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Zhu J, Zhang K, Xiong H, Xie Y, Li R, Wu X, Yang Y, Wu H, Hao Z, Sun X, Chen J. H 2O 2 Significantly Affects Larix kaempferi × Larix olgensis Somatic Embryogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:669. [PMID: 38203839 PMCID: PMC10779820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Larch is widely distributed throughout the world and is an important species for timber supply and the extraction of industrial raw materials. In recent years, the hybrid breeding of Larix kaempferi and Larix olgensis has shown obvious heterosis in quick-growth, stress resistance and wood properties. However, its growth and development cycle is too long to meet general production needs. In order to shorten the breeding cycle, we have for the first time successfully established and optimized a somatic embryogenesis system for Larix kaempferi × Larix olgensis. We found that the highest rate of embryonal-suspensor mass (ESM) induction was observed when late cotyledonary embryos were used as explants. The induced ESMs were subjected to stable proliferation, after which abscisic acid (ABA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were added to successfully induce somatic embryos. Treatment with PEG and ABA was of great importance to somatic embryo formation and complemented each other's effect. ABA assisted embryo growth, whereas PEG facilitated the formation of proembryo-like structures. On top of this, we studied in more detail the relationship between redox homeostasis and the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis (frequency of ESM induction). During subculture, we observed the gradual formation of three distinct types of ESM. The Type I ESM is readily able to form somatic embryos. In contrast to type I, the type III ESM suffers from severe browning, contains a higher level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and demonstrates a decreased ability to form somatic embryos. External treatment with H2O2 decreased the somatic embryogenesis efficiency of Type I and type III ESMs, or the higher the exogenous H2O2 content, the lower the resulting somatic embryogenesis efficiency. We found that treatment with the H2O2 scavenger DMTU (dimethylthiourea) could significantly increase the somatic embryogenesis efficiency of the type III ESM, as a result of a decline in endogenous H2O2 content. Overall, these findings have contributed to setting up a successful somatic embryogenesis system for larch production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Kaikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (K.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Huiru Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (K.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (K.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jinhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (R.L.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Chen Y, Xie D, Ma X, Xue X, Liu M, Xiao X, Lai C, Xu X, Chen X, Chen Y, Zhang Z, XuHan X, Lai Z, Lin Y. Genome-wide high-throughput chromosome conformation capture analysis reveals hierarchical chromatin interactions during early somatic embryogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:555-577. [PMID: 37313777 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE), like zygotic embryo development, is a progressive process. Early SE is the beginning of a switch from a somatic to an embryogenic state and is an important stage for initiating chromatin reprogramming of SE. Previous studies suggest that changes in chromatin accessibility occur during early SE, although information on the 3D structure of chromatin is not yet available. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of longan (Dimocarpus longan) using PacBio combined with high-through chromosome conformation capture scaffolding, which resulted in a 446 Mb genome assembly anchored onto 15 scaffolds. During early SE, chromatin was concentrated and then decondensed, and a large number of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) were enriched in the local chromatin interaction region, suggesting LTR-RTs were involved in chromatin reorganization. Early SE was accompanied by the transformation from A to B compartments, and the interactions between B compartments were enhanced. Results from chromatin accessibility, monomethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me1) modification, and transcription analyses further revealed a gene regulatory network for cell wall thickening during SE. Particularly, we found that the H3K4me1 differential peak binding motif showed abnormal activation of ethylene response factor transcription factors and participation in SE. The chromosome-level genomic and multiomics analyses revealed the 3D conformation of chromatin during early SE, providing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying cell wall thickening and the potential regulatory networks of TFs during early SE in D. longan. These results provide additional clues for revealing the molecular mechanisms of plant SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dejian Xie
- Beijing Research Center, Wuhan Frasergen Bioinformatics Co., Ltd, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiangwei Ma
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaodong Xue
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xuechen Xiao
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Chunwang Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xu XuHan
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Institut de la Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Toulouse, IRIT-ARI, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Hao Z, Wu H, Zheng R, Li R, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Lu Y, Cheng T, Shi J, Chen J. The plant peptide hormone phytosulfokine promotes somatic embryogenesis by maintaining redox homeostasis in Cunninghamia lanceolata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:716-733. [PMID: 36575581 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is widely used for studying the mechanisms of embryo development. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms, especially in woody plants. Previous studies have established an SE system for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), but this system is genotype-dependent, which limits its application in practice. Here, we found that phytosulfokine (PSK), a plant peptide hormone, can not only increase SE efficiency, but also establish SE in recalcitrant genotypes of C. lanceolata. Proembryogenic mass (PEM) browning and determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) content by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein staining indicated that a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst occurred rapidly after PEMs were transferred to SE induction medium. Transcriptome analysis and quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR validation showed that PSK treatment helped to maintain ROS homeostasis by decreasing the activity of peroxidases in early SE induction. This PSK-regulated redox microenvironment might be helpful to induce expression of SE-related genes like WOX2 in early SE induction. Further analyses suggested that PSK promotes SE induction in C. lanceolata partially through decreasing H2 O2 levels, which is necessary but not sufficient for SE induction in recalcitrant genotypes of C. lanceolata. Furthermore, heterologous overexpression of ClPSK in Arabidopsis led to enhanced SE induction and resistance to H2 O2 stress. Taken together, our study reveals a biological function for the plant peptide hormone PSK, extends our knowledge about SE in woody trees, and provides a valuable tool for establishing an efficient and genotype-independent SE system in C. lanceolata and other coniferous trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renhua Zheng
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou, 350012, Fujian, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zeli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tielong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
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Nielsen UB, Hansen CB, Hansen U, Johansen VK, Egertsdotter U. Accumulated effects of factors determining plant development from somatic embryos of Abies nordmanniana and Abies bornmuelleriana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:989484. [PMID: 36311146 PMCID: PMC9608518 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.989484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite a much later inception of somatic embryogenesis (SE) propagation protocols for gymnosperms than for angiosperm species, SE is becoming increasingly important due to its applications for commercial forestry. For many conifers, there are however still major bottlenecks in the SE plant production process limiting the use of SE for forestry operations, Christmas tree production and research projects. In the present case study, the effects on plant growth from different cultural factors applied during the SE developmental process were studied in two conifer species of high value for Christmas tree production. Seven clones of Abies nordmanniana and two clones of Abies bornmuelleriana were included in the study. Accumulated effects from cultural treatments were recorded from the start of germination of mature embryos of different quality scores through development into plants in the third growing period. Experimental factors of the cultural treatments included were: germination temperature, germination time, light conditions, survival ex vitro and traits for plant growth and vitality. The results reveal that most of the studied experimental factors influenced plant growth during the first three years however their relative importance was different. Plant survival rate at end of the nursery stage was strongly impacted by germination temperature (p<0.001), initial embryo score (p=0.007), clone (p<0.001) and to a lesser extend week of germination (p=0.017). This case-study highlights and quantifies the strong interrelation between the developmental steps of somatic embryogenesis and show the importance of considering all cultural steps when optimizing SE plant production protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Braüner Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla Bülow Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Vivian Kvist Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ulrika Egertsdotter
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Peng C, Gao F, Wang H, Tretyakova IN, Nosov AM, Shen H, Yang L. Morphological and Physiological Indicators for Screening Cell Lines with High Potential for Somatic Embryo Maturation at an Early Stage of Somatic Embryogenesis in Pinus Koraiensis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141867. [PMID: 35890500 PMCID: PMC9316463 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many cell lines in the embryogenic callus cannot produce somatic embryos (SEs) even if they meet the optimal SE maturation culture conditions during conifer somatic embryogenesis. This phenomenon hinders the progress of the industrial-scale reproduction of conifers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to obtain morphological and physiological markers to screen embryogenic calli in response to SE maturation conditions. To detect cell lines with high somatic embryogenesis potential during the proliferation process, we counted the number of pro-embryos and early SEs (ESEs) in different cell lines and storage substances, endogenous hormones, and polyamine contents. The results showed that the yield of P. koraiensis SEs was heavily dependent on genotype (p = 0.001). There were high levels of PE III (pro-embryo III) number, ESE number, and soluble protein content, in the response cell lines (R cell lines), which were 1.6-, 3-, and 1.1-fold those of the obstructive cell lines (B cell lines), respectively. The B cell line had high levels of starch, auxin (IAA), Put, Spd, and putrescine: spermine (Put: Spm) compared to the R cell line. In addition, the numbers of PE III, ESEs, and soluble protein content were significantly positively correlated with SE yield. In contrast, the contents of starch, abscisic acid (ABA), Put, Spm, and Spd were significantly negatively correlated with SE yield. To ensure the accuracy of the results, we used nine cell lines to test the results. The PE III and ESE numbers and the Spm and Spd contents were positively correlated with SE yield, while the levels of starch, ABA, IAA, Put: Spd, and Put: Spm were negatively correlated with SE yield. Thus, we recommend using high PE III and ESEs as morphological indicators and low levels of starch, IAA, ABA, and Put: Spm as physiological markers to screen cell lines with a high somatic embryogenesis potential. In addition, we also found that the relationship between Spd, Spm, and SE yield was opposite in the two experimental results. Therefore, we speculate that the differences in Spd and Spm content are mainly affected by genotype. In conclusion, this study obtained the morphological and physiological markers of some high-somatic embryogenic cell lines by comparing the differences between nine somatic embryogenic cell lines. Our results can guide the improvement of conifer somatic embryogenesis technology and can provide a theoretical basis for accelerating the application of biotechnology in large-scale artificial breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.P.); (F.G.); (H.W.)
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Fang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.P.); (F.G.); (H.W.)
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.P.); (F.G.); (H.W.)
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Iraida Nikolaevna Tretyakova
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Siberian Branch of RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
| | - Alexander Mikhaylovich Nosov
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology, K.A. Timiryazev Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Hailong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.P.); (F.G.); (H.W.)
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-0451-821-915-0918 (L.Y.)
| | - Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.P.); (F.G.); (H.W.)
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-0451-821-915-0918 (L.Y.)
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Li F, Yao J, Hu L, Chen J, Shi J. Multiple Methods Synergistically Promote the Synchronization of Somatic Embryogenesis Through Suspension Culture in the New Hybrid Between Pinus elliottii and Pinus caribaea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:857972. [PMID: 35548285 PMCID: PMC9083196 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.857972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pinus elliottii × Pinus caribaea is an interspecific pine hybrid of major economic importance. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in P. elliottii × P. caribaea on solid medium have been reported previously; however, a current limitation is the lack of a stable and effective method for its commercial use. The objective of this study was to establish a suspension culture system and evaluate the effect of multiple methods synergistically on the synchronization of embryo development in P. elliottii × P. caribaea. For the former, a protocol to initiate and establish a suspension culture system of P. elliottii × P. caribaea was presented. Based on biomass growth, the growth of embryogenic calli (EC) followed an S-shape curve in suspensions grown for a 15-day period, and the exponential phase of cell suspensions was reached between days 3 and 6. The initial packed cell volume (PCV) and revolutions per minute (rpm) have a significant effect on the proliferation of EC, and the highest proliferation multiple reached 6.86 (±0.06) at the initial density of 5 ml PCV under a 9-10 days transfer interval in the dark on a rotary shaker at 70 rpm. For the latter, the influence of abscisic acid (ABA), ammonium (NH4 +), nitrate (NO3 -), low temperature, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on somatic embryogenesis was very significant. When EC were suspended in the medium at a presence of 37.84 μM/L ABA, as many as 274 mature cotyledonary embryos/ml PCV of cells were thereafter formed in the mature medium, and 266 somatic embryos were obtained on mature medium after suspension culture in liquid medium containing 10 mmol/L NH4 + and 30 mmol/L NO3 -. Furthermore, reducing the concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid gradually and at 4°C incubation for 12 h in the initial exponential phase could promote the synchronization of somatic embryogenesis, which resulted in 260 mature cotyledonary embryos. This suspension culture system and method of synchronic control can be used in the large-scale production of P. elliottii × P. caribaea seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Experimental Center of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fenyi, China
| | - Jiabao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Experimental Center of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fenyi, China
| | - Lingfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Alves A, Confraria A, Lopes S, Costa B, Perdiguero P, Milhinhos A, Baena-González E, Correia S, Miguel CM. miR160 Interacts in vivo With Pinus pinaster AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 Target Site and Negatively Regulates Its Expression During Conifer Somatic Embryo Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:857611. [PMID: 35371172 PMCID: PMC8965291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.857611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of several plant developmental processes including embryogenesis. Most miRNA families are conserved across major groups of plant species, but their regulatory roles have been studied mainly in model species like Arabidopsis and other angiosperms. In gymnosperms, miRNA-dependent regulation has been less studied since functional approaches in these species are often difficult to establish. Given the fundamental roles of auxin signaling in somatic embryogenesis (SE) induction and embryo development, we investigated a previously predicted interaction between miR160 and a putative target encoding AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 in Pinus pinaster (PpARF18) embryonic tissues. Phylogenetic analysis of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 (ARF18) from Pinus pinaster and Picea abies, used here as a model system of conifer embryogenesis, showed their close relatedness to AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) genes known to be targeted by miR160 in other species, including Arabidopsis ARF10 and ARF16. By using a luciferase (LUC) reporter system for miRNA activity in Arabidopsis protoplasts, we have confirmed that P. pinaster miR160 (ppi-miR160) interacts in vivo with PpARF18 target site. When the primary miR160 from P. pinaster was overexpressed in protoplasts under non-limiting levels of ARGONAUTE1, a significant increase of miR160 target cleavage activity was observed. In contrast, co-expression of the primary miRNA and the target mimic MIM160 led to a decrease of miR160 activity. Our results further support that this interaction is functional during consecutive stages of SE in the conifer model P. abies. Expression analyses conducted in five stages of development, from proembryogenic masses (PEMs) to the mature embryo, show that conifer ARF18 is negatively regulated by miR160 toward the fully developed mature embryo when miR160 reached its highest expression level. This study reports the first in vivo validation of a predicted target site of a conifer miRNA supporting the conservation of miR160 interaction with ARF targets in gymnosperms. The approach used here should be useful for future characterization of miRNA functions in conifer embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alves
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Confraria
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susana Lopes
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Costa
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- INESC-ID, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Perdiguero
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Milhinhos
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elena Baena-González
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sandra Correia
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia M. Miguel
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
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8
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Somatic Embryogenesis of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine: Possibility of Application in Modern Forestry. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an important method for the vegetative propagation of trees. SE is the developmental in vitro process in which embryos are produced from somatic cells. This method can be integrated with other biotechnological techniques, genomic breeding and cryopreservation, which enables commercial-scale sapling production of selected high-yielding genotypes in wood production combined with fast breeding cycles. The SE is potential tool to improve plant stock in comparison with seed orchards. It can be useful for ecologically and economically important species, such as Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), ensuring stable production in the era of climate change and biodiversity crisis. In this review, we summarize the current state of research on problems associated with somatic embryogenesis in P. abies and P. sylvestris.
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9
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Le KC, Dedicova B, Johansson S, Lelu-Walter MA, Egertsdotter U. Temporary immersion bioreactor system for propagation by somatic embryogenesis of hybrid larch ( Larix × eurolepis Henry). BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 32:e00684. [PMID: 34754827 PMCID: PMC8556599 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) has high potential for large-scale clonal propagation of conifers. Different types of bioreactor cultures have been tested for the conifer SE process where the temporary immersion bioreactors (TIBs) have proved to be useful across the different developmental steps of the SE process. In the present study the use of TIBs was tested for hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis Henry). The results showed two-fold increases in both fresh weight (FW) of pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs) and yield of cotyledonary embryos in the TIBs compared to solid medium in plates. For the germination phase, the highest number of roots per plant, the root length and height of plants were also obtained in the TIBs. The results show that the TIB system can be successfully used to support scale up of plant production in all steps of the SE process from proliferation to germination of hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis Henry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Cuong Le
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), SE 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Beata Dedicova
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), SE 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofie Johansson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), SE 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie-Anne Lelu-Walter
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA, 2163 avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 - Ardon, F-45075 Orléans, France
| | - Ulrika Egertsdotter
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), SE 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 Tenth Street NW, 30332-0620 Atlanta, GA. USA
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10
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Dorigan de Matos Furlanetto AL, Kaziuk FD, Martinez GR, Donatti L, Merlin Rocha ME, Dos Santos ALW, Floh EIS, Cadena SMSC. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and enzymatic antioxidant defense differ in Paraná pine cell lines with contrasting embryogenic potential. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:255-266. [PMID: 33961525 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1921172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Araucaria angustifolia is classified as a critically endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This threat is worsened by the inefficiency of methods for ex-situ conservation and propagation. In conifers, somatic embryogenesis (SE) associated with cryopreservation is an efficient method to achieve germplasm conservation and mass clonal propagation. However, the efficiency of SE is highly dependent on genotype responsivity to the artificial stimulus used in vitro during cell line proliferation and later during somatic embryo development. In this study, we evaluated the activity of antioxidant enzymes and characterized mitochondrial functions during the proliferation of embryogenic cells of A. angustifolia responsive (SE1) and non-responsive (SE6) to the development of somatic embryos. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes GR (EC 1.6.4.2), MDHAR (EC 1.6.5.4), and POX (EC 1.11.1.7) were increased in SE1 culture, while in SE6 culture, only the activity of DHAR (EC 1.8.5.1) was significantly higher. Additionally, SE6 culture presented a higher number of mitochondria, which agreed with the increased rate of oxygen consumption compared to responsive SE1 culture; however, the mitochondrial volume was lower. Although the ATP levels did not differ, the NAD(P)H levels were higher in SE1 cells. NDs, AOX, and UCP were less active in responsive SE1 than in non-responsive cells. Our results show significant differences between SE1 and SE6 embryogenic cells regarding mitochondrial functions and antioxidant enzyme activities, which may be intrinsic to the in vitro proliferation phase of both cell lines, possessing a crucial role for the induction of in vitro maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Diego Kaziuk
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Regina Martinez
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lucelia Donatti
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eny Iochevet Segal Floh
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Bueno N, Cuesta C, Centeno ML, Ordás RJ, Alvarez JM. In Vitro Plant Regeneration in Conifers: The Role of WOX and KNOX Gene Families. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030438. [PMID: 33808690 PMCID: PMC8003479 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conifers are a group of woody plants with an enormous economic and ecological importance. Breeding programs are necessary to select superior varieties for planting, but they have many limitations due to the biological characteristics of conifers. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) and de novo organogenesis (DNO) from in vitro cultured tissues are two ways of plant mass propagation that help to overcome this problem. Although both processes are difficult to achieve in conifers, they offer advantages like a great efficiency, the possibilities to cryopreserve the embryogenic lines, and the ability of multiplying adult trees (the main bottleneck in conifer cloning) through DNO. Moreover, SE and DNO represent appropriate experimental systems to study the molecular bases of developmental processes in conifers such as embryogenesis and shoot apical meristem (SAM) establishment. Some of the key genes regulating these processes belong to the WOX and KNOX homeobox gene families, whose function has been widely described in Arabidopsis thaliana. The sequences and roles of these genes in conifers are similar to those found in angiosperms, but some particularities exist, like the presence of WOXX, a gene that putatively participates in the establishment of SAM in somatic embryos and plantlets of Pinus pinaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bueno
- Plant Physiology, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, ES-33071 Oviedo, Spain; (N.B.); (C.C.); (R.J.O.)
| | - Candela Cuesta
- Plant Physiology, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, ES-33071 Oviedo, Spain; (N.B.); (C.C.); (R.J.O.)
| | - María Luz Centeno
- Plant Physiology, Department of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, University of León, ES-24071 León, Spain;
| | - Ricardo J. Ordás
- Plant Physiology, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, ES-33071 Oviedo, Spain; (N.B.); (C.C.); (R.J.O.)
| | - José M. Alvarez
- Plant Physiology, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, ES-33071 Oviedo, Spain; (N.B.); (C.C.); (R.J.O.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Aronen T, Virta S, Varis S. Telomere Length in Norway Spruce during Somatic Embryogenesis and Cryopreservation. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020416. [PMID: 33672393 PMCID: PMC7926734 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres i.e., termini of the eukaryotic chromosomes protect chromosomes during DNA replication. Shortening of telomeres, either due to stress or ageing is related to replicative cellular senescence. There is little information on the effect of biotechnological methods, such as tissue culture via somatic embryogenesis (SE) or cryopreservation on plant telomeres, even if these techniques are widely applied. The aim of the present study was to examine telomeres of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during SE initiation, proliferation, embryo maturation, and cryopreservation to reveal potential ageing or stress-related effects that could explain variation observed at SE process. Altogether, 33 genotypes from 25 families were studied. SE initiation containing several stress factors cause telomere shortening in Norway spruce. Following initiation, the telomere length of the embryogenic tissues (ETs) and embryos produced remains unchanged up to one year of culture, with remarkable genotypic variation. Being prolonged in vitro culture can, however, shorten the telomeres and should be avoided. This is achieved by successful cryopreservation treatment preserving telomere length. Somatic embryo production capacity of the ETs was observed to vary a lot not only among the genotypes, but also from one timepoint to another. No connection between embryo production and telomere length was found, so this variation remains unexplained.
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13
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Bueno N, Alvarez JM, Ordás RJ. Characterization of the KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) gene family in Pinus pinaster Ait. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110691. [PMID: 33218649 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) genes are a family of plant-specific homeobox transcription factors with important roles in plant development that have been classified into two subfamilies with differential expression domains and functions. Studies in angiosperms have shown that class I members are related to the maintenance of meristem homeostasis and leaf development, whereas class II members promote differentiation of tissues and organs. However, little is known about its diversification and function in gymnosperms. By combining PCR-based detection and transcriptome data analysis, we identified four class I and two class II KNOX genes in Pinus pinaster. Expression analyses showed that class I members were mainly expressed in meristematic regions and differentiating tissues, with practically no expression in lateral organs, whereas expression of class II members was restricted to lateral organs. Furthermore, overexpression of P. pinaster KNOX genes in Arabidopsis thaliana caused similar phenotypic effects to those described for their angiosperms counterparts. This is the first time to our knowledge that functional analyses of class II members are reported in a conifer species. These results suggest a high conservation of the KNOX gene family throughout seed plants, as the functional differentiation of both subfamilies observed in angiosperms might be partially conserved in gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bueno
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Alvarez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ricardo J Ordás
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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14
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Song Y, Bai X, Dong S, Yang Y, Dong H, Wang N, Zhang H, Li S. Stable and Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Larch Using Embryogenic Callus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:584492. [PMID: 33324434 PMCID: PMC7723890 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.584492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Larix olgensis or larch is an economically important coniferous tree species with rapid growth in the early stages, strong adaptability, and a short time to harvest. The genetic improvement of larch has garnered considerable attention in recent years for reclaiming timber forests. However, traditional breeding methods are largely ineffective for achieving rapid genetic improvement of L. olgensis. Studies show that the efficiency of plant regeneration can be improved by optimizing somatic embryogenesis. On this basis, we devised a stable, fast and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method using suspended embryogenic calluses as explants and β-glucuronidase as the reporter. We evaluated the effects of the Agrobacterium load, co-culture period, and addition of acetosyringone and transformant screening antibiotic on the transformation efficiency. In addition, we tested the pCAMBIA 1300-PtHCA 2-1 promoter-GUS binary expression vector, which contains the GUS gene ORF under the control of Populus trichocarpa high cambial activity PtHCA 2-1 promoter, and observed the tissue-specific expression of the GUS gene in the somatic embryos of transgenic larch. This novel technique can not only accelerate the generation of superior transgenic strains of L. olgensis but also aid in future gene functional studies.
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15
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Kuczak M, Kurczyńska E. Cell Wall Composition as a Marker of the Reprogramming of the Cell Fate on the Example of a Daucus carota (L.) Hypocotyl in Which Somatic Embryogenesis Was Induced. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8126. [PMID: 33143222 PMCID: PMC7662930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the composition of the cell walls are postulated to accompany changes in the cell's fate. We check whether there is a relationship between the presence of selected pectic, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), and extensins epitopes and changes in cell reprogramming in order to answer the question of whether they can be markers accompanying changes of cell fate. Selected antibodies were used for spatio-temporal immunolocalization of wall components during the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that (1) the LM6 (pectic), LM2 (AGPs) epitopes are positive markers, but the LM5, LM19 (pectic), JIM8, JIM13 (AGPs) epitopes are negative markers of cells reprogramming to the meristematic/pluripotent state; (2) the LM8 (pectic), JIM8, JIM13, LM2 (AGPs) and JIM11 (extensin) epitopes are positive markers, but LM6 (pectic) epitope is negative marker of cells undergoing detachment; (3) JIM4 (AGPs) is a positive marker, but LM5 (pectic), JIM8, JIM13, LM2 (AGPs) are negative markers for pericycle cells on the xylem pole; (4) LM19, LM20 (pectic), JIM13, LM2 (AGPs) are constitutive wall components, but LM6, LM8 (pectic), JIM4, JIM8, JIM16 (AGPs), JIM11, JIM12 and JIM20 (extensins) are not constitutive wall components; (5) the extensins do not contribute to the cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kuczak
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna St, 40–006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska St, 40–032 Katowice, Poland
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16
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Nakamura M, Batista RA, Köhler C, Hennig L. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2-mediated histone modification H3K27me3 is associated with embryogenic potential in Norway spruce. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6366-6378. [PMID: 32894759 PMCID: PMC7586741 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming during germ cell formation is essential to gain pluripotency and thus embryogenic potential. The histone modification H3K27me3, which is catalysed by the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), regulates important developmental processes in both plants and animals, and defects in PRC2 components cause pleiotropic developmental abnormalities. Nevertheless, the role of H3K27me3 in determining embryogenic potential in gymnosperms is still elusive. To address this, we generated H3K27me3 profiles of Norway spruce (Picea abies) embryonic callus and non-embryogenic callus using CUT&RUN, which is a powerful method for chromatin profiling. Here, we show that H3K27me3 mainly accumulated in genic regions in the Norway spruce genome, similarly to what is observed in other plant species. Interestingly, H3K27me3 levels in embryonic callus were much lower than those in the other examined tissues, but markedly increased upon embryo induction. These results show that H3K27me3 levels are associated with the embryogenic potential of a given tissue, and that the early phase of somatic embryogenesis is accompanied by changes in H3K27me3 levels. Thus, our study provides novel insights into the role of this epigenetic mark in spruce embryogenesis and reinforces the importance of PRC2 as a key regulator of cell fate determination across different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Nakamura
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Sweden
| | - Rita A Batista
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Sweden
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Sweden
| | - Lars Hennig
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Sweden
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17
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Hazubska-Przybył T, Ratajczak E, Obarska A, Pers-Kamczyc E. Different Roles of Auxins in Somatic Embryogenesis Efficiency in Two Picea Species. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3394. [PMID: 32403374 PMCID: PMC7246981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of auxins 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) or picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid; 9 µM) and cytokinin BA (benzyloadenine; 4.5 µM) applied in the early stages of somatic embryogenesis (SE) on specific stages of SE in Picea abies and P. omorika were investigated. The highest SE initiation frequency was obtained after 2,4-D application in P. omorika (22.00%) and picloram application in P. abies (10.48%). NAA treatment significantly promoted embryogenic tissue (ET) proliferation in P. abies, while 2,4-D treatment reduced it. This reduction was related to the oxidative stress level, which was lower with the presence of NAA in the proliferation medium and higher with the presence of 2,4-D. The reduced oxidative stress level after NAA treatment suggests that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acts as a signalling molecule and promotes ET proliferation. NAA and picloram in the proliferation medium decreased the further production and maturation of P. omorika somatic embryos compared with that under 2,4-D. The quality of the germinated P. abies embryos and their development into plantlets depended on the auxin type and were the highest in NAA-originated embryos. These results show that different auxin types can generate different physiological responses in plant materials during SE in both spruce species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Hazubska-Przybył
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (E.R.); (A.O.); (E.P.-K.)
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18
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von Arnold S, Zhu T, Larsson E, Uddenberg D, Clapham D. Regulation of Somatic Embryo Development in Norway Spruce. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2122:241-255. [PMID: 31975307 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0342-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce combined with reverse genetics can be used as a model to study the regulation of embryo development in conifers. The somatic embryo system includes a sequence of developmental stages, which are similar in morphology to their zygotic counterparts. The system can be sufficiently synchronized to enable the collection and study of a large number of somatic embryos at each developmental stage.Here we describe a protocol for establishing transgenic cell lines in which genes of interest are upregulated or downregulated. Furthermore, we present methods for comparing embryo morphology and development in transgenic and control cell lines, including phenotyping the embryos, histological analysis, and tracking embryo development. The expression pattern of different genes is determined by GUS reporter assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara von Arnold
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Emma Larsson
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Uddenberg
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Clapham
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Egertsdotter U, Ahmad I, Clapham D. Automation and Scale Up of Somatic Embryogenesis for Commercial Plant Production, With Emphasis on Conifers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:109. [PMID: 30833951 PMCID: PMC6388443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
For large scale production of clonal plants, somatic embryogenesis (SE) has many advantages over other clonal propagation methods such as the rooting of cuttings. In particular, the SE process is more suited to scale up and automation, thereby reducing labor costs and increasing the reliability of the production process. Furthermore, the plants resulting from SE closely resemble those from seeds, as somatic embryos, like zygotic (seed) embryos, develop with good connection between root and shoot, and without the plagiotropism often associated with propagation by cuttings. For practical purposes in breeding programs and for deployment of elite clones, it is valuable that a virtually unlimited number of SE plants can be generated from one original seed embryo; and SE cultures (clones) can be cryostored for at least 20 years, allowing long-term testing of clones. To date, there has however been limited use of SE for large-scale plant production mainly because without automation it is labor-intensive. Development of automation is particularly attractive in countries with high labor costs, where conifer forestry is often of great economic importance. Various approaches for automating SE processes are under investigation and the progress is reviewed here, with emphasis on conifers. These approaches include simplification of culture routines with preference for liquid rather than solid cultures, use of robotics and automation for the harvest of selected individual mature embryos, followed by automated handling of germination and subsequent planting. Different approaches to handle the processes of somatic embryogenesis in conifers are outlined below, followed by an update on efforts to automate the different steps, which are nearing an operational stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Egertsdotter
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ulrika Egertsdotter
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Clapham
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Hernández-Piedra G, Ruiz-Carrera V, Sánchez AJ, Hernández-Franyutti A, Azpeitia-Morales A. Morpho-histological development of the somatic embryos of Typha domingensis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5952. [PMID: 30505633 PMCID: PMC6254243 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sustainable methods of propagation of Typha domingensis through somatic embryogenesis can help mitigate its current condition of ecological marginalization and overexploitation. This study examined whether differentiation up to coleoptilar embryos could be obtained in an embryogenic line proliferated with light and high auxin concentration. Methods Murashige and Skoog medium at half ionic strength and containing 3% sucrose and 0.1% ascorbic acid was used for the three embryogenic phases. Induction started with aseptic 9-day-old germinated seeds cultured in 0.5 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D). Proliferation of the embryogenic callus was evaluated at 2,4-D concentrations ranging from 0 to 2 mg L−1 in cultures maintained in the dark. The dominant embryogenic products obtained in each treatment were used as embryogenic lines in the third phase. Thus, maturation of the somatic embryos (SEs) was analyzed using four embryogenic lines and under light vs. dark conditions. Embryogenic differentiation was also monitored histologically. Results Proliferation of the nine morphogenetic products was greater in the presence of 2,4-D, regardless of the concentration, than in the absence of auxin. Among the products, a yellow callus was invariably associated with the presence of an oblong SE and suspended cells in the 2,4-D treatments, and a brown callus with scutellar somatic embryos (scSEs) in the treatment without 2,4-D. During the maturation phase, especially the embryogenic line but also the light condition resulted in significant differences, with the highest averages of the nine morphogenetic products obtained under light conditions and the maximum concentration of auxin (YC3 embryogenic line). Only this line achieved scSE growth, under both light and dark conditions. Structurally complete coleoptilar somatic embryos (colSEs) could be anatomically confirmed only during the maturation phase. Discussion In the embryogenic line cultured with the highest auxin concentration, light exposure favored the transdifferentiation from embryogenic callus to scSE or colSE, although growth was asynchronous with respect to the three embryogenic phases. The differentiation and cellular organization of the embryos were compatible with all stages of embryogenic development in other monocotyledons. The growth of colSEs under light conditions in the YC3 embryogenic line and the structurally complete anatomic description of colSEs demonstrated that differentiation up to coleoptilar embryos could be obtained. The diversity of embryogenic products obtained in the YC3 embryogenic line opens up the opportunity to synchronize histological descriptions with the molecules associated with the somatic embryogenesis of Typha spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Hernández-Piedra
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Violeta Ruiz-Carrera
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Diagnóstico y Manejo de Humedales Tropicales, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Alberto J Sánchez
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Diagnóstico y Manejo de Humedales Tropicales, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Arlette Hernández-Franyutti
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Biología y Manejo de Organismos Acuáticos, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Alfonso Azpeitia-Morales
- Campo Experimental Huimanguillo, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Tabasco, México
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21
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Mamun NHA, Aidun CK, Egertsdotter U. Improved and synchronized maturation of Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) somatic embryos in temporary immersion bioreactors. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. PLANT : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 2018; 54:612-620. [PMID: 30459490 PMCID: PMC6223745 DOI: 10.1007/s11627-018-9911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis offers many benefits for clonal propagation in large-scale plant production of conifers. A key rate-limiting step is the conversion from early-stage somatic embryos in pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs) to the maturation stage. Immature embryos in PEMs are present at different developmental stages, where some are unable to respond to the maturation treatment, thus limiting yields of mature embryos. Synchronization of early somatic embryo development in PEMs could greatly improve subsequent yields of mature embryos. A temporary immersion bioreactor designed for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) was used in this study. Through a specific system for dispersion, connected tissue of PEMs, composed of immature embryos grown in liquid medium in the temporary immersion bioreactors or on solid medium as a control, was dispersed and redistributed in a more uniform spatial arrangement. It was demonstrated that development of mature embryos could be significantly stimulated by dispersion, compared to controls, in both medium types. Synchronization of maturation was evaluated by a statistical approach. The present study shows that the yield of mature embryos from dispersed PEMs was three to five times higher than that from non-dispersed controls in three of four cell lines of Norway spruce tested, both in bioreactors and on solid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul H. A. Mamun
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Cyrus K. Aidun
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Ulrika Egertsdotter
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Vondrakova Z, Dobrev PI, Pesek B, Fischerova L, Vagner M, Motyka V. Profiles of Endogenous Phytohormones Over the Course of Norway Spruce Somatic Embryogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1283. [PMID: 30237806 PMCID: PMC6136392 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conifer somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process driven by exogenously supplied plant growth regulators (PGRs). Exogenous PGRs and endogenous phytohormones trigger particular ontogenetic events. Complex mechanisms involving a number of endogenous phytohormones control the differentiation of cells and tissues, as well as the establishment of structures and organs. Most of the mechanisms and hormonal functions in the SE of conifers have not yet been described. With the aim to better understand these mechanisms, we provided detailed analysis of the spectrum of endogenous phytohormones over the course of SE in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Concentrations of endogenous phytohormones including auxins, cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonates, and salicylic acid (SA) in somatic P. abies embryos were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The results revealed that the concentrations of particular phytohormone classes varied substantially between proliferation, maturation, desiccation, and germination. Endogenous ABA showed a maximum concentration at the maturation stage, which reflected the presence of exogenous ABA in the medium and demonstrated its efficient perception by the embryos as a prerequisite for their further development. Auxins also had concentration maxima at the maturation stage, suggesting a role in embryo polarization. Endogenous jasmonates were detected in conifer somatic embryos for the first time, and reached maxima at germination. According to our knowledge, we have presented evidence for the involvement of the non-indole auxin phenylacetic acid, cis-zeatin- and dihydrozeatin-type CKs and SA in SE for the first time. The presented results represent the currently most comprehensive overview of plant hormone levels in embryos throughout the whole process of conifer SE. The differences in concentrations of various classes of phytohormones over the proliferation, maturation, desiccation, and germination in somatic P. abies embryos clearly indicate correlations between endogenous phytohormone profiles and particular developmental stages of the SE of conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Vondrakova
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bedrich Pesek
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Fischerova
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Vagner
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vaclav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Vaclav Motyka,
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Zhou X, Zheng R, Liu G, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Laux T, Zhen Y, Harding SA, Shi J, Chen J. Desiccation Treatment and Endogenous IAA Levels Are Key Factors Influencing High Frequency Somatic Embryogenesis in Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2054. [PMID: 29259612 PMCID: PMC5723420 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook (Chinese fir) is an important tree, commercially and ecologically, in southern China. The traditional regenerating methods are based on organogenesis and cutting propagation. Here, we report the development of a high-frequency somatic embryogenesis (SE) regeneration system synchronized via a liquid culture from immature zygotic embryos. Following synchronization, PEM II cell aggregates were developmentally equivalent in appearance to cleaved zygotic embryos. Embryo and suspensor growth and subsequent occurrence of the apical and then the cotyledonary meristems were similar for zygotic and SE embryo development. However, SE proembryos exhibited a more reddish coloration than zygotic proembryos, and SE embryos were smaller than zygotic embryos. Mature somatic embryos gave rise to plantlets on hormone-free medium. For juvenile explants, low concentrations of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid in initial explants correlated with improved proembryogenic mass formation, and high SE competency. Analysis of karyotypes and microsatellites detected no major genetic variation in the plants regenerated via SE, and suggest a potential in the further development of this system as a reliable methodology for true-to-type seedling production. Treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and abscisic acid (ABA) were of great importance to proembryo formation and complemented each other. ABA assisted the growth of embryonal masses, whereas PEG facilitated the organization of the proembryo-like structures. SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE SERK) and the WUSCHEL homeobox (WOX) transcription factor served as molecular markers during early embryogenesis. Our results show that ClSERKs are conserved and redundantly expressed during SE. SERK and WOX transcript levels were highest during development of the proembryos and lowest in developed embryos. ClWOX13 expression correlates with the critical transition from proembryogenic masses to proembryos. Both SERK and WOX expression reveal their applicability in Chinese fir as markers of early embryogenesis. Overall, the findings provided evidence for the potential of this system in high fidelity Chinese fir seedlings production. Also, SE modification strategies were demonstrated and could be applied in other conifer species on the basis of our hormonal, morphological and molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renhua Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, State Forestry Administration Engineering Research Center of Chinese Fir, Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Thomas Laux
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Scott A. Harding
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Horstman A, Bemer M, Boutilier K. A transcriptional view on somatic embryogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:201-216. [PMID: 29299323 PMCID: PMC5743784 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a form of induced plant cell totipotency where embryos develop from somatic or vegetative cells in the absence of fertilization. Somatic embryogenesis can be induced in vitro by exposing explants to stress or growth regulator treatments. Molecular genetics studies have also shown that ectopic expression of specific embryo‐ and meristem‐expressed transcription factors or loss of certain chromatin‐modifying proteins induces spontaneous somatic embryogenesis. We begin this review with a general description of the major developmental events that define plant somatic embryogenesis and then focus on the transcriptional regulation of this process in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis). We describe the different somatic embryogenesis systems developed for arabidopsis and discuss the roles of transcription factors and chromatin modifications in this process. We describe how these somatic embryogenesis factors are interconnected and how their pathways converge at the level of hormones. Furthermore, the similarities between the developmental pathways in hormone‐ and transcription‐factor‐induced tissue culture systems are reviewed in the light of our recent findings on the somatic embryo‐inducing transcription factor BABY BOOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Horstman
- Bioscience Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marian Bemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
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25
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Dobrowolska I, Businge E, Abreu IN, Moritz T, Egertsdotter U. Metabolome and transcriptome profiling reveal new insights into somatic embryo germination in Norway spruce (Picea abies). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1752-1766. [PMID: 28985382 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome, metabolome and histological profiling were performed on normal and aberrant somatic embryo germinants of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) providing a simplistic systems biology description of conifer germination. Aberrant germinants (AGs) formed periderm-like tissue at the apical pole and lacked shoot growth above the cotyledons. Transcriptome profiling (RNA-Sequencing) revealed a total of 370 differentially expressed genes at ≥1 or ≤-1 log2-fold change, where 92% were down-regulated in AGs compared with normal germinants (NGs). Genes associated with shoot apical meristem formation were down-regulated in AGs, or not differentially expressed between AGs and NGs. Genes involved in hormone signaling and transport were also down-regulated. Metabolite profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography-MS revealed biochemical difference between AGs and NGs, notably increased levels of sugars including glucose in AGs. Genes involved in glucose signaling were down-regulated and genes involved in starch biosynthesis were up-regulated, suggesting involvement of sugar signaling during late embryo development and germination. The overall results provide new data enabling further studies to confirm potential markers for a normal germination process in conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Dobrowolska
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Edward Businge
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ilka N Abreu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Egertsdotter
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Carlsson J, Svennerstam H, Moritz T, Egertsdotter U, Ganeteg U. Nitrogen uptake and assimilation in proliferating embryogenic cultures of Norway spruce-Investigating the specific role of glutamine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181785. [PMID: 28837647 PMCID: PMC5570297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is an in vitro system employed for plant propagation and the study of embryo development. Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development and, hence, the production of healthy embryos during somatic embryogenesis. Glutamine has been shown to increase plant biomass in many in vitro applications, including somatic embryogenesis. However, several aspects of nitrogen nutrition during somatic embryogenesis remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the uptake and assimilation of nitrogen in Norway spruce pro-embryogenic masses to elucidate some of these aspects. In our study, addition of glutamine had a more positive effect on growth than inorganic nitrogen. The nitrogen uptake appeared to be regulated, with a strong preference for glutamine; 67% of the assimilated nitrogen in the free amino acid pool originated from glutamine-nitrogen. Glutamine addition also relieved the apparently limited metabolism (as evidenced by the low concentration of free amino acids) of pro-embryogenic masses grown on inorganic nitrogen only. The unusually high alanine concentration in the presence of glutamine, suggests that alanine biosynthesis was involved in alleviating these constraints. These findings inspire further studies of nitrogen nutrition during the somatic embryogenesis process; identifying the mechanism(s) that govern glutamine enhancement of pro-embryogenic masses growth is especially important in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Carlsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Svenska Skogsplantor AB, Seed Production, Lagan, Sweden
| | - Henrik Svennerstam
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Egertsdotter
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Ulrika Ganeteg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Dalman K, Wind JJ, Nemesio-Gorriz M, Hammerbacher A, Lundén K, Ezcurra I, Elfstrand M. Overexpression of PaNAC03, a stress induced NAC gene family transcription factor in Norway spruce leads to reduced flavonol biosynthesis and aberrant embryo development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:6. [PMID: 28061815 PMCID: PMC5219727 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NAC family of transcription factors is one of the largest gene families of transcription factors in plants and the conifer NAC gene family is at least as large, or possibly larger, as in Arabidopsis. These transcription factors control both developmental and stress induced processes in plants. Yet, conifer NACs controlling stress induced processes has received relatively little attention. This study investigates NAC family transcription factors involved in the responses to the pathogen Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu lato. RESULTS The phylogeny and domain structure in the NAC proteins can be used to organize functional specificities, several well characterized stress-related NAC proteins are found in III-3 in Arabidopsis (Jensen et al. Biochem J 426:183-196, 2010). The Norway spruce genome contain seven genes with similarity to subgroup III-3 NACs. Based on the expression pattern PaNAC03 was selected for detailed analyses. Norway spruce lines overexpressing PaNAC03 exhibited aberrant embryo development in response to maturation initiation and 482 misregulated genes were identified in proliferating cultures. Three key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway: a CHS, a F3'H and PaLAR3 were consistently down regulated in the overexpression lines. In accordance, the overexpression lines showed reduced levels of specific flavonoids, suggesting that PaNAC03 act as a repressor of this pathway, possibly by directly interacting with the promoter of the repressed genes. However, transactivation studies of PaNAC03 and PaLAR3 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that PaNAC03 activated PaLAR3A, suggesting that PaNAC03 does not act as an independent negative regulator of flavan-3-ol production through direct interaction with the target flavonoid biosynthetic genes. CONCLUSIONS PaNAC03 and its orthologs form a sister group to well characterized stress-related angiosperm NAC genes and at least PaNAC03 is responsive to biotic stress and appear to act in the control of defence associated secondary metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Dalman
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Johanna Wind
- KTH Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miguel Nemesio-Gorriz
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karl Lundén
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ines Ezcurra
- KTH Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, SLU, PO. Box 7026, Uppsala, 75007 Sweden
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Fraga HPDF, Vieira LDN, Puttkammer CC, Dos Santos HP, Garighan JDA, Guerra MP. Glutathione and abscisic acid supplementation influences somatic embryo maturation and hormone endogenous levels during somatic embryogenesis in Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 253:98-106. [PMID: 27969001 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we propose a protocol for embryogenic cultures induction, proliferation and maturation for the Brazilian conifer Podocarpus lambertii, and investigated the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and glutathione (GSH) supplementation on the maturation phase. ABA, zeatin (Z) and salicylic acid (SA) endogenous levels were quantified. Number of somatic embryos obtained in ABA-supplemented treatment was significant higher than in ABA-free treatment, showing the relevance of ABA supplementation during somatic embryos maturation. Histological analysis showed the stereotyped sequence of developmental stages in conifer somatic embryos, reaching the late torpedo-staged embryo. GSH supplementation in maturation culture medium improved the somatic embryos number and morphological features. GSH 0mM and GSH 0.1mM treatments correlated with a decreased ABA endogenous level during maturation, while GSH 0.5mM treatment showed constant levels. All treatments resulted in decreased Z endogenous levels, supporting the concept that cytokinins are important during the initial cell division but not for the later stages of embryo development. The lowest SA levels found in GSH 0.5mM treatment were coincident with early embryonic development, and this treatment resulted in the highest development of somatic embryos. Thus, a correlation between lower SA levels and improved somatic embryo formation can be hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Pacheco de Freitas Fraga
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Leila do Nascimento Vieira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Catarina Corrêa Puttkammer
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Henrique Pessoa Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95700-000, Brazil
| | - Julio de Andrade Garighan
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95700-000, Brazil
| | - Miguel Pedro Guerra
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil.
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Hand ML, de Vries S, Koltunow AMG. A Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Asexual Embryogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1359:3-23. [PMID: 26619856 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3061-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In plants, embryogenesis generally occurs through the sexual process of double fertilization, which involves a haploid sperm cell fusing with a haploid egg cell to ultimately give rise to a diploid embryo. Embryogenesis can also occur asexually in the absence of fertilization, both in vitro and in vivo. Somatic or gametic cells are able to differentiate into embryos in vitro following the application of plant growth regulators or stress treatments. Asexual embryogenesis also occurs naturally in some plant species in vivo, from either ovule cells as part of a process defined as apomixis, or from somatic leaf tissue in other species. In both in vitro and in vivo asexual embryogenesis, the embryo precursor cells must attain an embryogenic fate without the act of fertilization. This review compares the processes of in vitro and in vivo asexual embryogenesis including what is known regarding the genetic and epigenetic regulation of each process, and considers how the precursor cells are able to change fate and adopt an embryogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hand
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia
| | - Sacco de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, 6703 HA, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M G Koltunow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia.
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Steiner N, Farias-Soares FL, Schmidt ÉC, Pereira MLT, Scheid B, Rogge-Renner GD, Bouzon ZL, Schmitz D, Maldonado S, Guerra MP. Toward establishing a morphological and ultrastructural characterization of proembryogenic masses and early somatic embryos of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:487-501. [PMID: 25968333 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a morphogenetic route useful for the study of embryonic development, as well as the large-scale propagation of endangered species, such as the Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia). In the present study, we investigated the morphological and ultrastructural organization of A. angustifolia somatic embryo development by means of optical and electron microscopy. The proembryogenic stage was characterized by the proliferation of proembryogenic masses (PEMs), which are cellular aggregates composed of embryogenic cells (ECs) attached to suspensor-like cells (SCs). PEMs proliferate through three developmental stages, PEM I, II, and III, by changes in the number of ECs and SCs. PEM III-to-early somatic embryo (SE) transition was characterized by compact clusters of ECs growing out of PEM III, albeit still connected to it by SCs. Early SEs showed a dense globular embryonic mass (EM) and suspensor region (SR) connected by embryonic tube cells (TCs). By comparison, early somatic and zygotic embryos showed similar morphology. ECs are round with a large nucleus, nucleoli, and many cytoplasmic organelles. In contrast, TCs and SCs are elongated and vacuolated with cellular dismantling which is associated with programmed cell death of SCs. Abundant starch grains were observed in the TCs and SCs, while proteins were more abundant in the ECs. Based on the results of this study, a fate map of SE development in A. angustifolia is, for the first time, proposed. Additionally, this study shows the cell biology of SE development of this primitive gymnosperm which may be useful in evolutionary studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neusa Steiner
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Francine L Farias-Soares
- Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Éder C Schmidt
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Maria L T Pereira
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Scheid
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gladys D Rogge-Renner
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Joinville Region, Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Zenilda L Bouzon
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniela Schmitz
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Sara Maldonado
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Pab. 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel P Guerra
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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Guerra MP, Steiner N, Farias-Soares FL, Vieira LDN, Fraga HPF, Rogge-Renner GD, Maldonado SB. Somatic Embryogenesis in Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (Araucariaceae). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1359:439-450. [PMID: 26619879 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3061-6_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter deals with the features of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in Araucaria angustifolia, an endangered and native conifer from south Brazil. In this species SE includes the induction and proliferation of embryogenic cultures composed of pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs), which precede somatic embryos development. A. angustifolia SE model encompasses induction, proliferation, pre-maturation, and maturation steps. Double-staining with acetocarmine and Evan's blue is useful to evaluate the embryonic somatic structures. In this chapter we describe A. angustifolia SE protocols and analyzes morphological features in the different SE developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel P Guerra
- Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88034-001, SC, Brazil.
| | - Neusa Steiner
- Department of Botany, UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Francine L Farias-Soares
- Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88034-001, SC, Brazil
| | - Leila do N Vieira
- Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88034-001, SC, Brazil
| | - Hugo P F Fraga
- Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88034-001, SC, Brazil
| | - Gladys D Rogge-Renner
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, UFSC, CP 476, Florianópolis, 88049-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Joinville Region, Joinville, 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Sara B Maldonado
- Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Arnholdt-Schmitt B, Ragonezi C, Cardoso H. Do Mitochondria Play a Central Role in Stress-Induced Somatic Embryogenesis? Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1359:87-100. [PMID: 26619859 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3061-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights a four-step rational for the hypothesis that mitochondria play an upstream central role for stress-induced somatic embryogenesis (SE): (1) Initiation of SE is linked to programmed cell death (PCD) (2) Mitochondria are crucially connected to cell death (3) SE is challenged by stress per se (4) Mitochondria are centrally linked to plant stress response and its management. Additionally the review provides a rough perspective for the use of mitochondrial-derived functional marker (FM) candidates to improve SE efficiency. It is proposed to apply SE systems as phenotyping tool for identifying superior genotypes with high general plasticity under severe plant stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt
- EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, IIFA, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, Évora, 7002-554, Portugal.
| | - Carla Ragonezi
- EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, IIFA, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, Évora, 7002-554, Portugal
| | - Hélia Cardoso
- EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, IIFA, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, Évora, 7002-554, Portugal
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Abstract
Embryogenesis is a fascinating event during the plant life cycle encompassing several steps whereby the zygote develops into a fully developed embryo which, in angiosperms, is composed of an axis separating the apical meristems, and two cotyledons. Recapitulation of embryogenesis can also occur in vitro through somatic embryogenesis, where somatic cells are induced to form embryos, and androgenesis, in which embryos originate from immature male gametophytes. Besides cell division and differentiation, embryo patterning in vivo and in vitro requires the dismantling and selective elimination of cells and tissues via programmed cell death (PCD). While the manifestation of the death program has long been acknowledged in vivo, especially in relation to the elimination of the suspensor during the late phases of embryo development, PCD during in vitro embryogenesis has only been described in more recent years. Independent studies using the gymnosperm Norway spruce and the angiosperm maize have shown that the death program is crucial for the proper formation and further development of immature somatic embryos. This chapter summarizes the recent advances in the field of PCD during embryogenesis and proposes novel regulatory mechanisms activating the death program in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglong Huang
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Canada, R3T2N2
| | - Mohamed M Mira
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Canada, R3T2N2.
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Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis involves a broad repertoire of genes, and complex expression patterns controlled by a concerted gene regulatory network. The present work describes this regulatory network focusing on the main aspects involved, with the aim of providing a deeper insight into understanding the total reprogramming of cells into a new organism through a somatic way. To the aim, the chromatin remodeling necessary to totipotent stem cell establishment is described, as the activity of numerous transcription factors necessary to cellular totipotency reprogramming. The eliciting effects of various plant growth regulators on the induction of somatic embryogenesis is also described and put in relation with the activity of specific transcription factors. The role of programmed cell death in the process, and the related function of specific hemoglobins as anti-stress and anti-death compounds is also described. The tools for biotechnology coming from this information is highlighted in the concluding remarks.
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Sattler MC, Carvalho CR, Clarindo WR. Regeneration of Allotriploid Coffea Plants from Tissue Culture: Resolving the Propagation Problems Promoted by Irregular Meiosis. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cansian Sattler
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
| | - Carlos Roberto Carvalho
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa
| | - Wellington Ronildo Clarindo
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
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Alvarez JM, Sohlberg J, Engström P, Zhu T, Englund M, Moschou PN, von Arnold S. The WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 3 gene PaWOX3 regulates lateral organ formation in Norway spruce. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:1078-88. [PMID: 26115363 PMCID: PMC5034847 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 3 (WOX3) genes are required for the recruitment of founder cells from the lateral domains of shoot meristems that form lateral regions of leaves. However, the regulation of the formation of lateral organs in gymnosperms remains unknown. By using somatic embryos of Norway spruce (Picea abies) we have studied the expression and function of PaWOX3 during embryo development. The mRNA abundance of PaWOX3 was determined by quantitative real-time PCR, and the spatial expression of PaWOX3 was analysed by histochemical β-glucuronidase (GUS) assays and in situ mRNA hybridization. To investigate the function of PaWOX3, we analysed how downregulation of PaWOX3 in RNA interference lines affected embryo development and morphology. PaWOX3 was highly expressed in mature embryos at the base of each cotyledon close to the junction between the cotyledons, and in the lateral margins of cotyledons and needles, separating them into an adaxial and an abaxial side. Downregulation of the expression of PaWOX3 caused defects in lateral margin outgrowth in cotyledons and needles, and reduced root elongation. Our data suggest that the WOX3 function in margin outgrowth in lateral organs is conserved among the seed plants, whereas its function in root elongation may be unique to gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Alvarez
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Joel Sohlberg
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Peter Engström
- Department of Organismal BiologyPhysiological BotanyUppsala University, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Marie Englund
- Department of Organismal BiologyPhysiological BotanyUppsala University, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Panagiotis N. Moschou
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Sara von Arnold
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
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Min L, Hu Q, Li Y, Xu J, Ma Y, Zhu L, Yang X, Zhang X. LEAFY COTYLEDON1-CASEIN KINASE I-TCP15-PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 Network Regulates Somatic Embryogenesis by Regulating Auxin Homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2805-21. [PMID: 26491146 PMCID: PMC4677921 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an efficient tool for the propagation of plant species and also, a useful model for studying the regulatory networks in embryo development. However, the regulatory networks underlying the transition from nonembryogenic callus to somatic embryos during SE remain poorly understood. Here, we describe an upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) CASEIN KINASE I gene, GhCKI, which is a unique key regulatory factor that strongly affects SE. Overexpressing GhCKI halted the formation of embryoids and plant regeneration because of a block in the transition from nonembryogenic callus to somatic embryos. In contrast, defective GhCKI in plants facilitated SE. To better understand the mechanism by which GhCKI regulates SE, the regulatory network was analyzed. A direct upstream negative regulator protein, cotton LEAFY COTYLEDON1, was identified to be targeted to a cis-element, CTTTTC, in the promoter of GhCKI. Moreover, GhCKI interacted with and phosphorylated cotton CINCINNATA-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1-CYCLOIDEA-PCF transcription factor15 by coordinately regulating the expression of cotton PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4, finally disrupting auxin homeostasis, which led to increased cell proliferation and aborted somatic embryo formation in GhCKI-overexpressing somatic cells. Our results show a complex process of SE that is negatively regulated by GhCKI through a complex regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Min
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yizan Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiyan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Uddenberg D, Akhter S, Ramachandran P, Sundström JF, Carlsbecker A. Sequenced genomes and rapidly emerging technologies pave the way for conifer evolutionary developmental biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:970. [PMID: 26579190 PMCID: PMC4630563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Conifers, Ginkgo, cycads and gnetophytes comprise the four groups of extant gymnosperms holding a unique position of sharing common ancestry with the angiosperms. Comparative studies of gymnosperms and angiosperms are the key to a better understanding of ancient seed plant morphologies, how they have shifted over evolution to shape modern day species, and how the genes governing these morphologies have evolved. However, conifers and other gymnosperms have been notoriously difficult to study due to their long generation times, inaccessibility to genetic experimentation and unavailable genome sequences. Now, with three draft genomes from spruces and pines, rapid advances in next generation sequencing methods for genome wide expression analyses, and enhanced methods for genetic transformation, we are much better equipped to address a number of key evolutionary questions relating to seed plant evolution. In this mini-review we highlight recent progress in conifer developmental biology relevant to evo-devo questions. We discuss how genome sequence data and novel techniques might allow us to explore genetic variation and naturally occurring conifer mutants, approaches to reduce long generation times to allow for genetic studies in conifers, and other potential upcoming research avenues utilizing current and emergent techniques. Results from developmental studies of conifers and other gymnosperms in comparison to those in angiosperms will provide information to trace core molecular developmental control tool kits of ancestral seed plants, but foremost they will greatly improve our understanding of the biology of conifers and other gymnosperms in their own right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Uddenberg
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shirin Akhter
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prashanth Ramachandran
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens F. Sundström
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annelie Carlsbecker
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mikuła A, Pożoga M, Tomiczak K, Rybczyński JJ. Somatic embryogenesis in ferns: a new experimental system. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:783-794. [PMID: 25599853 PMCID: PMC4405229 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis has never been reported in ferns. The study showed that it is much easier to evoke the acquisition and expression of embryogenic competence in ferns than in spermatophytes. We discovered that the tree fern Cyathea delgadii offers an effective model for the reproducible and rapid formation of somatic embryos on hormone-free medium. Our study provides cyto-morphological evidence for the single cell origin and development of somatic embryos. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) in both primary and secondary explants was induced on half-strength micro- and macro-nutrients Murashige and Skoog medium without the application of exogenous plant growth regulators, in darkness. The early stage of SE was characterized by sequential perpendicular cell divisions of an individual epidermal cell of etiolated stipe explant. These resulted in the formation of a linear pro-embryo. Later their development resembled that of the zygotic embryo. We defined three morphogenetic stages of fern somatic embryo development: linear, early and late embryonic leaf stage. The transition from somatic embryo to juvenile sporophyte was quick and proceeded without interruption caused by dormancy. Following 9 weeks of culture the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis reached 12-13 embryos per responding explant. Spontaneous formation of somatic embryos and callus production, which improved the effectiveness of the process sevenfold in 10-month-long culture, occurred without subculturing. The tendency for C. delgadii to propagate by SE in vitro makes this species an excellent model for studies relating to asexual embryogenesis and the endogenous hormonal regulation of that process and opens new avenues of experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mikuła
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland,
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Zhu T, Moschou PN, Alvarez JM, Sohlberg JJ, von Arnold S. Wuschel-related homeobox 8/9 is important for proper embryo patterning in the gymnosperm Norway spruce. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6543-52. [PMID: 25205582 PMCID: PMC4246185 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proper embryo development is crucial as that is when the primary body axes are established. In Arabidopsis, AtWOX8 and AtWOX9, members of the Wuschel-related homeobox (WOX) gene family, are critical for embryo development. In Norway spruce, PaWOX8/9, which is expressed in embryos, is the homologue of AtWOX8 and AtWOX9. In this work, it is shown that the transcript abundance of PaWOX8/9 is high during early and late embryogeny and that it decreases when the maturation phase starts. To address the function of PaWOX8/9 during embryo development, RNAi lines were established to down-regulate the transcript level of PaWOX8/9, using both constitutive and inducible promoters. Embryos in the PaWOX8/9 RNAi lines show an aberrant morphology caused by disturbed orientation of the cell division plane at the basal part of the embryonal mass during early and late embryogeny. In addition, the transcript level of several key cell-cycle-regulating genes, for example, PaE2FAB-like and PaCYCLIN B-like, are affected in the PaWOX8/9 RNAi lines. Taken together, our results suggest that PaWOX8/9 may perform an evolutionarily conserved function as a regulator of the establishment of the apical-basal embryo pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Zhu
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center of Plant Biology in Uppsala, PO-Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center of Plant Biology in Uppsala, PO-Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - José M Alvarez
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center of Plant Biology in Uppsala, PO-Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel J Sohlberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center of Plant Biology in Uppsala, PO-Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara von Arnold
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center of Plant Biology in Uppsala, PO-Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Somatic embryogenesis - Stress-induced remodeling of plant cell fate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:385-402. [PMID: 25038583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants as sessile organisms have remarkable developmental plasticity ensuring heir continuous adaptation to the environment. An extreme example is somatic embryogenesis, the initiation of autonomous embryo development in somatic cells in response to exogenous and/or endogenous signals. In this review I briefly overview the various pathways that can lead to embryo development in plants in addition to the fertilization of the egg cell and highlight the importance of the interaction of stress- and hormone-regulated pathways during the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis can be initiated in planta or in vitro, directly or indirectly, and the requirement for dedifferentiation as well as the way to achieve developmental totipotency in the various systems is discussed in light of our present knowledge. The initiation of all forms of the stress/hormone-induced in vitro as well as the genetically provoked in planta somatic embryogenesis requires extensive and coordinated genetic reprogramming that has to take place at the chromatin level, as the embryogenic program is under strong epigenetic repression in vegetative plant cells. Our present knowledge on chromatin-based mechanisms potentially involved in the somatic-to-embryogenic developmental transition is summarized emphasizing the potential role of the chromatin to integrate stress, hormonal, and developmental pathways leading to the activation of the embryogenic program. The role of stress-related chromatin reorganization in the genetic instability of in vitro cultures is also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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Businge E, Egertsdotter U. A possible biochemical basis for fructose-induced inhibition of embryo development in Norway spruce (Picea abies). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:657-69. [PMID: 25001865 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sugars play an important role in various physiological processes during plant growth and development; however, the developmental roles and regulatory functions of hexoses other than glucose are still largely unclear. Recent studies suggest that blocked embryo development in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) is associated with accumulation of fructose. In the present study, the potential biochemical regulatory mechanism of glucose and fructose was studied during development of somatic embryos of Norway spruce from pro-embryogenic masses to mature embryos. The changes in protein fluorescence, a marker of the Maillard reaction, were monitored in two cell lines of Norway spruce that were grown on media containing sucrose (control), glucose or fructose. Manual time-lapse photography showed that growth of embryogenic cultures on medium containing sucrose was characterized by normal development of mature embryos whereas the embryogenic cultures that were grown on media containing glucose or fructose did not develop mature embryos. The biochemical analyses of embryogenic samples collected during embryo development showed that: (i) the content of glucose and fructose in the embryogenic cultures increased significantly during growth on each medium, respectively; (ii) the accumulation of Maillard products in the embryogenic cultures was highly correlated with the endogenous content of fructose but not glucose; and (iii) the embryogenic cultures grown on fructose displayed the highest protein carbonyl content and DNA damage whereas the highest content of glutathione was recorded in the embryogenic cultures that had grown on sucrose. Our data suggest that blocked development of embryos in the presence of fructose may be associated with the Maillard reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Businge
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Egertsdotter
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 Tenth Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0620, USA
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Smertenko A, Bozhkov PV. Somatic embryogenesis: life and death processes during apical-basal patterning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1343-60. [PMID: 24622953 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process of differentiation of cells into a plant bypassing the fusion of gametes. As such, it represents a very powerful tool in biotechnology for propagation of species with a long reproductive cycle or low seed set and production of genetically modified plants with improved traits. SE is also a versatile model to study cellular and molecular mechanisms of plant embryo patterning. The morphology and molecular regulation of SE resemble those of zygotic embryogenesis and begin with establishment of apical-basal asymmetry. The apical domain, the embryo proper, proliferates and eventually gives rise to the plantlet, while the basal part, the embryo suspensor, is terminally differentiated and gradually removed via vacuolar programmed cell death (PCD). This PCD is essential for normal development of the apical domain. Emerging evidence demonstrates that signalling events in the apical and basal domains share homologous components. Here we provide an overview of the main pathways controlling the life and death events during SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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The Life and Death Signalling Underlying Cell Fate Determination During Somatic Embryogenesis. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jo L, Dos Santos ALW, Bueno CA, Barbosa HR, Floh EIS. Proteomic analysis and polyamines, ethylene and reactive oxygen species levels of Araucaria angustifolia (Brazilian pine) embryogenic cultures with different embryogenic potential. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:94-104. [PMID: 24327423 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is an important biotechnological tool in the large-scale propagation of elite genotypes and ex situ conservation of conifer species. Protocols for the induction and proliferation of embryogenic cultures (ECs) of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze) are well established, although the proper formation of mature somatic embryos (SEs) is still problematic. Thus, the identification of molecular markers for the screening of ECs able to respond to maturation conditions (abscisic acid and osmotic agents) is highly desirable. To develop molecular markers for the early detection of ECs able to develop well-formed SEs under maturation conditions, we analyzed the proteins found during the proliferation phase of A. angustifolia cell lines with different embryogenic capabilities, with one cell line being responsive to maturation conditions (R cell line), and one cell line that presented blocked development of SEs (B cell line). In addition, based on the peptides identified, polyamine levels (free and conjugate), ethylene production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission were analyzed using both EC lines (R and B cell lines). A marked difference in the biochemistry of ECs between these two cell lines was observed. Eleven proteins that were differentially expressed in the cell lines were identified by the combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Among these, S-adenosylmethionine synthase, the enzyme associated with polyamines and ethylene biosynthesis, was observed exclusively in the R cell line, while a protein linked to the oxidative stress subunit F of NADH dehydrogenase was observed exclusively in the B cell lines. Additionally, B cell lines showed higher levels of diamine putrescine and lower levels of ethylene. Higher values of ethylene and ROS were observed for the cell line that showed normal development of SEs. Altogether, our results open new perspectives in the optimization of culture conditions for A. angustifolia somatic embryogenesis, as well as establishing biochemical markers for the early selection of ECs during maturation trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Jo
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology (BIOCEL), Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, 05422-970 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Han S, Li X, Tong Z, Qi L. Deciphering small noncoding RNAs during the transition from dormant embryo to germinated embryo in Larches (Larix leptolepis). PLoS One 2013; 8:e81452. [PMID: 24339932 PMCID: PMC3858266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs), as a key component of molecular biology, play essential roles in plant development, hormone signaling, and stress response. However, little is known about the relationships among sRNAs, hormone signaling, and dormancy regulation in gymnosperm embryos. To investigate the roles of sRNAs in embryo dormancy maintenance and release in Larix leptolepis, we deciphered the endogenous “sRNAome” in dormant and germinated embryos. High-throughput sequencing of sRNA libraries showed that dormant embryos exhibited a length bias toward 24-nt while germinated embryos showed a bias toward 21-nt lengths. This might be associated with distinct levels of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase2 (RDR2) and/or RDR6, which is regulated by hormones. Proportions of miRNAs to nonredundant and redundant sRNAs were higher in germinated embryos than in dormant embryos, while the ratio of unknown sRNAs was higher in dormant embryos than in germinated embryos. We identified a total of 160 conserved miRNAs from 38 families, 3 novel miRNAs, and 16 plausible miRNA candidates, of which many were upregulated in germinated embryos relative to dormant embryos. These findings indicate that larches and possibly other gymnosperms have complex mechanisms of gene regulation involving miRNAs and other sRNAs operating transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally during embryo dormancy and germination. We propose that abscisic acid modulates embryo dormancy and germination at least in part through regulation of the expression level of sRNA-biogenesis genes, thus changing the sRNA components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhang
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shougong Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Suying Han
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinmin Li
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zaikang Tong
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZT); (LQ)
| | - Liwang Qi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZT); (LQ)
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López-Fernández MP, Maldonado S. Ricinosomes provide an early indicator of suspensor and endosperm cells destined to die during late seed development in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1253-62. [PMID: 24061488 PMCID: PMC3806524 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In mature quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds, the lasting endosperm forms a micropylar cone covering the radicle. The suspensor cells lie within the centre of the cone. During the final stage of seed development, the cells of the lasting endosperm accumulate protein and lipids while the rest are crushed and disintegrated. Both the suspensor and endosperm die progressively from the innermost layers surrounding the embryo and extending towards the nucellar tissue. Ricinosomes are endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles that accumulate both the pro-form and the mature form of cysteine endopeptidase (Cys-EP), first identified in castor bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm during germination. This study sought to identify associations between the presence of ricinosomes and programmed cell death (PCD) hallmarks in suspensor and endosperm cells predestined to die during quinoa seed development. METHODS A structural study using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy was performed. To detect the presence of Cys-EP, both western blot and in situ immunolocalization assays were carried out using anti-R. communis Cys-EP antibody. A TUNEL assay was used to determine DNA fragmentation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Except for the one or two cell layers that constitute the lasting endosperm in the mature seed, ricinosomes were found in suspensor and endosperm cells. These cells were also the site of morphological abnormalities, including misshapen and fragmented nuclei, vesiculation of the cytosol, vacuole collapse and cell wall disorganization. It is proposed that, in suspensor and endosperm cells, the early detection of Cys-EP in ricinosomes predicts the occurrence of PCD during late seed development.
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Hill RD, Huang S, Stasolla C. Hemoglobins, programmed cell death and somatic embryogenesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 211:35-41. [PMID: 23987809 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a universal process in all multicellular organisms. It is a critical component in a diverse number of processes ranging from growth and differentiation to response to stress. Somatic embryogenesis is one such process where PCD is significantly involved. Nitric oxide is increasingly being recognized as playing a significant role in regulating PCD in both mammalian and plant systems. Plant hemoglobins scavenge NO, and evidence is accumulating that events that modify NO levels in plants also affect hemoglobin expression. Here, we review the process of PCD, describing the involvement of NO and plant hemoglobins in the process. NO is an effector of cell death in both plants and vertebrates, triggering the cascade of events leading to targeted cell death that is a part of an organism's response to stress or to tissue differentiation and development. Expression of specific hemoglobins can alter this response in plants by scavenging the NO, thus, interrupting the death process. Somatic embryogenesis is used as a model system to demonstrate how cell-specific expression of different classes of hemoglobins can alter the embryogenic process, affecting hormone synthesis, cell metabolite levels and genes associated with PCD and embryogenic competence. We propose that plant hemoglobins influence somatic embryogenesis and PCD through cell-specific expression of a distinct plant hemoglobin. It is based on the premise that both embryogenic competence and PCD are strongly influenced by cellular NO levels. Increases in cellular NO levels result in elevated Zn(2+) and reactive-oxygen species associated with PCD, but they also result in decreased expression of MYC2, a transcription factor that is a negative effector of indoleacetic acid synthesis, a hormone that positively influences embryogenic competence. Cell-specific hemoglobin expression reduces NO levels as a result of NO scavenging, resulting in cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hill
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Krajnáková J, Bertolini A, Zoratti L, Gömöry D, Häggman H, Vianello A. Changes in ATP, glucose-6-phosphate and NAD(P)H cellular levels during the proliferation and maturation phases of Abies alba Mill. embryogenic cultures. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1099-110. [PMID: 24200583 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adenosine triphospate (ATP), glucose-6-phosphate (glu-6P) and reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) cellular levels during the proliferation and maturation phases of Abies alba Mill. somatic embryos. For a better understanding of the dynamics of these parameters during the proliferation cycle, four embryonic cell lines were tested. During the maturation period, three independent experiments were conducted, focused on the effects of PEG-4000 (5 or 10% (w/v)) and abscisic acid (16, 32 or 64 μM) applied together (Experiments A and B) or with addition of gibberellic acid (Experiment C) on the dynamics of bio-energetic molecules and on the mean number of cotyledonary somatic embryos. Our results demonstrated that the cellular levels of bio-energetic molecules strongly depended on the composition of maturation media. Generally, the higher the number of cotyledonary embryos produced, the higher the level of ATP observed after a 2-week maturation period. The cellular level of ATP, glu-6P and NAD(P)H increased, particularly after the transition from the proliferation to the maturation phase when the differentiation and growth of somatic embryos occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krajnáková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Czech Republic
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