raúl Riquelme
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sebastián Barría
- Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario Calvo
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria I Barria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
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14
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COVID-19 vaccine development based on recombinant viral and bacterial vector systems: combinatorial effect of adaptive and trained immunity. J Microbiol 2022; 60:321-334. [PMID: 35157221 PMCID: PMC8853094 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to many cases and deaths worldwide. Therefore, a number of vaccine candidates have been developed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Of these, to date, 21 vaccines have received emergency approval for human use in at least one country. However, the recent global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has compromised the efficacy of the currently available vaccines. To protect against these variants, the use of vaccines that modulate T cell-mediated immune responses or innate immune cell memory function, termed trained immunity, is needed. The major advantage of a vaccine that uses bacteria or viral systems for the delivery of COVID-19 antigens is the ability to induce both T cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. In addition, such vaccine systems can also exert off-target effects via the vector itself, mediated partly through trained immunity; compared to other vaccine platforms, suggesting that this approach can provide better protection against even vaccine escape variants. This review presents the current status of the development of COVID-19 vaccines based on recombinant viral and bacterial delivery systems. We also discuss the current status of the use of licensed live vaccines for other infections, including BCG, oral polio and MMR vaccines, to prevent COVID-19 infections.
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15
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Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy of an H5N1 Chimeric Cold-Adapted Attenuated Virus Vaccine in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122420. [PMID: 34960689 PMCID: PMC8709164 DOI: 10.3390/v13122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 influenza virus is a threat to public health worldwide. The virus can cause severe morbidity and mortality in humans. We constructed an H5N1 influenza candidate virus vaccine from the A/chicken/Guizhou/1153/2016 strain that was recommended by the World Health Organization. In this study, we designed an H5N1 chimeric influenza A/B vaccine based on a cold-adapted (ca) influenza B virus B/Vienna/1/99 backbone. We modified the ectodomain of H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) protein, while retaining the packaging signals of influenza B virus, and then rescued a chimeric cold-adapted H5N1 candidate influenza vaccine through a reverse genetic system. The chimeric H5N1 vaccine replicated well in eggs and the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells. It maintained a temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted phenotype. The H5N1 vaccine was attenuated in mice. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies, micro-neutralizing (MN) antibodies, and IgG antibodies were induced in immunized mice, and the mucosal IgA antibody responses were detected in their lung lavage fluids. The IFN-γ-secretion and IL-4-secretion by the mouse splenocytes were induced after stimulation with the specific H5N1 HA protein. The chimeric H5N1 candidate vaccine protected mice against lethal challenge with a wild-type highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus. The chimeric H5 candidate vaccine is thus a potentially safe, attenuated, and reassortment-incompetent vaccine with circulating A viruses.
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16
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Ochsner SP, Li W, Rajendrakumar AM, Palaniyandi S, Acharya G, Liu X, Wang G, Krammer F, Shi M, Tuo W, Pauza CD, Zhu X. FcRn-Targeted Mucosal Vaccination against Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1310-1321. [PMID: 34380652 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to various airborne pathogens. Most vaccines against respiratory infections are designed for the parenteral routes of administration; consequently, they provide relatively minimal protection in the respiratory tract. A vaccination strategy that aims to induce the protective mucosal immune responses in the airway is urgently needed. The FcRn mediates IgG Ab transport across the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract. By mimicking this natural IgG transfer, we tested whether FcRn delivers vaccine Ags to induce a protective immunity to respiratory infections. In this study, we designed a monomeric IgG Fc fused to influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) Ag with a trimerization domain. The soluble trimeric HA-Fc were characterized by their binding with conformation-dependent HA Abs or FcRn. In wild-type, but not FcRn knockout, mice, intranasal immunization with HA-Fc plus CpG adjuvant conferred significant protection against lethal intranasal challenge with influenza A/PR/8/34 virus. Further, mice immunized with a mutant HA-Fc lacking FcRn binding sites or HA alone succumbed to lethal infection. Protection was attributed to high levels of neutralizing Abs, robust and long-lasting B and T cell responses, the presence of lung-resident memory T cells and bone marrow plasma cells, and a remarkable reduction of virus-induced lung inflammation. Our results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that FcRn can effectively deliver a trimeric viral vaccine Ag in the respiratory tract and elicit potent protection against respiratory infection. This study further supports a view that FcRn-mediated mucosal immunization is a platform for vaccine delivery against common respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Park Ochsner
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Weizhong Li
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Arunraj Mekhemadhom Rajendrakumar
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.,Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD
| | - Senthilkumar Palaniyandi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Gyanada Acharya
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Gefei Wang
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; and
| | - Meiqing Shi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD
| | | | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD;
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17
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Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at mucosal sites, involving secretory antibody responses and tissue-resident T cells, has the capacity to prevent an infection from becoming established in the first place, rather than only curtailing infection and protecting against the development of disease symptoms. Although numerous effective mucosal vaccines are in use, the major advances seen with injectable vaccines (including adjuvanted subunit antigens, RNA and DNA vaccines) have not yet been translated into licensed mucosal vaccines, which currently comprise solely live attenuated and inactivated whole-cell preparations. The identification of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants allied to innovative antigen discovery and delivery strategies is key to advancing mucosal vaccines. Significant progress has been made in resolving the mechanisms that regulate innate and adaptive mucosal immunity and in understanding the crosstalk between mucosal sites, and this provides valuable pointers to inform mucosal adjuvant design. In particular, increased knowledge on mucosal antigen-presenting cells, innate lymphoid cell populations and resident memory cells at mucosal sites highlights attractive targets for vaccine design. Exploiting these insights will allow new vaccine technologies to be leveraged to facilitate rational mucosal vaccine design for pathogens including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and for cancer.
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18
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Li Q, Wang J, Tang Y, Lu H. Next-generation COVID-19 vaccines: Opportunities for vaccine development and challenges in tackling COVID-19. Drug Discov Ther 2021; 15:118-123. [PMID: 34234059 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2021.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global threat. Although non-pharmaceutical interventions have been rigorously and widely implemented, living conditions caused by the pandemic will last until highly effective vaccines are successfully improved and globally administered. Several first-generation COVID-19 vaccines were approved at the end of 2020. However, the COVID-19 pandemic is persisting worldwide. To be clear, the efficiency and the coverage of current vaccines are insufficient, but newly emerging and rapidly spreading variants are the most pressing concern. A second-generation COVID-19 vaccine worth mentioning, NVX-CoV2373, has demonstrated 90% overall efficacy as well as a high level of efficacy against circulating variants in Phase 3 clinical trials. Currently, NVX-CoV2373 is the only vaccine that has proven successful against variants during Phase 3/4 trials. Therefore, developing the next generation of vaccines is a promising strategy to ultimately prevail against SARS-CoV-2. This review provides up-to-date information on COVID-19 vaccines in terms of their efficacy and new platforms and the progression of COVID-19 vaccination. Moreover, this review also summarizes the efficacy of approved COVID-19 vaccines against variants. Lastly, this review highlights the global challenges for COVID-19 vaccines in development and vaccination, and it discusses opportunities for development of future COVID-19 vaccines and vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
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19
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Zarski LM, Vaala WE, Barnett DC, Bain FT, Soboll Hussey G. A Live-Attenuated Equine Influenza Vaccine Stimulates Innate Immunity in Equine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures That Could Provide Protection From Equine Herpesvirus 1. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:674850. [PMID: 34179166 PMCID: PMC8224402 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.674850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) ubiquitously infects horses worldwide and causes respiratory disease, abortion, and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy. Protection against EHV-1 disease is elusive due to establishment of latency and immune-modulatory features of the virus. These include the modulation of interferons, cytokines, chemokines, antigen presentation, and cellular immunity. Because the modulation of immunity likely occurs at the site of first infection—the respiratory epithelium, we hypothesized that the mucosal influenza vaccine Flu Avert® I.N. (Flu Avert), which is known to stimulate strong antiviral responses, will enhance antiviral innate immunity, and that these responses would also provide protection from EHV-1 infection. To test our hypothesis, primary equine respiratory epithelial cells (ERECs) were treated with Flu Avert, and innate immunity was evaluated for 10 days following treatment. The timing of Flu Avert treatment was also evaluated for optimal effectiveness to reduce EHV-1 replication by modulating early immune responses to EHV-1. The induction of interferons, cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression, and protein secretion was evaluated by high-throughput qPCR and multiplex protein analysis. Intracellular and extracellular EHV-1 titers were determined by qPCR. Flu Avert treatment resulted in the modulation of IL-8, CCL2, and CXCL9 starting at days 5 and 6 post-treatment. Coinciding with the timing of optimal chemokine induction, our data also suggested the same timing for reduction of EHV-1 replication. In combination, our results suggest that Flu Avert may be effective at counteracting some of the immune-modulatory properties of EHV-1 at the airway epithelium and the peak for this response occurs 5–8 days post-Flu Avert treatment. Future in vivo studies are needed to investigate Flu Avert as a prophylactic in situations where EHV-1 exposure may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila M Zarski
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | | | | | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, MI, United States
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20
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Vafaeinezhad A, Atashzar MR, Baharlou R. The Immune Responses against Coronavirus Infections: Friend or Foe? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2021; 182:863-876. [PMID: 33951640 PMCID: PMC8247827 DOI: 10.1159/000516038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) were first discovered in the 1960s. Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as the cause of COVID-19, which spread throughout China and subsequently, across the world. As COVID-19 causes serious public health concerns across the world, investigating the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and its interaction with the host immune responses may provide a clearer picture of how the pathogen causes disease in some individuals. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 has 80% sequence homology with SARS-CoV-1 and 96-98% homology with CoVs isolated from bats. Therefore, the experience acquired in SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) epidemics may improve our understanding of the immune response and immunopathological changes in COVID-19 patients. In the present paper, we have reviewed the immune responses (including the innate and adaptive immunities) to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, so as to improve our understanding of the concept of the COVID-19 disease, which will be helpful in developing vaccines and medications for treating the COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefe Vafaeinezhad
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Atashzar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Rasoul Baharlou
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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21
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Liu WJ, Xiao H, Dai L, Liu D, Chen J, Qi X, Bi Y, Shi Y, Gao GF, Liu Y. Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic. Front Med 2021; 15:507-527. [PMID: 33860875 PMCID: PMC8190734 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
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22
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Jang YH, Seong BL. Immune Responses Elicited by Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines as Correlates of Universal Protection against Influenza Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040353. [PMID: 33916924 PMCID: PMC8067561 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection remains a major public health challenge, causing significant morbidity and mortality by annual epidemics and intermittent pandemics. Although current seasonal influenza vaccines provide efficient protection, antigenic changes of the viruses often significantly compromise the protection efficacy of vaccines, rendering most populations vulnerable to the viral infection. Considerable efforts have been made to develop a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) able to confer long-lasting and broad protection. Recent studies have characterized multiple immune correlates required for providing broad protection against influenza viruses, including neutralizing antibodies, non-neutralizing antibodies, antibody effector functions, T cell responses, and mucosal immunity. To induce broadly protective immune responses by vaccination, various strategies using live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) and novel vaccine platforms are under investigation. Despite superior cross-protection ability, very little attention has been paid to LAIVs for the development of UIV. This review focuses on immune responses induced by LAIVs, with special emphasis placed on the breadth and the potency of individual immune correlates. The promising prospect of LAIVs to serve as an attractive and reliable vaccine platforms for a UIV is also discussed. Several important issues that should be addressed with respect to the use of LAIVs as UIV are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Major in Bio-Vaccine Engineering, Andong National University, Andong 1375, Korea;
- Vaccine Industry Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong 1375, Korea
| | - Baik L. Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Technology Alliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-7416
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23
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Nachbagauer R, Feser J, Naficy A, Bernstein DI, Guptill J, Walter EB, Berlanda-Scorza F, Stadlbauer D, Wilson PC, Aydillo T, Behzadi MA, Bhavsar D, Bliss C, Capuano C, Carreño JM, Chromikova V, Claeys C, Coughlan L, Freyn AW, Gast C, Javier A, Jiang K, Mariottini C, McMahon M, McNeal M, Solórzano A, Strohmeier S, Sun W, Van der Wielen M, Innis BL, García-Sastre A, Palese P, Krammer F. A chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine approach induces broad and long-lasting immunity in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial. Nat Med 2021; 27:106-114. [PMID: 33288923 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses constantly change through antigenic drift and the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses through antigenic shift is unpredictable. Conventional influenza virus vaccines induce strain-specific neutralizing antibodies against the variable immunodominant globular head domain of the viral hemagglutinin protein. This necessitates frequent re-formulation of vaccines and handicaps pandemic preparedness. In this completed, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial (NCT03300050), safety and immunogenicity of chimeric hemagglutinin-based vaccines were tested in healthy, 18-39-year-old US adults. The study aimed to test the safety and ability of the vaccines to elicit broadly cross-reactive antibodies against the hemagglutinin stalk domain. Participants were enrolled into five groups to receive vaccinations with live-attenuated followed by AS03-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine (n = 20), live-attenuated followed by inactivated vaccine (n = 15), twice AS03-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine (n = 16) or placebo (n = 5, intranasal followed by intramuscular; n = 10, twice intramuscular) 3 months apart. Vaccination was found to be safe and induced a broad, strong, durable and functional immune response targeting the conserved, immunosubdominant stalk of the hemagglutinin. The results suggest that chimeric hemagglutinins have the potential to be developed as universal vaccines that protect broadly against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jodi Feser
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abdollah Naficy
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guptill
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research Unit, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research Unit, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Teresa Aydillo
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Disha Bhavsar
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carly Bliss
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Capuano
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Veronika Chromikova
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carine Claeys
- GSK, Wavre, Belgium
- Spmt-Arista Asbl, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alec W Freyn
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Gast
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andres Javier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaijun Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Mariottini
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alicia Solórzano
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bruce L Innis
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Rawat K, Kumari P, Saha L. COVID-19 vaccine: A recent update in pipeline vaccines, their design and development strategies. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173751. [PMID: 33245898 PMCID: PMC7685956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 named as COVID-19 imposing a huge burden on public health as well as global economies, is caused by a new strain of betacoronavirus named as SARS-CoV-2. The high transmission rate of the virus has resulted in current havoc which highlights the need for a fast and effective approach either to prevent or treat the deadly infection. Development of vaccines can be the most prominent approach to prevent the virus to cause COVID-19 and hence will play a vital role in controlling the spread of the virus and reducing mortality. The virus uses its spike proteins for entering into the host by interacting with a specific receptor called angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) present on the surface of alveolar cells in the lungs. Researchers all over the world are targeting the spike protein for the development of potential vaccines. Here, we discuss the immunopathological basis of vaccine designing that can be approached for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 infection and different platforms that are being used for vaccine development. We believe this review will increase our understanding of the vaccine designing against SARS-CoV-2 and subsequently contribute to the control of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Also, it gives an insight into the current status of vaccine development and associated outcomes reported at different phases of trial. Either the S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 or the whole pathogen is targeted at the development of vaccines against COVID-19. Lymphocytopenia and Cytokine storm are two major manifestations associated with innate immune response generated against COVID-19. There are 44 vaccine candidates in clinical phase and 154 in preclinical phase of vaccine development. The major hurdle in establishing vaccine's efficacy being its effectiveness and safety at each step among diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Rawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), 4th Floor, Research Block B, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), 4th Floor, Research Block B, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), 4th Floor, Research Block B, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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25
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Das PK, Salinas I. Fish nasal immunity: From mucosal vaccines to neuroimmunology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:165-171. [PMID: 32497724 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Like terrestrial vertebrates, bony fishes have a nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) that protects the host against invading pathogens. Despite nasal immunity being a relatively new field in fish immunology, the investigation of nasal immune systems has already illuminated fundamental aspects of teleost mucosal immune systems as well as neuroimmunology. In this review, we highlight the importance of nasal infections in bony fish and the progress that has been made towards understanding how fish respond locally and systemically to nasal infection or vaccination. We also want to highlight the complex interactions between neurons and immune cells that occur in the olfactory organ during the course of an immune response. We predict that similar neuroimmune interactions govern immune responses at all mucosal tissues in bony fish. Understanding the principles of mucosal immune responses in teleost NALT has therefore revealed important aspects of fish mucosal immunity that are critical for mucosal vaccination in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankoj Kumar Das
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The adaptive immune response to influenza virus infection is multifaceted and complex, involving antibody and cellular responses at both systemic and mucosal levels. Immune responses to natural infection with influenza virus in humans are relatively broad and long-lived, but influenza viruses can escape from these responses over time owing to their high mutation rates and antigenic flexibility. Vaccines are the best available countermeasure against infection, but vaccine effectiveness is low compared with other viral vaccines, and the induced immune response is narrow and short-lived. Furthermore, inactivated influenza virus vaccines focus on the induction of systemic IgG responses but do not effectively induce mucosal IgA responses. Here, I review the differences between natural infection and vaccination in terms of the antibody responses they induce and how these responses protect against future infection. A better understanding of how natural infection induces broad and long-lived immune responses will be key to developing next-generation influenza virus vaccines.
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27
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Bernstein DI, Guptill J, Naficy A, Nachbagauer R, Berlanda-Scorza F, Feser J, Wilson PC, Solórzano A, Van der Wielen M, Walter EB, Albrecht RA, Buschle KN, Chen YQ, Claeys C, Dickey M, Dugan HL, Ermler ME, Freeman D, Gao M, Gast C, Guthmiller JJ, Hai R, Henry C, Lan LYL, McNeal M, Palm AKE, Shaw DG, Stamper CT, Sun W, Sutton V, Tepora ME, Wahid R, Wenzel H, Wohlbold TJ, Innis BL, García-Sastre A, Palese P, Krammer F. Immunogenicity of chimeric haemagglutinin-based, universal influenza virus vaccine candidates: interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:80-91. [PMID: 31630990 PMCID: PMC6928577 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza viruses cause substantial annual morbidity and mortality globally. Current vaccines protect against influenza only when well matched to the circulating strains. However, antigenic drift can cause considerable mismatches between vaccine and circulating strains, substantially reducing vaccine effectiveness. Moreover, current seasonal vaccines are ineffective against pandemic influenza, and production of a vaccine matched to a newly emerging virus strain takes months. Therefore, there is an unmet medical need for a broadly protective influenza virus vaccine. We aimed to test the ability of chimeric H1 haemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine candidates to induce broadly cross-reactive antibodies targeting the stalk domain of group 1 haemagglutinin-expressing influenza viruses. METHODS We did a randomised, observer-blinded, phase 1 study in healthy adults in two centres in the USA. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three prime-boost, chimeric haemagglutinin-based vaccine regimens or one of two placebo groups. The vaccine regimens included a chimeric H8/1, intranasal, live-attenuated vaccine on day 1 followed by a non-adjuvanted, chimeric H5/1, intramuscular, inactivated vaccine on day 85; the same regimen but with the inactivated vaccine being adjuvanted with AS03; and an AS03-adjuvanted, chimeric H8/1, intramuscular, inactivated vaccine followed by an AS03-adjuvanted, chimeric H5/1, intramuscular, inactivated vaccine. In this planned interim analysis, the primary endpoints of reactogenicity and safety were assessed by blinded study group. We also assessed anti-H1 haemagglutinin stalk, anti-H2, anti-H9, and anti-H18 IgG antibody titres and plasmablast and memory B-cell responses in peripheral blood. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03300050. FINDINGS Between Oct 10, 2017, and Nov 27, 2017, 65 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned. The adjuvanted inactivated vaccine, but not the live-attenuated vaccine, induced a substantial serum IgG antibody response after the prime immunisation, with a seven times increase in anti-H1 stalk antibody titres on day 29. After boost immunisation, all vaccine regimens induced detectable anti-H1 stalk antibody (2·2-5·6 times induction over baseline), cross-reactive serum IgG antibody, and peripheral blood plasmablast responses. An unsolicited adverse event was reported for 29 (48%) of 61 participants. Solicited local adverse events were reported in 12 (48%) of 25 participants following prime vaccination with intramuscular study product or placebo, in 12 (33%) of 36 after prime immunisation with intranasal study product or placebo, and in 18 (32%) of 56 following booster doses of study product or placebo. Solicited systemic adverse events were reported in 14 (56%) of 25 after prime immunisation with intramuscular study product or placebo, in 22 (61%) of 36 after immunisation with intranasal study product or placebo, and in 21 (38%) of 56 after booster doses of study product or placebo. Disaggregated safety data were not available at the time of this interim analysis. INTERPRETATION The tested chimeric haemagglutinin-based, universal influenza virus vaccine regimens elicited cross-reactive serum IgG antibodies that targeted the conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain. This is the first proof-of-principle study to show that high anti-stalk titres can be induced by a rationally designed vaccine in humans and opens up avenues for further development of universal influenza virus vaccines. On the basis of the blinded study group, the vaccine regimens were tolerable and no safety concerns were observed. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guptill
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research Unit, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Abdollah Naficy
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jodi Feser
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alicia Solórzano
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research Unit, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen N Buschle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Michelle Dickey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Haley L Dugan
- The Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan E Ermler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Debra Freeman
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research Unit, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research Unit, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher Gast
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rong Hai
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Carole Henry
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda Yu-Ling Lan
- The Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anna-Karin E Palm
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dustin G Shaw
- The Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Sutton
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research Unit, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Micah E Tepora
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rahnuma Wahid
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather Wenzel
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Teddy John Wohlbold
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce L Innis
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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28
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Mucosal CD8+ T cell responses induced by an MCMV based vaccine vector confer protection against influenza challenge. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008036. [PMID: 31525249 PMCID: PMC6763260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes life-long latent infection in a high percentage of the population worldwide. CMV induces the strongest and most durable CD8+ T cell response known in human clinical medicine. Due to its unique properties, the virus represents a promising candidate vaccine vector for the induction of persistent cellular immunity. To take advantage of this, we constructed a recombinant murine CMV (MCMV) expressing an MHC-I restricted epitope from influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 within the immediate early 2 (ie2) gene. Only mice that were immunized intranasally (i.n.) were capable of controlling IAV infection, despite the greater potency of the intraperitoneally (i.p.) vaccination in inducing a systemic IAV-specific CD8+ T cell response. The protective capacity of the i.n. immunization was associated with its ability to induce IAV-specific tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (CD8TRM) cells in the lungs. Our data demonstrate that the protective effect exerted by the i.n. immunization was critically mediated by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8TRM cells promoted the induction of IFNγ and chemokines that facilitate the recruitment of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to the lungs. Overall, our results showed that locally applied MCMV vectors could induce mucosal immunity at sites of entry, providing superior immune protection against respiratory infections. Vaccines against influenza typically induce immune responses based on antibodies, small molecules that recognize the virus particles outside of cells and neutralize them before they infect a cell. However, influenza rapidly evolves, escaping immune recognition, and the fastest evolution is seen in the part of the virus that is recognized by antibodies. Therefore, every year we are confronted with new flu strains that are not recognized by our antibodies against the strains from previous years. The other branch of the immune system is made of killer T cells, which recognize infected cells and target them for killing. Influenza does not rapidly evolve to escape T cell killing; thus, vaccines inducing T-cell responses to influenza might provide long-term protection. We introduced an antigen from influenza into the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and used it as a vaccine vector inducing killer T-cell responses of unparalleled strength. Our vector controls influenza replication and provides relief to infected mice, but only if we administered it through the nose, to activate killer T cells that will persist in the lungs close to the airways. Therefore, our data show that the subset of lung-resident killer T cells is sufficient to protect against influenza.
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29
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Comparative Immunogenicity of the 2014-2015 Northern Hemisphere Trivalent IIV and LAIV against Influenza A Viruses in Children. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030087. [PMID: 31408963 PMCID: PMC6789519 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) and live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) have been recommended for administration to children. Children are a high-risk group for severe influenza, and a major source of transmission. Therefore, prevention of infection by vaccination is particularly important. However, efficacy and immunogenicity of these vaccines are known to vary by season and geographic location. We compared the immunogenicity of the 2014–2015 Northern Hemisphere trivalent IIV and LAIV against influenza A virus in Canadian Hutterite children aged 2 to 17 using hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure hemagglutinin-specific serum IgA and mucosal IgA. Both vaccine formulations induced significant increases in HAI titers against H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine strains. Serum IgA titers against H3N2 were significantly boosted by both IIV and LAIV, while only IIV induced a significant increase in serum IgA specific to the H1N1 vaccine strain. While HAI titers correlated with protection conferred by IIV, mucosal IgA titers correlated with protection conferred by LAIV (mucosal IgA titers could not be established as a correlate for IIV due to sample size limitations). IIV and LAIV were previously reported to be equally efficacious in this cohort, although the immunogenicity of IIV was generally superior.
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30
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Gianchecchi E, Manenti A, Kistner O, Trombetta C, Manini I, Montomoli E. How to assess the effectiveness of nasal influenza vaccines? Role and measurement of sIgA in mucosal secretions. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:429-437. [PMID: 31225704 PMCID: PMC6692539 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgAs (sIgA) constitute the principal isotype of antibodies present in nasal and mucosal secretions. They are secreted by plasma cells adjacent to the mucosal epithelial cells, the site where infection occurs, and are the main humoral mediator of mucosal immunity. Mucosally delivered vaccines, such as live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), are able to mimic natural infection without causing disease or virus transmission and mainly elicit a local immune response. The measurement of sIgA concentrations in nasal swab/wash and saliva samples is therefore a valuable tool for evaluating their role in the effectiveness of such vaccines. Here, we describe two standardized assays (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and microneutralization) available for the quantification of sIgA and discuss the advantages and limitations of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Manini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi Research Srl, Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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31
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Garrido JL, Prescott J, Calvo M, Bravo F, Alvarez R, Salas A, Riquelme R, Rioseco ML, Williamson BN, Haddock E, Feldmann H, Barria MI. Two recombinant human monoclonal antibodies that protect against lethal Andes hantavirus infection in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaat6420. [PMID: 30463919 PMCID: PMC11073648 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat6420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Andes hantavirus (ANDV) is an etiologic agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), a severe disease characterized by fever, headache, and gastrointestinal symptoms that may progress to hypotension, pulmonary failure, and cardiac shock that results in a 25 to 40% case-fatality rate. Currently, there is no specific treatment or vaccine; however, several studies have shown that the generation of neutralizing antibody (Ab) responses strongly correlates with survival from HCPS in humans. In this study, we screened 27 ANDV convalescent HCPS patient sera for their capacity to bind and neutralize ANDV in vitro. One patient who showed high neutralizing titer was selected to isolate ANDV-glycoprotein (GP) Abs. ANDV-GP-specific memory B cells were single cell sorted, and recombinant immunoglobulin G antibodies were cloned and produced. Two monoclonal Abs (mAbs), JL16 and MIB22, potently recognized ANDV-GPs and neutralized ANDV. We examined the post-exposure efficacy of these two mAbs as a monotherapy or in combination therapy in a Syrian hamster model of ANDV-induced HCPS, and both mAbs protected 100% of animals from a lethal challenge dose. These data suggest that monotherapy with mAb JL16 or MIB22, or a cocktail of both, could be an effective post-exposure treatment for patients infected with ANDV-induced HCPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Garrido
- Faculty of Biological Science, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph Prescott
- Arthropod and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Comparative Immunology of Risk Group-4 Viruses, Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Calvo
- Institute of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Faculty of Biological Science, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Alexis Salas
- Faculty of Biological Science, Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
| | - Raul Riquelme
- Hospital Regional Dr. Eduardo Schütz, Puerto Montt 5507798, Chile
| | - Maria L Rioseco
- Hospital Regional Dr. Eduardo Schütz, Puerto Montt 5507798, Chile
| | - Brandi N Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Maria I Barria
- Faculty of Biological Science, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile.
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32
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Luukkainen A, Puan KJ, Yusof N, Lee B, Tan KS, Liu J, Yan Y, Toppila-Salmi S, Renkonen R, Chow VT, Rotzschke O, Wang DY. A Co-culture Model of PBMC and Stem Cell Derived Human Nasal Epithelium Reveals Rapid Activation of NK and Innate T Cells Upon Influenza A Virus Infection of the Nasal Epithelium. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2514. [PMID: 30467502 PMCID: PMC6237251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We established an in vitro co-culture model involving H3N2-infection of human nasal epithelium with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to investigate their cross-talk during early H3N2 infection. Methods: Nasal epithelium was differentiated from human nasal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and cultured wtih fresh human PBMC. PBMC and supernatants were harvested after 24 and 48 h of co-culture with H3N2-infected nasal epithelium. We used flow cytometry and Luminex to characterize PBMC subpopulations, their activation and secretion of cytokine and chemokines. Results: H3N2 infection of the nasal epithelium associated with significant increase in interferons (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-29), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, BDNF, IL-3) and viral-associated chemokines (IP-10, MCP-3, I-TAC, MIG), detectable already after 24 h. This translates into rapid activation of monocytes, NK-cells and innate T-cells (MAIT and γδ T cells), evident with CD38+ and/or CD69+ upregulation. Conclusions: This system may contribute to in vitro mechanistic immunological studies bridging systemic models and possibly enable the development of targeted immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Luukkainen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kia Joo Puan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurhashikin Yusof
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Skin and Allergy Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Renkonen
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincent T Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Rudenko L, Kiseleva I, Krutikova E, Stepanova E, Isakova-Sivak I, Donina S, Rekstin A, Pisareva M, Bazhenova E, Kotomina T, Katelnikova A, Muzhikyan A, Makarov V, Sparrow EG, Torelli G. Two Live Attenuated Vaccines against Recent Low⁻and Highly Pathogenic H7N9 Influenza Viruses Are Safe and Immunogenic in Ferrets. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6040074. [PMID: 30388790 PMCID: PMC6313887 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza H7N9 virus is a potentially pandemic subtype to which most people are immunologically naïve. To be better prepared for the potential occurrence of an H7N9 pandemic, in 2017 the World Health Organization recommended developing candidate vaccine viruses from two new H7N9 viruses, A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 (A/GD) and A/Hong Kong/125/2017 (A/HK). This report describes the development of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) candidates against A/GD and A/HK viruses and study of their safety and immunogenicity in the ferret model in order to choose the most promising one for a phase I clinical trial. The A/HK-based vaccine candidate (A/17/HK) was developed by classical reassortment in eggs. The A/GD-based vaccine candidate (A/17/GD) was generated by reverse genetics. Ferrets were vaccinated with two doses of LAIV or phosphate-buffered saline. Both H7N9 LAIVs tested were safe for ferrets, as shown by absence of clinical signs, and by virological and histological data; they were immunogenic after a single vaccination. These results provide a compelling argument for further testing of these vaccines in volunteers. Since the A/HK virus represents the cluster that has caused the majority of human cases, and because the A/HK-based LAIV candidate was developed by classical reassortment, this is the preferred candidate for a phase I clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Irina Kiseleva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Elena Krutikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | | | | | - Svetlana Donina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Andrey Rekstin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Maria Pisareva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | | | - Tatiana Kotomina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | | | - Arman Muzhikyan
- Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd., St. Petersburg 188663, Russia.
| | - Valery Makarov
- Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd., St. Petersburg 188663, Russia.
| | | | - Guido Torelli
- World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Hatta Y, Boltz D, Sarawar S, Kawaoka Y, Neumann G, Bilsel P. Novel influenza vaccine M2SR protects against drifted H1N1 and H3N2 influenza virus challenge in ferrets with pre-existing immunity. Vaccine 2018; 36:5097-5103. [PMID: 30007825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines do not provide effective protection against heterologous influenza viruses. The ability of the novel M2SR influenza vaccine to protect against drifted influenza viruses was evaluated in naïve ferrets and in ferrets with pre-existing immunity to influenza. In naïve ferrets, M2SR provided similar protection against drifted challenge viruses as the comparator vaccine, FluMist®. However, in ferrets with pre-existing immunity, M2SR provided superior protection than FluMist in two model systems. In the first model, ferrets were infected with influenza A H1N1pdm and influenza B viruses to mimic the diverse influenza exposure in humans. The pre-infected ferrets, seropositive to H1N1pdm and influenza B but seronegative to H3N2, were then vaccinated with H3N2 M2SR or monovalent H3N2 FluMist virus (A/Brisbane/10/2007, clade 1) and challenged 6 weeks later with a drifted H3N2 virus (clade 3C.2a). Antibody titers to Brisbane/10/2007 were higher in M2SR vaccinated ferrets than in FluMist vaccinated ferrets in the pre-infected ferrets whereas the opposite was observed in naïve ferrets. After challenge with drifted H3N2 virus, M2SR provided superior protection than FluMist monovalent vaccine. In the second model, the impact of homologous pre-existing immunity upon vaccine-induced protection was evaluated. Ferrets, pre-infected with H1N1pdm virus, were vaccinated 90 days later with H1N1pdm M2SR or FluMist monovalent vaccine and challenged 6 weeks later with a pre-pandemic seasonal H1N1 virus, A/Brisbane/59/2007 (Bris59). While cross-reactive serum IgG antibodies against the Bris59 HA were detected after vaccination, anti-Bris59 hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were only detected post-challenge. M2SR provided better protection against Bris59 challenge than FluMist suggesting that homologous pre-existing immunity affected FluMist virus to a greater degree than M2SR. These results suggest that the single replication intranasal M2SR vaccine provides effective protection against drifted influenza A viruses not only in naïve ferrets but also in those with pre-existing immunity in contrast to FluMist viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Boltz
- IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Sally Sarawar
- The Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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35
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Lee LYY, Izzard L, Hurt AC. A Review of DNA Vaccines Against Influenza. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1568. [PMID: 30038621 PMCID: PMC6046547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenges of effective vaccination against influenza are gaining more mainstream attention, as recent influenza seasons have reported low efficacy in annual vaccination programs worldwide. Combined with the potential emergence of novel influenza viruses resulting in a pandemic, the need for effective alternatives to egg-produced conventional vaccines has been made increasingly clear. DNA vaccines against influenza have been in development since the 1990s, but the initial excitement over success in murine model trials has been tempered by comparatively poor performance in larger animal models. In the intervening years, much progress has been made to refine the DNA vaccine platform-the rational design of antigens and expression vectors, the development of novel vaccine adjuvants, and the employment of innovative gene delivery methods. This review discusses how these advances have been applied in recent efforts to develop an effective influenza DNA vaccine.
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36
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Saletti G, Gerlach T, Rimmelzwaan GF. Influenza vaccines: 'tailor-made' or 'one fits all'. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:102-110. [PMID: 29734023 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently used inactivated influenza vaccines aim at the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies directed to the variable head domain of the viral hemagglutinin. Although these vaccines are effective against antigenically matching virus strains, they offer little protection against antigenically distinct drift variants or potentially pandemic viruses of alternative subtypes. In the last decades, the threat of novel influenza pandemics has sparked research efforts to develop vaccines that induce more broadly protective immunity. Here, we discuss the immune responses induced by conventional 'tailor-made' inactivated and live influenza vaccines and novel 'one fits all' candidate vaccines able to induce cross-reactive virus-specific antibody and T cell responses and to afford protection to a wider range of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta Saletti
- University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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37
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Jang H, Elaish M, KC M, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Ngunjiri JM, Lee CW. Efficacy and synergy of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in young chickens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195285. [PMID: 29624615 PMCID: PMC5889186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have been reported in poultry species in the United States since 2014. These outbreaks have proven the limitations of biosecurity control programs, and new tools are needed to reinforce the current avian influenza control arsenal. Some enzootic countries have implemented inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in their control programs, but there are serious concerns that a long-term use of IIV without eradication may result in the selection of novel antigenically divergent strains. A broadly protective vaccine is needed, such as live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We showed in our previous studies that pc4-LAIV (a variant that encodes a C-terminally truncated NS1 protein) can provide significant protection against heterologous challenge virus in chickens vaccinated at 2–4 weeks of age through upregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The current study was conducted to compare the performances of pc4-LAIV and IIV in young chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age. A single dose of pc4-LAIV was able to induce stronger innate and mucosal IgA responses and protect young immunologically immature chickens better than a single dose of IIV. Most importantly, when 1-day-old chickens were intranasally primed with pc4-LAIV and subcutaneously boosted with IIV three weeks later, they showed a rapid, robust, and highly cross-reactive serum antibody response and a high level of mucosal IgA antibody response. This vaccination regimen warrants further optimization to increase its range of protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Chickens/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Immunization, Secondary/veterinary
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mahesh KC
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John M. Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
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Kumar A, Meldgaard TS, Bertholet S. Novel Platforms for the Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:600. [PMID: 29628926 PMCID: PMC5877485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in immunotherapeutic approaches, influenza continues to cause severe illness, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, young children, and elderly adults. Vaccination is the most effective way to reduce rates of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza viruses. Frequent genetic shift and drift among influenza-virus strains with the resultant disparity between circulating and vaccine virus strains limits the effectiveness of the available conventional influenza vaccines. One approach to overcome this limitation is to develop a universal influenza vaccine that could provide protection against all subtypes of influenza viruses. Moreover, the development of a novel or improved universal influenza vaccines may be greatly facilitated by new technologies including virus-like particles, T-cell-inducing peptides and recombinant proteins, synthetic viruses, broadly neutralizing antibodies, and nucleic acid-based vaccines. This review discusses recent scientific advances in the development of next-generation universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- GSK, Research and Development Center, Siena, Italy.,Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Trine Sundebo Meldgaard
- GSK, Research and Development Center, Siena, Italy.,DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylvie Bertholet
- GSK, Research and Development Center, Siena, Italy.,GSK, Research and Development Center, Rockville, MD, United States
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39
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M2e-tetramer-specific memory CD4 T cells are broadly protective against influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:273-289. [PMID: 28295019 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) is considered an attractive component of a broadly protective, universal influenza A vaccine. Here we challenge the canonical view that antibodies against M2e are the prime effectors of protection. Intranasal immunizations of Balb/c mice with CTA1-3M2e-DD-generated M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells that were I-Ad restricted and critically protected against infection, even in the complete absence of antibodies, as observed in JhD mice. Whereas some M2e-tetramer-specific memory CD4 T cells resided in spleen and lymph nodes, the majority were lung-resident Th17 cells, that rapidly expanded upon a viral challenge infection. Indeed, immunized IL-17A-/- mice were significantly less well protected compared with wild-type mice despite exhibiting comparable antibody levels. Similarly, poor protection was also observed in congenic Balb/B (H-2b) mice, which failed to develop M2e-specific CD4 T cells, but exhibited comparable antibody levels. Lung-resident CD69+ CD103low M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells were αβ TCR+ and 50% were Th17 cells that were associated with an early influx of neutrophils after virus challenge. Adoptively transferred M2e memory CD4 T cells were strong helper T cells, which accelerated M2e- but more importantly also hemagglutinin-specific IgG production. Thus, for the first time we demonstrate that M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells are broadly protective.
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40
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Argentova VV, Aliev TK, Zarubaev VV, Klotchenko SA, Shtro AA, Sergeeva MV, Toporova VA, Dolgikh DA, Sveshnikov PG, Vasin VA, Kirpichnikov MP. In vitro Antiviral Activity of Recombinant Antibodies of IgG and IgA Isotypes to Hemagglutinin of the Influenza A Virus. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317060024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Koch RM, Kox M, Thijs EJM, Rahamat-Langendoen JC, van de Veerdonk FL, Gerretsen J, Schloesser J, Diavatopoulos D, Rimmelzwaan GF, Netea MG, van der Hoeven JG, de Jonge MI, Pickkers P. Development of Endotoxin Tolerance Does Not Influence the Response to a Challenge with the Mucosal Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Humans In Vivo. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1600. [PMID: 29312282 PMCID: PMC5732479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effects of bacterial infections on the response to subsequent viral infections are largely unknown. This is important to elucidate to increase insight into the pathophysiology of bacterial and viral co-infections, and to assess whether bacterial infections may influence the course of viral infections. Methods Healthy male subjects received either bacterial endotoxin [Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 2 ng/kg, n = 15] or placebo (n = 15) intravenously, followed by intranasal Fluenz (live-attenuated influenza vaccine) 1 week later. Results LPS administration resulted in increased plasma cytokine levels and development of endotoxin tolerance in vivo and ex vivo, illustrated by attenuated cytokine production upon rechallenge with LPS. Following Fluenz administration, infectivity for the Fluenz A/B strains was similar between the LPS-Fluenz and placebo-Fluenz groups (13/15 subjects in both groups). Also, the Fluenz-induced increase in temperature and IL-6, G-CSF and IP-10 concentrations in nasal wash were similar between both groups. Conclusion While endotoxemia profoundly attenuates the immune response upon a second LPS challenge, it does not influence the Fluenz-induced immune response. These results suggest immune suppression after bacterial infection does not alter the response to a subsequent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Koch
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora J M Thijs
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janette C Rahamat-Langendoen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jelle Gerretsen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Dimitri Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes G van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
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42
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Turner RD, Chiu C, Churchyard GJ, Esmail H, Lewinsohn DM, Gandhi NR, Fennelly KP. Tuberculosis Infectiousness and Host Susceptibility. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S636-S643. [PMID: 29112746 PMCID: PMC5853924 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of tuberculosis is complex. Necessary factors include a source case with respiratory disease that has developed sufficiently for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to be present in the airways. Viable bacilli must then be released as an aerosol via the respiratory tract of the source case. This is presumed to occur predominantly by coughing but may also happen by other means. Airborne bacilli must be capable of surviving in the external environment before inhalation into a new potential host-steps influenced by ambient conditions and crowding and by M. tuberculosis itself. Innate and adaptive host defenses will then influence whether new infection results; a process that is difficult to study owing to a paucity of animal models and an inability to measure infection directly. This review offers an overview of these steps and highlights the many gaps in knowledge that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Churchyard
- Aurum Institute and
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hanif Esmail
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Neel R Gandhi
- School of Medicine and Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin P Fennelly
- Pulmonary Clinical Medicine Section, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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43
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de Silva TI, Gould V, Mohammed NI, Cope A, Meijer A, Zutt I, Reimerink J, Kampmann B, Hoschler K, Zambon M, Tregoning JS. Comparison of mucosal lining fluid sampling methods and influenza-specific IgA detection assays for use in human studies of influenza immunity. J Immunol Methods 2017; 449:1-6. [PMID: 28647455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We need greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying protection against influenza virus to develop more effective vaccines. To do this, we need better, more reproducible methods of sampling the nasal mucosa. The aim of the current study was to compare levels of influenza virus A subtype-specific IgA collected using three different methods of nasal sampling. Samples were collected from healthy adult volunteers before and after LAIV immunization by nasal wash, flocked swabs and Synthetic Absorptive Matrix (SAM) strips. Influenza A virus subtype-specific IgA levels were measured by haemagglutinin binding ELISA or haemagglutinin binding microarray and the functional response was assessed by microneutralization. Nasosorption using SAM strips lead to the recovery of a more concentrated sample of material, with a significantly higher level of total and influenza H1-specific IgA. However, an equivalent percentage of specific IgA was observed with all sampling methods when normalized to the total IgA. Responses measured using a recently developed antibody microarray platform, which allows evaluation of binding to multiple influenza strains simultaneously with small sample volumes, were compared to ELISA. There was a good correlation between ELISA and microarray values. Material recovered from SAM strips was weakly neutralizing when used in an in vitro assay, with a modest correlation between the level of IgA measured by ELISA and neutralization, but a greater correlation between microarray-measured IgA and neutralizing activity. In conclusion we have tested three different methods of nasal sampling and show that flocked swabs and novel SAM strips are appropriate alternatives to traditional nasal washes for assessment of mucosal influenza humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushan I de Silva
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK; Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Victoria Gould
- Mucosal infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Nuredin I Mohammed
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Alethea Cope
- Mucosal infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Adam Meijer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS)/PB22, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Zutt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS)/PB22, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS)/PB22, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK; Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Katja Hoschler
- Virus Reference Department, Reference Microbiology Services, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virus Reference Department, Reference Microbiology Services, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
| | - John S Tregoning
- Mucosal infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
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44
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Wang SY, Liu SZ, Chu K, Zhao Y, Zhu FC, Hu YM, Meng FY, Li JX, Luo L, Yang JY, Liu P, Yu J. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate versus inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines in participants >/=3 years of age: a double-blind, randomized, parallel-controlled phase III clinical trial in China. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1155-1169. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1374181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Wang
- Department of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shu-Zhen Liu
- Department of Respiratory Virus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kai Chu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Corporate Representative, Jiangsu GDK Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yue-Mei Hu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fan-Yue Meng
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jia-Ying Yang
- Department of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Yu
- Corporate Representative, Jiangsu GDK Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, PR China
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45
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Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Preferentially Targets Antigen Presenting Cells In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8580. [PMID: 28819261 PMCID: PMC5561217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a promising vaccine vector with an excellent safety profile. However, despite extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing, surprisingly little is known about the cellular tropism of MVA, especially in relevant animal species. Here, we performed in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments with recombinant MVA expressing green fluorescent protein (rMVA-GFP). In both human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mouse lung explants, rMVA-GFP predominantly infected antigen presenting cells. Subsequent in vivo experiments performed in mice, ferrets and non-human primates indicated that preferential targeting of dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages was observed after respiratory administration, although subtle differences were observed between the respective animal species. Following intramuscular injection, rMVA-GFP was detected in interdigitating cells between myocytes, but also in myocytes themselves. These data are important in advancing our understanding of the basis for the immunogenicity of MVA-based vaccines and aid rational vaccine design and delivery strategies.
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46
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Suzuki T, Ainai A, Hasegawa H. Functional and structural characteristics of secretory IgA antibodies elicited by mucosal vaccines against influenza virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:5297-5302. [PMID: 28780981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues are major targets for pathogens. The secretions covering mucosal surfaces contain several types of molecules that protect the host from infection. Among these, mucosal immunoglobulins, including secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies, are the major contributor to pathogen-specific immune responses. IgA is the primary antibody class found in many external secretions and has unique structural and functional features not observed in other antibody classes. Recently, extensive efforts have been made to develop novel vaccines that induce immunity via the mucosal route. S-IgA is a key molecule that underpins the mechanism of action of these mucosal vaccines. Thus, precise characterization of S-IgA induced by mucosal vaccines is important, if the latter are to be used successfully in a clinical setting. Intensive studies identified the fundamental characteristics of S-IgA, which was first discovered almost half a century ago. However, S-IgA itself has not gained much attention of late, despite its importance to mucosal immunity; therefore, some important questions remain. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular characteristics of S-IgA and its role in intranasal mucosal vaccines against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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47
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de Swart RL, de Vries RD, Rennick LJ, van Amerongen G, McQuaid S, Verburgh RJ, Yüksel S, de Jong A, Lemon K, Nguyen DT, Ludlow M, Osterhaus ADME, Duprex WP. Needle-free delivery of measles virus vaccine to the lower respiratory tract of non-human primates elicits optimal immunity and protection. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:22. [PMID: 29263877 PMCID: PMC5627256 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Needle-free measles virus vaccination by aerosol inhalation has many potential benefits. The current standard route of vaccination is subcutaneous injection, whereas measles virus is an airborne pathogen. However, the target cells that support replication of live-attenuated measles virus vaccines in the respiratory tract are largely unknown. The aims of this study were to assess the in vivo tropism of live-attenuated measles virus and determine whether respiratory measles virus vaccination should target the upper or lower respiratory tract. Four groups of twelve cynomolgus macaques were immunized with 104 TCID50 of recombinant measles virus vaccine strain Edmonston-Zagreb expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. The vaccine virus was grown in MRC-5 cells and formulated with identical stabilizers and excipients as used in the commercial MVEZ vaccine produced by the Serum Institute of India. Animals were immunized by hypodermic injection, intra-tracheal inoculation, intra-nasal instillation, or aerosol inhalation. In each group six animals were euthanized at early time points post-vaccination, whereas the other six were followed for 14 months to assess immunogenicity and protection from challenge infection with wild-type measles virus. At early time-points, enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive measles virus-infected cells were detected locally in the muscle, nasal tissues, lungs, and draining lymph nodes. Systemic vaccine virus replication and viremia were virtually absent. Infected macrophages, dendritic cells and tissue-resident lymphocytes predominated. Exclusive delivery of vaccine virus to the lower respiratory tract resulted in highest immunogenicity and protection. This study sheds light on the tropism of a live-attenuated measles virus vaccine and identifies the alveolar spaces as the optimal site for respiratory delivery of measles virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda J Rennick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - R Joyce Verburgh
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Present Address: ProQR Therapeutics, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Selma Yüksel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin de Jong
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Lemon
- Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK.,Present Address: Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - D Tien Nguyen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA.,Present Address: University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Present Address: University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
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48
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Tang DCC. Noninvasive vaccination as a casus belli to redeem vaccine value in the face of anti-vaccine movements. INTEGRATIVE MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2017; 4:10.15761/IMM.304. [PMID: 29104760 PMCID: PMC5669393 DOI: 10.15761/imm.1000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Formidable anti-vaccine movements have been growing as a menace to disrupt beneficial vaccine programs. Although the vaccination-associated adverse effects commonly perceived by vaccine resisters usually represent over-reactions to rare manifestations, converging evidence shows that vaccination-associated health threats could be pervasive when systemic inflammation is considered as a side effect that oozes over time. An anti-vaccine movement thus may not be so unfounded even though the myriad cascades triggered by systemic inflammation have not been brought to a clear focus during any anti-vaccine campaign. Since both pro- and anti-vaccine groups are acting on the same primal impulse - "keep people healthy," reconciliation between the two warring factions should be achievable on a palatable trend that fosters the development of noninvasive vaccines which tend to induce local and transient inflammation along the interface with diminished potential to percolate through internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-chu C. Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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49
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Tang DCC. Noninvasive vaccination as a casus belli to redeem vaccine value in the face of anti-vaccine movements. INTEGRATIVE MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2017; 4. [PMID: 29104760 DOI: 10.15761/imm.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Formidable anti-vaccine movements have been growing as a menace to disrupt beneficial vaccine programs. Although the vaccination-associated adverse effects commonly perceived by vaccine resisters usually represent over-reactions to rare manifestations, converging evidence shows that vaccination-associated health threats could be pervasive when systemic inflammation is considered as a side effect that oozes over time. An anti-vaccine movement thus may not be so unfounded even though the myriad cascades triggered by systemic inflammation have not been brought to a clear focus during any anti-vaccine campaign. Since both pro- and anti-vaccine groups are acting on the same primal impulse - "keep people healthy," reconciliation between the two warring factions should be achievable on a palatable trend that fosters the development of noninvasive vaccines which tend to induce local and transient inflammation along the interface with diminished potential to percolate through internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Chu C Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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50
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Belongia EA, Karron RA, Reingold A, Walter EB, Bennett NM. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendation regarding the use of live influenza vaccine: A rejoinder. Vaccine 2017; 36:343-344. [PMID: 28684166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Arthur Reingold
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nancy M Bennett
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States.
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