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Pitolli M, Cela M, Kapps D, Chicher J, Despons L, Frugier M. Comparative proteomics uncovers low asparagine content in Plasmodium tRip-KO proteins. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 38963319 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
tRNAs are not only essential for decoding the genetic code, but their abundance also has a strong impact on the rate of protein production, folding, and on the stability of the translated messenger RNAs. Plasmodium expresses a unique surface protein called tRip, involved in the import of exogenous tRNAs into the parasite. Comparative proteomic analysis of the blood stage of wild-type and tRip-KO variant of P. berghei parasites revealed that downregulated proteins in the mutant parasite are distinguished by a bias in their asparagine content. Furthermore, the demonstration of the possibility of charging host tRNAs with Plasmodium aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases led us to propose that imported host tRNAs participate in parasite protein synthesis. These results also suggest a novel mechanism of translational control in which import of host tRNAs emerge as regulators of gene expression in the Plasmodium developmental cycle and pathogenesis, by enabling the synthesis of asparagine-rich regulatory proteins that efficiently and selectively control the parasite infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pitolli
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marta Cela
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Strasbourg, France
| | - Delphine Kapps
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Strasbourg, France
| | - Johana Chicher
- Strasbourg-Esplanade Proteomics Facility, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Despons
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Strasbourg, France
| | - Magali Frugier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Strasbourg, France
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Suárez L, Kosar AJ, Dodd EL, Tazoo D, Lambert AC, Bohle DS. Soluble meso and deuteroporphyrin analogs of the malaria pigment hematin anhydride. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112470. [PMID: 38218137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Two soluble heme analogs of the insoluble malaria pigment hematin anhydride (HA, or β-hematin), [Fe(III)(protoporphyrin)]2, with either mesoporphyrin (MHA) or deuteroporphyrin (DHA) are characterized by elemental analysis, SEM, IR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, paramagnetic 1H NMR spectroscopy and solution magnetic susceptibility. While prior single crystal and X-ray powder diffraction results indicate all three have a common propionate linked dimer motif, there is considerable solid state variation in the conformation. This is associated with enhanced solubility of MHA and DHA. As with HA, DHA undergoes thermally promoted reversible hydration/dehydration in the solid state. Solution 1H NMR studies of DHA suggest a high spin dimeric structure with the porphyrin methyls distributed between two isomers which are also present in the solid state. These soluble iron(III)porphyrin dimers allow for the first direct solution studies by NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies of these key species. Taken together the results illustrate the importance and utility of varying the substituents on the periphery of the porphyrin for studying heme aggregation and malaria pigment formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Aaron J Kosar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Département de Chimie de l'UQAM, 2101, rue Jeanne-Mance, Montréal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Dagobert Tazoo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada.
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Walker IS, Rogerson SJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of malaria: Sticky problems and tricky solutions. Virulence 2023; 14:2150456. [PMID: 36419237 PMCID: PMC9815252 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax cause over 600,000 deaths each year, concentrated in Africa and in young children, but much of the world's population remain at risk of infection. In this article, we review the latest developments in the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of malaria, with a particular focus on P. falciparum, the leading malaria killer. Pathogenic factors include parasite-derived toxins and variant surface antigens on infected erythrocytes that mediate sequestration in the deep vasculature. Host response to parasite toxins and to variant antigens is an important determinant of disease severity. Understanding how parasites sequester, and how antibody to variant antigens could prevent sequestration, may lead to new approaches to treat and prevent disease. Difficulties in malaria diagnosis, drug resistance, and specific challenges of treating P. vivax pose challenges to malaria elimination, but vaccines and other preventive strategies may offer improved disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel S Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Nolasco-Pérez TDJ, Cervantes-Candelas LA, Buendía-González FO, Aguilar-Castro J, Fernández-Rivera O, Salazar-Castañón VH, Legorreta-Herrera M. Immunomodulatory effects of testosterone and letrozole during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146356. [PMID: 37384220 PMCID: PMC10296187 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malaria is one of the leading health problems globally. Plasmodium infection causes pronounced sexual dimorphism, and the lethality and severity are more remarkable in males than in females. To study the role of testosterone in the susceptibility and mortality of males in malaria, it is common to increase its concentration. However, this strategy does not consider the enzyme CYP19A1 aromatase, which can transform it into oestrogens. Methods To avoid the interference of oestrogens, we inhibited in vivo CYP19A1 aromatase with letrozole and increased the testosterone level by exogen administration before infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. We measured the impact on free testosterone, 17β-oestradiol and dehydroepiandrosterone levels in plasma; additionally, we evaluated parasitaemia, body temperature, body mass, glucose levels and haemoglobin concentration. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of testosterone on the immune response; we quantified the CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, CD19+, Mac-3+ and NK cells in the spleen and the plasma concentrations of the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-17A. Finally, we quantified the levels of antibodies. Results We found that mice treated with the combination of letrozole and testosterone and infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA had increased concentrations of free testosterone and DHEA but decreased levels of 17β-oestradiol. As a result, parasitaemia increased, leading to severe anaemia. Interestingly, testosterone increased temperature and decreased glucose concentration as a possible testosterone-mediated regulatory mechanism. The severity of symptomatology was related to critical immunomodulatory effects generated by free testosterone; it selectively increased CD3+CD8+ T and CD19+ cells but decreased Mac-3+. Remarkably, it reduced IL-17A concentration and increased IL-4 and TNF-α. Finally, it increased IgG1 levels and the IgG1/IgG2a ratio. In conclusion, free testosterone plays an essential role in pathogenesis in male mice by increasing CD8+ and decreasing Mac3+ cells and mainly reducing IL-17A levels, which is critical in the development of anaemia. Our results are important for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the exacerbated inflammatory response in infectious diseases and would be useful for the future development of alternative therapies to reduce the mortality generated by inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita de Jesús Nolasco-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Química Computacional, Síntesis y Farmacología en Moléculas de Interés Biológico, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Cervantes-Candelas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Química Computacional, Síntesis y Farmacología en Moléculas de Interés Biológico, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Fidel Orlando Buendía-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Química Computacional, Síntesis y Farmacología en Moléculas de Interés Biológico, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguilar-Castro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Química Computacional, Síntesis y Farmacología en Moléculas de Interés Biológico, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Omar Fernández-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Química Computacional, Síntesis y Farmacología en Moléculas de Interés Biológico, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Salazar-Castañón
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Química Computacional, Síntesis y Farmacología en Moléculas de Interés Biológico, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Martha Legorreta-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Química Computacional, Síntesis y Farmacología en Moléculas de Interés Biológico, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Kalita E, Panda M, Rao A, Prajapati VK. Exploring the role of secretory proteins in the human infectious diseases diagnosis and therapeutics. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:231-269. [PMID: 36707203 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretory proteins are playing important role during the host-pathogen interaction to develop the infection or protection into the cell. Pathogens developing infectious disease to human being are taken up by host macrophages or number of immune cells, play an important role in physiological, developmental and immunological function. At the same time, infectious agents are also secreting various proteins to neutralize the resistance caused by host cells and also helping the pathogens to develop the infection. Secretory proteins (secretome) are only developed at the time of host-pathogen interaction, therefore they become very important to develop the targeted and potential therapeutic strategies. Pathogen specific secretory proteins released during interaction with host cell provide opportunity to develop point of care and rapid diagnostic kits. Proteins secreted by pathogens at the time of interaction with host cell have also been found as immunogenic in nature and numbers of vaccines have been developed to control the spread of human infectious diseases. This chapter highlights the importance of secretory proteins in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to fight against human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
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6
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Dumarchey A, Lavazec C, Verdier F. Erythropoiesis and Malaria, a Multifaceted Interplay. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112762. [PMID: 36361552 PMCID: PMC9657351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major pathophysiologies of malaria is the development of anemia. Although hemolysis and splenic clearance are well described as causes of malarial anemia, abnormal erythropoiesis has been observed in malaria patients and may contribute significantly to anemia. The interaction between inadequate erythropoiesis and Plasmodium parasite infection, which partly occurs in the bone marrow, has been poorly investigated to date. However, recent findings may provide new insights. This review outlines clinical and experimental studies describing different aspects of ineffective erythropoiesis and dyserythropoiesis observed in malaria patients and in animal or in vitro models. We also highlight the various human and parasite factors leading to erythropoiesis disorders and discuss the impact that Plasmodium parasites may have on the suppression of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Dumarchey
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Verdier
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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7
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Olatunde AC, Cornwall DH, Roedel M, Lamb TJ. Mouse Models for Unravelling Immunology of Blood Stage Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1525. [PMID: 36146602 PMCID: PMC9501382 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria comprises a spectrum of disease syndromes and the immune system is a major participant in malarial disease. This is particularly true in relation to the immune responses elicited against blood stages of Plasmodium-parasites that are responsible for the pathogenesis of infection. Mouse models of malaria are commonly used to dissect the immune mechanisms underlying disease. While no single mouse model of Plasmodium infection completely recapitulates all the features of malaria in humans, collectively the existing models are invaluable for defining the events that lead to the immunopathogenesis of malaria. Here we review the different mouse models of Plasmodium infection that are available, and highlight some of the main contributions these models have made with regards to identifying immune mechanisms of parasite control and the immunopathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 N Medical Drive E, Room 1420A, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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8
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Peterson MS, Joyner CJ, Lapp SA, Brady JA, Wood JS, Cabrera-Mora M, Saney CL, Fonseca LL, Cheng WT, Jiang J, Soderberg SR, Nural MV, Hankus A, Machiah D, Karpuzoglu E, DeBarry JD, Tirouvanziam R, Kissinger JC, Moreno A, Gumber S, Voit EO, Gutierrez JB, Cordy RJ, Galinski MR. Plasmodium knowlesi Cytoadhesion Involves SICA Variant Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:888496. [PMID: 35811680 PMCID: PMC9260704 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.888496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi poses a health threat throughout Southeast Asian communities and currently causes most cases of malaria in Malaysia. This zoonotic parasite species has been studied in Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkeys) as a model for severe malarial infections, chronicity, and antigenic variation. The phenomenon of Plasmodium antigenic variation was first recognized during rhesus monkey infections. Plasmodium-encoded variant proteins were first discovered in this species and found to be expressed at the surface of infected erythrocytes, and then named the Schizont-Infected Cell Agglutination (SICA) antigens. SICA expression was shown to be spleen dependent, as SICA expression is lost after P. knowlesi is passaged in splenectomized rhesus. Here we present data from longitudinal P. knowlesi infections in rhesus with the most comprehensive analysis to date of clinical parameters and infected red blood cell sequestration in the vasculature of tissues from 22 organs. Based on the histopathological analysis of 22 tissue types from 11 rhesus monkeys, we show a comparative distribution of parasitized erythrocytes and the degree of margination of the infected erythrocytes with the endothelium. Interestingly, there was a significantly higher burden of parasites in the gastrointestinal tissues, and extensive margination of the parasites along the endothelium, which may help explain gastrointestinal symptoms frequently reported by patients with P. knowlesi malarial infections. Moreover, this margination was not observed in splenectomized rhesus that were infected with parasites not expressing the SICA proteins. This work provides data that directly supports the view that a subpopulation of P. knowlesi parasites cytoadheres and sequesters, likely via SICA variant antigens acting as ligands. This process is akin to the cytoadhesive function of the related variant antigen proteins, namely Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1, expressed by Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko S. Peterson
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chester J. Joyner
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Stacey A. Lapp
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica A. Brady
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Celia L. Saney
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Luis L. Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wayne T. Cheng
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jianlin Jiang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephanie R. Soderberg
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mustafa V. Nural
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Allison Hankus
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Deepa Machiah
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy D. DeBarry
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica C. Kissinger
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eberhard O. Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Juan B. Gutierrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Regina Joice Cordy
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mary R. Galinski
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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9
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Scovino AM, Totino PRR, Morrot A. Eryptosis as a New Insight in Malaria Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855795. [PMID: 35634341 PMCID: PMC9136947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eryptosis is a programmed cell death-like process that occurs in red blood cells. Although the red blood cells are anucleated, there are similarities between eryptosis and apoptosis, such as increased calcium efflux, calpain activation, phosphatidylserine exposure, cell blebbing and cell shrinkage. Eryptosis occurs physiologically in red blood cells, as a consequence of the natural senescence process of these cells, but it can also be stimulated in pathological situations such as metabolic syndromes, uremic syndromes, polycythemia vera, anemias such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, and infectious processes including Plasmodium infection. Infection-induced eryptosis is believed to contribute to damage caused by Plasmodium, but it’s still a topic of debate in the literature. In this review, we provided an overview of eryptosis mechanisms and its possible pathogenic role in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Miranda Scovino
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Morrot,
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10
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Dalapati T, Moore JM. Hemozoin: a Complex Molecule with Complex Activities. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 8:87-102. [PMID: 35096512 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-021-00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Malaria is a disease caused by parasites that reside in host red blood cells and use hemoglobin as a nutrient source. Heme released by hemoglobin catabolism is modified by the parasite to produce hemozoin (HZ), which has toxic effects on the host. Experimentation aiming to elucidate how HZ contributes to malaria pathogenesis has utilized different preparations of this molecule, complicating interpretation and comparison of findings. We examine natural synthesis and isolation of HZ and highlight studies that have used multiple preparations, including synthetic forms, in a comparative fashion. Recent Findings Recent work utilizing sophisticated imaging and detection techniques reveals important molecular characteristics of HZ synthesis and biochemistry. Other recent studies further refine understanding of contributions of HZ to malaria pathogenesis yet highlight the continuing need to characterize HZ preparations and contextualize experimental conditions in the in vivo infection milieu. Summary This review highlights the necessity of collectively determining what is physiologically relevant HZ. Characterization of isolated natural HZ and use of multiple preparations in each study are recommended with application of in vivo studies whenever possible. Adoption of such practices is expected to improve reproducibility of results and elucidate the myriad of ways that HZ participates in malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Dalapati
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julie M Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Georgiadou A, Dunican C, Soro-Barrio P, Lee HJ, Kaforou M, Cunnington AJ. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals translationally relevant processes in mouse models of malaria. eLife 2022; 11:e70763. [PMID: 35006075 PMCID: PMC8747512 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent initiatives to improve translation of findings from animal models to human disease have focussed on reproducibility but quantifying the relevance of animal models remains a challenge. Here, we use comparative transcriptomics of blood to evaluate the systemic host response and its concordance between humans with different clinical manifestations of malaria and five commonly used mouse models. Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection of mice most closely reproduces the profile of gene expression changes seen in the major human severe malaria syndromes, accompanied by high parasite biomass, severe anemia, hyperlactatemia, and cerebral microvascular pathology. However, there is also considerable discordance of changes in gene expression between the different host species and across all models, indicating that the relevance of biological mechanisms of interest in each model should be assessed before conducting experiments. These data will aid the selection of appropriate models for translational malaria research, and the approach is generalizable to other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Georgiadou
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire Dunican
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Pablo Soro-Barrio
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Aubrey J Cunnington
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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12
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Peterson MS, Joyner CJ, Brady JA, Wood JS, Cabrera-Mora M, Saney CL, Fonseca LL, Cheng WT, Jiang J, Lapp SA, Soderberg SR, Nural MV, Humphrey JC, Hankus A, Machiah D, Karpuzoglu E, DeBarry JD, Tirouvanziam R, Kissinger JC, Moreno A, Gumber S, Voit EO, Gutiérrez JB, Cordy RJ, Galinski MR. Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 2021; 20:486. [PMID: 34969401 PMCID: PMC8719393 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kra monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a natural host of Plasmodium knowlesi, control parasitaemia caused by this parasite species and escape death without treatment. Knowledge of the disease progression and resilience in kra monkeys will aid the effective use of this species to study mechanisms of resilience to malaria. This longitudinal study aimed to define clinical, physiological and pathological changes in kra monkeys infected with P. knowlesi, which could explain their resilient phenotype. METHODS Kra monkeys (n = 15, male, young adults) were infected intravenously with cryopreserved P. knowlesi sporozoites and the resulting parasitaemias were monitored daily. Complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, blood chemistry and physiological telemetry data (n = 7) were acquired as described prior to infection to establish baseline values and then daily after inoculation for up to 50 days. Bone marrow aspirates, plasma samples, and 22 tissue samples were collected at specific time points to evaluate longitudinal clinical, physiological and pathological effects of P. knowlesi infections during acute and chronic infections. RESULTS As expected, the kra monkeys controlled acute infections and remained with low-level, persistent parasitaemias without anti-malarial intervention. Unexpectedly, early in the infection, fevers developed, which ultimately returned to baseline, as well as mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, and moderate to severe anaemia. Mathematical modelling and the reticulocyte production index indicated that the anaemia was largely due to the removal of uninfected erythrocytes and not impaired production of erythrocytes. Mild tissue damage was observed, and tissue parasite load was associated with tissue damage even though parasite accumulation in the tissues was generally low. CONCLUSIONS Kra monkeys experimentally infected with P. knowlesi sporozoites presented with multiple clinical signs of malaria that varied in severity among individuals. Overall, the animals shared common mechanisms of resilience characterized by controlling parasitaemia 3-5 days after patency, and controlling fever, coupled with physiological and bone marrow responses to compensate for anaemia. Together, these responses likely minimized tissue damage while supporting the establishment of chronic infections, which may be important for transmission in natural endemic settings. These results provide new foundational insights into malaria pathogenesis and resilience in kra monkeys, which may improve understanding of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko S Peterson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Brady
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer S Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luis L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wayne T Cheng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jianlin Jiang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie R Soderberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mustafa V Nural
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jay C Humphrey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Allison Hankus
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The MITRE Corporation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepa Machiah
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy D DeBarry
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Topical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pathology, Drug Safety, and DMPK, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eberhard O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan B Gutiérrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Regina Joice Cordy
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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13
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Olanlokun JO, Adetutu JA, Olorunsogo OO. ln vitro inhibition of beta-hematin formation and in vivo effects of Diospyros mespiliformis and Mondia whitei methanol extracts on chloroquine-susceptible Plasmodium berghei-induced malaria in mice. Interv Med Appl Sci 2021; 11:197-206. [PMID: 36343283 PMCID: PMC9467386 DOI: 10.1556/1646.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim This study was carried out to investigate antiplasmodial activities of Diospyros mespiliformis (DM) and Mondia whitei (MW) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Materials and methods Air-dried stem of DM and root of MW were soaked in methanol, decanted and concentrated to give extracts. Parts of these extracts were partitioned successively to give dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions. Mice (18 ± 3 g) were infected with Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes from a donor mouse and were treated with the extracts, while the drug control group received 10 mg/kg body weight of artesunate and the parasitized control received the vehicle (5% v/v DMSO). Percentage parasitemia and clearance were estimated from thin films of blood smear. Hematological parameters were determined using standard methods. Both extracts were also tested on in vitro inhibition of β-hematin formation. Results, discussion and conclusion Results showed that DM had the least percentage parasitemia (0.67%) and highest percentage parasite clearance (84.7%) while the MW had 0.89% percentage parasitemia and 79.7% clearance at the highest dose used after the seventh day relative to untreated control. The cell free antiplasmodial activity of the fractions and extracts of both DM and MW revealed that DM significantly inhibited β-hematin formation than MW. The packed cell volume, white blood cell count, Lymphocyte, Eosinophil, Monocyte and Neutrophil significantly increased in the treated groups compared with the control. The results showed that the DM had higher antiplasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oludele Olanlokun
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Janet Adenike Adetutu
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olabode Olufunso Olorunsogo
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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14
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Nambou K, Nie X, Tong Y, Anakpa M. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and drug-gene interaction bioinformatics uncover key genes associated with various presentations of malaria infection in African children and major drug candidates. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104723. [PMID: 33444859 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a fatal parasitic disease with unelucidated pathogenetic mechanism. Herein, we aimed to uncover genes associated with different clinical aspects of malaria based on the GSE1124 dataset that is publicly accessible by using WGCNA. We obtained 16 co-expression modules and their correlations with clinical features. Using the MCODE tool, we identified THEM4, STYX, VPS36, LCOR, KIAA1143, EEA1, RAPGEF6, LOC439994, ZBTB33, PTPN22, ESCO1, and KLF3 as hub genes positively associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection (ASPF). These hub genes were involved in the biological processes of endosomal transport, regulation of natural killer cell proliferation, and KEGG pathways of endocytosis and fatty acid elongation. For the purple module negatively correlated with ASPF, we identified 19 hub genes that were involved in the biological processes of positive regulation of cellular protein catabolic process and KEGG pathways of other glycan degradation. For the salmon module positively correlated with severe malaria anemia (SMA), we identified 17 hub genes that were among those driving the biological processes of positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation. For the brown module positively correlated with cerebral malaria (CM), we identified eight hub genes and these genes participated in phagolysosome assembly and positive regulation of exosomal secretion, and animal mitophagy pathway. For the tan module negatively correlated with CM, we identified four hub genes that were involved in CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation and notching signaling pathway. These findings may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of malaria and help define new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Nambou
- Shenzhen Nambou1 Biotech Company Limited, West Silicon Valley, No. 5010 Bao'an Avenue, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xiaoling Nie
- Shenzhen Nambou1 Biotech Company Limited, West Silicon Valley, No. 5010 Bao'an Avenue, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yin Tong
- Shenzhen Nambou1 Biotech Company Limited, West Silicon Valley, No. 5010 Bao'an Avenue, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Manawa Anakpa
- Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, School of Computer Science (National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100876, China
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15
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Opoka RO, Conroy AL, Waiswa A, Wasswa R, Tumwine JK, Karamagi C, John CC. Severe Anemia Is Associated with Systemic Inflammation in Young Children Presenting to a Tertiary Hospital in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2574-2580. [PMID: 32901609 PMCID: PMC7695059 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in severe anemia (SA) in African children has not been well characterized. We conducted a study to evaluate risk factors for SA in young children admitted at a tertiary unit in Uganda. Clinical, infectious, and micronutrient risk factors for anemia, along with markers of inflammation, were evaluated in children aged < 5 years in Jinja Hospital, Uganda. Participants included 284 children with SA (Hemoglobin [Hb] < 5.0 g/dL), and two control groups: 63 children admitted with acute illness without SA (Hb > 9.3 g/dL) and 53 asymptomatic community control children. Appropriate logistic analysis was performed to determine factors associated with SA. Of the 284 children with SA, 36.5% had Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia, 32.7% had blackwater fever (one of the types of severe malaria), and 15.5% had vitamin B12 deficiency. HIV infection, bacteremia, hookworm infection, severe acute malnutrition, and folate deficiency were relatively uncommon (each accounting for < 8%). Factors independently associated with SA compared with the combined control groups included (adjusted odds ratio [OR]; 95% CI) the following: P. falciparum parasitemia (OR: 4.3; 95% CI: 1.4-13.8), total white blood count (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.4), C-reactive protein (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.4), and ferritin (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.9-4.0). In this area of Uganda, malaria and markers of inflammation were independently associated with SA in children. Additional studies are required to determine the role of inflammation in children with SA in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O. Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrea L. Conroy
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ali Waiswa
- Nalufenya Children’s Ward, Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Ronald Wasswa
- Global Health Uganda (GHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James K. Tumwine
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Karamagi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chandy C. John
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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16
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Pham TT, Lamb TJ, Deroost K, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Hemozoin in Malarial Complications: More Questions Than Answers. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:226-239. [PMID: 33223096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites contain various virulence factors that modulate the host immune response. Malarial pigment, or hemozoin (Hz), is an undegradable crystalline product of the hemoglobin degradation pathway in the parasite and possesses immunomodulatory properties. An association has been found between Hz accumulation and severe malaria, suggesting that the effects of Hz on the host immune response may contribute to the development of malarial complications. Although the immunomodulatory roles of Hz have been widely investigated, many conflicting data exist, likely due to the variability between experimental set-ups and technical limitations of Hz generation and isolation methods. Here, we critically assess the potential immunomodulatory effects of Hz, its role in malarial complications, and its potential effects after parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Katrien Deroost
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Junaid OQ, Vythilingam I, Khaw LT, Sivanandam S, Mahmud R. Effect of Brugia pahangi co-infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1301-1315. [PMID: 32179986 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are two leading and common mosquito-borne parasitic diseases worldwide. These two diseases are co-endemic in many tropical and sub-tropical regions and are known to share vectors. The interactions between malaria and filarial parasites are poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed at establishing the interactions that occur between Brugia pahangi and Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) co-infection in gerbils. Briefly, the gerbils were matched according to age, sex, and weight and grouped into filarial-only infection, PbA-only infection, co-infection, and control group. The parasitemia, survival and clinical assessment of the gerbils were monitored for a period of 30 days post Plasmodium infection. The immune responses of gerbils to both mono and co-infection were monitored. Findings show that co-infected gerbils have higher survival rate than PbA-infected gerbils. Food and water consumption were significantly reduced in both PbA-infected and co-infected gerbils, although loss of body weight, hypothermia, and anemia were less severe in co-infected gerbils. Plasmodium-infected gerbils also suffered hypoglycemia, which was not observed in co-infected gerbils. Furthermore, gerbil cytokine responses to co-infection were significantly higher than PbA-only-infected gerbils, which is being suggested as a factor for their increased longevity. Co-infected gerbils had significantly elicited interleukin-4, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrotic factor at early stage of infection than PbA-infected gerbils. Findings from this study suggest that B. pahangi infection protect against severe anemia and hypoglycemia, which are manifestations of PbA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Quazim Junaid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Kashere, PMB 0182, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria.
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Loke Tim Khaw
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sinnadurai Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Delic D, Wunderlich F, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Baki AAS, Dkhil MA, Araúzo-Bravo MJ. Vaccination accelerates hepatic erythroblastosis induced by blood-stage malaria. Malar J 2020; 19:49. [PMID: 31996238 PMCID: PMC6988251 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination induces survival of otherwise lethal blood-stage infections of the experimental malaria Plasmodium chabaudi. Blood-stage malaria induces extramedullary erythropoiesis in the liver. This study investigates how vaccination affects the course of malaria-induced expression of erythrocytic genes in the liver. Methods Female Balb/c mice were vaccinated at week 3 and week 1 before challenging with 106P. chabaudi-parasitized erythrocytes. The non-infectious vaccine consisted of erythrocyte ghosts isolated from P. chabaudi-infected erythrocytes. Gene expression microarrays and quantitative real-time PCR were used to compare mRNA expression of different erythrocytic genes in the liver of vaccination-protected and non-protected mice during infections on days 0, 1, 4, 8, and 11 p.i. Results Global transcriptomics analyses reveal vaccination-induced modifications of malaria-induced increases in hepatic gene expression on days 4 and 11 p.i. On these days, vaccination also alters hepatic expression of the erythropoiesis-involved genes Ermap, Kel, Rhd, Rhag, Slc4a1, Gypa, Add2, Ank1, Epb4.1, Epb4.2, Epb4.9, Spta1, Sptb, Tmod1, Ahsp, Acyp1, Gata1, Gfi1b, Tal1, Klf1, Epor, and Cldn13. In vaccination-protected mice, expression of these genes, except Epb4.1, is significantly higher on day 4 p.i. than in un-protected non-vaccinated mice, reaches maximal expression at peak parasitaemia on day 8 p.i., and is slowed down or even decreased towards the end of crisis phase on day 11 p.i.. After day 1 p.i., Epor expression takes about the same course as that of the other erythroid genes. Hepatic expression of Epo, however, is delayed in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated mice for the first 4 days p.i. and is maximal at significantly higher levels in vaccinated mice on day 8 p.i., before declining towards the end of crisis phase on day 11 p.i. Conclusion The present data indicate that vaccination accelerates malaria-induced erythroblastosis in the liver for 1–2 days. This may contribute to earlier replenishment of peripheral red blood cells by liver-derived reticulocytes, which may favour final survival of otherwise lethal blood-stage malaria, since reticulocytes are not preferred as host cells by P. chabaudi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Delic
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany. .,Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Azeem S Abdel-Baki
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach, Germany.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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19
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What is pure hemozoin? A close look at the surface of the malaria pigment. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 194:214-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Maslachah L, Sugihartuti R, Wahyuni RS. Hematologic changes and splenic index on malaria mice models given Syzygium cumini extract as an adjuvant therapy. Vet World 2019; 12:106-111. [PMID: 30936662 PMCID: PMC6431810 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.106-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This research aimed to determine the efficacy of Syzygium cumini L. as an adjuvant therapy on blood changes and splenic index of mice model malaria. Materials and Methods: Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml red blood cell (RBC) that contains 1×106Plasmodium berghei. 35 mice were divided into seven treatment groups: Group K0: Mice were not infected; K1: Mice were infected; K2: Mice were infected and given chloroquine; P1: Mice were infected and given S. cumini leaf extract; P2: Mice were infected and given chloroquine and also S. cumini leaf extract; P3: Mice was infected and given S. cumini stem bark extract; and P4: Mice were infected and given chloroquine and S. cumini stem bark extract. Treatment was given for 4 days 24 h post -P. berghei infection. 21st day post-P. berghei infection, blood was taken from the heart for hematological examination, and the spleen was taken to examine the splenic index and also to measure the weight and length of the spleen. Hematological data and splenic index were analyzed by analysis of variance test, and if there is a difference, the test is continued by Duncan’s multiple range test with 5% level. Results: The K0 group has normal hemoglobin (HGB), RBC, and hematocrit (HCT) and significantly different (p<0.05) than other groups. HGB, RBC, and HCT of K1 group were under normal range, lowest, and significantly different (p<0.05) than other groups. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular HGB values of K2 groups showed a decrease. The number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes of K1 groups was increasing and significantly different (p<0.05) with K2 and treatment group. The length, width, weight, and splenic index of K1 group were significantly different (p<0.05) with K0 group. K2 and treatment groups showed that the length and width of spleens were significantly different (p<0.05) with K1. Conclusion: The combination of chloroquine with leaf and chloroquine with stem bark extract of S. cumini as adjuvant therapy may increase the amount of erythrocyte; decrease the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes; and decrease the length, width, and splenic index on malaria mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilik Maslachah
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pharmacy Laboratory, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rahmi Sugihartuti
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pharmacy Laboratory, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Retno Sri Wahyuni
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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21
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Inhibition of ex vivo erythropoiesis by secreted and haemozoin-associated Plasmodium falciparum products. Parasitology 2018; 145:1865-1875. [PMID: 29739485 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that up to a third of global malaria deaths may be attributable to malarial anaemia, with children and pregnant women being those most severely affected. An inefficient erythropoietic response to the destruction of both infected and uninfected erythrocytes in infections with Plasmodium spp. contributes significantly to the development and persistence of such anaemia. The underlying mechanisms, which could involve both direct inhibition of erythropoiesis by parasite-derived factors and indirect inhibition as a result of modulation of the immune response, remain poorly understood. We found parasite-derived factors in conditioned medium (CM) of blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum and crude isolates of parasite haemozoin directly to inhibit erythropoiesis in an ex vivo model based on peripheral blood haematopoietic stem cells. Erythropoiesis-inhibiting activity was detected in a fraction of CM that was sensitive to heat inactivation and protease digestion. Erythropoiesis was also inhibited by crude parasite haemozoin but not by detergent-treated, heat-inactivated or protease-digested haemozoin. These results suggest that the erythropoiesis-inhibiting activity in both cases is mediated by proteins or protein-containing biomolecules and may offer new leads to the treatment of malarial anaemia.
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22
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Thakre N, Fernandes P, Mueller AK, Graw F. Examining the Reticulocyte Preference of Two Plasmodium berghei Strains during Blood-Stage Malaria Infection. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515528 PMCID: PMC5826286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-stage of the Plasmodium parasite is one of the key phases within its life cycle that influences disease progression during a malaria infection. The efficiency of the parasite in infecting red blood cells (RBC) determines parasite load and parasite-induced hemolysis that is responsible for the development of anemia and potentially drives severe disease progression. However, the molecular factors defining the infectivity of Plasmodium parasites have not been completely identified so far. Using the Plasmodium berghei mouse model for malaria, we characterized and compared the blood-stage infection dynamics of PbANKA WT and a mutant parasite strain lacking a novel Plasmodium antigen, PbmaLS_05, that is well conserved in both human and animal Plasmodium parasite strains. Infection of mice with parasites lacking PbmaLS_05 leads to lower parasitemia levels and less severe disease progression in contrast to mice infected with the wildtype PbANKA strain. To specifically determine the effect of deleting PbmaLS_05 on parasite infectivity we developed a mathematical model describing erythropoiesis and malarial infection of RBC. By applying our model to experimental data studying infection dynamics under normal and drug-induced altered erythropoietic conditions, we found that both PbANKA and PbmaLS_05 (-) parasite strains differed in their infectivity potential during the early intra-erythrocytic stage of infection. Parasites lacking PbmaLS_05 showed a decreased ability to infect RBC, and immature reticulocytes in particular that are usually a preferential target of the parasite. These altered infectivity characteristics limit parasite burden and affect disease progression. Our integrative analysis combining mathematical models and experimental data suggests that deletion of PbmaLS_05 affects productive infection of reticulocytes, which makes this antigen a useful target to analyze the actual processes relating RBC preferences to the development of severe disease outcomes in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Thakre
- Centre for Modeling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Priyanka Fernandes
- Parasitology Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Parasitology Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Graw
- Centre for Modeling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Plasmodium falciparum malaria skews globin gene expression balance in in-vitro haematopoietic stem cell culture system: Its implications in malaria associated anemia. Exp Parasitol 2018; 185:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Junaid QO, Khaw LT, Mahmud R, Ong KC, Lau YL, Borade PU, Liew JWK, Sivanandam S, Wong KT, Vythilingam I. Pathogenesis of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) as an experimental model for severe malaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:38. [PMID: 29034874 PMCID: PMC5642054 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: As the quest to eradicate malaria continues, there remains a need to gain further understanding of the disease, particularly with regard to pathogenesis. This is facilitated, apart from in vitro and clinical studies, mainly via in vivo mouse model studies. However, there are few studies that have used gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) as animal models. Thus, this study is aimed at characterizing the effects of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in gerbils, as well as the underlying pathogenesis. Methods: Gerbils, 5-7 weeks old were infected by PbA via intraperitoneal injection of 1 × 106 (0.2 mL) infected red blood cells. Parasitemia, weight gain/loss, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and body temperature changes in both control and infected groups were monitored over a duration of 13 days. RNA was extracted from the brain, spleen and whole blood to assess the immune response to PbA infection. Organs including the brain, spleen, heart, liver, kidneys and lungs were removed aseptically for histopathology. Results: Gerbils were susceptible to PbA infection, showing significant decreases in the hemoglobin concentration, RBC counts, body weights and body temperature, over the course of the infection. There were no neurological signs observed. Both pro-inflammatory (IFNγ and TNF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were significantly elevated. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were also observed. PbA parasitized RBCs were observed in the organs, using routine light microscopy and in situ hybridization. Conclusion: Gerbils may serve as a good model for severe malaria to further understand its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quazim Olawale Junaid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria
| | - Loke Tim Khaw
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Prajakta Uttam Borade
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sinnadurai Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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25
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Tang Y, Joyner CJ, Cabrera-Mora M, Saney CL, Lapp SA, Nural MV, Pakala SB, DeBarry JD, Soderberg S, Kissinger JC, Lamb TJ, Galinski MR, Styczynski MP. Integrative analysis associates monocytes with insufficient erythropoiesis during acute Plasmodium cynomolgi malaria in rhesus macaques. Malar J 2017; 16:384. [PMID: 28938907 PMCID: PMC5610412 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mild to severe anaemia is a common complication of malaria that is caused in part by insufficient erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. This study used systems biology to evaluate the transcriptional and alterations in cell populations in the bone marrow during Plasmodium cynomolgi infection of rhesus macaques (a model of Plasmodium vivax malaria) that may affect erythropoiesis. Results An appropriate erythropoietic response did not occur to compensate for anaemia during acute cynomolgi malaria despite an increase in erythropoietin levels. During this period, there were significant perturbations in the bone marrow transcriptome. In contrast, relapses did not induce anaemia and minimal changes in the bone marrow transcriptome were detected. The differentially expressed genes during acute infection were primarily related to ongoing inflammatory responses with significant contributions from Type I and Type II Interferon transcriptional signatures. These were associated with increased frequency of intermediate and non-classical monocytes. Recruitment and/or expansion of these populations was correlated with a decrease in the erythroid progenitor population during acute infection, suggesting that monocyte-associated inflammation may have contributed to anaemia. The decrease in erythroid progenitors was associated with downregulation of genes regulated by GATA1 and GATA2, two master regulators of erythropoiesis, providing a potential molecular basis for these findings. Conclusions These data suggest the possibility that malarial anaemia may be driven by monocyte-associated disruption of GATA1/GATA2 function in erythroid progenitors resulting in insufficient erythropoiesis during acute infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2029-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mustafa V Nural
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Suman B Pakala
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy D DeBarry
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Soderberg
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark P Styczynski
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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26
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Totino PRR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF. Evidencing the Role of Erythrocytic Apoptosis in Malarial Anemia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:176. [PMID: 28018860 PMCID: PMC5145864 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade it has become clear that, similarly to nucleated cells, enucleated red blood cells (RBCs) are susceptible to programmed apoptotic cell death. Erythrocytic apoptosis seems to play a role in physiological clearance of aged RBCs, but it may also be implicated in anemia of different etiological sources including drug therapy and infectious diseases. In malaria, severe anemia is a common complication leading to death of children and pregnant women living in malaria-endemic regions of Africa. The pathogenesis of malarial anemia is multifactorial and involves both ineffective production of RBCs by the bone marrow and premature elimination of non-parasitized RBCs, phenomena potentially associated with apoptosis. In the present overview, we discuss evidences associating erythrocytic apoptosis with the pathogenesis of severe malarial anemia, as well as with regulation of parasite clearance in malaria. Efforts to understand the role of erythrocytic apoptosis in malarial anemia can help to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention based on apoptotic pathways and consequently, mitigate the harmful impact of malaria in global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R R Totino
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio T Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Erythropoiesis in Malaria Infections and Factors Modifying the Erythropoietic Response. Anemia 2016; 2016:9310905. [PMID: 27034825 PMCID: PMC4789361 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9310905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is the primary clinical manifestation of malarial infections and is responsible for the substantial rate of morbidity. The pathophysiology discussed till now catalogued several causes for malarial anemia among which ineffective erythropoiesis being remarkable one occurs silently in the bone marrow. A systematic literature search was performed and summarized information on erythropoietic response upon malaria infection and the factors responsible for the same. This review summarizes the clinical and experimental studies on patients, mouse models, and in vitro cell cultures reporting erythropoietic changes upon malaria infection as well as factors accountable for the same. Inadequate erythropoietic response during malaria infection may be the collective effect of various mediators generated by host immune response as well as parasite metabolites. The interplay between various modulators causing the pathophysiology needs to be explored further. Globin gene expression profiling upon malaria infection should also be looked into as abnormal production of globin chains could be a possible contributor to ineffective erythropoiesis.
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28
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Malaria induces anemia through CD8+ T cell-dependent parasite clearance and erythrocyte removal in the spleen. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.02493-14. [PMID: 25604792 PMCID: PMC4324318 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02493-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Severe malarial anemia (SMA) in semi-immune individuals eliminates both infected and uninfected erythrocytes and is a frequent fatal complication. It is proportional not to circulating parasitemia but total parasite mass (sequestered) in the organs. Thus, immune responses that clear parasites in organs may trigger changes leading to anemia. Here, we use an outbred-rat model where increasing parasite removal in the spleen escalated uninfected-erythrocyte removal. Splenic parasite clearance was associated with activated CD8(+) T cells, immunodepletion of which prevented parasite clearance. CD8(+) T cell repletion and concomitant reduction of the parasite load was associated with exacerbated (40 to 60%) hemoglobin loss and changes in properties of uninfected erythrocytes. Together, these data suggest that CD8(+) T cell-dependent parasite clearance causes erythrocyte removal in the spleen and thus anemia. In children infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, elevation of parasite biomass (not the number of circulating parasites) increased the odds ratio for SMA by 3.5-fold (95% confidence intervals [CI95%], 1.8- to 7.5-fold). CD8(+) T cell expansion/activation independently increased the odds ratio by 2.4-fold (CI95%, 1.0- to 5.7-fold). Concomitant increases in both conferred a 7-fold (CI95%, 1.9- to 27.4-fold)-greater risk for SMA. Together, these data suggest that CD8(+)-dependent parasite clearance may predispose individuals to uninfected-erythrocyte loss and SMA, thus informing severe disease diagnosis and strategies for vaccine development. IMPORTANCE Malaria is a major global health problem. Severe malaria anemia (SMA) is a complex disease associated with partial immunity. Rapid hemoglobin reductions of 20 to 50% are commonly observed and must be rescued by transfusion (which can carry a risk of HIV acquisition). The causes and risk factors of SMA remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that SMA is linked to parasite biomass sequestered in organs. This led us to investigate whether immune mechanisms that clear parasites in organs trigger anemia. In rats, erythropoiesis is largely restricted to the bone marrow, and critical aspects of the spleen expected to be important in anemia are similar to those in humans. Therefore, using a rat model, we show that severe anemia is caused through CD8(+) T cell-dependent parasite clearance and erythrocyte removal in the spleen. CD8 activation may also be a new risk factor for SMA in African children.
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Simply red: A novel spectrophotometric erythroid proliferation assay as a tool for erythropoiesis and erythrotoxicity studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 28626660 PMCID: PMC5466125 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most mammalian cell proliferation assays rely on manual or automated cell counting or the assessment of metabolic activity in colorimetric assays, with the former being either labor and time intensive or expensive and the latter being multistep procedures requiring the addition of several reagents. The proliferation of erythroid cells from hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiation into mature red blood cells is characterized by the accumulation of large amounts of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin concentrations are easily quantifiable using spectrophotometric methods due to the specific absorbance peak of the molecule’s heme moiety between 400 and 420 nm. Erythroid proliferation can therefore be readily assessed using spectrophotometric measurement in this range. We have used this feature of erythroid cells to develop a simple erythroid proliferation assay that is minimally labor/time- and reagent-intensive and could easily be automated for use in high-throughput screening. Such an assay can be a valuable tool for investigations into hematological disorders where erythropoiesis is dysregulated, i.e., either inhibited or enhanced, into the development of anemia as a side-effect of primary diseases such as parasitic infections and into cyto-(particularly erythro-) toxicity of chemical agents or drugs.
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