1
|
Importance of GWAS in finding un-targeted genetic association of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
2
|
Aronica L, Volek J, Poff A, D'agostino DP. Genetic variants for personalised management of very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2020; 3:363-373. [PMID: 33521546 PMCID: PMC7841814 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, adequate-protein diet proven to be effective for the reversal of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and holding therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of other chronic diseases. Genetic and dynamic markers of KD response may help to identify individuals most likely to benefit from KD and point to individuals at higher risk for adverse health outcomes. Here, we provide a clinician-friendly review of state-of-the-art research on biomarkers of KD response for a variety of outcomes including weight loss, body composition and cognitive performance drawing data from both intervention trials and case reports of rare inborn errors of metabolism. We also present a selection of the most promising candidate genes to evaluate in future studies and discuss key aspects of study design and variant interpretation that may help accelerate the implementation of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Aronica
- Nutrition Science, Metagenics Inc, Gig Harbor, Washington, USA.,Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeff Volek
- Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Angela Poff
- Medicine Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dominic P D'agostino
- Medicine Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smith CE, Van Rompay MI, Mattei J, Garcia JF, Garcia-Bailo B, Lichtenstein AH, Tucker KL, Ordovás JM. Dietary fat modulation of hepatic lipase variant -514 C/T for lipids: a crossover randomized dietary intervention trial in Caribbean Hispanics. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:592-600. [PMID: 28939642 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic lipase (LIPC) locus is a well-established determinant of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, an association that is modified by dietary fat in observational studies. Dietary interventions are lacking. We investigated dietary modulation of LIPC rs1800588 (-514 C/T) for lipids and glucose using a randomized crossover design comparing a high-fat Western diet and a low-fat traditional Hispanic diet in individuals of Caribbean Hispanic descent (n = 42, 4 wk/phase). No significant gene-diet interactions were observed for HDL-C. However, differences in dietary response according to LIPC genotype were observed. In major allele carriers (CC/CT), HDL-C (mmol/l) was higher following the Western diet compared with the Hispanic diet: phase 1 (Western: 1.3 ± 0.03; Hispanic: 1.1 ± 0.04; P = 0.0004); phase 2 (Western: 1.4 ± 0.03; Hispanic: 1.2 ± 0.03; P = 0.0003). In contrast, HDL-C in TT individuals did not differ by diet. Only major allele carriers benefited from the higher-fat diet for HDL-C. Secondarily, we explored dietary fat quality and rs1800588 for HDL-C and triglycerides (TG) in a Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS) subset matched for diabetes and obesity status (subset n = 384). In the BPRHS, saturated fat was unfavorably associated with HDL-C and TG in rs1800588 TT carriers. LIPC rs1800588 appears to modify plasma lipids in the context of dietary fat. This new evidence of genetic modulation of dietary responses may inform optimal and personalized dietary fat advice and reinforces the importance of studying genetic markers in diet and cardiometabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Smith
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; .,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M I Van Rompay
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Mattei
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J F Garcia
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - B Garcia-Bailo
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A H Lichtenstein
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - K L Tucker
- Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - J M Ordovás
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; and.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentación (IMDEA-FOOD), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Verma P, Verma DK, Sethi R, Singh S, Krishna A. The rs2070895 (-250G/A) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Hepatic Lipase (HL) Gene and the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in North Indian Population: A Case-Control Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:GC01-6. [PMID: 27656463 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/20496.8378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in lipid transport genes have been shown to be associated with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). The Hepatic Lipase (HL)glycoprotein is a key component that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids in all major classes of lipoproteins. AIM We studied whether the HL gene-250G/A polymorphism affect blood lipid level and the CAD in a North Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total number of 477 subjects were enrolled in the study after approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. Out of 477 subjects, 233 were with coronary artery disease as study group and 244 subjects without coronary artery disease as control group. All subjects recruited with matched ethnicity in age group of 40-70 years. Blood samples were collected in EDTA vials and genomic DNA was extracted from blood using the phenol-chloroform method. Lipid profile was estimated by using a commercially available kit. Polymorphisms in the HL (-250 G/A) gene were analysed by using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) method. The effect of this polymorphism on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and coronary artery disease was determined. RESULTS In Human Hepatic Lipase (LIPC)-250G/A genotype, the frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotype in CAD group was 80.69%, 15.45% and 3.86%, respectively; in the control group, the corresponding frequencies were 90.16%, 9.02% and 0.82%, respectively. A significant difference was found in the genotype (LIPC-250G/A) distribution between the two groups. Further logistic regression analysis indicated that the GA and AA genotypes in SNP-250G/A were significantly associated with CAD in all genetic models (In codominant model- GA vs. GG, OR=1.91, 95% CI=1. 09-3.37, p=0. 03 and AA vs. GG, OR= 5.26, 95% CI= 1.10-24.60, p=0.04; in dominant model- GA+AA vs. GG, OR=2.19, p=0.004 and in recessive model- AA vs. GG+GA, OR=5.26, p=0.04 whereas, A allele at nucleotide -250G/A in the LIPC gene had an association with increased risk of CAD (OR=2.33, p=<0.008). CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that the higher frequency of a dominant model (GA+AA) as well as mutant allele A of LIPC-250 G/A polymorphism is significantly associated with risk of CAD and the lipid profile can be used as a predictor of CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Verma
- Ph.D Student, Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dileep Kumar Verma
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishi Sethi
- Professor, Department of Cardiology, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shraddha Singh
- Professor, Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh Krishna
- Scholar, Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent findings on the role of genetic factors in the aetiopathology of CAD have implicated novel genes and variants in addition to those involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. However, our present knowledge is limited due to lack of clarity on their exact identity and the quantum of impact on disease susceptibility, and incident risk. It is a matter of great interest to understand the role of genetic factors in ethnic populations that have a strong underlying predisposition to CAD such as the South Asian populations, particularly among Asian Indians living in India and abroad. Although, a number of isolated studies do implicate certain gene polymorphisms towards enhanced disease susceptibility, the available data remains scanty and inconclusive as they have not been validated in large, prospective cohorts. The present review aims to consolidate the available literature on the genetics of CAD in Asian Indians and seeks to provide insights on the concerns that need to be addressed in future studies to generate information having clinical value.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Zhang D, Ling J, Lu W, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Lai M. Gender specific effect of LIPC C-514T polymorphism on obesity and relationship with plasma lipid levels in Chinese children. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2296-306. [PMID: 26282880 PMCID: PMC4568933 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipase (LIPC) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in lipoprotein catabolism pathways involved in the development of obesity. The C-514T polymorphism in the promoter region is associated with decreased LIPC activity. We performed a case-controlled study (850 obese children and 2119 controls) and evaluated the association between LIPC C-514T polymorphism, obesity and plasma lipid profile in Chinese children and adolescents. Additionally, we conducted a meta-analysis of all results from published studies as well as our own data. A significant association between the polymorphism and obesity is observed in boys (P = 0.042), but not in girls. And we observed a significant relationship of the polymorphism with total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) independent of obesity in boys. The T allele carriers have higher levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in obese boys, and triglyceride (TG), TC and LDL-C in non-obese girls (all P < 0.05). In the meta-analysis, under dominant model the T allele increased body mass index (BMI) level in boys, while it decreased BMI in girls, and increased the levels of TC both in the overall and subgroups, TG and HDL-C in the overall and boys, and LDL-C in the overall (all P < 0.05). Our results suggest that the T allele might carry an increased risk of obesity in Chinese boys. The meta-analysis suggests that T allele acts as a risk allele for higher BMI levels in male childhood, while it is a protective allele in female childhood. And the polymorphism is associated with the levels of plasma lipids, which may be modulated by obesity and gender.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Ling
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abdullah MMH, Jones PJH, Eck PK. Nutrigenetics of cholesterol metabolism: observational and dietary intervention studies in the postgenomic era. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:523-43. [PMID: 26117841 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is a well-defined responder to dietary intakes and a classic biomarker of cardiovascular health. For this reason, circulating cholesterol levels have become key in shaping nutritional recommendations by health authorities worldwide for better management of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of mortality and one of the most costly health problems globally. Data from observational and dietary intervention studies, however, highlight a marked between-individual variability in the response of cholesterol metabolism to similar dietary protocols, a phenomenon linked to genetic heterogeneity. This review summarizes the postgenomic evidence of polymorphisms within cholesterol-associated genes relative to fasting circulating cholesterol levels under diverse nutritional conditions. A number of cholesterol-related gene-diet interactions are confirmed, which may have clinical importance, supporting a deeper look into the rapidly emerging field of nutrigenetics for meaningful conclusions that may eventually lead to genetically targeted dietary recommendations in the era of personalized nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M H Abdullah
- M.M.H. Abdullah, P.J.H. Jones, and P.K. Eck are with the Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. P.J.H. Jones is with the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter J H Jones
- M.M.H. Abdullah, P.J.H. Jones, and P.K. Eck are with the Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. P.J.H. Jones is with the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter K Eck
- M.M.H. Abdullah, P.J.H. Jones, and P.K. Eck are with the Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. P.J.H. Jones is with the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu M, Ng SS, Bray GA, Ryan DH, Sacks FM, Ning G, Qi L. Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial. J Nutr 2015; 145:1289-94. [PMID: 25926410 PMCID: PMC4442119 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic lipase (HL) plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of HDL and LDL. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified common variants in the HL gene (LIPC) associated with HDL cholesterol. OBJECTIVE We tested the effect of a common variant in LIPC on changes in blood lipids in response to weight-loss diets in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies Trial. METHODS We genotyped LIPC rs2070895 in 743 overweight or obese adults aged 30-70 y (61% women) who were assigned to high-fat (40% energy) or low-fat (20% energy) diets for 2 y. We measured serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol at baseline and 2 y of intervention. RESULTS At 2 y of intervention, dietary fat modified effects of the variant on changes in serum TC, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol (P-interaction: 0.0008, 0.004, and 0.03, respectively). In the low-fat group, as compared to the G allele, the A allele tended to be related to the decrease in TC and LDL cholesterol concentrations [TC (β ± SE): -5.5 ± 3.0, P = 0.07; LDL cholesterol: -4.8 ± 2.5, P = 0.06] and a lower increase in HDL cholesterol concentrations (β ± SE: -1.37 ± 0.69, P = 0.048), whereas an opposite effect in the high-fat diet group was evident [TC (β ± SE): 7.3 ± 2.7, P = 0.008; LDL cholesterol: 4.1 ± 2.3, P = 0.07], and there was no genetic effect on changes in HDL cholesterol concentrations (P = 0.54). CONCLUSION Dietary fat intake modifies the effect of a common variant in LIPC on changes in serum lipids during a long-term weight-loss intervention in overweight or obese adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00072995.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China;
| | - San San Ng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, GenoVive, New Orleans, LA
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Donna H Ryan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China;,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khabour OF, Alomari MA, Alzoubi KH, Gharaibeh MY, Alhashimi FH. Lack of Association between Polymorphisms of Hepatic Lipase with Lipid Profile in Young Jordanian Adults. Lipid Insights 2014; 7:1-5. [PMID: 25278769 PMCID: PMC4167487 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hepatic lipase (LIPC) gene encodes hepatic lipase, an enzyme involved in lipoprotein metabolism and regulation. Therefore, variants in LIPC gene may influence plasma lipoprotein levels. In this study, the association of LIPC C-514T and G-250A polymorphisms with plasma lipid profiles in 348 young Jordanians was investigated. Genotyping of C-514T and G-250A was performed by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent digestion with DraI and NiaIII restriction enzymes, respectively, while Roche analyzer was used to determine plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-and high-density lipoprotein. The G-250 and C-514 alleles were most abundant in Jordanians with 79 and 80% frequencies, respectively. Additionally, no difference was found in the lipid–lipoprotein profile between the different genotype groups of C-514T or G-250A polymorphisms, even when males and females were examined separately (P > 0.05). In young Jordanian adults, the examined LIPC polymorphisms seem to play a limited role in determining the lipid profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud A Alomari
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Y Gharaibeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Farah H Alhashimi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Konstantinidou V, Daimiel L, Ruiz LAD, Ordovás JM. Personalized nutrition and cardiovascular disease prevention: From Framingham to PREDIMED. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:368S-71S. [PMID: 24829490 PMCID: PMC4013195 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.005686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is considered the cornerstone for the prevention of age-related diseases, and a low-fat diet has been considered for decades as the most suitable alternative to achieve this goal. However, mounting evidence supports the efficacy of other alternatives, such as the Mediterranean diet. Nevertheless, it is well known that people present a dramatic range of responses to similar environmental challenges, and it has been shown that some of this variability is rooted in the genome. In fact, this knowledge is driving the field of nutrigenetics. The finding of interactions between diet and genetic variants has led to intense research and debate about the effectiveness of personalized nutrition as a more suitable tool for the prevention of chronic diseases than the traditional 1-size-fits-all recommendations. Here, we provide some of our own examples that illustrate the progression of nutrigenetics through the years, from the initial studies within the Framingham Heart Study, to the most recent use of large consortia, such as the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, and ending up with large dietary intervention studies, such as the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study. These recent approaches are providing more robust and clinically relevant gene-diet interactions. Therefore, although the current evidence level of applying genomic information to tailoring is at its early stages, the prospect of widespread incorporation of nutrigenetics to the clinical practice is encouraging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jose M Ordovás
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain; Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA; and National Center of Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Todur SP, Ashavaid TF. Association of CETP and LIPC Gene Polymorphisms with HDL and LDL Sub-fraction Levels in a Group of Indian Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J Clin Biochem 2014; 28:116-23. [PMID: 24426196 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest to understand the molecular basis of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) subfractions and their association with coronary artery disease (CAD). The formation of these subfractions is greatly influenced by hepatic lipase (HL) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) enzymes. To identify genetic markers influencing LDL and HDL subfractions and their role in CAD we performed a case-control genetic association study on 117 healthy controls and 119 angiographically verified CAD patients. Biochemical analysis was performed using standard assays. HDL-C and LDL-C subfractions were estimated using precipitation methods. Genotyping of C-514T (rs1800588) in the LIPC gene for HL and I405V (rs5882) in the CETP gene was done using PCR-based restriction enzyme analysis and sequencing. Both the polymorphisms were not associated with CAD. The C-514T was associated with increased HDL3-C levels in controls (P = 0.049). The I405V polymorphism was found to be associated with low levels of small dense, LDL (P = 0.038). A multiple regression analysis showed that the effects were dependent on gender and triglyceride levels. We conclude that these polymorphisms are not associated with CAD but are important determinants of HDL-C and small dense LDL particles in our population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema P Todur
- Research Laboratories, P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Center, V. S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 40 0016 India
| | - Tester F Ashavaid
- Research Laboratories, P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Center, V. S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 40 0016 India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Daimiel L, Vargas T, Ramírez de Molina A. Nutritional genomics for the characterization of the effect of bioactive molecules in lipid metabolism and related pathways. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2266-89. [PMID: 22887150 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thus, investigators have focused their efforts on gaining insight into understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of these diseases. In the past decade, and with the contribution of the -omics technologies, strong evidence has supported an essential role of gene-nutrient interactions in these processes, pointing at natural bioactive molecules as promising complementary agents that are useful in preventing or mitigating these diseases. In addition, alterations in lipid metabolism have recently gained strong interest since they have been described as a common event required for the progression of both diseases. In the present review, we give an overview of lipid metabolism, mainly focusing on lipoprotein metabolism and the mechanisms controlling lipid homeostasis. In addition, we review the modulation of lipid metabolism by bioactive molecules, highlighting their potential use as therapeutic agents in preventing, and treating chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Finally, we report the usefulness of the -omics technologies in nutritional research, focusing on recent findings, within nutritional genomics, in the interaction of bioactive components from foods with several genes that are involved in the development and progression of these diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu M, Li Z, Fang DZ. A high carbohydrate diet induces the beneficial effect of the CC genotype of hepatic lipase C-514T polymorphism on the apoB100/apoAI ratio only in young Chinese males. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2012; 72:563-9. [PMID: 22935046 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2012.705889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Both diet and genetic background have profound effects on plasma lipid profiles. It was hypothesized that a high carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet could affect the ratios of serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apo) differently in subjects with different genotypes of the C-514T hepatic lipase rs1800588 polymorphism. Fifty-six healthy university students were given a stabilization diet of 54.1% carbohydrate for 7 days, followed with a high-CHO diet of 70.1% carbohydrate for 6 days. Body composition, serum lipids, apolipoproteins and the hepatic lipase C-514T rs1800588 polymorphism were analyzed. The ratios of serum lipids and apolipoproteins were calculated afterwards. At baseline, females have significantly lower waist circumference (WC) (CC genotype: p = 0.049; T carriers: p = 0.015) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (CC genotype: p = 0.019; T carriers: p = 0.000) than males. When compared with those before the high-CHO diet, the body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.043) and WC (p = 0.048) were significantly decreased in the male T carriers, the TG/HDL-C ratios were significantly increased in females (CC genotype: p = 0.047; T carriers: p = 0.003). The TC/HDL-C ratios were significantly decreased in males (CC genotype: p = 0.000; T carriers: p = 0.003). And the LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were significantly decreased in all subjects (males with the CC genotype: p = 0.001; male T carriers: p = 0.000; females with the CC genotype: p = 0.018; female T carriers: p = 0.006). However, the apoB100/apoAI ratio was only significantly decreased in male CC genotype after the high-CHO diet (p = 0.005).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minshan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Diet, genetics, and disease: a focus on the middle East and north Africa region. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:109037. [PMID: 22536488 PMCID: PMC3321453 DOI: 10.1155/2012/109037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region suffers a drastic change from a traditional diet to an industrialized diet. This has led to an unparalleled increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases. This review discusses the role of nutritional genomics, or the dietary signature, in these dietary and disease changes in the MENA. The diet-genetics-disease relation is discussed in detail. Selected disease categories in the MENA are discussed starting with a review of their epidemiology in the different MENA countries, followed by an examination of the known genetic factors that have been reported in the disease discussed, whether inside or outside the MENA. Several diet-genetics-disease relationships in the MENA may be contributing to the increased prevalence of civilization disorders of metabolism and micronutrient deficiencies. Future research in the field of nutritional genomics in the MENA is needed to better define these relationships.
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
The challenges for molecular nutrition research 1: linking genotype to healthy nutrition. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 3:41-9. [PMID: 18850186 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-008-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition science finds itself at a major crossroad. On the one hand we can continue the current path, which has resulted in some substantial advances, but also many conflicting messages which impair the trust of the general population, especially those who are motivated to improve their health through diet. The other road is uncharted and is being built over the many exciting new developments in life sciences. This new era of nutrition recognizes the complex relation between the health of the individual, its genome, and the life-long dietary exposure, and has lead to the realisation that nutrition is essentially a gene-environment interaction science. This review on the relation between genotype, diet and health is the first of a series dealing with the major challenges in molecular nutrition, analyzing the foundations of nutrition research. With the unravelling of the human genome and the linking of its variability to a multitude of phenotypes from "healthy" to an enormously complex range of predispositions, the dietary modulation of these propensities has become an area of active research. Classical genetic approaches applied so far in medical genetics have steered away from incorporating dietary effects in their models and paradoxically, most genetic studies analyzing diet-associated phenotypes and diseases simply ignore diet. Yet, a modest but increasing number of studies are accounting for diet as a modulator of genetic associations. These range from observational cohorts to intervention studies with prospectively selected genotypes. New statistical and bioinformatics approaches are becoming available to aid in design and evaluation of these studies. This review discusses the various approaches used and provides concrete recommendations for future research.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rudkowska I, Vohl MC. Interaction between diets, polymorphisms and plasma lipid levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and rate of progression is determined by genetic, environmental and behavioural factors. Majority of genotype-diet-CVD phenotype research till date has focussed on the interactive impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and dietary fat composition, on blood lipids levels, with strong evidence of the existence of hypo- and hyper-responders. However, a recognised concern in the field of nutrigenetics is a lack of consistency between findings of different studies. This apparent lack of consistency is likely to be attributable to the impact of factors such as ethnicity and gender on the 'size' of nutrigenetic interactions, a clear understanding of which needs to be gained. Although not yet ready for widespread use, in the future a greater use of genetic profiling is likely to enhance current strategies of CVD prediction, and improve the design of more personalised approaches to minimise risk in the individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Minihane
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ganzel BL, Morris PA, Wethington E. Allostasis and the human brain: Integrating models of stress from the social and life sciences. Psychol Rev 2010; 117:134-74. [PMID: 20063966 PMCID: PMC2808193 DOI: 10.1037/a0017773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We draw on the theory of allostasis to develop an integrative model of the current stress process that highlights the brain as a dynamically adapting interface between the changing environment and the biological self. We review evidence that the core emotional regions of the brain constitute the primary mediator of the well-established association between stress and health, as well as the neural focus of wear and tear due to ongoing adaptation. This mediation, in turn, allows us to model the interplay over time between context, current stressor exposure, internal regulation of bodily processes, and health outcomes. We illustrate how this approach facilitates the integration of current findings in human neuroscience and genetics with key constructs from stress models from the social and life sciences, with implications for future research and the design of interventions targeting individuals at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Ganzel
- Department of Human Development, MVR Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
De Silva DA, Woon FP, Chen CLH, Chang HM, Wong MC. Ethnic South Asian ischaemic stroke patients have a higher prevalence of a family history of vascular disease compared to age, gender and diabetes-matched ethnic Chinese subjects. J Neurol Sci 2009; 285:118-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
Steemburgo T, Azevedo MJ, Martínez JA. Interação entre gene e nutriente e sua associação à obesidade e ao diabetes melito. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 53:497-508. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A genômica nutricional avalia o efeito da variação genética na interação entre dieta e doenças crônicas. O objetivo deste manuscrito foi revisar os principais polimorfismos associados à obesidade, ao diabetes melito e também aos fatores da dieta. As principais interações entre polimorfismos genéticos e dieta foram: para obesidade: interleucina-6 (IL-6) com consumo energético; receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma gama 2 (PPAR-gama2) e fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) com consumo de gorduras; receptor β-adrenérgico 2 (ADRB2) e receptor da melanocortina-4 (MCR4) com consumo de carboidratos; para perda de peso: proteínas desacopladoras (UCPs) com restrição calórica; para leptinemia: receptor da leptina (LEPR) com restrição calórica; para diabetes melito: PPAR-gama2 com consumo de gordura; para hipertrigliceridemia: proteína transportadora de ácidos graxos 2 (FABP2) com consumo de gordura. Os dados apresentados sugerem que a genômica nutricional é importante ao desenvolvimento da obesidade e do diabetes melito.
Collapse
|
22
|
Fat Intake Influences the Effect of the Hepatic Lipase C-514T Polymorphism on HDL-Cholesterol Levels in Children. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:744-9. [DOI: 10.3181/0812-rm-373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the hepatic lipase gene have been associated with variability in plasma HDL-C concentrations, but contradictory results have been reported regarding the effect of diet on this association in adults. In our study, we examined whether dietary fat intake modified the association between lipid levels and the C-514T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC C-514T) in prepubescent children. The LIPC C-514T polymorphism was determined by PCR and restriction analysis in 1260 healthy school children, aged 6–8. Information on the children’s nutrient intake was obtained by means of a validated food frequency questionnaire. We found that regardless of gender, carriers of the minor allele had significantly higher apo A-I levels compared to noncarrier subjects. The effect of the polymorphism, however, was modified by dietary fat intake. In boys, the presence of the LIPC C-514T polymorphism was associated with significantly higher HDL-C among children within the highest tertiles of total, saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fat intake. Apo A-I levels were significantly higher in carriers of the LIPC C-514T polymorphism, but only among boys who consumed high total as well as monounsaturated fat and among girls who consumed high total, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat. Our data show that dietary fat intake modifies the effect of the LIPC C-514T polymorphism on plasma HDL-C and apo A-I levels in prepubescent children, being associated with higher levels of HDL-C and apo A-I only when fat intake is high. This significant gene-nutrient interaction could help to explain inter-individual variations in the plasma lipid response to fat intake.
Collapse
|
23
|
Corella D. Diet-gene interactions between dietary fat intake and common polymorphisms in determining lipid metabolism. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2008. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.086408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
24
|
Boes E, Coassin S, Kollerits B, Heid IM, Kronenberg F. Genetic-epidemiological evidence on genes associated with HDL cholesterol levels: a systematic in-depth review. Exp Gerontol 2008; 44:136-60. [PMID: 19041386 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles exhibit multiple antiatherogenic effects. They are key players in the reverse cholesterol transport which shuttles cholesterol from peripheral cells (e.g. macrophages) to the liver or other tissues. This complex process is thought to represent the basis for the antiatherogenic properties of HDL particles. The amount of cholesterol transported in HDL particles is measured as HDL cholesterol (HDLC) and is inversely correlated with the risk for coronary artery disease: an increase of 1mg/dL of HDLC levels is associated with a 2% and 3% decrease of the risk for coronary artery disease in men and women, respectively. Genetically determined conditions with high HDLC levels (e.g. familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia) often coexist with longevity, and higher HDLC levels were found among healthy elderly individuals. HDLC levels are under considerable genetic control with heritability estimates of up to 80%. The identification and characterization of genetic variants associated with HDLC concentrations can provide new insights into the background of longevity. This review provides an extended overview on the current genetic-epidemiological evidence from association studies on genes involved in HDLC metabolism. It provides a path through the jungle of association studies which are sometimes confusing due to the varying and sometimes erroneous names of genetic variants, positions and directions of associations. Furthermore, it reviews the recent findings from genome-wide association studies which have identified new genes influencing HDLC levels. The yet identified genes together explain only a small amount of less than 10% of the HDLC variance, which leaves an enormous room for further yet to be identified genetic variants. This might be accomplished by large population-based genome-wide meta-analyses and by deep-sequencing approaches on the identified genes. The resulting findings will probably result in a re-drawing and extension of the involved metabolic pathways of HDLC metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Boes
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Silva DA, Woon FP, Chen C, Chang HM, Wong MC. Serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate is higher among ethnic South Asian compared to ethnic Chinese ischemic stroke patients. Is this attributable to metabolic syndrome or central obesity? J Neurol Sci 2008; 276:126-9. [PMID: 18930475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, a vascular risk factor, is more pronounced among ethnic South Asians compared to ethnic Chinese in the general population. We compared serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels between ethnic South Asian and Chinese acute ischemic stroke patients, and further investigated if metabolic syndrome or central obesity could account for any difference detected. We prospectively recruited consecutive ischemic stroke patients within seven days of onset. Measurement of serum ESR was performed within two days of admission. Median serum ESR was higher among the 55 ethnic South Asian (16 mm/h IQR 3-35) compared to the 165 ethnic Chinese patients (9 mm/h IQR 4-19), p=0.004). Serum ESR was correlated with age. Higher serum ESR was associated with female gender, non-smokers, patients with central obesity and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Using regression analysis, South Asian ethnicity remained significantly associated with serum ESR, independent of age, gender, smoking status, metabolic syndrome, central obesity and low HDL. Ethnic South Asian ischemic stroke patients have a higher inflammatory state compared to ethnic Chinese patients. As the higher inflammatory state is independent of demographic and risk factors, we propose an underlying genetic or cultural basis for the ethnic difference.
Collapse
|
26
|
Hepatic lipase gene -514C/T polymorphism in the Guangxi Hei Yi Zhuang and Han populations. Lipids 2008; 43:733-40. [PMID: 18592285 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hei Yi Zhuang is an isolated subgroup of the Zhuang minority in China. This study was designed to compare the difference in the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) -514C/T polymorphism and its association with lipid profiles between the Guangxi Hei Yi Zhuang and Han populations. Genotyping of the LIPC -514C/T was performed in 873 subjects of Hei Yi Zhuang and 867 participants of Han Chinese. The frequency of -514T allele was 43.47% in Hei Yi Zhuang, and 36.10% in Han (P < 0.001). The frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes were 30.01, 53.04 and 16.95% in Hei Yi Zhuang, and 40.95, 45.91 and 13.14% in Han (P < 0.001); respectively. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein B levels in both ethnic groups were higher in LIPC -514T carriers than in C carriers. In addition, serum triglyceride levels in Han were higher in TT genotype individuals than in CC genotype subjects (P < 0.05). Serum HDL-C levels were positively correlated with age, alcohol consumption and LIPC -514C/T genotypes, and negatively associated with hypertension and cigarette smoking in Hei Yi Zhuang (P < 0.05-0.01), whereas HDL-C levels were positively correlated with age, alcohol consumption and LIPC -514C/T genotypes, and negatively associated with body mass index and cigarette smoking in Han (P < 0.05-0.001). The differences in serum HDL-C levels between the two ethnic groups might partially attribute to the differences in the LIPC -514C/T polymorphism.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lindi V, Schwab U, Louheranta A, Vessby B, Hermansen K, Tapsell L, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Laakso M, Uusitupa MIJ. The G-250A polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene promoter is associated with changes in hepatic lipase activity and LDL cholesterol: The KANWU Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:88-95. [PMID: 17327141 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic lipase (HL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids from lipoproteins, and promotes the hepatic uptake of lipoproteins. A common G-250A polymorphism in the promoter of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) has been described. The aim was to study the effects of the G-250A polymorphism on HL activity, serum lipid profile and insulin sensitivity. METHODS AND RESULTS Altogether 151 healthy subjects (age 49+/-8 years, BMI 26.5+/-3.0kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned for 3 months to an isoenergetic diet containing either a high proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA diet) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA diet). Within groups there was a second random assignment to supplements with fish oil (3.6g n-3 FA/day) or placebo. At baseline, the A-250A genotype was associated with high serum LDL cholesterol concentration (P=0.030 among three genotypes). On the MUFA diet carriers of the A-250A genotype presented a greater decrease in LDL cholesterol concentration than subjects with other genotypes (P=0.007 among three genotypes). The rare -250A allele was related to low HL activity (P<0.001 among three genotypes). The diet did not affect the levels of HL activity among the genotypes. CONCLUSION The A-250A genotype of the LIPC gene was associated with high LDL cholesterol concentration, but the MUFA-enriched diet reduced serum LDL cholesterol concentration especially in subjects with the A-250A genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Lindi
- University of Kuopio, Department of Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grarup N, Andersen G. Gene-environment interactions in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10:420-6. [PMID: 17563459 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3281e2c9ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gene-environment interaction can be viewed as a departure from an otherwise expected additivity of genetic and environmental factors on a given outcome measure. Important genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and intermediary traits, probably modulated by their complex interaction. This paper provides an update on the current literature investigating gene-environment interactions of type 2 diabetes and metabolic phenotypes, and discusses the future perspectives of this research. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in gene-environment interaction studies of metabolism have involved LIPC, APOA5 and PPARG variation, and nutrition and physical activity, of which the most consistently replicated observations have been obtained for APOA5. Also, intervention studies of the promising TCF7L2 type 2 diabetes gene and possible future strategies are discussed. SUMMARY Possibly as a result of the complexity of these multifactorial diseases, recent years have seen only limited success in unravelling significant gene-environment interactions, but important insights have been gained and they hold promise for implementation in lifestyle intervention strategies. We need to evolve to more complex, but realistic, scenarios involving several genes and environmental factors. Recent progress in statistical methods allowing for higher-order interactions may make this possible.
Collapse
|
29
|
Harrap SB. Cardiovascular Genetics – Two Steps Forward, One Step Back. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2007. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v36n6p373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
|
30
|
Sirtori CR, Anderson JW, Arnoldi A. Nutritional and nutraceutical considerations for dyslipidemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.2.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
31
|
Franks PW, Mesa JL, Harding AH, Wareham NJ. Gene-lifestyle interaction on risk of type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007; 17:104-124. [PMID: 17011759 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The descriptive epidemiology of type 2 diabetes suggests that gene-lifestyle interactions are critical to the development of the condition. However, unravelling the molecular detail of these interactions is a complex task. The existing literature is based on small intervention studies or cross-sectional observational quantitative trait studies. Our systematic review of the literature identified some evidence of interactions, most notably for a common variant in the PPAR-gamma gene which appears to interact with the nature of dietary fat intake. Other interactions have been reported for adrenoceptors, uncoupling proteins, fatty acid binding proteins, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein lipase. There are, to date, no reports based on the ideal study design which is a case-control study nested within a cohort. To limit the likelihood of false discovery, such studies would need to be large and the search for interaction should be restricted to a priori biologically driven hypotheses. Additional study designs that examine differential response to lifestyle change or test interaction in the context of quantitative trait studies would complement the nested case-control approach, but the emphasis here should be on precision of measurement of both phenotype and lifestyle behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Franks
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Elsie Widdowson Laboratories, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nettleton JA, Steffen LM, Ballantyne CM, Boerwinkle E, Folsom AR. Associations between HDL-cholesterol and polymorphisms in hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase genes are modified by dietary fat intake in African American and White adults. Atherosclerosis 2006; 194:e131-40. [PMID: 17157861 PMCID: PMC2248232 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes involved in HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) metabolism influence plasma HDL-C concentrations. We examined whether dietary fat intake modified relations between HDL-C and polymorphisms in hepatic lipase (LIPC-514C-->T), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP TaqIB), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL S447X) genes. Diet (food frequency questionnaire), plasma lipids, and LIPC, CETP, and LPL genotypes were assessed in approximately 12,000 White and African American adults. In both races and all genotypes studied, minor allele homozygotes had highest HDL-C concentrations compared to the other genotypes (P<0.001). However, main effects were modified by usual dietary fat intake. In African Americans - women somewhat more strongly than men -LIPC TT homozygotes with fat intake >or=33.2% of energy had approximately 3-4 mg/dL higher HDL-C concentrations than CC and CT genotypes. In contrast, when fat intake was <33.2% of energy, TT homozygotes had HDL-C concentrations approximately 3.5mg/dL greater than those with the CC genotype but not different from those with the CT genotype (P(interaction)=0.013). In Whites, LPLGG homozygotes had greatest HDL-C at lower total, saturated, and monounsaturated fat intakes but lowest HDL-C at higher intakes of these fats (P(interaction)<or=0.002). Dietary fat did not modify associations between CETP and HDL-C. In conclusion, these data show that plasma HDL-C differs according to LIPC, LPL, and CETP genotypes. In the case of LIPC and LPL, data suggest dietary fat modifies these relations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Nettleton
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Manolio TA, Bailey-Wilson JE, Collins FS. Genes, environment and the value of prospective cohort studies. Nat Rev Genet 2006; 7:812-20. [PMID: 16983377 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Case-control studies have many advantages for identifying disease-related genes, but are limited in their ability to detect gene-environment interactions. The prospective cohort design provides a valuable complement to case-control studies. Although it has disadvantages in duration and cost, it has important strengths in characterizing exposures and risk factors before disease onset, which reduces important biases that are common in case-control studies. This and other strengths of prospective cohort studies make them invaluable for understanding gene-environment interactions in complex human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teri A Manolio
- National Human Genome Research Institute, 31 Center Drive, Room 4B09, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2154, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Age-dependent association between hepatic lipase gene C-480T polymorphism and the risk of pre-hospital sudden cardiac death: the Helsinki Sudden Death Study. Atherosclerosis 2006; 192:421-7. [PMID: 16793047 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between hepatic lipase (HL) C-480T polymorphism and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as well as pre-hospital sudden cardiac death (SCD). METHODS Seven hundred sudden or unnatural pre-hospital deaths of middle-aged (33-70 years, mean 53 years) Caucasian Finnish men were subjected to detailed autopsy (Helsinki Sudden Death Study). Genotype data were obtained for 682 men. RESULTS In logistic regression analysis with age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and alcohol consumption as covariates, men with the TT genotype had an increased risk for SCD and AMI compared to CC carriers (OR=3.0, P=0.011; and OR=3.7, P=0.003). There was a significant age-by-genotype interaction (P<0.05) on the risk of SCD. Compared to CC genotype carriers, the association between the TT genotype and SCD was particularly strong (P=0.001) among men <53 years of age, but this association was non-significant among older men. This was mainly due to a strong association between the TT genotype and AMI due to severe coronary disease in the absence of thrombosis. Carriers of the TT genotype were more likely to have severe coronary stenoses (> or =50%) than men with the CT or CC genotype (P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that HL C-480T polymorphism is a strong age-dependent risk factor of SCD in early middle-aged men.
Collapse
|
35
|
Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Rutter M. Measured Gene-Environment Interactions in Psychopathology: Concepts, Research Strategies, and Implications for Research, Intervention, and Public Understanding of Genetics. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2006; 1:5-27. [PMID: 26151183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is much curiosity about interactions between genes and environmental risk factors for psychopathology, but this interest is accompanied by uncertainty. This article aims to address this uncertainty. First, we explain what is and is not meant by gene-environment interaction. Second, we discuss reasons why such interactions were thought to be rare in psychopathology, and argue instead that they ought to be common. Third, we summarize emerging evidence about gene-environment interactions in mental disorders. Fourth, we argue that research on gene-environment interactions should be hypothesis driven, and we put forward strategies to guide future studies. Fifth, we describe potential benefits of studying measured gene-environment interactions for basic neuroscience, gene hunting, intervention, and public understanding of genetics. We suggest that information about nurture might be harnessed to make new discoveries about the nature of psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rutter
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rutter M, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006; 47:226-61. [PMID: 16492258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gene-environment interplay is a general term that covers several divergent concepts with different meanings and different implications. In this review, we evaluate research evidence on four varieties of gene-environment interplay. First, we consider epigenetic mechanisms by which environmental influences alter the effects of genes. Second, we focus on variations in heritability according to environmental circumstances. Third, we discuss what is known about gene-environment correlations. Finally, we assess concepts and findings on the interaction between specific identified genes and specific measured environmental risks. In order to provide an understanding of what may be involved in gene-environment interplay, we begin our presentation with a brief historical review of prevailing views about the role of genetic and environmental factors in the causation of mental disorders, and we provide a simplified account of some of the key features of how genes 'work'.
Collapse
|
37
|
Corella D, Ordovas JM. SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS THAT INFLUENCE LIPID METABOLISM: Interaction with Dietary Factors. Annu Rev Nutr 2005; 25:341-90. [PMID: 16011471 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. During the past few decades, much attention has focused on plasma lipoproteins as CVD risk factors. The current evidence supports the concept that gene-environment interactions modulate plasma lipid concentrations and potentially CVD risk. The findings from studies examining gene-diet interactions and lipid metabolism have been highly promising. Several loci (i.e., APOA1, APOA4, APOE, and LIPC) are providing proof-of-concept for the potential application of genetics in the context of personalized nutritional recommendations for CVD prevention. However, the incorporation of these findings to the clinical environment is not ready for prime time. There is a compelling need for replication using a higher level of scientific evidence. Moreover, we need to evolve from the simple scenarios examined nowadays (i.e., one single dietary component, single nucleotide polymorphism, and risk factor) to more realistic situations involving interactions between multiple genes, dietary components, and risk factors. In summary, there is need for both large population studies and well-standardized intervention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Corella
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Baum L, Ng MCY, So WY, Lam VKL, Wang Y, Poon E, Tomlinson B, Cheng S, Lindpaintner K, Chan JCN. Effect of hepatic lipase -514C->T polymorphism and its interactions with apolipoprotein C3 -482C->T and apolipoprotein E exon 4 polymorphisms on the risk of nephropathy in chinese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:1704-9. [PMID: 15983323 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles may promote the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Patients with diabetic nephropathy have increased plasma triglycerides and reduced activity of hepatic lipase (HL), which hydrolyzes triglycerides. We hypothesized that the HL -514C-->T polymorphism, which reduces HL expression, and its interactions with polymorphisms in apolipoprotein (apo) E and apoC3 increase the risk of diabetic nephropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a case-control study involving 374 Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with and 392 without diabetic nephropathy, we genotyped the HL -514C-->T, apoE exon 4, and apoC3 -482C-->T polymorphisms. RESULTS HL -514T-containing genotypes (T+) were associated with diabetic nephropathy (OR = 1.7, P = 0.0009). Adjustment by multiple logistic regression for hypertension, triglycerides, sex, non-HDL cholesterol, BMI, smoking, and alcohol intake did not diminish the association (OR = 1.8, P = 0.003). The association between HL T+ genotypes and diabetic nephropathy appeared stronger in diabetic patients with apoC3 -482 non-TT genotypes (OR = 1.9, P = 0.003) or apoE epsilon2 or epsilon4 alleles (OR = 2.2, P = 0.005). Subjects with HL TT exhibited trends toward increased triglyceride and non-HDL cholesterol levels compared with CC carriers. CONCLUSIONS HL T+ genotypes might increase the risk of developing diabetic nephropathy by slowing clearance of triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins. In concert with other risk factors (e.g., hyperglycemia), lipid abnormalities may damage the kidneys and endothelium, where reduced binding sites for lipases may precipitate a vicious cycle of dyslipidemia, proteinuria, and nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry Baum
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Newton-Cheh C, Hirschhorn JN. Genetic association studies of complex traits: design and analysis issues. Mutat Res 2005; 573:54-69. [PMID: 15829237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 01/09/2005] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Most common diseases and many important quantitative traits are complex genetic traits, with multiple genetic and environmental variables contributing to the observed phenotype. Because of the multi-factorial nature of complex traits, each individual genetic variant generally has only a modest effect, and the interaction of genetic variants with each other or with environmental factors can potentially be quite important in determining the observed phenotype. It remains largely unknown what sort of genetic variants explain inherited variation in complex traits, but recent evidence suggests that common genetic variants will explain at least some of the inherited variation in susceptibility to common disease. Genetic association studies, in which the allele or genotype frequencies at markers are determined in affected individuals and compared with those of controls (either population- or family-based), may be an effective approach to detecting the effects of common variants with modest effects. With the explosion in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and genotyping technologies, large-scale association studies have become feasible, and small-scale association studies have become plentiful. We review the different types of association studies and discuss issues that are important to consider when performing and interpreting association studies of complex genetic traits. Heritable and accurately measured phenotypes, carefully matched large samples, well-chosen genetic markers, and adequate standards in genotyping, analysis, and interpretation are all integral parts of a high-quality association study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, One Kendall Square, Building 300, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang C, Lopez-Ridaura R, Rimm EB, Rifai N, Hunter DJ, Hu FB. Interactions between the -514C->T polymorphism of the hepatic lipase gene and lifestyle factors in relation to HDL concentrations among US diabetic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:1429-35. [PMID: 15941898 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations are a hallmark of diabetic dyslipidemia. A common polymorphism (-514C-->T) of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC), which accounts for up to 30% of the variation in hepatic lipase activity, has been associated with low hepatic lipase activity and high HDL-cholesterol concentrations. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between this polymorphism and plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations and evaluated whether this association was modified by adiposity and dietary fat intake. DESIGN We followed men aged 40-75 y who participated in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study in 1986. Among 18 159 men who returned blood samples by 1994, 780 had confirmed type 2 diabetes at blood drawing or during follow-up to 1998 and were free of cardiovascular disease at blood drawing. RESULTS After adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, fasting status, glycated hemoglobin concentration, physical activity, and body mass index, HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in men with the C/T or T/T genotype than in those with the C/C genotype (adjusted x: 40.9 and 38.8 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.01). We observed significant LIPC -514 polymorphism x body mass index and LIPC -514 polymorphism x saturated fat intake interactions for HDL-cholesterol concentrations (P = 0.003 for both). The T allele was associated with higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations only in men who were not overweight or who had higher saturated fat intake. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the effects of -514C-->T of the LIPC gene on HDL concentrations were modified by saturated fat intake and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuilin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ehrich TH, Hrbek T, Kenney-Hunt JP, Pletscher LS, Wang B, Semenkovich CF, Cheverud JM. Fine-mapping gene-by-diet interactions on chromosome 13 in a LG/J x SM/J murine model of obesity. Diabetes 2005; 54:1863-72. [PMID: 15919810 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious threats to human health today. Although there is general agreement that environmental factors such as diet have largely caused the current obesity pandemic, the environmental changes have not affected all individuals equally. To model gene-by-environment interactions in a mouse model system, our group has generated an F(16) advanced intercross line (AIL) from the SM/J and LG/J inbred strains. Half of our sample was fed a low-fat (15% energy from fat) diet while the other half was fed a high-fat (43% energy from fat) diet. The sample was assayed for a variety of obesity- and diabetes-related phenotypes such as growth rate, response to glucose challenge, organ and fat pad weights, and serum lipids and insulin. An examination in the F(16) sample of eight adiposity quantitative trait loci previously identified in an F(2) intercross of SM/J and LG/J mouse strains reveals locus-by-diet interactions for all previously mapped loci. Adip7, located on proximal chromosome 13, demonstrated the most interactions and therefore was selected for fine mapping with microsatellite markers. Three phenotypic traits, liver weight in male animals, serum insulin in male animals, and reproductive fat pad weight, show locus-by-diet interactions in the 127-kb region between markers D13Mit1 and D13Mit302. The phosphofructokinase (PFK) C (Pfkp) and the pitrilysin metalloprotease 1 (Pitrm1) genes are compelling positional candidate genes in this region that show coding sequence differences between the parental strains in functional domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Ehrich
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fisler JS, Warden CH. Dietary fat and genotype: toward individualized prescriptions for lifestyle changes. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:1255-6. [PMID: 15941873 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
43
|
Manav M, Su J, Hughes K, Lee HP, Ong CN. Omega-3 fatty acids and selenium as coronary heart disease risk modifying factors in Asian Indian and Chinese males. Nutrition 2005; 20:967-73. [PMID: 15561485 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asian Indian men are reported to have a higher incidence of coronary heart disease than men of other ethnic groups worldwide. Among the many hypotheses, one possible risk factor may be related to their dietary habits. This study estimated the plasma concentrations of fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, and selenium in Indians and Chinese of Singapore. METHODS The study population consisted of 145 Indian men and 147 Chinese men ages 26 to 79 y from a cross-sectional survey, the National University of Singapore Heart Study. RESULTS Our findings indicated that Indians had lower plasma concentrations of docosahexanoic acid (3.07% versus 3.54%, P < 0.001), alpha-linolenic acid (0.48% versus 0.57%, P < 0.001), and total omega-3 fatty acids (4.71% versus 5.27%, P < 0.001) than did the Chinese. Arachidonic acid was higher in Indians (4.83%) than in the Chinese (4.51%, P = 0.007). The ratio of omega-3 acid to omega-6 fatty acid was also lower in Indians (0.15) than in the Chinese (0.16, P = 0.007). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids, but saturated fatty acids were higher in Indians (39.17%) than in the Chinese (38.28%, P < 0.001). Analysis of vitamins A, C, and E showed no significant differences between Indians (0.67, 5.72, and 13.04 mg/L, respectively) and Chinese (0.68, 6.48, and 12.71 mg/L, respectively); however, serum concentration of selenium in Indians (117.49 microg/L) was significantly lower than in the Chinese (126.72 microg/L, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results suggest that lower plasma concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids and selenium and higher concentrations of arachidonic acid and saturated fatty acids in Indians may reflect lower intakes of marine foods and, as a consequence, higher susceptibility to coronary heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manav Manav
- Department of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zacharova J, Todorova BR, Chiasson JL, Laakso M. The G-250A substitution in the promoter region of the hepatic lipase gene is associated with the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes: the STOP-NIDDM trial. J Intern Med 2005; 257:185-93. [PMID: 15656877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dyslipidaemia that includes high levels of triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Hepatic lipase gene encoding a lipolytic enzyme participating in remodelling of plasma lipoproteins and formation of serum lipid profile is a promising candidate gene for type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the G-250A promoter polymorphism of the LIPC gene predicts the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Study population comprised of subjects who participated in the STOP-NIDDM trial aiming to investigate the effect of acarbose compared with placebo on the prevention of type 2 diabetes in subjects with IGT. RESULTS Compared with subjects carrying the G-250G genotype, subjects with the A-250A genotype of the LIPC gene had a 2.35-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-4.33, P = 0.006] higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Subjects in the placebo group and all women carrying the A-250A genotype had an especially high risk for the conversion to type 2 diabetes [odds ratio (OR) 2.74, 95% CI 1.14-6.61, P = 0.024 and OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.35-10.1, P = 0.011 respectively]. CONCLUSION The G-250A promoter polymorphism of the LIPC gene is associated with an increased risk of development of type 2 diabetes in high-risk subjects with IGT. Therefore, genes regulating atherogenic dyslipidaemia are promising candidate genes for type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zacharova
- Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dyslipidaemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and can be modified by diet. However, the lipid response to dietary change may be influenced by genetic variation. This review examines recent research (published since August 2003) on the effect of genetic variation on the lipid response to dietary change. RECENT FINDINGS In 10 reports describing intervention studies and seven reports describing observational studies, the lipid response to diet was modified by polymorphisms within the genes for apoE, apoB, apoCIII, lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, endothelial lipase, the liver fatty acid-binding protein, the beta3-adrenergic receptor, adipsin and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. The studies varied widely in terms of the number and type of study participants, the composition and duration of the dietary interventions, the nutrients studied and dietary assessment methods used in the observational studies, and the polymorphisms analysed--some of which had not been studied before with regard to the lipid response to diet. SUMMARY The lipid response to dietary change is highly complex. Future studies will have to be large in order to assess the effects of multiple polymorphisms, and will have to control for many factors other than diet. At present, it is premature to recommend the use of genotyping in the design of therapeutic diets. However, such studies may be useful in identifying the mechanisms by which dietary components influence lipid levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey F Masson
- Epidemiology Group, Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Nutritional genomics has tremendous potential to change the future of dietary guidelines and personal recommendations. Nutrigenetics will provide the basis for personalized dietary recommendations based on the individual's genetic make up. This approach has been used for decades for certain monogenic diseases; however, the challenge is to implement a similar concept for common multifactorial disorders and to develop tools to detect genetic predisposition and to prevent common disorders decades before their manifestation. The preliminary results involving gene-diet interactions for cardiovascular diseases and cancer are promising, but mostly inconclusive. Success in this area will require the integration of different disciplines and investigators working on large population studies designed to adequately investigate gene-environment interactions. Despite the current difficulties, preliminary evidence strongly suggests that the concept should work and that we will be able to harness the information contained in our genomes to achieve successful aging using behavioral changes; nutrition will be the cornerstone of this endeavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nutritional genomics has tremendous potential to change the future of dietary guidelines and personal recommendations. Nutritional genomics covers nutrigenomics, which explores the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome and metabolome, and nutrigenetics, the major goal of which is to elucidate the effect of genetic variation on the interaction between diet and disease. Nutrigenetics has been used for decades in certain rare monogenic diseases such as phenylketonuria, and it has the potential to provide a basis for personalized dietary recommendations based on the individual's genetic makeup in order to prevent common multifactorial disorders decades before their clinical manifestation. RECENT FINDINGS Preliminary results regarding gene-diet interactions in cardiovascular diseases are for the most part inconclusive because of the limitations of current experimental designs. Success in this area will require the integration of various disciplines, and will require investigators to work on large population studies that are designed to investigate gene-environment interactions. SUMMARY Based on the current knowledge, we anticipate that in the future we will be able to harness the information contained in our genomes to achieve successful aging using behavioral changes, with nutrition being the cornerstone of this endeavor.
Collapse
|
48
|
Tai ES, Tan CE. Genes, diet and serum lipid concentrations: lessons from ethnically diverse populations and their relevance to coronary heart disease in Asia. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15:5-12. [PMID: 15166802 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200402000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Asia has risen in tandem with socio-economic development and urbanization. Although all ethnic groups have been affected, some appear to be at particularly high risk. The basis of these ethnic differences remains poorly understood. RECENT FINDINGS Differing levels of risk factors for CHD have been observed between ethnic groups. Previous studies, however, may be confounded by a large ethnic variation in socio-economic status and place of residence. Few studies have taken dietary factors into account. Recent studies involving Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians living in Singapore suggest that neither dietary nor genetic factors, taken in isolation, sufficiently explain ethnic differences in serum lipid profiles. Several genetic variants in key candidate genes (apolipoprotein E, APOE, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, CETP and hepatic lipase, LIPC) have recently been found to modulate the association between dietary factors and serum lipid concentrations in these ethnic groups and in other populations. SUMMARY To fully evaluate the differences in CHD risk between ethnic groups, environmental exposures, including dietary factors need to be carefully evaluated, and gene-environment interactions that may give rise to these differences need to be taken into account. These are critical steps in the development of targeted strategies to contain the epidemic of coronary heart disease in Asia. An understanding of the basis of these differences may also provide insights into the pathogenesis of disease that one cannot get through the examination of more homogenous populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Shyong Tai
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | | |
Collapse
|