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Wu Q, Carlos AR, Braza F, Bergman ML, Kitoko JZ, Bastos-Amador P, Cuadrado E, Martins R, Oliveira BS, Martins VC, Scicluna BP, Landry JJ, Jung FE, Ademolue TW, Peitzsch M, Almeida-Santos J, Thompson J, Cardoso S, Ventura P, Slot M, Rontogianni S, Ribeiro V, Domingues VDS, Cabral IA, Weis S, Groth M, Ameneiro C, Fidalgo M, Wang F, Demengeot J, Amsen D, Soares MP. Ferritin heavy chain supports stability and function of the regulatory T cell lineage. EMBO J 2024; 43:1445-1483. [PMID: 38499786 PMCID: PMC11021483 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (TREG) cells develop via a program orchestrated by the transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3). Maintenance of the TREG cell lineage relies on sustained FOXP3 transcription via a mechanism involving demethylation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG)-rich elements at conserved non-coding sequences (CNS) in the FOXP3 locus. This cytosine demethylation is catalyzed by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases, and it involves a redox reaction that uses iron (Fe) as an essential cofactor. Here, we establish that human and mouse TREG cells express Fe-regulatory genes, including that encoding ferritin heavy chain (FTH), at relatively high levels compared to conventional T helper cells. We show that FTH expression in TREG cells is essential for immune homeostasis. Mechanistically, FTH supports TET-catalyzed demethylation of CpG-rich sequences CNS1 and 2 in the FOXP3 locus, thereby promoting FOXP3 transcription and TREG cell stability. This process, which is essential for TREG lineage stability and function, limits the severity of autoimmune neuroinflammation and infectious diseases, and favors tumor progression. These findings suggest that the regulation of intracellular iron by FTH is a stable property of TREG cells that supports immune homeostasis and limits the pathological outcomes of immune-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ana Rita Carlos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Faouzi Braza
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Eloy Cuadrado
- Department of Hematopoiesis and Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mater Dei Hospital, and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Jonathan Jm Landry
- Genomic Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ferris E Jung
- Genomic Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Manon Slot
- Department of Hematopoiesis and Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stamatia Rontogianni
- Department of Hematopoiesis and Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Sebastian Weis
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll Institute-HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Cristina Ameneiro
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Health Research Institute (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Fidalgo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Health Research Institute (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Derk Amsen
- Department of Hematopoiesis and Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Khan A, Roy P, Ley K. Breaking tolerance: the autoimmune aspect of atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01010-y. [PMID: 38472321 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial walls and is characterized by the accumulation of lipoproteins that are insufficiently cleared by phagocytes. Following the initiation of atherosclerosis, the pathological progression is accelerated by engagement of the adaptive immune system. Atherosclerosis triggers the breakdown of tolerance to self-components. This loss of tolerance is reflected in defective expression of immune checkpoint molecules, dysfunctional antigen presentation, and aberrations in T cell populations - most notably in regulatory T (Treg) cells - and in the production of autoantibodies. The breakdown of tolerance to self-proteins that is observed in ASCVD may be linked to the conversion of Treg cells to 'exTreg' cells because many Treg cells in ASCVD express T cell receptors that are specific for self-epitopes. Alternatively, or in addition, breakdown of tolerance may trigger the activation of naive T cells, resulting in the clonal expansion of T cell populations with pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effector phenotypes. In this Perspective, we review the evidence that atherosclerosis is associated with a breakdown of tolerance to self-antigens, discuss possible immunological mechanisms and identify knowledge gaps to map out future research. Rational approaches aimed at re-establishing immune tolerance may become game changers in treating ASCVD and in preventing its downstream sequelae, which include heart attacks and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khan
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Payel Roy
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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3
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Kawakami R, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T Cells for Control of Autoimmunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:67-82. [PMID: 38467973 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which specifically express the master transcription factor FoxP3, are indispensable for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. Their functional or numerical anomalies can be causative of autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases. Recent advances in the research of the cellular and molecular basis of how Treg cells develop, exert suppression, and maintain their function have enabled devising various ways for controlling physiological and pathological immune responses by targeting Treg cells. It is now envisaged that Treg cells as a "living drug" are able to achieve antigen-specific immune suppression of various immune responses and reestablish immunological self-tolerance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kawakami
- Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Tigu AB, Bancos A. The Role of Epigenetic Modifier Mutations in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8974-8988. [PMID: 37998740 PMCID: PMC10670124 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a group of diseases with a low incidence, high degree of heterogeneity, and a dismal prognosis in most cases. Because of the low incidence of these diseases, there have been few therapeutic novelties developed over time. Nevertheless, this fact is changing presently as epigenetic modifiers have been shown to be recurrently mutated in some types of PTCLs, especially in the cases of PTCLs not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), T follicular helper (TFH), and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). These have brought about more insight into PTCL biology, especially in the case of PTCLs arising from TFH lymphocytes. From a biological perspective, it has been observed that ten-eleven translocators (TET2) mutated T lymphocytes tend to polarize to TFH, while Tregs lose their inhibitory properties. IDH2 R172 was shown to have inhibitory effects on TET2, mimicking the effects of TET2 mutations, as well as having effects on histone methylation. DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) loss-of-function, although it was shown to have opposite effects to TET2 from an inflammatory perspective, was also shown to increase the number of T lymphocyte progenitors. Aside from bringing about more knowledge of PTCL biology, these mutations were shown to increase the sensitivity of PTCLs to certain epigenetic therapies, like hypomethylating agents (HMAs) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Thus, to answer the question from the title of this review: We found the Achilles heel, but only for one of the Achilles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian-Bogdan Tigu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anamaria Bancos
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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5
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Khatun A, Wu X, Qi F, Gai K, Kharel A, Kudek MR, Fraser L, Ceicko A, Kasmani MY, Majnik A, Burns R, Chen Y, Salzman N, Taparowsky EJ, Fang D, Williams CB, Cui W. BATF is Required for Treg Homeostasis and Stability to Prevent Autoimmune Pathology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206692. [PMID: 37587835 PMCID: PMC10558681 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are inevitable to prevent deleterious immune responses to self and commensal microorganisms. Treg function requires continuous expression of the transcription factor (TF) FOXP3 and is divided into two major subsets: resting (rTregs) and activated (aTregs). Continuous T cell receptor (TCR) signaling plays a vital role in the differentiation of aTregs from their resting state, and in their immune homeostasis. The process by which Tregs differentiate, adapt tissue specificity, and maintain stable phenotypic expression at the transcriptional level is still inconclusivei. In this work, the role of BATF is investigated, which is induced in response to TCR stimulation in naïve T cells and during aTreg differentiation. Mice lacking BATF in Tregs developed multiorgan autoimmune pathology. As a transcriptional regulator, BATF is required for Treg differentiation, homeostasis, and stabilization of FOXP3 expression in different lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Epigenetically, BATF showed direct regulation of Treg-specific genes involved in differentiation, maturation, and tissue accumulation. Most importantly, FOXP3 expression and Treg stability require continuous BATF expression in Tregs, as it regulates demethylation and accessibility of the CNS2 region of the Foxp3 locus. Considering its role in Treg stability, BATF should be considered an important therapeutic target in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Fu Qi
- Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City2401 Gillham RdKansas CityMO64108USA
| | - Kexin Gai
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University303 E Chicago AveChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Arjun Kharel
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University303 E Chicago AveChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Matthew R. Kudek
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank RoadMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Lisa Fraser
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Ashley Ceicko
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Moujtaba Y. Kasmani
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Amber Majnik
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City2401 Gillham RdKansas CityMO64108USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Yi‐Guang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile DiabetesMedical College of Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank RoadMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Nita Salzman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank RoadMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | | | - Dayu Fang
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University303 E Chicago AveChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Calvin B. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank RoadMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University303 E Chicago AveChicagoIL60611USA
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6
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Malviya V, Yshii L, Junius S, Garg AD, Humblet-Baron S, Schlenner SM. Regulatory T-cell stability and functional plasticity in health and disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:112-129. [PMID: 36479949 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells (Treg ) are indispensable for immune homeostasis and tolerance, and in addition tissue-resident Treg have been found to perform noncanonical, tissue-specific functions. For optimal tolerogenic function during inflammatory disease, Treg are equipped with mechanisms that assure lineage stability. Treg lineage stability is closely linked to the installation and maintenance of a lineage-specific epigenetic landscape, specifically a Treg -specific DNA demethylation pattern. At the same time, for local and directed immune regulation Treg must possess a level of functional plasticity that requires them to partially acquire T helper cell (TH ) transcriptional programs-then referred to as TH -like Treg . Unleashing TH programs in Treg , however, is not without risk and may threaten the epigenetic stability of Treg with consequently pathogenic ex-Treg contributing to (auto-) inflammatory conditions. Here, we review how the Treg -stabilizing epigenetic landscape is installed and maintained, and further discuss the development, necessity and lineage instability risks of TH 1-, TH 2-, TH 17-like Treg and follicular Treg .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshika Malviya
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lidia Yshii
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffie Junius
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Tsagaratou A. TET Proteins in the Spotlight: Emerging Concepts of Epigenetic Regulation in T Cell Biology. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:106-115. [PMID: 36645853 PMCID: PMC10152628 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are dioxygenases that oxidize 5-methylcytosine to form 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and downstream oxidized modified cytosines. In the past decade, intensive research established that TET-mediated DNA demethylation is critical for immune cell development and function. In this study, we discuss major advances regarding the role of TET proteins in regulating gene expression in the context of T cell lineage specification, function, and proliferation. Then, we focus on open questions in the field. We discuss recent findings regarding the diverse roles of TET proteins in other systems, and we ask how these findings might relate to T cell biology. Finally, we ask how this tremendous progress on understanding the multifaceted roles of TET proteins in shaping T cell identity and function can be translated to improve outcomes of human disease, such as hematological malignancies and immune response to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageliki Tsagaratou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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8
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López-Nevado M, Ortiz-Martín J, Serrano C, Pérez-Saez MA, López-Lorenzo JL, Gil-Etayo FJ, Rodríguez-Frías E, Cabrera-Marante O, Morales-Pérez P, Rodríguez-Pinilla MS, Manso R, Salgado-Sánchez RN, Cerdá-Montagud A, Quesada-Espinosa JF, Gómez-Rodríguez MJ, Paz-Artal E, Muñoz-Calleja C, Arranz-Sáez R, Allende LM. Novel Germline TET2 Mutations in Two Unrelated Patients with Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome-Like Phenotype and Hematologic Malignancy. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:165-180. [PMID: 36066697 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Somatic mutations in the ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 gene (TET2) have been associated to hematologic malignancies. More recently, biallelic, and monoallelic germline mutations conferring susceptibility to lymphoid and myeloid cancer have been described. We report two unrelated autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome-like patients who presented with T-cell lymphoma associated with novel germline biallelic or monoallelic mutations in the TET2 gene. Both patients presented a history of chronic lymphoproliferation with lymphadenopathies and splenomegaly, cytopenias, and immune dysregulation. We identified the first compound heterozygous patient for TET2 mutations (P1) and the first ALPS-like patient with a monoallelic TET2 mutation (P2). P1 had the most severe form of autosomal recessive disease due to TET2 loss of function resulting in absent TET2 expression and profound increase in DNA methylation. Additionally, the immunophenotype showed some alterations in innate and adaptive immune system as inverted myeloid/plasmacytoid dendritic cells ratio, elevated terminally differentiated effector memory CD8 + T-cells re-expressing CD45RA, regulatory T-cells, and Th2 circulating follicular T-cells. Double-negative T-cells, vitamin B12, and IL-10 were elevated according to the ALPS-like suspicion. Interestingly, the healthy P1's brother carried a TET2 mutation and presented some markers of immune dysregulation. P2 showed elevated vitamin B12, hypergammaglobulinemia, and decreased HDL levels. Therefore, novel molecular defects in TET2 confirm and expand both clinical and immunological phenotype, contributing to a better knowledge of the bridge between cancer and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Nevado
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Cristina Serrano
- Immunology Department, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pérez-Saez
- Hematology Department, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L López-Lorenzo
- Hematology Department, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Gil-Etayo
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Edgar Rodríguez-Frías
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Cabrera-Marante
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Morales-Pérez
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca Manso
- Pathology Department, Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Cerdá-Montagud
- Hematology Department, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Quesada-Espinosa
- Genetics Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- UDisGen (Unidad de Dismorfología Y Genética), University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Gómez-Rodríguez
- Genetics Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- UDisGen (Unidad de Dismorfología Y Genética), University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Department, University Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reyes Arranz-Sáez
- Hematology Department, University Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Allende
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
- School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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DNA Methylation in Regulatory T Cell Differentiation and Function: Challenges and Opportunities. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091282. [PMID: 36139121 PMCID: PMC9496199 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a bona fide epigenetic marker, DNA methylation has been linked to the differentiation and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells, a subset of CD4 T cells that play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis and suppressing autoimmunity and antitumor immune response. DNA methylation undergoes dynamic regulation involving maintenance of preexisting patterns, passive and active demethylation, and de novo methylation. Scattered evidence suggests that these processes control different stages of Treg cell lifespan ranging from lineage induction to cell fate maintenance, suppression of effector T cells and innate immune cells, and transdifferentiation. Despite significant progress, it remains to be fully explored how differential DNA methylation regulates Treg cell fate and immunological function. Here, we review recent progress and discuss the questions and challenges for further understanding the immunological roles and mechanisms of dynamic DNA methylation in controlling Treg cell differentiation and function. We also explore the opportunities that these processes offer to manipulate Treg cell suppressive function for therapeutic purposes by targeting DNA methylation.
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10
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Arnold PR, Wen M, Zhang L, Ying Y, Xiao X, Chu X, Wang G, Zhang X, Mao Z, Zhang A, Hamilton DJ, Chen W, Li XC. Suppression of FOXP3 expression by the AP-1 family transcription factor BATF3 requires partnering with IRF4. Front Immunol 2022; 13:966364. [PMID: 36090981 PMCID: PMC9452699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3 is the lineage-defining transcription factor for Tregs, a cell type critical to immune tolerance, but the mechanisms that control FOXP3 expression in Tregs remain incompletely defined, particularly as it relates to signals downstream of TCR and CD28 signaling. Herein, we studied the role of IRF4 and BATF3, two transcription factors upregulated upon T cell activation, to the conversion of conventional CD4+ T cells to FOXP3+ T cells (iTregs) in vitro. We found that IRF4 must partner with BATF3 to bind to a regulatory region in the Foxp3 locus where they cooperatively repress FOXP3 expression and iTreg induction. In addition, we found that interactions of these transcription factors are necessary for glycolytic reprogramming of activated T cells that is antagonistic to FOXP3 expression and stability. As a result, Irf4 KO iTregs show increased demethylation of the critical CNS2 region in the Foxp3 locus. Together, our findings provide important insights how BATF3 and IRF4 interactions integrate activating signals to control CD4+ cell fate decisions and govern Foxp3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston R. Arnold
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mou Wen
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yuanlin Ying
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiufeng Chu
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guangchuan Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhuyun Mao
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine Affiliate, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dale J. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine Affiliate, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xian C. Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Xian C. Li,
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11
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Äijö T, Theofilatos D, Cheng M, Smith MD, Xiong Y, Baldwin AS, Tsagaratou A. TET proteins regulate T cell and iNKT cell lineage specification in a TET2 catalytic dependent manner. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940995. [PMID: 35990681 PMCID: PMC9389146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TET proteins mediate DNA demethylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and other oxidative derivatives. We have previously demonstrated a dynamic enrichment of 5hmC during T and invariant natural killer T cell lineage specification. Here, we investigate shared signatures in gene expression of Tet2/3 DKO CD4 single positive (SP) and iNKT cells in the thymus. We discover that TET proteins exert a fundamental role in regulating the expression of the lineage specifying factor Th-POK, which is encoded by Zbtb7b. We demonstrate that TET proteins mediate DNA demethylation - surrounding a proximal enhancer, critical for the intensity of Th-POK expression. In addition, TET proteins drive the DNA demethylation of site A at the Zbtb7b locus to facilitate GATA3 binding. GATA3 induces Th-POK expression in CD4 SP cells. Finally, by introducing a novel mouse model that lacks TET3 and expresses full length, catalytically inactive TET2, we establish a causal link between TET2 catalytic activity and lineage specification of both conventional and unconventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Äijö
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dimitris Theofilatos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Meng Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Albert S. Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ageliki Tsagaratou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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12
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Pandey SP, Bender MJ, McPherson AC, Phelps CM, Sanchez LM, Rana M, Hedden L, Sangani KA, Chen L, Shapira JH, Siller M, Goel C, Verdú EF, Jabri B, Chang A, Chandran UR, Mullett SJ, Wendell SG, Singhi AD, Tilstra JS, Pierre JF, Arteel GE, Hinterleitner R, Meisel M. Tet2 deficiency drives liver microbiome dysbiosis triggering Tc1 cell autoimmune hepatitis. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1003-1019.e10. [PMID: 35658976 PMCID: PMC9841318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The triggers that drive interferon-γ (IFNγ)-producing CD8 T cell (Tc1 cell)-mediated autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) remain obscure. Here, we show that lack of hematopoietic Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (Tet2), an epigenetic regulator associated with autoimmunity, results in the development of microbiota-dependent AIH-like pathology, accompanied by hepatic enrichment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand-producing pathobionts and rampant Tc1 cell immunity. We report that AIH-like disease development is dependent on both IFNγ and AhR signaling, as blocking either reverts ongoing AIH-like pathology. Illustrating the critical role of AhR-ligand-producing pathobionts in this condition, hepatic translocation of the AhR ligand indole-3-aldehyde (I3A)-releasing Lactobacillus reuteri is sufficient to trigger AIH-like pathology. Finally, we demonstrate that I3A is required for L. reuteri-induced Tc1 cell differentiation in vitro and AIH-like pathology in vivo, both of which are restrained by Tet2 within CD8 T cells. This AIH-disease model may contribute to the development of therapeutics to alleviate AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Pandey
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mackenzie J Bender
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alex C McPherson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Catherine M Phelps
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Mohit Rana
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lee Hedden
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kishan A Sangani
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jake H Shapira
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Magdalena Siller
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chhavi Goel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elena F Verdú
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Chang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven J Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy S Tilstra
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Bednar KJ, Lee JH, Ort T. Tregs in Autoimmunity: Insights Into Intrinsic Brake Mechanism Driving Pathogenesis and Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932485. [PMID: 35844555 PMCID: PMC9280893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are functionally characterized for their ability to suppress the activation of multiple immune cell types and are indispensable for maintaining immune homeostasis and tolerance. Disruption of this intrinsic brake system assessed by loss of suppressive capacity, cell numbers, and Foxp3 expression, leads to uncontrolled immune responses and tissue damage. The conversion of Tregs to a pathogenic pro-inflammatory phenotype is widely observed in immune mediated diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the control of Treg stability and suppressive capacity are incompletely understood. This review summarizes the concepts of Treg cell stability and Treg cell plasticity highlighting underlying mechanisms including translational and epigenetic regulators that may enable translation to new therapeutic strategies. Our enhanced understanding of molecular mechanism controlling Tregs will have important implications into immune homeostasis and therapeutic potential for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
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14
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Long X, Luo C, Zhu Z. Role of CNSs Conserved Distal Cis-Regulatory Elements in CD4 + T Cell Development and Differentiation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919550. [PMID: 35812386 PMCID: PMC9260786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into diverse subsets of effector cells and perform various homeostatic and immune functions. The differentiation and maintenance of these different subsets are controlled through the upregulation and silencing of master genes. Mechanistic studies of the regulation of these master genes identified conserved and distal intronic regulatory elements, which are accessible subsets of conserved non-coding sequences (CNSs), acting as cis-regulatory elements in a lineage-specific manner that controls the function of CD4+ T cells. Abnormal CNS activity is associated with incorrect expression of master genes and development of autoimmune diseases or immune suppression. Here, we describe the function of several conserved, distal cis-regulatory elements at the Foxp3, Rorc, Il-4, Il-10 and Il-17 gene locus were shown to play important roles in CD4+ T cells differentiation. Together, this review briefly outlines currently known CNSs, with a focus on their regulations and functions in complexes modulating the differentiation and maintenance of various CD4+ T cells subsets, in health and disease contexts, as well as during the conversion of T regulatory cells to T helper 17 cells. This article will provide a comprehensive view of CNSs conserved distal cis-regulatory elements at a few loci that control aspects of CD4+ T cells function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunyi Long
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengming Zhu, ; Chen Luo,
| | - Zhengming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengming Zhu, ; Chen Luo,
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15
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Yu S, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhuang XY, Wang AC, Liu XM, Zhu S. Exosomes derived from stem cells from the apical papilla alleviate inflammation in rat pulpitis by upregulating regulatory T cells. Int Endod J 2022; 55:517-530. [PMID: 35274316 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of exosomes derived from stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP-Exos) in rats with experimentally induced pulpitis and the effects of SCAP-Exos on the conversion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and methylation status of the Foxp3 locus in Tregs in vitro. METHODOLOGY SCAP-Exos were isolated and identified using transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Lipopolysaccharide was used to experimentally induced pulpitis in rats, and the effects of SCAP-Exos on the rats with pulpitis were detected using haematoxylin-eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining. CD4+CD25- T cells were treated with different doses of SCAP-Exos, and flow cytometric analysis was used to assess the effects of SCAP-Exos on Treg proliferation and conversion. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10). MethylTarget® technology was used to measure the methylation level of the Foxp3 locus in T cells. The expression levels of ten-eleven-translocation (Tet) 1, Tet2, and Tet3 in T cells were detected by real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS SCAP-Exos had an elliptical vesicle-like structure with a diameter of approximately 143.7 nm and expressed the exosomal markers Alix and CD9. SCAP-Exo administration increased Treg accumulation in the inflamed dental pulp and alleviated inflammation in the dental pulp in vivo. SCAP-Exos promoted Treg conversion in vitro. Mechanistically, SCAP-Exos promoted Tet2-mediated Foxp3 demethylation to maintain the stable expression of Foxp3. CONCLUSIONS SCAP-Exos promoted Treg conversion and effectively alleviated inflammation in the dental pulp of rats. This study shows that SCAP-Exos can regulate the local immune microenvironment to favour tissue regeneration, thus providing a potential novel strategy utilising SCAP-Exos as a cell-free approach to treat early inflammation of dental pulp in immature permanent teeth in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - X Y Zhuang
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - A C Wang
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - X M Liu
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - S Zhu
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
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16
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Li J, Xu B, He M, Zong X, Cunningham T, Sha C, Fan Y, Cross R, Hanna JH, Feng Y. Control of Foxp3 induction and maintenance by sequential histone acetylation and DNA demethylation. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110124. [PMID: 34910919 PMCID: PMC8711072 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play crucial roles in suppressing deleterious immune response. Here, we investigate how Treg cells are mechanistically induced in vitro (iTreg) and stabilized via transcriptional regulation of Treg lineage-specifying factor Foxp3. We find that acetylation of histone tails at the Foxp3 promoter is required for inducing Foxp3 transcription. Upon induction, histone acetylation signals via bromodomain-containing proteins, particularly targets of inhibitor JQ1, and sustains Foxp3 transcription via a global or trans effect. Subsequently, Tet-mediated DNA demethylation of Foxp3 cis-regulatory elements, mainly enhancer CNS2, increases chromatin accessibility and protein binding, stabilizing Foxp3 transcription and obviating the need for the histone acetylation signal. These processes transform stochastic iTreg induction into a stable cell fate, with the former sensitive and the latter resistant to genetic and environmental perturbations. Thus, sequential histone acetylation and DNA demethylation in Foxp3 induction and maintenance reflect stepwise mechanical switches governing iTreg cell lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Minghong He
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xinying Zong
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Trevor Cunningham
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Cher Sha
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard Cross
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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17
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Matias MI, Yong CS, Foroushani A, Goldsmith C, Mongellaz C, Sezgin E, Levental KR, Talebi A, Perrault J, Rivière A, Dehairs J, Delos O, Bertand-Michel J, Portais JC, Wong M, Marie JC, Kelekar A, Kinet S, Zimmermann VS, Levental I, Yvan-Charvet L, Swinnen JV, Muljo SA, Hernandez-Vargas H, Tardito S, Taylor N, Dardalhon V. Regulatory T cell differentiation is controlled by αKG-induced alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and lipid homeostasis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109911. [PMID: 34731632 PMCID: PMC10167917 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressive regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation is controlled by diverse immunometabolic signaling pathways and intracellular metabolites. Here we show that cell-permeable α-ketoglutarate (αKG) alters the DNA methylation profile of naive CD4 T cells activated under Treg polarizing conditions, markedly attenuating FoxP3+ Treg differentiation and increasing inflammatory cytokines. Adoptive transfer of these T cells into tumor-bearing mice results in enhanced tumor infiltration, decreased FoxP3 expression, and delayed tumor growth. Mechanistically, αKG leads to an energetic state that is reprogrammed toward a mitochondrial metabolism, with increased oxidative phosphorylation and expression of mitochondrial complex enzymes. Furthermore, carbons from ectopic αKG are directly utilized in the generation of fatty acids, associated with lipidome remodeling and increased triacylglyceride stores. Notably, inhibition of either mitochondrial complex II or DGAT2-mediated triacylglyceride synthesis restores Treg differentiation and decreases the αKG-induced inflammatory phenotype. Thus, we identify a crosstalk between αKG, mitochondrial metabolism and triacylglyceride synthesis that controls Treg fate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Fibrosarcoma/genetics
- Fibrosarcoma/immunology
- Fibrosarcoma/metabolism
- Fibrosarcoma/therapy
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Ketoglutaric Acids/pharmacology
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Matias
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Carmen S Yong
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amir Foroushani
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chloe Goldsmith
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University Lyon 1, Inserm/ CNRS, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon France
| | - Cédric Mongellaz
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kandice R Levental
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ali Talebi
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Perrault
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Anais Rivière
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Océane Delos
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France; I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Bertand-Michel
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France; I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Madeline Wong
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julien C Marie
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University Lyon 1, Inserm/ CNRS, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon France
| | - Ameeta Kelekar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sandrina Kinet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie S Zimmermann
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan A Muljo
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University Lyon 1, Inserm/ CNRS, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon France
| | - Saverio Tardito
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Pediatric Oncology Branch, NCI, CCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Valérie Dardalhon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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18
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Nguyen K, Dobrowolski C, Shukla M, Cho WK, Luttge B, Karn J. Inhibition of the H3K27 demethylase UTX enhances the epigenetic silencing of HIV proviruses and induces HIV-1 DNA hypermethylation but fails to permanently block HIV reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010014. [PMID: 34673825 PMCID: PMC8562785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One strategy for a functional cure of HIV-1 is "block and lock", which seeks to permanently suppress the rebound of quiescent HIV-1 by epigenetic silencing. For the bivalent promoter in the HIV LTR, both histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) and DNA methylation are associated with viral suppression, while H3K4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) is correlated with viral expression. However, H3K27me3 is readily reversed upon activation of T-cells through the T-cell receptor. In an attempt to suppress latent HIV-1 in a stable fashion, we knocked down the expression or inhibited the activity of UTX/KDM6A, the major H3K27 demethylase, and investigated its impact on latent HIV-1 reactivation in T cells. Inhibition of UTX dramatically enhanced H3K27me3 levels at the HIV LTR and was associated with increased DNA methylation. In latently infected cells from patients, GSK-J4, which is a potent dual inhibitor of the H3K27me3/me2-demethylases JMJD3/KDM6B and UTX/KDM6A, effectively suppressed the reactivation of latent HIV-1 and also induced DNA methylation at specific sites in the 5'LTR of latent HIV-1 by the enhanced recruitment of DNMT3A to HIV-1. Nonetheless, suppression of HIV-1 through epigenetic silencing required the continued treatment with GSK-J4 and was rapidly reversed after removal of the drug. DNA methylation was also rapidly lost after removal of drug, suggesting active and rapid DNA-demethylation of the HIV LTR. Thus, induction of epigenetic silencing by histone and DNA methylation appears to be insufficient to permanently silence HIV-1 proviral transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Curtis Dobrowolski
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Meenakshi Shukla
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Luttge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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19
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Ren A, Yin W, Miller H, Westerberg LS, Candotti F, Park CS, Lee P, Gong Q, Chen Y, Liu C. Novel Discoveries in Immune Dysregulation in Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725587. [PMID: 34512655 PMCID: PMC8429820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of our knowledge on inborn errors of immunity (IEI), it gradually becomes clear that immune dysregulation plays an important part. In some cases, autoimmunity, hyperinflammation and lymphoproliferation are far more serious than infections. Thus, immune dysregulation has become significant in disease monitoring and treatment. In recent years, the wide application of whole-exome sequencing/whole-genome sequencing has tremendously promoted the discovery and further studies of new IEI. The number of discovered IEI is growing rapidly, followed by numerous studies of their pathogenesis and therapy. In this review, we focus on novel discovered primary immune dysregulation diseases, including deficiency of SLC7A7, CD122, DEF6, FERMT1, TGFB1, RIPK1, CD137, TET2 and SOCS1. We discuss their genetic mutation, symptoms and current therapeutic methods, and point out the gaps in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Ren
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- The Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chan-Sik Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Zong X, Hao X, Xu B, Crawford JC, Wright S, Li J, Zhang Y, Bai L, He M, Jiang M, Fan Y, Connelly JP, Pruett-Miller SM, Berns H, Janke L, Li C, Feng Y. Foxp3 enhancers synergize to maximize regulatory T cell suppressive capacity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202415. [PMID: 34086055 PMCID: PMC8185987 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T reg cells bearing a diverse antigen receptor repertoire suppress pathogenic T cells and maintain immune homeostasis during their long lifespan. How their robust function is determined genetically remains elusive. Here, we investigate the regulatory space of the cis-regulatory elements of T reg lineage-specifying factor Foxp3. Foxp3 enhancers are known as distinct readers of environmental cues controlling T reg cell induction or lineage stability. However, their single deficiencies cause mild, if any, immune dysregulation, leaving the key transcriptional mechanisms determining Foxp3 expression and thereby T reg cell suppressive capacity uncertain. We examined the collective activities of Foxp3 enhancers and found that they coordinate to maximize T reg cell induction, Foxp3 expression level, or lineage stability through distinct modes and that ablation of synergistic enhancers leads to lethal autoimmunity in young mice. Thus, the induction and maintenance of a diverse, stable T reg cell repertoire rely on combinatorial Foxp3 enhancers, suggesting broad, stage-specific, synergistic activities of cell-intrinsic factors and cell-extrinsic cues in determining T reg cell suppressive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zong
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xiaolei Hao
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Beisi Xu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Shaela Wright
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Minghong He
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Menglin Jiang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jon P. Connelly
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Hartmut Berns
- Transgenic Gene Knockout Shared Resource, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Laura Janke
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Chunliang Li
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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21
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Saxena V, Lakhan R, Iyyathurai J, Bromberg JS. Mechanisms of exTreg induction. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1956-1967. [PMID: 33975379 PMCID: PMC8338747 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs play an important role in the maintenance of the immune system by regulating immune responses and resolving inflammation. Tregs exert their function by suppressing other immune cells and mediating peripheral self-tolerance. Under homeostatic conditions, Tregs are stable T-cell populations. However, under inflammatory environments, Tregs are converted to CD4+ CD25low Foxp3low cells. These cells are termed "exTreg" or "exFoxp3" cells. The molecular mechanism of Treg transition to exTregs remains incompletely understood. Uncertainties might be explained by a lack of consensus of biological markers to define Treg subsets in general and exTregs in particular. In this review, we summarize known markers of Tregs and factors responsible for exTreg generation including cytokines, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms. We also identify studies demonstrating the presence of exTregs in various diseases and sources of exTregs. Understanding the biology of Treg transition to exTregs will help in designing Treg-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ram Lakhan
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jegan Iyyathurai
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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22
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Piotrowska M, Gliwiński M, Trzonkowski P, Iwaszkiewicz-Grzes D. Regulatory T Cells-Related Genes Are under DNA Methylation Influence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7144. [PMID: 34281195 PMCID: PMC8267835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert a highly suppressive function in the immune system. Disturbances in their function predispose an individual to autoimmune dysregulation, with a predominance of the pro-inflammatory environment. Besides Foxp3, which is a master regulator of these cells, other genes (e.g., Il2ra, Ctla4, Tnfrsf18, Ikzf2, and Ikzf4) are also involved in Tregs development and function. Multidimensional Tregs suppression is determined by factors that are believed to be crucial in the action of Tregs-related genes. Among them, epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, tend to be widely studied over the past few years. DNA methylation acts as a repressive mark, leading to diminished gene expression. Given the role of increased CpG methylation upon Tregs imprinting and functional stability, alterations in the methylation pattern can cause an imbalance in the immune response. Due to the fact that epigenetic changes can be reversible, so-called epigenetic modifiers are broadly used in order to improve Tregs performance. In this review, we place emphasis on the role of DNA methylation of the genes that are key regulators of Tregs function. We also discuss disease settings that have an impact on the methylation status of Tregs and systematize the usefulness of epigenetic drugs as factors able to influence Tregs functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dorota Iwaszkiewicz-Grzes
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.P.); (M.G.); (P.T.)
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23
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Contribution of Regulatory T Cell Methylation Modifications to the Pathogenesis of Allergic Airway Diseases. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5590217. [PMID: 34239942 PMCID: PMC8238596 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5590217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subtype of CD4+ T cells that play a significant role in the protection from autoimmunity and the maintenance of immune tolerance via immune regulation. Epigenetic modifications of Treg cells (i.e., cytosine methylation at the promoter region of the transcription factor, Forkhead Box P3) have been found to be closely associated with allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergies. In this study, we highlighted the recent evidence on the contribution of epigenetic modifications in Treg cells to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Moreover, we also discussed directions for future clinical treatment approaches, with a particular emphasis on Treg cell-targeted therapies for allergic disorders.
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24
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TET family dioxygenases and the TET activator vitamin C in immune responses and cancer. Blood 2021; 136:1394-1401. [PMID: 32730592 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C serves as a cofactor for Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases including TET family enzymes, which catalyze the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and further oxidize methylcytosines. Loss-of-function mutations in epigenetic regulators such as TET genes are prevalent in hematopoietic malignancies. Vitamin C deficiency is frequently observed in cancer patients. In this review, we discuss the role of vitamin C and TET proteins in cancer, with a focus on hematopoietic malignancies, T regulatory cells, and other immune system cells.
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25
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Gao ZJ, Li WP, Mao XT, Huang T, Wang HL, Li YN, Liu BQ, Zhong JY, Renjie C, Jin J, Li YY. Single-nucleotide methylation specifically represses type I interferon in antiviral innate immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201798. [PMID: 33616624 PMCID: PMC7903198 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent outbreaks of viruses have caused a serious threat to public health. Previous evidence has revealed that DNA methylation is correlated with viral infections, but its role in innate immunity remains poorly investigated. Additionally, DNA methylation inhibitors promote IFN-I by upregulating endogenous retrovirus; however, studies of intrinsically demethylated tumors do not support this conclusion. This study found that Uhrf1 deficiency in myeloid cells significantly upregulated Ifnb expression, increasing resistance to viral infection. We performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and found that a single-nucleotide methylation site in the Ifnb promoter region disrupted IRF3 recruitment. We used site-specific mutant knock-in mice and a region-specific demethylation tool to confirm that this methylated site plays a critical role in regulating Ifnb expression and antiviral responses. These findings provide essential insight into DNA methylation in the regulation of the innate antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-jun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-ping Li
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-tao Mao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao-li Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-ning Li
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bao-qin Liu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-yan Zhong
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chai Renjie
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Jin
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Sir Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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26
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Xydia M, Rahbari R, Ruggiero E, Macaulay I, Tarabichi M, Lohmayer R, Wilkening S, Michels T, Brown D, Vanuytven S, Mastitskaya S, Laidlaw S, Grabe N, Pritsch M, Fronza R, Hexel K, Schmitt S, Müller-Steinhardt M, Halama N, Domschke C, Schmidt M, von Kalle C, Schütz F, Voet T, Beckhove P. Common clonal origin of conventional T cells and induced regulatory T cells in breast cancer patients. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1119. [PMID: 33602930 PMCID: PMC7893042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg) prevent tumor clearance by conventional T cells (Tconv) comprising a major obstacle of cancer immune-surveillance. Hitherto, the mechanisms of Treg repertoire formation in human cancers remain largely unclear. Here, we analyze Treg clonal origin in breast cancer patients using T-Cell Receptor and single-cell transcriptome sequencing. While Treg in peripheral blood and breast tumors are clonally distinct, Tconv clones, including tumor-antigen reactive effectors (Teff), are detected in both compartments. Tumor-infiltrating CD4+ cells accumulate into distinct transcriptome clusters, including early activated Tconv, uncommitted Teff, Th1 Teff, suppressive Treg and pro-tumorigenic Treg. Trajectory analysis suggests early activated Tconv differentiation either into Th1 Teff or into suppressive and pro-tumorigenic Treg. Importantly, Tconv, activated Tconv and Treg share highly-expanded clones contributing up to 65% of intratumoral Treg. Here we show that Treg in human breast cancer may considerably stem from antigen-experienced Tconv converting into secondary induced Treg through intratumoral activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Xydia
- RCI Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology, University and Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Raheleh Rahbari
- The Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation Program, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Translational Oncology Department, National Centre for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iain Macaulay
- The Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation Program, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Technical Development, Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
| | - Maxime Tarabichi
- The Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation Program, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Robert Lohmayer
- RCI Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology, University and Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wilkening
- Translational Oncology Department, National Centre for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tillmann Michels
- RCI Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology, University and Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Brown
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sebastiaan Vanuytven
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Svetlana Mastitskaya
- Medical Oncology Department, National Centre for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sean Laidlaw
- The Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation Program, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Niels Grabe
- Medical Oncology Department, National Centre for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hamamatsu Tissue Imaging and Analysis Centre, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Pritsch
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raffaele Fronza
- Translational Oncology Department, National Centre for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Hexel
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Schmitt
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Müller-Steinhardt
- German Red Cross (DRK Blood Donation Service in Baden-Württemberg-Hessen) and Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Medical Oncology Department, National Centre for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hamamatsu Tissue Imaging and Analysis Centre, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Domschke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Translational Oncology Department, National Centre for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Translational Oncology Department, National Centre for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Study Centre, Charité/BIH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Schütz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thierry Voet
- The Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation Program, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- RCI Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology, University and Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Tsiouplis NJ, Bailey DW, Chiou LF, Wissink FJ, Tsagaratou A. TET-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation in Immune Cell Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623948. [PMID: 33520997 PMCID: PMC7843795 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TET proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and further oxidation products in DNA. The oxidized methylcytosines (oxi-mCs) facilitate DNA demethylation and are also novel epigenetic marks. TET loss-of-function is strongly associated with cancer; TET2 loss-of-function mutations are frequently observed in hematological malignancies that are resistant to conventional therapies. Importantly, TET proteins govern cell fate decisions during development of various cell types by activating a cell-specific gene expression program. In this review, we seek to provide a conceptual framework of the mechanisms that fine tune TET activity. Then, we specifically focus on the multifaceted roles of TET proteins in regulating gene expression in immune cell development, function, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas James Tsiouplis
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David Wesley Bailey
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Center of Translational Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lilly Felicia Chiou
- University of North Carolina Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Fiona Jane Wissink
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ageliki Tsagaratou
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Center of Translational Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Department of Genetics, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,University of North Carolina Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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28
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Tsagaratou A. Deciphering the multifaceted roles of TET proteins in T-cell lineage specification and malignant transformation. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:22-36. [PMID: 33410200 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TET proteins are DNA demethylases that can oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and other oxidized mC bases (oxi-mCs). Importantly, TET proteins govern cell fate decisions during development of various cell types by activating a cell-specific gene expression program. In this review, we focus on the role of TET proteins in T-cell lineage specification. We explore the multifaceted roles of TET proteins in regulating gene expression in the contexts of T-cell development, lineage specification, function, and disease. Finally, we discuss the future directions and experimental strategies required to decipher the precise mechanisms employed by TET proteins to fine-tune gene expression and safeguard cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageliki Tsagaratou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Center of Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Institute of Inflammatory Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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29
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Sawada Y, Gallo RL. Role of Epigenetics in the Regulation of Immune Functions of the Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1157-1166. [PMID: 33256976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review is intended to illuminate the emerging understanding of epigenetic modifications that regulate both adaptive and innate immunity in the skin. Host defense of the epidermis and dermis involves the interplay of many cell types to enable homeostasis; tolerance to the external environment; and appropriate response to transient microbial, chemical, and physical insults. To understand this process, the study of cutaneous immunology has focused on immune responses that reflect both adaptive learned and genetically programmed innate defense systems. However, recent advances have begun to reveal that epigenetic modifications of chromatin structure also have a major influence on the skin immune system. This deeper understanding of how enzymatic changes in chromatin structure can modify the skin immune system and may explain how environmental exposures during life, and the microbiome, lead to both short-term and long-term changes in cutaneous allergic and other inflammatory processes. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for alterations in gene and chromatin structure within skin immunocytes could provide key insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases that have thus far evaded understanding by dermatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sawada
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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30
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Stremenova Spegarova J, Lawless D, Mohamad SMB, Engelhardt KR, Doody G, Shrimpton J, Rensing-Ehl A, Ehl S, Rieux-Laucat F, Cargo C, Griffin H, Mikulasova A, Acres M, Morgan NV, Poulter JA, Sheridan EG, Chetcuti P, O'Riordan S, Anwar R, Carter CR, Przyborski S, Windebank K, Cant AJ, Lako M, Bacon CM, Savic S, Hambleton S. Germline TET2 loss of function causes childhood immunodeficiency and lymphoma. Blood 2020; 136:1055-1066. [PMID: 32518946 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dissection of inborn errors of immunity can help to elucidate the nonredundant functions of individual genes. We studied 3 children with an immune dysregulation syndrome of susceptibility to infection, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, developmental delay, autoimmunity, and lymphoma of B-cell (n = 2) or T-cell (n = 1) origin. All 3 showed early autologous T-cell reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. By whole-exome sequencing, we identified rare homozygous germline missense or nonsense variants in a known epigenetic regulator of gene expression: ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2). Mutated TET2 protein was absent or enzymatically defective for 5-hydroxymethylating activity, resulting in whole-blood DNA hypermethylation. Circulating T cells showed an abnormal immunophenotype including expanded double-negative, but depleted follicular helper, T-cell compartments and impaired Fas-dependent apoptosis in 2 of 3 patients. Moreover, TET2-deficient B cells showed defective class-switch recombination. The hematopoietic potential of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells was skewed toward the myeloid lineage. These are the first reported cases of autosomal-recessive germline TET2 deficiency in humans, causing clinically significant immunodeficiency and an autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with marked predisposition to lymphoma. This disease phenotype demonstrates the broad role of TET2 within the human immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Allografts
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Cellular Reprogramming Techniques
- Codon, Nonsense
- DNA Methylation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dioxygenases
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Germ-Line Mutation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Infant, Newborn
- Loss of Function Mutation
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/pathology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Male
- Mutation, Missense
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/genetics
- Pedigree
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Exome Sequencing
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Stremenova Spegarova
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Lawless
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Siti Mardhiana Binti Mohamad
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Karin R Engelhardt
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Doody
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Shrimpton
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rensing-Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Catherine Cargo
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Griffin
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Aneta Mikulasova
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Meghan Acres
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Neil V Morgan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James A Poulter
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn G Sheridan
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Chetcuti
- Department of Paediatrics, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sean O'Riordan
- Department of Paediatrics, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rashida Anwar
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Clive R Carter
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Windebank
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Cant
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M Bacon
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sinisa Savic
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- NIHR, Leeds Biomedical Research Centre and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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31
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The role of molecular mechanism of Ten-Eleven Translocation2 (TET2) family proteins in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5503-5509. [PMID: 32572734 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most common diseases worldwide. The underlying pathogenesis of the disease has not yet been determined, but many factors have been identified. Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) is one of the epigenetic factors involved in regulating many genes. Therefore, based on the studies shown, this factor plays an important role in preventing the occurrence of CVD. TET2 has been shown to increase angiogenesis by expressing Robo4. It also increases the activity of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and stimulates the secretion of Vascular endothelial growth factor angiogenesis. On the other hand, it has been shown that TET2 regulates the expression of several genes and the development of the heart during the embryonic period due to its oxygenating role. TET2 has been shown to regulates the expression of the genes such as Ying Yang1 (YY1), Sox9b, Inhbaa and many other genes that ultimately lead to the differentiation of cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, it has been shown that some Long non coding RNA and MicroRNAs reduce TET2 expression and CVD. Finally, it is concluded that inducing TET2 expression can be a good therapeutic strategy to prevent or improve CVD.
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32
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Lio CWJ, Huang SCC. Circles of Life: linking metabolic and epigenetic cycles to immunity. Immunology 2020; 161:165-174. [PMID: 32418209 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites are the essential substrates for epigenetic modification enzymes to write or erase the epigenetic blueprint in cells. Hence, the availability of nutrients and activity of metabolic pathways strongly influence the enzymatic function. Recent studies have shed light on the choreography between metabolome and epigenome in the control of immune cell differentiation and function, with a major focus on histone modifications. Yet, despite its importance in gene regulation, DNA methylation and its relationship with metabolism is relatively unclear. In this review, we will describe how the metabolic flux can influence epigenetic networks in innate and adaptive immune cells, with a focus on the DNA methylation cycle and the metabolites S-adenosylmethionine and α-ketoglutarate. Future directions will be discussed for this rapidly emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Wang Jerry Lio
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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33
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Wang H, Lu CH, Ho PC. Metabolic adaptation orchestrates tissue context-dependent behavior in regulatory T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:126-139. [PMID: 32147869 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The diverse distribution and functions of regulatory T cells (Tregs) ensure tissue and immune homeostasis; however, it remains unclear which factors can guide distribution, local differentiation, and tissue context-specific behavior in Tregs. Although the emerging concept that Tregs could re-adjust their transcriptome based on their habitations is supported by recent findings, the underlying mechanisms that reprogram transcriptome in Tregs are unknown. In the past decade, metabolic machineries have been revealed as a new regulatory circuit, known as immunometabolic regulation, to orchestrate activation, differentiation, and functions in a variety of immune cells, including Tregs. Given that systemic and local alterations of nutrient availability and metabolite profile associate with perturbation of Treg abundance and functions, it highlights that immunometabolic regulation may be one of the mechanisms that orchestrate tissue context-specific regulation in Tregs. The understanding on how metabolic program instructs Tregs in peripheral tissues not only represents a critical opportunity to delineate a new avenue in Treg biology but also provides a unique window to harness Treg-targeting approaches for treating cancer and autoimmunity with minimizing side effects. This review will highlight the metabolic features on guiding Treg formation and function in a disease-oriented perspective and aim to pave the foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Wang
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chun-Hao Lu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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34
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Shi H, Chi H. Metabolic Control of Treg Cell Stability, Plasticity, and Tissue-Specific Heterogeneity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2716. [PMID: 31921097 PMCID: PMC6917616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for peripheral immune tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity and tissue damage. Treg cells are inherently defined by the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, which enforces lineage development and immune suppressive function of these cells. Under various conditions as observed in autoimmunity, cancer and non-lymphoid tissues, a proportion of Treg cells respond to specific environmental signals and display altered stability, plasticity and tissue-specific heterogeneity, which further shape their context-dependent suppressive functions. Recent studies have revealed that metabolic programs play pivotal roles in controlling these processes in Treg cells, thereby considerably expanding our understanding of Treg cell biology. Here we summarize these recent advances that highlight how cell-extrinsic factors, such as nutrients, vitamins and metabolites, and cell-intrinsic metabolic programs, orchestrate Treg cell stability, plasticity, and tissue-specific heterogeneity. Understanding metabolic regulation of Treg cells should provide new insight into immune homeostasis and disease, with important therapeutic implications for autoimmunity, cancer, and other immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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35
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Sun L, Fu J, Lin SH, Sun JL, Xia L, Lin CH, Liu L, Zhang C, Yang L, Xue P, Wang X, Huang S, Han X, Chen HL, Huang MS, Zhang X, Huang SK, Zhou Y. Particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter disturbs the balance of T H17/regulatory T cells by targeting glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in an asthma model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:402-414. [PMID: 31647966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic evidence suggests that exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5) aggravates asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the underlying mechanisms between PM2.5 exposure and asthma severity. METHODS The relationship between PM2.5 exposure and asthma severity was investigated in an asthma model with CD4+ T cell-specific aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-null mice. Effects of PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on differentiation of TH17/regulatory T (Treg) cells were investigated by using flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR. Mechanisms were investigated by using mRNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, bisulfite sequencing, and glycolysis rates. RESULTS PM2.5 impaired differentiation of Treg cells, promoted differentiation of TH17 cells, and aggravated asthma in an AhR-dependent manner. PM2.5 and one of its prominent PAHs, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP), promoted differentiation of TH17 cells by upregulating hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression and enhancing glycolysis through AhRs. Exposure to PM2.5 and IP enhanced glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (Got1) expression through AhRs and accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate, which inhibited ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 activity, resulting in hypermethylation in the forkhead box P3 locus and impaired differentiation of Treg cells. A GOT1 inhibitor, (aminooxy)acetic acid, ameliorated asthma by shifting differentiation of TH17 cells to Treg cells. Similar regulatory effects of exposure to PM2.5 or IP on TH17/Treg cell imbalance were noted in human T cells, and in a case-control design PAH exposure appeared to be a potential risk factor for asthma. CONCLUSIONS The AhR-hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and AhR-GOT1 molecular pathways mediate pulmonary responses on exposure to PM2.5 through their ability to disturb the balance of TH17/Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Sun
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jinrong Fu
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Respirology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Hao Lin
- Chest Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang-Hua Christian Hospital, Chang-Hua, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Lyu Sun
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xia
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ching-Hsiung Lin
- Chest Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang-Hua Christian Hospital, Chang-Hua, Taiwan
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Respirology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyan Zhang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xue
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saihua Huang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Ling Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Respirology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lou-Hu Hospital, Shen-Zhen University, Shen-Zhen, China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.
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36
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The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101280. [PMID: 31635066 PMCID: PMC6829884 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The third trimester of pregnancy, which is characterized by high levels of estrogens, has been shown to be associated with reduced relapse rates compared with the rates before pregnancy. These effects could be related to the anti-inflammatory properties of estrogens, which orchestrate the reshuffling of the immune system toward immunotolerance to allow for fetal growth. The action of these hormones is mediated by the transcriptional regulation activity of estrogen receptors (ERs). Estrogen levels and ER expression define a specific balance of immune cell types. In this review, we explore the role of estradiol (E2) and ERs in the adaptive immune system, with a focus on estrogen-mediated cellular, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms related to immune tolerance and neuroprotection in MS. The epigenome dynamics of immune systems are described as key molecular mechanisms that act on the regulation of immune cell identity. This is a completely unexplored field, suggesting a future path for more extensive research on estrogen-induced coregulatory complexes and molecular circuitry as targets for therapeutics in MS.
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37
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Inhibition of Tet1- and Tet2-mediated DNA demethylation promotes immunomodulation of periodontal ligament stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:780. [PMID: 31611558 PMCID: PMC6791886 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) possess great potential for clinical treatment of immune diseases due to their extensive immunomodulatory properties. However, the underlying mechanisms that govern the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are still not fully elucidated. Here, we show that member of the Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family, a group of DNA demethylases, are capable of regulating PDLSC immunomodulatory functions. Tet1 and Tet2 deficiency enhance PDLSC-induced T cell apoptosis and ameliorate the disease phenotype in colitis mice. Mechanistically, we found that downregulation of Tet1 and Tet2 leads to hypermethylation of DKK-1 promoter, leading to the activation of WNT signaling pathway and therefore promoting Fas ligand (FasL) expression, which results in elevated immunomodulatory capacity of PDLSCs. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of Tet1 and Tet2 in regulating immunomodulation of PDLSCs. This Tet/DKK-1/FasL cascade may serve as a promising target for enhancing PDLSC-based immune therapy.
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38
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Zhang Z, Zhou X. Foxp3 Instability Helps tTregs Distinguish Self and Non-self. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2226. [PMID: 31608056 PMCID: PMC6769115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are small subsets of CD4 T cells that play a central role in the controlling of immune tolerance. Tregs are either generated in the thymus (tTregs) or the periphery (pTregs), and both express the master transcription factor Foxp3. Stable expression of Foxp3 is important for the maintenance of Tregs identity and their suppressive function. Similar to conventional T cells, Tregs can recognize both self- and non-self-antigens, and TCR engagement leads to Treg activation and the generation of effector Tregs. Emerging shreds of evidence suggest Tregs are not always stable, even fully committed mature tTregs, and can lose foxp3 expression and programming to effector-like T cells. In this review, we summarize recent findings in Treg instability and the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms in controlling the Foxp3 expression. Finally, we propose a new hypothesis that Foxp3 instability might help tTregs distinguish between self and non-self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Zhang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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39
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Transcriptional Regulation of Differentiation and Functions of Effector T Regulatory Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080939. [PMID: 31434282 PMCID: PMC6721668 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells can suppress the activity of various types of immune cells and play key roles in the maintenance of self-tolerance and in the regulation of immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. Treg cells consist of heterogeneous subsets that have distinct phenotypes and functions. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve-like thymus-derived Treg cells, which circulate in secondary lymphoid organs, can differentiate into effector Treg (eTreg) cells and migrate to and control immune homeostasis of peripheral tissues. eTreg cells are heterogeneous in terms of their ability to localize to specific tissues and suppress particular types of immune responses. Differentiation and function of diverse eTreg subsets are regulated by a variety of transcription factors that are activated by antigens and cytokines. In this article, we review the current understanding of the transcriptional regulation of differentiation and function of eTreg cells.
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40
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