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Dirajlal-Fargo S, Yu W, Jacobson DL, Mirza A, Geffner ME, Jao J, McComsey GA. Gut permeability is associated with lower insulin sensitivity in youth with perinatally acquired HIV. AIDS 2024; 38:1163-1171. [PMID: 38564437 PMCID: PMC11141233 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The relationships between alterations in the intestinal barrier, and bacterial translocation with the development of metabolic complications in youth with perinatally acquired HIV (YPHIV) have not been investigated. The PHACS Adolescent Master Protocol enrolled YPHIV across 15 U.S. sites, including Puerto Rico, from 2007 to 2009. For this analysis, we included YPHIV with HIV viral load 1000 c/ml or less, with at least one measurement of homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) or nonhigh density lipoprotein (non-HDLc) between baseline and year 3 and plasma levels of intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (I-FABP), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and zonulin levels at baseline. We fit linear regression models using generalized estimating equations to assess the association of baseline log 10 gut markers with log 10 HOMA-IR and non-HDLc at all timepoints. HOMA-IR or non-HDLc was measured in 237, 189, and 170 PHIV at baseline, Yr2, and Yr3, respectively. At baseline, median age (Q1, Q3) was 12 years (10, 14), CD4 + cell count was 762 cells/μl (574, 984); 90% had HIV RNA less than 400 c/ml. For every 10-fold higher baseline I-FABP, HOMA-IR dropped 0.85-fold at baseline and Yr2. For a 10-fold higher baseline zonulin, there was a 1.35-fold increase in HOMA-IR at baseline, 1.23-fold increase in HOMA-IR at Yr2, and 1.20-fold increase in HOMA-IR at Yr3 in adjusted models. For a 10-fold higher baseline LBP, there was a 1.23-fold increase in HOMA-IR at baseline in the unadjusted model, but this was slightly attenuated in the adjusted model. Zonulin was associated with non-HDLc at baseline, but not for the other time points. Despite viral suppression, intestinal damage may influence downstream insulin sensitivity in YPHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahera Dirajlal-Fargo
- Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wendy Yu
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Denise L Jacobson
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ayesha Mirza
- University of Florida Health, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Mitchell E Geffner
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Jao
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Grace A McComsey
- Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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2
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Johansson E, Nazziwa J, Freyhult E, Hong MG, Lindman J, Neptin M, Karlson S, Rezeli M, Biague AJ, Medstrand P, Månsson F, Norrgren H, Esbjörnsson J, Jansson M. HIV-2 mediated effects on target and bystander cells induce plasma proteome remodeling. iScience 2024; 27:109344. [PMID: 38500818 PMCID: PMC10945182 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite low or undetectable plasma viral load, people living with HIV-2 (PLWH2) typically progress toward AIDS. The driving forces behind HIV-2 disease progression and the role of viremia are still not known, but low-level replication in tissues is believed to play a role. To investigate the impact of viremic and aviremic HIV-2 infection on target and bystander cell pathology, we used data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry to determine plasma signatures of tissue and cell type engagement. Proteins derived from target and bystander cells in multiple tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract and brain, were detected at elevated levels in plasma of PLWH2, compared with HIV negative controls. Moreover, viremic HIV-2 infection appeared to induce enhanced release of proteins from a broader range of tissues compared to aviremic HIV-2 infection. This study expands the knowledge on the link between plasma proteome remodeling and the pathological cell engagement in tissues during HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Johansson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jamirah Nazziwa
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lindman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Neptin
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Karlson
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- BioMS – Swedish National Infrastructure for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Medstrand
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Månsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Norrgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Esbjörnsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - for the SWEGUB CORE group
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- BioMS – Swedish National Infrastructure for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- National Public Health Laboratory, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Ferreira EA, Clements JE, Veenhuis RT. HIV-1 Myeloid Reservoirs - Contributors to Viral Persistence and Pathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:62-74. [PMID: 38411842 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV reservoirs are the main barrier to cure. CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied as the primary HIV-1 reservoir. However, there is substantial evidence that HIV-1-infected myeloid cells (monocytes/macrophages) also contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in animal models and people with HIV-1 demonstrate that myeloid cells are cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. HIV-1 genomes and viral RNA have been reported in circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages from the brain, urethra, gut, liver, and spleen. Importantly, viral outgrowth assays have quantified persistent infectious virus from monocyte-derived macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages. The myeloid cell compartment represents an important target of HIV-1 infection. While myeloid reservoirs may be more difficult to measure than CD4+ T cell reservoirs, they are long-lived, contribute to viral persistence, and, unless specifically targeted, will prevent an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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4
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Pieren DKJ, Benítez-Martínez A, Genescà M. Targeting HIV persistence in the tissue. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:69-78. [PMID: 38169333 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The complex nature and distribution of the HIV reservoir in tissue of people with HIV remains one of the major obstacles to achieve the elimination of HIV persistence. Challenges include the tissue-specific states of latency and viral persistence, which translates into high levels of reservoir heterogeneity. Moreover, the best strategies to reach and eliminate these reservoirs may differ based on the intrinsic characteristics of the cellular and anatomical reservoir to reach. RECENT FINDINGS While major focus has been undertaken for lymphoid tissues and follicular T helper cells, evidence of viral persistence in HIV and non-HIV antigen-specific CD4 + T cells and macrophages resident in multiple tissues providing long-term protection presents new challenges in the quest for an HIV cure. Considering the microenvironments where these cellular reservoirs persist opens new venues for the delivery of drugs and immunotherapies to target these niches. New tools, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, CRISPR screenings, mRNA technology or tissue organoids are quickly developing and providing detailed information about the complex nature of the tissue reservoirs. SUMMARY Targeting persistence in tissue reservoirs represents a complex but essential step towards achieving HIV cure. Combinatorial strategies, particularly during the early phases of infection to impact initial reservoirs, capable of reaching and reactivating multiple long-lived reservoirs in the body may lead the path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan K J Pieren
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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Blaauw J, Chikwana J, Chaima D, Khoswe S, Samikwa L, de Vries I, Voskuijl W. The presence of enteropathy in HIV infected children on antiretroviral therapy in Malawi. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298310. [PMID: 38330085 PMCID: PMC10852317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undernutrition and malnutrition in children in low- and middle-income countries contribute to high mortality rates. Stunting, a prevalent form of malnutrition, is associated with educational and productivity losses. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worsen these conditions. This study seeks to investigate the presence of enteropathy using EED fecal biomarkers in HIV-infected children who are stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART) across various nutritional statuses. By understanding the interplay between EED, HIV, and nutritional status, this study aims to provide insights that can inform targeted interventions to optimize nutritional outcomes in HIV infected children. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study evaluated the levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin, calprotectin and myeloperoxidase in frozen fecal samples from 61 HIV infected (mean age 9.16 ±3.08 years) and 31 HIV uninfected (6.65 ±3.41 years) children in Malawi. Anthropometric measurements and clinical data were collected. The height-for-age z-score (-1.66 vs -1.27, p = 0.040) and BMI-for-age z-score (-0.36 vs 0.01, p = 0.037) were lower in HIV infected children. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure biomarker concentrations. Statistical tests were applied to compare biomarker levels based on HIV status and anthropometric parameters. Myeloperoxidase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and calprotectin concentrations did not differ between HIV infected and HIV uninfected children of different age groups. In HIV infected children from 5-15 years, there is no difference in biomarker concentration between the stunted and non-stunted groups. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our study found a higher prevalence of stunting in HIV infected children compared to uninfected children, but no significant differences in biomarker concentrations. This suggests no causal relationship between enteropathy and stunting in HIV infected children. These results contribute to the understanding of growth impairment in HIV infected children and emphasize the need for further research, particularly a longitudinal, biopsy-controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blaauw
- Department of Global Child Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Chikwana
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, The Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - David Chaima
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, The Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Stanley Khoswe
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, The Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lyson Samikwa
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, The Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Isabelle de Vries
- Department of Global Child Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wieger Voskuijl
- Department of Global Child Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Phiri TN, Mutasa K, Rukobo S, Govha M, Mushayanembwa P, Mwakamui S, Haider T, Zyambo K, Dumbura C, Tome J, Runodamoto T, Chidamba L, Majo FD, Ngosa D, Chandwe K, Kapoma C, Mwapenya B, Mufukari W, Sturgeon JP, Robertson RC, Smuk M, Ntozini R, Nathoo K, Amadi B, Kelly P, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Prendergast AJ, Bourke CD. Severe acute malnutrition promotes bacterial binding over proinflammatory cytokine secretion by circulating innate immune cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2284. [PMID: 37910623 PMCID: PMC10619937 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) have high infectious mortality and morbidity, implicating defects in their immune defenses. We hypothesized that circulating innate immune cells from children (0 to 59 months) hospitalized with SAM in Zambia and Zimbabwe (n = 141) have distinct capacity to respond to bacteria relative to adequately nourished healthy controls (n = 92). SAM inpatients had higher neutrophil and monocyte Escherichia coli binding capacity but lower monocyte activation and proinflammatory mediator secretion in response to lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium than controls. Among SAM cases, wasting severity was negatively associated with cytokine secretion, children with HIV had lower monocyte activation, and the youngest children released the least myeloperoxidase upon stimulation. Inpatient bacterial binding capacity and monocyte activation were associated with higher odds of persistent SAM at discharge, a risk factor for subsequent mortality. Thus, SAM shifts innate immune cell function, favoring bacterial containment over proinflammatory activation, which may contribute to health deficits after discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy N. Phiri
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group (TROPGAN), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kuda Mutasa
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sandra Rukobo
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Margaret Govha
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Simutanyi Mwakamui
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group (TROPGAN), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tafhima Haider
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kanekwa Zyambo
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group (TROPGAN), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Cherlynn Dumbura
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Joice Tome
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Leah Chidamba
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Florence D. Majo
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Deophine Ngosa
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group (TROPGAN), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kanta Chandwe
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group (TROPGAN), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chanda Kapoma
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group (TROPGAN), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Benjamin Mwapenya
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Wadzanai Mufukari
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jonathan P. Sturgeon
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Melanie Smuk
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert Ntozini
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kusum Nathoo
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Beatrice Amadi
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group (TROPGAN), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group (TROPGAN), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mutsa Bwakura-Dangarembizi
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire D. Bourke
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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7
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Pan Z, Wu N, Jin C. Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Promotes Mucosal Barrier Damage and Immune Injury in HIV-Infected Patients. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2023; 2023:3080969. [PMID: 37927531 PMCID: PMC10625490 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3080969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is an "invisible organ" in the human body, with diverse components and complex interactions. Homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining the normal physiological process and regulating immune homeostasis. By reviewing more than one hundred related studies concerning HIV infection and intestinal microbiota from 2011 to 2023, we found that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can induce intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, which not only worsens clinical symptoms but also promotes the occurrence of post-sequelae symptoms and comorbidities. In the early stage of HIV infection, the intestinal mucosal barrier is damaged and a persistent inflammatory response is induced. Mucosal barrier damage and immune injury play a pivotal role in promoting the post-sequelae symptoms caused by HIV infection. This review summarizes the relationship between dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and mucosal barrier damage during HIV infection and discusses the potential mechanisms of intestinal barrier damage induced by intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation. Exploring these molecular mechanisms might provide new ideas to improve the efficacy of HIV treatment and reduce the incidence of post-sequelae symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Pan
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Moretti S, Schietroma I, Sberna G, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi M, Borsetti A. HIV-1-Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12193. [PMID: 37569570 PMCID: PMC10418605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract causes severe CD4+ T-cell depletion and disruption of the protective epithelial barrier in the intestinal mucosa, causing microbial translocation, the main driver of inflammation and immune activation, even in people living with HIV (PLWH) taking antiretroviral drug therapy. The higher levels of HIV DNA in the gut compared to the blood highlight the importance of the gut as a viral reservoir. CD4+ T-cell subsets in the gut differ in phenotypic characteristics and differentiation status from the ones in other tissues or in peripheral blood, and little is still known about the mechanisms by which the persistence of HIV is maintained at this anatomical site. This review aims to describe the interaction with key subsets of CD4+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa targeted by HIV-1 and the role of gut microbiome and its metabolites in HIV-associated systemic inflammation and immune activation that are crucial in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Ivan Schietroma
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Sberna
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Maria Teresa Maggiorella
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Leonardo Sernicola
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefania Farcomeni
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
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9
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Joseph J, Daley W, Lawrence D, Lorenzo E, Perrin P, Rao VR, Tsai SY, Varthakavi V. Role of macrophages in HIV pathogenesis and cure: NIH perspectives. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1233-1243. [PMID: 36073341 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0722-619r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a significant role in HIV infection and contribute to pathogenesis of comorbidities as well as establishment of the viral reservoir in people living with HIV. While CD4+ T cells are considered the main targets of HIV infection, infected macrophages resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing to the persistent HIV reservoir. Furthermore, activated macrophages drive inflammation and contribute to the development of comorbidities, including HIV-associated CNS dysfunction. Better understanding the role of macrophages in HIV infection, persistence, and comorbidities can lead to development of innovative therapeutic strategies to address HIV-related outcomes in people living with HIV. In October 2021, the National Institute of Mental Health and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard conducted a virtual meeting on role of macrophages in HIV infection, pathogenesis, and cure. This review article captures the key highlights from this meeting and provides an overview of interests and activities of various NIH institutes involved in supporting research on macrophages and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeymohan Joseph
- Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Daley
- Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Room 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD, 20892-9521, USA.,Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Diane Lawrence
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eric Lorenzo
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Perrin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 6707 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vasudev R Rao
- Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shang-Yi Tsai
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 3WFN, 11601 Landsdown Street, North Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Vasundhara Varthakavi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 3WFN, 11601 Landsdown Street, North Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
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10
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Caira-Chuquineyra B, Fernandez-Guzman D, Soriano-Moreno DR, Fernandez-Morales J, Flores-Lovon K, Medina-Ramírez SA, Gonzales-Uribe AG, Pelayo-Luis IP, Gonzales-Zamora JA, Huaringa-Marcelo J. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Scoping Review. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:700-708. [PMID: 35451337 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this scoping review was to determine the characteristics of studies evaluating fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), as well as its effects and safety as a therapeutic intervention for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We conducted a scoping review following the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute. We searched the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Medline until September 19, 2021. Studies that used FMT in people living with HIV and explored its effects on the health of these people were included. Two randomized and 2 uncontrolled clinical trials with a total of 55 participants were included. Participants were well-controlled HIV-infected people. Regarding microbiota changes, three studies found significant post-FMT increases in Fusobacterium, Prevotella, α-diversity, Chao index, and/or Shannon index, and/or decreases in Bacteroides. Regarding markers of intestinal damage, one study found a decrease in intestinal fatty acid binding protein post-FMT, and another study found an increase in zonulin. Other outcomes evaluated by the studies were as follows: markers of immune and inflammatory activation, markers of immunocompetence (CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes), and HIV viral load; however, none showed significant changes. Clinical outcomes were not evaluated by these studies. Regarding the safety of FMT, only mild adverse events were appreciated. No serious adverse event was reported. The clinical evidence for FMT in people living with HIV is sparse. FMT appears to have good tolerability and, no serious adverse event has been reported so far. Further clinical trials and evaluation of clinically important biomedical outcomes for FMT in people living with HIV are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Caira-Chuquineyra
- Peruvian Epidemiological Research Group, Unit for the Generation and Synthesis of Health Evidence, San Ignacio de Loyola University, Lima, Peru.,Faculty of Medicine, National University of San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Guzman
- Peruvian Epidemiological Research Group, Unit for the Generation and Synthesis of Health Evidence, San Ignacio de Loyola University, Lima, Peru.,Professional School of Human Medicine, National University of San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - David R Soriano-Moreno
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Peruvian Union University, Lima, Peru
| | - Jared Fernandez-Morales
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Peruvian Union University, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Antony G Gonzales-Uribe
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Peruvian Union University, Lima, Peru
| | - Isabel P Pelayo-Luis
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Peruvian Union University, Lima, Peru
| | - Jose A Gonzales-Zamora
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Peruvian American Medical Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jorge Huaringa-Marcelo
- Faculty of Human Medicine, Scientific University of the South, Lima, Peru.,Archbishop Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
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11
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Friebel J, Schinnerling K, Geelhaar‐Karsch A, Allers K, Schneider T, Moos V. Intestinal barrier dysfunction mediates Whipple's disease immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e622. [PMID: 35478447 PMCID: PMC9046915 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Classical Whipple's disease (CWD) affects the gastrointestinal tract and causes chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, and barrier dysfunction with microbial translocation (MT). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a serious complication during antimicrobial treatment of CWD. The pathomechanisms of IRIS have not been identified and mucosal barrier integrity has not been studied in patients with IRIS CWD. Methods In 96 CWD patients (n = 23 IRIS, n = 73 non‐IRIS) and 30 control subjects, we analysed duodenal morphology by histology, measured serum markers of MT, and proinflammatory cytokines in biopsy supernatants, and correlated microbial translocation with T cell reconstitution and activation. Results Before treatment, duodenal specimens from patients who later developed IRIS exhibited a more pronounced morphological transformation that suggested a disturbed barrier integrity when compared with the non‐IRIS group. Villous atrophy was mediated by increased apoptosis of epithelial cells, which was insufficiently counterbalanced by regenerative proliferation of crypt cells. Pretreatment deficiencies in the mucosal secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (e.g., IL‐6, CCL2) in these patients markedly resolved after therapy induction. High serum levels of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), soluble CD14 (sCD14), and LPS‐binding protein (LBP) combined with low endotoxin core antibody (EndoCAb) titres suggested systemic MT in CWD patients developing IRIS. CD4+ T cell count and activation in IRIS CWD patients correlated positively with sCD14 levels and negatively with EndoCAb titres. Furthermore, the degree of intestinal barrier dysfunction and MT was predictive for the onset of IRIS. Conclusion Prolonged MT across a dysfunctional intestinal mucosal barrier due to severe tissue damage favors dysbalanced immune reconstitution and systemic immune activation in IRIS CWD. Therefore, the monitoring of inflammatory and MT markers in CWD patients might be helpful in identifying patients who are at risk of developing IRIS. Therapeutic strategies to reconstitute the mucosal barrier and control inflammation could assist in the prevention of IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Friebel
- Department of Cardiology Charité‐University Medicine Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program Berlin Germany
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Medical Department I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology Charité‐University Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Anika Geelhaar‐Karsch
- Medical Department I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology Charité‐University Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Kristina Allers
- Medical Department I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology Charité‐University Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Medical Department I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology Charité‐University Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Medical Department I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology Charité‐University Medicine Berlin Germany
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12
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Boby N, Cao X, Williams K, Gadila SKG, Shroyer MN, Didier PJ, Srivastav SK, Das A, Baker K, Sha Q, Pahar B. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Mediated Changes in Jejunum and Peripheral SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 and Associated Proteins or Genes in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835686. [PMID: 35281029 PMCID: PMC8914048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and associated proteins play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathological events, such as immune activation, inflammation, gut barrier maintenance, intestinal stem cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Although many of these clinical events are quite significant in SIV/HIV infection, expression profiling of these proteins has not been well reported. Considering the different pathological consequences in the gut after HIV infection, we hypothesized that the expression of ACE2 and associated proteins of the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could be compromised after SIV/HIV infection. We quantified the gene expression of ACE2 as well as AGTR1/2, ADAM17, and TMPRSS2, and compared between SIV infected and uninfected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta; hereafter abbreviated RMs). The gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of ACE2 and upregulation of AGTR2 and inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the gut of infected RMs. Protein expression profiling also revealed significant upregulation of AGTR2 after infection. The expression of ACE2 in protein level was also decreased, but not significantly, after infection. To understand the entirety of the process in newly regenerated epithelial cells, a global transcriptomic study of enteroids raised from intestinal stem cells was performed. Interestingly, most of the genes associated with the RAS, such as DPP4, MME, ANPEP, ACE2, ENPEP, were found to be downregulated in SIV infection. HNFA1 was found to be a key regulator of ACE2 and related protein expression. Jejunum CD4+ T cell depletion and increased IL-6 mRNA, MCP-1 and AGTR2 expression may signal inflammation, monocyte/macrophage accumulation and epithelial apoptosis in accelerating SIV pathogenesis. Overall, the findings in the study suggested a possible impact of SIV/HIV infection on expression of ACE2 and RAS-associated proteins resulting in the loss of gut homeostasis. In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection remains uncertain and needs further investigation as the significance profile of ACE2, a viral entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and its expression in mRNA and protein varied in the current study. There is a concern of aggravated SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to possible serious pathological events in the gut resulting from compromised expression of RAS- associated proteins in SIV/HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongthombam Boby
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xuewei Cao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Kelsey Williams
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Shiva Kumar Goud Gadila
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Monica N. Shroyer
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Peter J. Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Sudesh K. Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kate Baker
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Qiuying Sha
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bapi Pahar,
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13
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Solis-Leal A, Siddiqui S, Wu F, Mohan M, Hu W, Doyle-Meyers LA, Dufour JP, Ling B. Neuroinflammatory Profiling in SIV-Infected Chinese-Origin Rhesus Macaques on Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:139. [PMID: 35062343 PMCID: PMC8781366 DOI: 10.3390/v14010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) HIV reservoir is an obstacle to achieving an HIV cure. The basal ganglia harbor a higher frequency of SIV than other brain regions in the SIV-infected rhesus macaques of Chinese-origin (chRMs) even on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). Since residual HIV/SIV reservoir is associated with inflammation, we characterized the neuroinflammation by gene expression and systemic levels of inflammatory molecules in healthy controls and SIV-infected chRMs with or without ART. CCL2, IL-6, and IFN-γ were significantly reduced in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of animals receiving ART. Moreover, there was a correlation between levels of CCL2 in plasma and CSF, suggesting the potential use of plasma CCL2 as a neuroinflammation biomarker. With higher SIV frequency, the basal ganglia of untreated SIV-infected chRMs showed an upregulation of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), which could be an indicator of ongoing neuroinflammation. While ART greatly reduced neuroinflammation in general, proinflammatory genes, such as IL-9, were still significantly upregulated. These results expand our understanding of neuroinflammation and signaling in SIV-infected chRMs on ART, an excellent model to study HIV/SIV persistence in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Solis-Leal
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.S.-L.); (F.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Summer Siddiqui
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.S.); (L.A.D.-M.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Fei Wu
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.S.-L.); (F.W.); (M.M.)
- Tulane Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.S.-L.); (F.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Lara A. Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.S.); (L.A.D.-M.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Jason P. Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.S.); (L.A.D.-M.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Binhua Ling
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.S.-L.); (F.W.); (M.M.)
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.S.); (L.A.D.-M.); (J.P.D.)
- Tulane Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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14
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Wang Z, Yin X, Ma M, Ge H, Lang B, Sun H, He S, Fu Y, Sun Y, Yu X, Zhang Z, Cui H, Han X, Xu J, Ding H, Chu Z, Shang H, Wu Y, Jiang Y. IP-10 Promotes Latent HIV Infection in Resting Memory CD4 + T Cells via LIMK-Cofilin Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656663. [PMID: 34447368 PMCID: PMC8383741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to HIV eradication is the persistence of viral reservoirs. Resting CD4+ T cells are thought to be one of the major viral reservoirs, However, the underlying mechanism regulating HIV infection and the establishment of viral reservoir in T cells remain poorly understood. We have investigated the role of IP-10 in the establishment of HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T cells, and found that in HIV-infected individuals, plasma IP-10 was elevated, and positively correlated with HIV viral load and viral reservoir size. In addition, we found that binding of IP-10 to CXCR3 enhanced HIV latent infection of resting CD4+ T cells in vitro. Mechanistically, IP-10 stimulation promoted cofilin activity and actin dynamics, facilitating HIV entry and DNA integration. Moreover, treatment of resting CD4+ T cells with a LIM kinase inhibitor R10015 blocked cofilin phosphorylation and abrogated IP-10-mediated enhancement of HIV latent infection. These results suggest that IP-10 is a critical factor involved in HIV latent infection, and that therapeutic targeting of IP-10 may be a potential strategy for inhibiting HIV latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowan Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meichen Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongchi Ge
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Lang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sijia He
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Yajing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hualu Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenxing Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Zaongo SD, Liu Y, Harypursat V, Song F, Xia H, Ma P, Chen Y. P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand 1: A Potential HIV-1 Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710121. [PMID: 34434194 PMCID: PMC8380821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a life-long therapeutic option, remains the only currently effective clinical method to treat HIV-1 infection. However, ART may be toxic to vital organs including the liver, brain, heart, and kidneys, and may result in systemic complications. In this context, to consider HIV-1 restriction factors from the innate immune system to explore novel HIV therapeutics is likely to be a promising investigative strategy. In light of this, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) has recently become the object of close scrutiny as a recognized cell adhesion molecule, and has become a major focus of academic study, as researchers believe that PSGL-1 may represent a novel area of interest in the research inquiry into the field of immune checkpoint inhibition. In this article, we review PSGL-1's structure and functions during infection and/or inflammation. We also outline a comprehensive review of its role and potential therapeutic utility during HIV-1 infection as published in contemporary academic literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.,Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangzhou Song
- Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the gastro-intestinal tract, the complex network of multiple innate cell populations play critical roles not only as a first line of defense against invading pathogens and in driving adaptive immune responses but also in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Here, we describe the roles of various innate immune cell populations in gut immunity and detail studies investigating the impact of acute and chronic HIV infection on these cell populations. RECENT FINDINGS Alterations in frequencies, phenotype and/or function of innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate-like T cells have been reported in people with HIV (PWH), with many of these features persisting despite anti-retroviral therapy and virological suppression. Dysregulated gut innate immunity in PWH is a feature of gut pathogenesis. A greater understanding of the mechanisms driving impairment in the multiple different gut innate immune cell populations and the downstream consequences of an altered innate immune response on host defense and gut homeostasis in PWH is needed to develop more effective HIV treatments and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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17
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Kasarpalkar NJ, Bhowmick S, Patel V, Savardekar L, Agrawal S, Shastri J, Bhor VM. Frequency of Effector Memory Cells Expressing Integrin α 4β 7 Is Associated With TGF-β1 Levels in Therapy Naïve HIV Infected Women With Low CD4 + T Cell Count. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651122. [PMID: 33828560 PMCID: PMC8019712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α4β7 expressing CD4+ T cells are preferred targets for HIV infection and are thought to be predictors of disease progression. Concurrent analysis of integrin α4β7 expressing innate and adaptive immune cells was carried out in antiretroviral (ART) therapy naïve HIV infected women in order to determine its contribution to HIV induced immune dysfunction. Our results demonstrate a HIV infection associated decrease in the frequency of integrin α4β7 expressing endocervical T cells along with an increase in the frequency of integrin α4β7 expressing peripheral monocytes and central memory CD4+ T cells, which are considered to be viral reservoirs. We report for the first time an increase in levels of soluble MAdCAM-1 (sMAdCAM-1) in HIV infected individuals as well as an increased frequency and count of integrin β7Hi CD8+ memory T cells. Correlation analysis indicates that the frequency of effector memory CD8+ T cells expressing integrin α4β7 is associated with levels of both sMAdCAM-1 and TGF-β1. The results of this study also suggest HIV induced alterations in T cell homeostasis to be on account of disparate actions of sMAdCAM-1 and TGF-β1 on integrin α4β7 expressing T cells. The immune correlates identified in this study warrant further investigation to determine their utility in monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini J Kasarpalkar
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa Bhowmick
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Lalita Savardekar
- Woman's Health Clinic and Bone Health Clinic, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Sachee Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikrant M Bhor
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
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18
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Early Antiretroviral Therapy Prevents Viral Infection of Monocytes and Inflammation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01478-20. [PMID: 32907978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01478-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite early antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment interruption is associated with viral rebound, indicating early viral reservoir (VR) seeding and absence of full eradication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that may persist in tissues. Herein, we address the contributing role of monocytes in maintaining VRs under ART, since these cells may represent a source of viral dissemination due to their ability to replenish mucosal tissues in response to injury. To this aim, monocytes with classical (CD14+), intermediate (CD14+ CD16+), and nonclassical (CD16+) phenotypes and CD4+ T cells were sorted from the blood, spleen, and intestines of untreated and early-ART-treated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) before and after ART interruption. Cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA were quantified. We demonstrated that in the absence of ART, monocytes were productively infected with replication-competent SIV, especially in the spleen. Reciprocally, early ART efficiently (i) prevented the establishment of monocyte VRs in the blood, spleen, and intestines and (ii) reduced systemic inflammation, as indicated by changes in interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels. ART interruption was associated with a rebound in viremia that led to the rapid productive infection of both CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Altogether, our results reveal the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting the contribution of monocytes to VRs and SIV-associated inflammation.IMPORTANCE Despite the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in treated individuals and ART interruption is associated with viral rebound. Persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation contribute to disease morbidity. Whereas monocytes are infected by HIV/SIV, their role as viral reservoirs (VRs) in visceral tissues has been poorly explored. Our work demonstrates that monocyte cell subsets in the blood, spleen, and intestines do not significantly contribute to the establishment of early VRs in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with ART. By preventing the infection of these cells, early ART reduces systemic inflammation. However, following ART interruption, monocytes are rapidly reinfected. Altogether, our findings shed new light on the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting VR and inflammation.
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19
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Allers K, Stahl-Hennig C, Fiedler T, Wibberg D, Hofmann J, Kunkel D, Moos V, Kreikemeyer B, Kalinowski J, Schneider T. The colonic mucosa-associated microbiome in SIV infection: shift towards Bacteroidetes coincides with mucosal CD4 + T cell depletion and enterocyte damage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10887. [PMID: 32616803 PMCID: PMC7331662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intesinal microbiome is considered important in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target to improve the patients’ health status. Longitudinal alterations in the colonic mucosa-associated microbiome during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection were investigated using a 16S rRNA amplicon approach on the Illumina sequencing platform and bioinformatics analyses. Following SIV infection of six animals, no alterations in microbial composition were observed before the viral load peaked in the colon. At the time of acute mucosal SIV replication, the phylum Bacteroidetes including the Bacteroidia class as well as the phylum Firmicutes and its families Ruminococcaceae and Eubacteriaceae became more abundant. Enrichment of Bacteroidetes was maintained until the chronic phase of SIV infection. The shift towards Bacteroidetes in the mucosa-associated microbiome was associated with the extent of SIV infection-induced mucosal CD4+ T cell depletion and correlated with increasing rates of enterocyte damage. These observations suggest that Bacteroidetes strains increase during virus-induced mucosal immune destruction. As Bacteroidetes belong to the lipopolysaccharide- and short chain fatty acids-producing bacteria, their rapid enrichment may contribute to inflammatory tissue damage and metabolic alterations in SIV/HIV infection. These aspects should be considered in future studies on therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Allers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Tomas Fiedler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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20
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HIV-associated gut dysbiosis is independent of sexual practice and correlates with noncommunicable diseases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2448. [PMID: 32415070 PMCID: PMC7228978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of gut mucosal integrity and an aberrant gut microbiota are proposed mechanisms contributing to chronic inflammation and increased morbidity and mortality during antiretroviral-treated HIV disease. Sexual practice has recently been uncovered as a major source of microbiota variation, potentially confounding prior observations of gut microbiota alterations among persons with HIV (PWH). To overcome this and other confounding factors, we examine a well-powered subset of AGEhIV Cohort participants comprising antiretroviral-treated PWH and seronegative controls matched for age, body-mass index, sex, and sexual practice. We report significant gut microbiota differences in PWH regardless of sex and sexual practice including Gammaproteobacteria enrichment, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae depletion, and decreased alpha diversity. Men who have sex with men (MSM) exhibit a distinct microbiota signature characterized by Prevotella enrichment and increased alpha diversity, which is linked with receptive anal intercourse in both males and females. Finally, the HIV-associated microbiota signature correlates with inflammatory markers including suPAR, nadir CD4 count, and prevalence of age-associated noncommunicable comorbidities.
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21
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Bourke CD, Gough EK, Pimundu G, Shonhai A, Berejena C, Terry L, Baumard L, Choudhry N, Karmali Y, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Musiime V, Lutaakome J, Kekitiinwa A, Mutasa K, Szubert AJ, Spyer MJ, Deayton JR, Glass M, Geum HM, Pardieu C, Gibb DM, Klein N, Edens TJ, Walker AS, Manges AR, Prendergast AJ. Cotrimoxazole reduces systemic inflammation in HIV infection by altering the gut microbiome and immune activation. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/486/eaav0537. [PMID: 30944164 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-term cotrimoxazole prophylaxis reduces mortality and morbidity in HIV infection, but the mechanisms underlying these clinical benefits are unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of cotrimoxazole on systemic inflammation, an independent driver of HIV mortality. In HIV-positive Ugandan and Zimbabwean children receiving antiretroviral therapy, we show that plasma inflammatory markers were lower after randomization to continue (n = 144) versus stop (n = 149) cotrimoxazole. This was not explained by clinical illness, HIV progression, or nutritional status. Because subclinical enteropathogen carriage and enteropathy can drive systemic inflammation, we explored cotrimoxazole effects on the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammatory biomarkers. Although global microbiome composition was unchanged, viridans group Streptococci and streptococcal mevalonate pathway enzymes were lower among children continuing (n = 36) versus stopping (n = 36) cotrimoxazole. These changes were associated with lower fecal myeloperoxidase. To isolate direct effects of cotrimoxazole on immune activation from antibiotic effects, we established in vitro models of systemic and intestinal inflammation. In vitro cotrimoxazole had modest but consistent inhibitory effects on proinflammatory cytokine production by blood leukocytes from HIV-positive (n = 16) and HIV-negative (n = 8) UK adults and reduced IL-8 production by gut epithelial cell lines. Collectively we demonstrate that cotrimoxazole reduces systemic and intestinal inflammation both indirectly via antibiotic effects on the microbiome and directly by blunting immune and epithelial cell activation. Synergy between these pathways may explain the clinical benefits of cotrimoxazole despite high antimicrobial resistance, providing further rationale for extending coverage among people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Bourke
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Ethan K Gough
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Annie Shonhai
- College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Chipo Berejena
- College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Louise Terry
- Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Lucas Baumard
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Naheed Choudhry
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Yusuf Karmali
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Victor Musiime
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda.,College of Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Lutaakome
- Uganda Virus Research Institute/MRC Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Adeodata Kekitiinwa
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation-Uganda, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kuda Mutasa
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Moira J Spyer
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London WC1V 6LJ, UK
| | - Jane R Deayton
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.,Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Magdalena Glass
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hyun Min Geum
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Claire Pardieu
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Diana M Gibb
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London WC1V 6LJ, UK
| | - Nigel Klein
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Thaddeus J Edens
- Devil's Staircase Consulting, West Vancouver, British Columbia V7T 1V7, Canada
| | - A Sarah Walker
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London WC1V 6LJ, UK
| | - Amee R Manges
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.,Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe.,MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London WC1V 6LJ, UK
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22
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Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Somsouk M. HIV and the Gut Microbiota: Composition, Consequences, and Avenues for Amelioration. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 16:204-213. [PMID: 31037552 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss recent advances in understanding of gut bacterial microbiota composition in HIV-infected subjects and comment on controversies. We discuss the putative effects of microbiota shifts on systemic inflammation and HIV disease progression and potential mechanisms, as well as ongoing strategies being developed to modulate the gut microbiota in humans for amelioration of infectious and inflammatory diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Lifestyle and behavioral factors relevant to HIV infection studies have independent effects on the microbiota. Microbial metabolism of immunomodulatory compounds and direct immune stimulation by translocation of microbes are putative mechanisms contributing to HIV disease. Fecal microbiota transplantation, microbial enzyme inhibition, phage therapy, and rationally selected probiotic cocktails have emerged as promising strategies for microbiota modulation. Numerous surveys of the HIV gut microbiota matched for lifestyle factors suggest consistent shifts in gut microbiota composition among HIV-infected subjects. Evidence exists for a complex pathogenic role of the gut microbiota in HIV disease progression, warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Local barrier dysfunction identified by confocal laser endomicroscopy predicts bacterial translocation in HIV infection. AIDS 2020; 34:328-331. [PMID: 31876597 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Yin X, Wang Z, Wu T, Ma M, Zhang Z, Chu Z, Hu Q, Ding H, Han X, Xu J, Shang H, Jiang Y. The combination of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 levels during primary HIV infection predicts HIV disease progression. J Transl Med 2019; 17:417. [PMID: 31836011 PMCID: PMC6909626 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines involved in inflammation, cell migration, and immune regulation in both physiological and pathological contexts. Here, we investigated the profile of chemokines during primary HIV infection (PHI). Methods Fifty-four participants with blood samples before and during HIV infection and clinical information available were selected from an HIV-negative man who have sex with men (MSM) prospective cohort. Thirty chemokines and 10 cytokines were measured pre- and post-HIV infection in the same individuals using a Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Chemokine Panel. Results Levels of 18 chemokines/cytokines changed significantly during PHI relative to pre-HIV infection levels; 14 were up-regulated and 4 down-regulated. Among them, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were the most prominently raised. Levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were much higher in the high-set point group (log viral load (lgVL) ≥ 4.5) than those in the low-set point group (lgVL < 4.5) and levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were higher in the low-CD4+ T-cell count group (CD4+ T-cell count ≥ 500). A formula to predict HIV disease progression using a combination panel comprising CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 was developed, where risk score = 0.007 × CXCL9 + 0.004 × CXCL10 − 0.033 × CXCL11 − 1.724, with risk score values higher than the cutoff threshold (0.5211) indicating more rapid HIV disease progression. Conclusions A panel of plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 measured during primary HIV-1 infection could predict long-term HIV disease prognosis in an MSM group and has potential as a novel biomarker in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowan Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Tong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Meichen Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhenxing Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Qinghai Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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25
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Kim GB, Hege K, Riley JL. CAR Talk: How Cancer-Specific CAR T Cells Can Instruct How to Build CAR T Cells to Cure HIV. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2310. [PMID: 31611880 PMCID: PMC6776630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-directing T cells via chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) was first tested in HIV-infected individuals with limited success, but these pioneering studies laid the groundwork for the clinically successful CD19 CARs that were recently FDA approved. Now there is great interest in revisiting the concept of using CAR-expressing T cells as part of a strategy to cure HIV. Many lessons have been learned on how to best engineer T cells to cure cancer, but not all of these lessons apply when developing CARs to treat and cure HIV. This mini review will focus on how early CAR T cell studies in HIV paved the way for cancer CAR T cell therapy and how progress in cancer CAR therapy has and will continue to be instructive for the development of HIV CAR T cell therapy. Additionally, the unique challenges that must be overcome to develop a successful HIV CAR T cell therapy will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kristen Hege
- Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James L Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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26
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Alzahrani J, Hussain T, Simar D, Palchaudhuri R, Abdel-Mohsen M, Crowe SM, Mbogo GW, Palmer CS. Inflammatory and immunometabolic consequences of gut dysfunction in HIV: Parallels with IBD and implications for reservoir persistence and non-AIDS comorbidities. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:522-531. [PMID: 31327693 PMCID: PMC6710907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa is critical for maintaining the integrity and functions of the gut. Disruption of this barrier is a hallmark and a risk factor for many intestinal and chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and HIV infection are characterized by microbial translocation and systemic inflammation. Despite the clinical overlaps between HIV and IBD, significant differences exist such as the severity of gut damage and mechanisms of immune cell homeostasis. Studies have supported the role of metabolic activation of immune cells in promoting chronic inflammation in HIV and IBD. This inflammatory response persists in HIV+ persons even after long-term virologic suppression by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we review gut dysfunction and microbiota changes during HIV infection and IBD, and discuss how this may induce metabolic reprogramming of monocytes, macrophages and T cells to impact disease outcomes. Drawing from parallels with IBD, we highlight how factors such as lipopolysaccharides, residual viral replication, and extracellular vesicles activate biochemical pathways that regulate immunometabolic processes essential for HIV persistence and non-AIDS metabolic comorbidities. This review highlights new mechanisms and support for the use of immunometabolic-based therapeutics towards HIV remission/cure, and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Alzahrani
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tabinda Hussain
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Simar
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Suzanne M Crowe
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Clovis S Palmer
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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27
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Taborda NA, Correa LA, Feria MG, Rugeles MT. The Spontaneous Control of HIV Replication is Characterized by Decreased Pathological Changes in the Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissue. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:338-344. [PMID: 30706820 PMCID: PMC6446516 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190130115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection induces alterations in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that constitutes the most important site for viral replication due to the extensive presence of effector memory T-cells. In the case of HIV-controllers, several studies have reported fewer peripheral alterations and conserved immune responses that correlate with viral control; however, the histopathological characterization of GALT in those patients is still missing. In this study, we evaluated pathological alterations in GALT, trying to associate them with clinical parameters of HIV infected patients with or without evidence of viral control. METHODS This study included eight HIV-controllers (antiretroviral treatment-naïve patients, with viral loads below 2.000 copies/mL for at least 1 year); 14 Noncontrollers (antiretroviral treatmentnaïve patients, with viral loads > 2.000 copies/mL and CD4+ T cells count > 250 cells/μL), and 12 uninfected donors. Biopsy fragments were obtained by rectosigmoidoscopy and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, silver methenamine, Ziehl Neelsen, and modified Ziehl Neelsen. RESULTS Histopathological findings in HIV-controllers were similar to those observed in the uninfected group. In contrast, noncontrollers exhibited several alterations including condyloma acuminate, squamous metaplasia and acute colitis. These alterations were associated with disease progression. CONCLUSION HIV-controllers exhibit lower pathological alterations in the gut tissue, associated with higher CD4 T cell count, and lower viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomedicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporacion Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Luis A Correa
- Seccion de Dermatologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia.,Laboratorio de Patología, Laboratorio Clínico VID, Obra de la Congregación Mariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Manuel Geronimo Feria
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - María T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
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28
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Cattin A, Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Planas D, Shacklett B, Cohen EA, Ghali MP, Routy JP, Ancuta P. HIV-1 is rarely detected in blood and colon myeloid cells during viral-suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:1293-1306. [PMID: 30870200 PMCID: PMC6686847 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the contribution of blood and colon myeloid cells to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN Leukapheresis was collected from HIV-infected individuals with undetectable plasma viral load during ART (HIV + ART; n = 15) and viremics untreated (HIV+; n = 6). Rectal sigmoid biopsies were collected from n = 8 HIV+ART. METHODS Myeloid cells (total monocytes (Mo), CD16/CD16 Mo, CD1c dendritic cells) and CD4 T cells were isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and/or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from peripheral blood. Matched myeloid and CCR6CD4 T cells were isolated from blood and rectal biopsies by FACS. Levels of early (RU5 primers), late (Gag primers) and/or integrated HIV-DNA (Alu/HIV primers) were quantified by nested real-time PCR. Replication-competent HIV was amplified by co-culturing cells from HIV-positive individuals with CD3/CD28-activated CD4 T cells from uninfected donors. RESULTS Early/late but not integrated HIV reverse transcripts were detected in blood myeloid subsets of four out of 10 HIV+ART; in contrast, integrated HIV-DNA was exclusively detected in CD4 T cells. In rectal biopsies, late HIV reverse transcripts were detected in myeloid cells and CCR6CD4 T cells from one out of eight and seven out of eight HIV+ART individuals, respectively. Replication-competent HIV was outgrown from CD4 T cells but not from myeloid of untreated/ART-treated HIV-positive individuals. CONCLUSION In contrast to CD4 T cells, blood and colon myeloid cells carry detectable HIV only in a small fraction of HIV+ART individuals. This is consistent with the documented resistance of Mo to HIV infection and the rapid turnover of Mo-derived macrophages in the colon. Future assessment of multiple lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues is required to include/exclude myeloid cells as relevant HIV reservoirs during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Cattin
- CHUM-Research Centre, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- CHUM-Research Centre, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | | | - Delphine Planas
- CHUM-Research Centre, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | | | - Eric A. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Maged P. Ghali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- CHUM-Research Centre, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
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29
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Takahashi N, Sugimoto C, Allers C, Alvarez X, Kim WK, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Shifting Dynamics of Intestinal Macrophages during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Adult Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:2682-2689. [PMID: 30926643 PMCID: PMC6478513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is a primary barrier to invading pathogens and contains immune cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages. We previously reported that CD163+CD206- (single-positive [SP]) interstitial macrophages of the lung are short-lived and succumb early to SIV infection. Conversely, CD163+CD206+ (double-positive [DP]) alveolar macrophages are long-lived, survive after SIV infection, and may contribute to the virus reservoir. This report characterizes analogous populations of macrophages in the intestinal tract of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with SIV/AIDS. By flow cytometry analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and confocal microscopy, CD163+CD206+ DP macrophages predominated in the lamina propria of uninfected animals, compared with CD163+CD206- SP macrophages, which predominated in the lamina propria in animals with SIV infection that were exhibiting AIDS. In submucosal areas, CD163+CD206+ DP macrophages predominated in both SIV-infected and uninfected macaques. Furthermore, BrdU-labeled CD163+CD206+ DP and CD163+CD206- SP macrophages recently arriving in the colon, which are both presumed to be shorter-lived, were observed to localize only in the lamina propria. Conversely, longer-lived CD163+CD206+ DP macrophages that retained dextran at least 2 mo after in vivo administration localized exclusively in the submucosa. This suggests that CD163+CD206+ DP intestinal macrophages of the lamina propria were destroyed after SIV infection and replaced by immature CD163+CD206- SP macrophages, whereas longer-lived CD163+CD206+ DP macrophages remained in the submucosa, supporting their potential role as an SIV/HIV tissue reservoir. Moreover, the DP macrophages in the submucosa, which differ from lamina propria DP macrophages, may be missed from pinch biopsy sampling, which may preclude detecting virus reservoirs for monitoring HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Takahashi
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Carolina Allers
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507; and
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433;
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Identification and Complete Stereochemical Assignments of the New Resolvin Conjugates in Tissue Regeneration in Human Tissues that Stimulate Proresolving Phagocyte Functions and Tissue Regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 188:950-966. [PMID: 29571326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resolvin conjugates in tissue regeneration (RCTRs) are new chemical signals that accelerate resolution of inflammation, infection, and tissue regeneration. Herein, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based metabololipidomics, we identified RCTRs in human spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, and brain. In human spleen incubated with Staphylococcus aureus, endogenous RCTRs were increased along with conversion of deuterium-labeled docosahexaenoic acid, conferring pathway activation. Physical and biological properties of endogenous RCTRs were matched with those prepared by total organic synthesis. The complete stereochemical assignment of bioactive RCTR1 is 8R-glutathionyl-7S,17S-dihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, RCTR2 is 8R-cysteinylglycinyl-7S,17S-dihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, and RCTR3 is 8R-cysteinyl-7S,17S-dihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid. These stereochemically defined RCTRs stimulated human macrophage phagocytosis, efferocytosis, and planaria tissue generation. Proteome profiling demonstrated that RCTRs regulated both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with human macrophages. In microfluidic chambers, the three RCTRs limited human polymorphonuclear cell migration. In hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion-initiated organ injury, both RCTR2 and RCTR3 reduced polymorphonuclear cell infiltration into lungs. In infectious peritonitis, RCTR1 shortened the resolution intervals. Each RCTR (1 nmol/L) accelerated planaria tissue regeneration by approximately 0.5 days, with direct comparison to both maresin and protectin CTRs. Together, these results identify a new bioactive RCTR (ie, RCTR3) in human tissues and establish the complete stereochemistry and rank-order potencies of three RCTRs in vivo. Moreover, RCTR1, RCTR2, and RCTR3 each exert potent anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions with human leukocytes.
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31
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Shenoy MK, Fadrosh DW, Lin DL, Worodria W, Byanyima P, Musisi E, Kaswabuli S, Zawedde J, Sanyu I, Chang E, Fong S, McCauley K, Davis JL, Huang L, Lynch SV. Gut microbiota in HIV-pneumonia patients is related to peripheral CD4 counts, lung microbiota, and in vitro macrophage dysfunction. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:37. [PMID: 30857553 PMCID: PMC6413461 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is common and frequently fatal in HIV-infected patients, due to rampant, systemic inflammation and failure to control microbial infection. While airway microbiota composition is related to local inflammatory response, gut microbiota has been shown to correlate with the degree of peripheral immune activation (IL6 and IP10 expression) in HIV-infected patients. We thus hypothesized that both airway and gut microbiota are perturbed in HIV-infected pneumonia patients, that the gut microbiota is related to peripheral CD4+ cell counts, and that its associated products differentially program immune cell populations necessary for controlling microbial infection in CD4-high and CD4-low patients. To assess these relationships, paired bronchoalveolar lavage and stool microbiota (bacterial and fungal) from a large cohort of Ugandan, HIV-infected patients with pneumonia were examined, and in vitro tests of the effect of gut microbiome products on macrophage effector phenotypes performed. While lower airway microbiota stratified into three compositionally distinct microbiota as previously described, these were not related to peripheral CD4 cell count. In contrast, variation in gut microbiota composition significantly related to CD4 cell count, lung microbiota composition, and patient mortality. Compared with patients with high CD4+ cell counts, those with low counts possessed more compositionally similar airway and gut microbiota, evidence of microbial translocation, and their associated gut microbiome products reduced macrophage activation and IL-10 expression and increased IL-1β expression in vitro. These findings suggest that the gut microbiome is related to CD4 status and plays a key role in modulating macrophage function, critical to microbial control in HIV-infected patients with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera K Shenoy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Current address: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Douglas W Fadrosh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Din L Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - William Worodria
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Byanyima
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Musisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvia Kaswabuli
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josephine Zawedde
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ingvar Sanyu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emily Chang
- HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Serena Fong
- HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn McCauley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - J Lucian Davis
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laurence Huang
- HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Soare AY, Durham ND, Gopal R, Tweel B, Hoffman KW, Brown JA, O'Brien M, Bhardwaj N, Lim JK, Chen BK, Swartz TH. P2X Antagonists Inhibit HIV-1 Productive Infection and Inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-1β in a Human Tonsil Explant Model. J Virol 2019; 93:e01186-18. [PMID: 30305360 PMCID: PMC6288349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01186-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 causes a persistent infection of the immune system that is associated with chronic comorbidities. The mechanisms that underlie this inflammation are poorly understood. Emerging literature has implicated proinflammatory purinergic receptors and downstream signaling mediators in HIV-1 infection. This study probed whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. An ex vivo human tonsil histoculture infection model was developed to support HIV-1 productive infection and stimulated the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). This study tests whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. The purinergic P2X1 receptor antagonist NF449, the purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079, and azidothymidine (AZT) were tested in HIV-1-infected human tonsil explants to compare levels of inhibition of HIV-1 infection and HIV-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production. All drugs limited HIV-1 productive infection, but P2X-selective antagonists (NF449 and A438079) significantly lowered HIV-stimulated IL-10 and IL-1β. We further observed that P2X1- and P2X7-selective antagonists can act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Our findings highlight the differential effects of HIV-1 on inflammation in peripheral blood compared to those in lymphoid tissue. For the first time, we demonstrate that P2X-selective antagonists act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Drugs that block these pathways can have independent inhibitory activities against HIV-1 infection and HIV-induced inflammation.IMPORTANCE Patients who are chronically infected with HIV-1 experience sequelae related to chronic inflammation. The mechanisms of this inflammation have not been elucidated. Here, we describe a class of drugs that target the P2X proinflammatory signaling receptors in a human tonsil explant model. This model highlights differences in HIV-1 stimulation of lymphoid tissue inflammation and peripheral blood. These drugs serve to block both HIV-1 infection and production of IL-10 and IL-1β in lymphoid tissue, suggesting a novel approach to HIV-1 therapeutics in which both HIV-1 replication and inflammatory signaling are simultaneously targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Soare
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natasha D Durham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramya Gopal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Tweel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin W Hoffman
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia A Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan O'Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Tian RR, Zhang MX, Zhang LT, Zhang P, Ma JP, Liu M, Devenport M, Zheng P, Zhang XL, Lian XD, Ye M, Zheng HY, Pang W, Zhang GH, Zhang LG, Liu Y, Zheng YT. CD24 and Fc fusion protein protects SIVmac239-infected Chinese rhesus macaque against progression to AIDS. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:9-17. [PMID: 29983395 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation are underlying causes of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Products of virus replication and microbial translocation, co-infection or opportunistic pathogens, and danger-associated molecular patterns have been reported to contribute to chronic immune activation and inflammation in human immunodeficiency virus type-1/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/SIV) infection or other disease. To develop new strategies and therapies for HIV-1/AIDS, we tested if the CD24 and Fc fusion protein (CD24Fc), which interacts with danger-associated molecular patterns and sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin to attenuate inflammation, can protect Chinese rhesus macaques (ChRMs) with SIV infection. We found that CD24Fc treatment decreased weight loss, wasting syndrome, intractable diarrhea, and AIDS morbidity and mortality, while it was well tolerated by SIV-infected animals. Corresponding to the elimination of intractable diarrhea, CD24Fc significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell and inflammation in the ileum, colon and rectum based on the reduction of inflammatory cells, pathological scores and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, although CD24Fc did not restore CD4+ T cell number or significantly change T cell subsets or CD4+ T cell activation, it maintained low levels of plasma soluble CD14, CD8+ T cell activation, viral load and proviral load in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and marrow. These results suggested that CD24Fc confers protection to SIV-infected ChRMs against progression to AIDS. It was also implied that CD24Fc may be a potential therapeutic approach for the control of HIV-1/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Lin-Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | | | - Pan Zheng
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA; OncoImmune, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xiao-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Mei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Gao-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Li-Guo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA; OncoImmune, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; The National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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Huang Q, Chen L, Luo M, Lv H, Luo D, Li T, Huang S, Xie L, Teng Y, Liu Z, Luo F, Xiong H, Zeng Y, Hou W, Feng Y. HIV-1-Induced miR-146a Attenuates Monocyte Migration by Targeting CCL5 in Human Primary Macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:580-589. [PMID: 29717615 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely involved in immune regulation during virus infection. Several studies showed that the expression of miR-146a was increased in human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1)-infected cells, but the definitive function of miR-146a in HIV-1 infection remains obscure. The production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) in macrophages has been reported to play an important role in HIV/AIDS-associated pathogenesis. In this study, we examined the effects of miR-146a on CCL5 regulation in HIV-1-infected macrophages. Gain and loss of function studies showed that CCL5 might be one of the miR-146a targets, as miR-146a mimic reduced, while miR-146a inhibitor increased CCL5 production in HIV-1-infected macrophages. In addition, we demonstrated that miR-146a reduced CCL5-induced monocyte migration. Our study provided evidence that miR-146a targets CCL5 3' untranslated regions, downregulates its release from macrophages, and affects monocyte migration consequently. These findings drew a novel layer of posttranscriptional control of the chemokine CCL5 by miR-146a during HIV infection, which might contribute to HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqi Luo
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanlin Lv
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Luo
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Szuyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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35
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Fisher BS, Green RR, Brown RR, Wood MP, Hensley-McBain T, Fisher C, Chang J, Miller AD, Bosche WJ, Lifson JD, Mavigner M, Miller CJ, Gale M, Silvestri G, Chahroudi A, Klatt NR, Sodora DL. Liver macrophage-associated inflammation correlates with SIV burden and is substantially reduced following cART. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006871. [PMID: 29466439 PMCID: PMC5837102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality during HIV infection, despite the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The precise mechanisms of liver disease during HIV infection are poorly understood partially due to the difficulty in obtaining human liver samples as well as the presence of confounding factors (e.g. hepatitis co-infection, alcohol use). Utilizing the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model, a controlled study was conducted to evaluate the factors associated with liver inflammation and the impact of cART. We observed an increase in hepatic macrophages during untreated SIV infection that was associated with a number of inflammatory and fibrosis mediators (TNFα, CCL3, TGFβ). Moreover, an upregulation in the macrophage chemoattractant factor CCL2 was detected in the livers of SIV-infected macaques that coincided with an increase in the number of activated CD16+ monocyte/macrophages and T cells expressing the cognate receptor CCR2. Expression of Mac387 on monocyte/macrophages further indicated that these cells recently migrated to the liver. The hepatic macrophage and T cell levels strongly correlated with liver SIV DNA levels, and were not associated with the levels of 16S bacterial DNA. Utilizing in situ hybridization, SIV-infected cells were found primarily within portal triads, and were identified as T cells. Microarray analysis identified a strong antiviral transcriptomic signature in the liver during SIV infection. In contrast, macaques treated with cART exhibited lower levels of liver macrophages and had a substantial, but not complete, reduction in their inflammatory profile. In addition, residual SIV DNA and bacteria 16S DNA were detected in the livers during cART, implicating the liver as a site on-going immune activation during antiretroviral therapy. These findings provide mechanistic insights regarding how SIV infection promotes liver inflammation through macrophage recruitment, with implications for in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget S. Fisher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formally Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard R. Green
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rachel R. Brown
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formally Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Wood
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formally Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Hensley-McBain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cole Fisher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formally Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jean Chang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - William J. Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charlene J. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Research Center and, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Emory Vaccine Research Center and, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Sodora
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formally Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Yaseen MM, Shabsoug BM. The role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils during HIV-1 infection. Arch Virol 2017; 163:1-21. [PMID: 28980078 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well-recognized that human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) mainly targets CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Nonetheless, during the past three decades, a huge number of studies have reported that HIV-1 can directly or indirectly target other cellular components of the immune system including CD8+ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), among others. PMNs are the most abundant leukocytes in the human circulation, and are known to play principal roles in the elimination of invading pathogens, regulating different immune responses, healing of injured tissues, and maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Until recently, little was known about the impact of HIV-1 infection on PMNs as well as the impact of PMNs on HIV-1 disease progression. This is because early studies focused on neutropenia and recurrent microbial infections, particularly, during advanced disease. However, recent studies have extended the investigation area to cover new aspects of the interactions between HIV-1 and PMNs. This review aims to summarize these advances and address the impact of HIV-1 infection on PMNs as well as the impact of PMNs on HIV-1 disease progression to better understand the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Mahmoud Yaseen
- Public Health, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Barakat Mohammad Shabsoug
- Chemical Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Serrano-Villar S, Vázquez-Castellanos JF, Vallejo A, Latorre A, Sainz T, Ferrando-Martínez S, Rojo D, Martínez-Botas J, Del Romero J, Madrid N, Leal M, Mosele JI, Motilva MJ, Barbas C, Ferrer M, Moya A, Moreno S, Gosalbes MJ, Estrada V. The effects of prebiotics on microbial dysbiosis, butyrate production and immunity in HIV-infected subjects. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1279-1293. [PMID: 28000678 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Altered interactions between the gut mucosa and bacteria during HIV infection seem to contribute to chronic immune dysfunction. A deeper understanding of how nutritional interventions could ameliorate gut dysbiosis is needed. Forty-four subjects, including 12 HIV+ viremic untreated (VU) patients, 23 antiretroviral therapy-treated (ART+) virally suppressed patients (15 immunological responders and 8 non-responders) and 9 HIV- controls (HIV-), were blindly randomized to receive either prebiotics (scGOS/lcFOS/glutamine) or placebo (34/10) over 6 weeks in this pilot study. We assessed fecal microbiota composition using deep 16S rRNA gene sequencing and several immunological and genetic markers involved in HIV immunopathogenesis. The short dietary supplementation attenuated HIV-associated dysbiosis, which was most apparent in VU individuals but less so in ART+ subjects, whose gut microbiota was found more resilient. This compositional shift was not observed in the placebo arm. Significantly, declines in indirect markers of bacterial translocation and T-cell activation, improvement of thymic output, and changes in butyrate production were observed. Increases in the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Lachnospira strongly correlated with moderate but significant increases of butyrate production and amelioration of the inflammatory biomarkers soluble CD14 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, especially among VU. Hence, the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathway holds promise as a viable target for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - J F Vázquez-Castellanos
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universidad de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Vallejo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Latorre
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universidad de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - T Sainz
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital La Paz, and La Paz Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Ferrando-Martínez
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Biomedicine Institute of Seville (IBIS), Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - D Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Martínez-Botas
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition Pathophysiology (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - N Madrid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Biomedicine Institute of Seville (IBIS), Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J I Mosele
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain
| | - M J Motilva
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain
| | - C Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ferrer
- Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Moya
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universidad de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Gosalbes
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universidad de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Estrada
- HIV Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Swan ZD, Bouwer AL, Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. Persistent accumulation of gut macrophages with impaired phagocytic function correlates with SIV disease progression in macaques. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1925-1935. [PMID: 28667761 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract to disease control or progression in HIV infection remains unclear. To address this question, we analyzed CD163+ macrophages in ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes (LN) from SIV-infected rhesus macaques with dichotomous expression of controlling MHC class I alleles predicted to be SIV controllers or progressors. Infection induced accumulation of macrophages into gut mucosa in the acute phase that persisted in progressors but was resolved in controllers. In contrast, macrophage recruitment to mesenteric LNs occurred only transiently in acute infection irrespective of disease outcome. Persistent gut macrophage accumulation was associated with CD163 expression on α4β7+ CD16+ blood monocytes and correlated with epithelial damage. Macrophages isolated from intestine of progressors had reduced phagocytic function relative to controllers and uninfected macaques, and the proportion of phagocytic macrophages negatively correlated with mucosal epithelial breach, lamina propria Escherichia coli density, and plasma virus burden. Macrophages in intestine produced low levels of cytokines regardless of disease course, while mesenteric LN macrophages from progressors became increasingly responsive as infection advanced. These data indicate that noninflammatory CD163+ macrophages accumulate in gut mucosa in progressive SIV infection in response to intestinal damage but fail to adequately phagocytose debris, potentially perpetuating their recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Swan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthea L Bouwer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wonderlich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Macrophages and Phospholipases at the Intersection between Inflammation and the Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071390. [PMID: 28661459 PMCID: PMC5535883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent low grade immune activation and chronic inflammation are nowadays considered main driving forces of the progressive immunologic failure in effective antiretroviral therapy treated HIV-1 infected individuals. Among the factors contributing to this phenomenon, microbial translocation has emerged as a key driver of persistent immune activation. Indeed, the rapid depletion of gastrointestinal CD4+ T lymphocytes occurring during the early phases of infection leads to a deterioration of the gut epithelium followed by the translocation of microbial products into the systemic circulation and the subsequent activation of innate immunity. In this context, monocytes/macrophages are increasingly recognized as an important source of inflammation, linked to HIV-1 disease progression and to non-AIDS complications, such as cardiovascular disease and neurocognitive decline, which are currently main challenges in treated patients. Lipid signaling plays a central role in modulating monocyte/macrophage activation, immune functions and inflammatory responses. Phospholipase-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis leads to the production of lipid mediators or second messengers that affect signal transduction, thus regulating a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. In this review, we discuss the contribution of phospholipases to monocyte/macrophage activation in the context of HIV-1 infection, focusing on their involvement in virus-associated chronic inflammation and co-morbidities.
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Ponte R, Rancez M, Figueiredo-Morgado S, Dutrieux J, Fabre-Mersseman V, Charmeteau-de-Muylder B, Guilbert T, Routy JP, Cheynier R, Couëdel-Courteille A. Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Triggers Early and Transient Interleukin-7 Production in the Gut, Leading to Enhanced Local Chemokine Expression and Intestinal Immune Cell Homing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:588. [PMID: 28579989 PMCID: PMC5437214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier, one of the first targets of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is subjected to major physiological changes during acute infection. Having previously shown that pharmaceutical injection of interleukin-7 (IL-7) triggers chemokine expression in many organs leading to massive T-cell homing, in particular to the intestine, we here explored mucosal IL-7 expression as part of the cytokine storm occurring during the acute phase of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Quantifying both mRNA and protein in tissues, we demonstrated a transient increase of IL-7 expression in the small intestine of SIV-infected rhesus macaques, starting with local detection of the virus by day 3 of infection. We also observed increased transcription levels of several chemokines in the small intestine. In infected macaques, ileal IL-7 expression correlated with the transcription of four of these chemokines. Among these chemokines, the macrophage and/or T-cell attractant chemokines CCL4, CCL25, and CCL28 also demonstrated increased transcription in uninfected IL-7-treated monkeys. Through immunohistofluorescence staining and image analysis, we observed increased CD8+ T-cell numbers and stable CD4+ T-cell counts in the infected lamina propria (LP) during hyperacute infection. Concomitantly, circulating CCR9+beta7+ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells dropped during acute infection, suggesting augmented intestinal homing of gut-imprinted T-cells. Finally, CD4+ macrophages transiently decreased in the submucosa and concentrated in the LP during the first days of infection. Overall, our study identifies IL-7 as a danger signal in the small intestine of Chinese rhesus macaques in response to acute SIV infection. Through stimulation of local chemokine expressions, this overexpression of IL-7 triggers immune cell recruitment to the gut. These findings suggest a role for IL-7 in the initiation of early mucosal immune responses to SIV and HIV infections. However, IL-7 triggered CD4+ T-cells and macrophages localization at viral replication sites could also participate to viral spread and establishment of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Ponte
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Magali Rancez
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Figueiredo-Morgado
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Fabre-Mersseman
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Charmeteau-de-Muylder
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Rémi Cheynier
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Couëdel-Courteille
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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41
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Croteau JD, Engle EL, Queen SE, Shirk EN, Zink MC. Marked Enteropathy in an Accelerated Macaque Model of AIDS. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:589-604. [PMID: 28056337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathy in HIV infection is not eliminated with combination antiretroviral therapy and is possibly linked to microbial translocation. We used a rapidly progressing SIV/pigtailed macaque model of HIV to examine enteropathy and microbial translocation. Histologic evidence of intestinal disease was observed in only half of infected macaques during late-stage infection (LSI). Combination antiretroviral therapy initiated during acute infection prevented intestinal disease. In the ileum and colon, enteropathy was associated with increased caspase-3 staining, decreased CD3+ T cells, and increased SIV-infected cells. CD3+ T cells were preserved in LSI animals without intestinal disease, and levels of CD3 staining in all LSI animals strongly correlated with the number of infected cells in the intestine and plasma viral load. Unexpectedly, there was little evidence of microbial translocation as measured by soluble CD14, soluble CD163, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, and microbial 16s ribosomal DNA. Loss of epithelial integrity indicated by loss of the tight junction protein claudin-3 was not observed during acute infection despite significantly fewer T cells. Claudin-3 was reduced in LSI animals with severe intestinal disease but did not correlate with increased microbial translocation. LSI animals that did not develop intestinal disease had increased T-cell intracytoplasmic antigen 1-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes, suggesting a robust adaptive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response may, in part, confer resilience to SIV-induced intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Croteau
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Elizabeth L Engle
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Allers K, Puyskens A, Epple HJ, Schürmann D, Hofmann J, Moos V, Schneider T. Distribution and Activation of CD8+ T Cells in the Duodenal Mucosa before and after HIV Seroconversion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:481-491. [PMID: 27872210 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa influence the HIV-associated pathogenesis, but little is known about the dynamics of mucosal CD8+ T cell counts and activation of these cells during the course of infection. In this study, mucosal CD8+ T cells in the duodenum were studied at different stages of HIV infection, starting from the seronegative phase. In seronegative acute HIV infection, CD8+ T cell counts increased in the epithelium, but not in the lamina propria. Infiltration of the lamina propria by peripherally expanded CD8+ T cells was observed after seroconversion. Highest increase in the expression of perforin, the rate-limiting molecule for cytotoxic CD8+ T cell activity, was evident in the lamina propria of seronegative acutely HIV-infected patients. The number of perforin-expressing cells in the lamina propria of acutely HIV-infected patients was positively associated with biomarkers of enterocyte damage and microbial translocation. After seroconversion, perforin expression was downregulated in the lamina propria, but not in the epithelium. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that intraepithelial and lamina propria CD8+ T cells exhibit different dynamics of numerical alteration and cytotoxic activity in HIV-infected patients. Moreover, our results suggest that perforin-dependent cytotoxic mechanisms by CD8+ T cells could impair the intestinal mucosal barrier already in the seronegative phase of acute HIV infection, thereby inducing microbial translocation as one of the earliest pathological events in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Allers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Puyskens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Epple
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schürmann
- Division of Infectious Disease and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Elevated Basal Pre-infection CXCL10 in Plasma and in the Small Intestine after Infection Are Associated with More Rapid HIV/SIV Disease Onset. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005774. [PMID: 27509048 PMCID: PMC4980058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood CXCL10/IP-10 levels during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) were described as an independent marker of rapid disease onset, more robust than peak viremia or CD4 cell nadir. IP-10 enhances the recruitment of CXCR3+ cells, which include major HIV-target cells, raising the question if it promotes the establishment of viral reservoirs. We analyzed data from four cohorts of HIV+ patients, allowing us to study IP-10 levels before infection (Amsterdam cohort), as well as during controlled and uncontrolled viremia (ANRS cohorts). We also addressed IP-10 expression levels with regards to lymphoid tissues (LT) and blood viral reservoirs in patients and non-human primates. Pre-existing elevated IP-10 levels but not sCD63 associated with rapid CD4 T-cell loss upon HIV-1 infection. During PHI, IP-10 levels and to a lesser level IL-18 correlated with cell-associated HIV DNA, while 26 other inflammatory soluble markers did not. IP-10 levels tended to differ between HIV controllers with detectable and undetectable viremia. IP-10 was increased in SIV-exposed aviremic macaques with detectable SIV DNA in tissues. IP-10 mRNA was produced at higher levels in the small intestine than in colon or rectum. Jejunal IP-10+ cells corresponded to numerous small and round CD68neg cells as well as to macrophages. Blood IP-10 response negatively correlated with RORC (Th17 marker) gene expression in the small intestine. CXCR3 expression was higher on memory CD4+ T cells than any other immune cells. CD4 T cells from chronically infected animals expressed extremely high levels of intra-cellular CXCR3 suggesting internalization after ligand recognition. Elevated systemic IP-10 levels before infection associated with rapid disease progression. Systemic IP-10 during PHI correlated with HIV DNA. IP-10 production was regionalized in the intestine during early SIV infection and CD68+ and CD68neg haematopoietic cells in the small intestine appeared to be the major source of IP-10. Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection and contributes in multiple ways to HIV persistence. Here, we gained insights on the association between a pro-inflammatory chemokine, CXCL10/IP-10 and HIV infection in four cohorts of HIV+ individuals, studied at distinct stages of infection (before, primary and chronic stage with spontaneous- and treatment-controlled infection). We further analyzed pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infections to address IP-10 levels and the presence of infected cells in tissues (lymph nodes, small and large intestine). We found that elevated systemic IP-10 levels before HIV-1 infection associate with a more rapid disease progression. During primary infection, IP-10 in blood strongly correlated with the amount of infected cells in blood. The animal model showed that IP-10 expression was regionalized in the intestine and highest in the small intestine. Studies of aviremic animals suggest that high IP-10 is indicative of viral replication in lymphoid tissues. Haematopoietic cells rather than epithelial/endothelial cells mainly contributed to the IP-10 production in small intestine (jejunum). The receptor of IP-10 was highly expressed on memory CD4+ T cells, i.e. major target cells for the virus. This study contributes to our understanding of the establishment of HIV reservoirs and why IP-10 associates with HIV/AIDS.
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Macura SL, Lathrop MJ, Gui J, Doncel GF, Asin SN, Rollenhagen C. Blocking CXCL9 Decreases HIV-1 Replication and Enhances the Activity of Prophylactic Antiretrovirals in Human Cervical Tissues. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 71:474-82. [PMID: 26545124 PMCID: PMC4788559 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The interferon-gamma-induced chemokine CXCL9 is expressed in a wide range of inflammatory conditions including those affecting the female genital tract. CXCL9 promotes immune cell recruitment, activation, and proliferation. The role of CXCL9 in modulating HIV-1 infection of cervicovaginal tissues, a main portal of viral entry, however, has not been established. We report a link between CXCL9 and HIV-1 replication in human cervical tissues and propose CXCL9 as a potential target to enhance the anti-HIV-1 activity of prophylactic antiretrovirals. DESIGN Using ex vivo infection of human cervical tissues as a model of mucosal HIV-1 acquisition, we described the effect of CXCL9 neutralization on HIV-1 gene expression and mucosal CD4 T-cell activation. The anti-HIV-1 activity of tenofovir, the leading mucosal pre-exposure prophylactic microbicide, alone or in combination with CXCL9 neutralization was also studied. METHODS HIV-1 replication was evaluated by p24 ELISA. HIV-1 DNA and RNA, and CD4, CCR5, and CD38 transcription were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Frequency of activated cervical CD4 T cells was quantified using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS Antibody blocking of CXCL9 reduced HIV-1 replication by decreasing mucosal CD4 T-cell activation. CXCL9 neutralization in combination with suboptimal concentrations of tenofovir, possibly present in the cervicovaginal tissues of women using the drug inconsistently, demonstrated an earlier and greater decrease in HIV-1 replication compared with tissues treated with tenofovir alone. CONCLUSIONS CXCL9 neutralization reduces HIV-1 replication and may be an effective target to enhance the efficacy of prophylactic antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrill L. Macura
- Research Service, V. A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Device Evaluation, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Melissa J. Lathrop
- Research Service, V. A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT
- Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Susana N. Asin
- Research Service, V. A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH; and
| | - Christiane Rollenhagen
- Research Service, V. A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
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Swan ZD, Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. Macrophage accumulation in gut mucosa differentiates AIDS from chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:446-54. [PMID: 26549608 PMCID: PMC5751443 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes to lymphoid and gut tissues and disease in HIV and SIV infection remains unclear. To address this question, we conducted cross-sectional analyses of dendritic cell (DC) subsets and CD163(+) macrophages in lymph nodes (LNs) and ileum of rhesus macaques with acute and chronic SIV infection and AIDS. In LNs significant differences were only evident when comparing uninfected and AIDS groups, with loss of myeloid DCs and CD103(+) DCs from peripheral and mesenteric LNs, respectively, and accumulation of plasmacytoid DCs and macrophages in mesenteric LNs. In contrast, there were fourfold more macrophages in ileum lamina propria in macaques with AIDS compared with chronic infection, and this increased to 40-fold in Peyer's patches. Gut macrophages exceeded plasmacytoid DCs and CD103(+) DCs by ten- to 17-fold in monkeys with AIDS but were at similar low frequencies as DCs in chronic infection. Gut macrophages in macaques with AIDS expressed IFN-α and TNF-α consistent with cell activation. CD163(+) macrophages also accumulated in gut mucosa in acute infection but lacked expression of IFN-α and TNF-α. These data reveal a relationship between inflammatory macrophage accumulation in gut mucosa and disease and suggest a role for macrophages in AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Swan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Wonderlich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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46
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Ponte R, Mehraj V, Ghali P, Couëdel-Courteille A, Cheynier R, Routy JP. Reversing Gut Damage in HIV Infection: Using Non-Human Primate Models to Instruct Clinical Research. EBioMedicine 2016; 4:40-9. [PMID: 26981570 PMCID: PMC4776249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to dramatic improvements in the lives of HIV-infected persons. However, residual immune activation, which persists despite ART, is associated with increased risk of non-AIDS morbidities. Accumulating evidence shows that disruption of the gut mucosal epithelium during SIV/HIV infections allows translocation of microbial products into the circulation, triggering immune activation. This disruption is due to immune, structural and microbial alterations. In this review, we highlighted the key findings of gut mucosa studies of SIV-infected macaques and HIV-infected humans that have revealed virus-induced changes of intestinal CD4, CD8 T cells, innate lymphoid cells, myeloid cells, and of the local cytokine/chemokine network in addition to epithelial injuries. We review the interplay between the host immune response and the intestinal microbiota, which also impacts disease progression. Collectively, these studies have instructed clinical research on early ART initiation, modifiers of microbiota composition, and recombinant cytokines for restoring gut barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Ponte
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vikram Mehraj
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Ghali
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne Couëdel-Courteille
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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47
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Dillon SM, Lee EJ, Kotter CV, Austin GL, Gianella S, Siewe B, Smith DM, Landay AL, McManus MC, Robertson CE, Frank DN, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. Gut dendritic cell activation links an altered colonic microbiome to mucosal and systemic T-cell activation in untreated HIV-1 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:24-37. [PMID: 25921339 PMCID: PMC4626441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated disruption of intestinal homeostasis is a major factor contributing to chronic immune activation and inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, but the impact of HIV-1 infection on intestinal DC number and function has not been extensively studied. We compared the frequency and activation/maturation status of colonic myeloid DC (mDC) subsets (CD1c(+) and CD1c(neg)) and plasmacytoid DCs in untreated HIV-1-infected subjects with uninfected controls. Colonic mDCs in HIV-1-infected subjects had increased CD40 but decreased CD83 expression, and CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively correlated with mucosal HIV-1 viral load, with mucosal and systemic cytokine production, and with frequencies of activated colon and blood T cells. Percentage of CD83(+)CD1c(+) mDCs negatively correlated with frequencies of interferon-γ-producing colon CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively associated with abundance of high prevalence mucosal Prevotella copri and Prevotella stercorea but negatively associated with a number of low prevalence mucosal species, including Rumminococcus bromii. CD1c(+) mDC cytokine production was greater in response to in vitro stimulation with Prevotella species relative to R. bromii. These findings suggest that, during HIV infection, colonic mDCs become activated upon exposure to mucosal pathobiont bacteria leading to mucosal and systemic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - E J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C V Kotter
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - G L Austin
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - S Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - B Siewe
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - D M Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - A L Landay
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M C McManus
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - D N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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48
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The effect of timing of antiretroviral therapy on CD4+ T-cell reconstitution in the intestine of HIV-infected patients. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:265-74. [PMID: 26129649 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whether and to what extent gut mucosal CD4(+) T cells of HIV-infected patients can be restored by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is not yet fully resolved. We studied absolute numbers, differentiation, and activation of mucosal CD4(+) T cells at different stages of HIV infection and assessed the effect of timing of cART initiation on this cell population. Mucosal CD4(+) T-cell numbers were severely reduced at all stages of chronic infection, but normal in patients with acute infection. In patients with initiation of cART during chronic HIV infection, mucosal CD4(+) T cells restored to less than half of the numbers in controls. However, in patients who initiated cART during acute HIV infection, mucosal CD4(+) T-cell numbers were fully preserved and markers of microbial translocation and inflammation reversed to normal. The proportion of mucosal effector memory CD4(+) T cells normalized only if cART was initiated at >350 CD4(+) T cells per μl blood but not with delayed treatment. In conclusion, mucosal CD4(+) T-cell numbers can be preserved if cART is initiated in acute HIV infection. In chronically HIV-infected patients, early cART improves mucosal CD4(+) T-cell differentiation but cannot prevent the persistent lack of total CD4(+) T cells.
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Martinez-Skinner AL, Araínga MA, Puligujja P, Palandri DL, Baldridge HM, Edagwa BJ, McMillan JM, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Cellular Responses and Tissue Depots for Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145966. [PMID: 26716700 PMCID: PMC4696780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) induces a range of innate immune migratory, phagocytic and secretory cell functions that perpetuate drug depots. While recycling endosomes serve as the macrophage subcellular depots, little is known of the dynamics of nanoART-cell interactions. To this end, we assessed temporal leukocyte responses, drug uptake and distribution following both intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection of nanoformulated atazanavir (nanoATV). Local inflammatory responses heralded drug distribution to peritoneal cell populations, regional lymph nodes, spleen and liver. This proceeded for three days in male Balb/c mice. NanoATV-induced changes in myeloid populations were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with CD45, CD3, CD11b, F4/80, and GR-1 antibodies. The localization of nanoATV within leukocyte cell subsets was determined by confocal microscopy. Combined FACS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry assays determined nanoATV carriages by cell-based vehicles. A robust granulocyte, but not peritoneal macrophage nanoATV response paralleled zymosan A treatment. ATV levels were highest at sites of injection in peritoneal or muscle macrophages, dependent on the injection site. The spleen and liver served as nanoATV tissue depots while drug levels in lymph nodes were higher than those recorded in plasma. Dual polymer and cell labeling demonstrated a nearly exclusive drug reservoir in macrophages within the liver and spleen. Overall, nanoART induces innate immune responses coincident with rapid tissue macrophage distribution. Taken together, these works provide avenues for therapeutic development designed towards chemical eradication of human immunodeficiency viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Martinez-Skinner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
| | - Mariluz A. Araínga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
| | - Pavan Puligujja
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
| | - Diana L. Palandri
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
| | - Hannah M. Baldridge
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
| | - Benson J. Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
| | - JoEllyn M. McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198–5880, United States of America
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50
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Swartz TH, Dubyak GR, Chen BK. Purinergic Receptors: Key Mediators of HIV-1 Infection and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:585. [PMID: 26635799 PMCID: PMC4659914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes a chronic infection that afflicts more than 30 million individuals worldwide. While the infection can be suppressed with potent antiretroviral therapies, individuals infected with HIV-1 have elevated levels of inflammation as indicated by increased T cell activation, soluble biomarkers, and associated morbidity and mortality. A single mechanism linking HIV-1 pathogenesis to this inflammation has yet to be identified. Purinergic receptors are known to mediate inflammation and have been shown to be required for HIV-1 infection at the level of HIV-1 membrane fusion. Here, we review the literature on the role of purinergic receptors in HIV-1 infection and associated inflammation and describe a role for these receptors as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - George R Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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