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Zhu J, Gilbert RG. Starch molecular structure and diabetes. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 344:122525. [PMID: 39218548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Starch is a primary source of food energy for human beings. Its chain-length distribution (CLD) is a major structural feature influencing physiologically-important properties, such as digestibility and palatability, of starch-containing foods. Diabetes, which is of epidemic proportions in many countries, is related to the rate of starch digestion in foods. Isoforms of three biosynthesis enzymes, starch synthase, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes, control the CLDs of starch, which can be measured by methods such as size-exclusion chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Fitting observed CLDs to biosynthesis-based models based on the ratios of the activities of those isoforms yields biosynthesis-related parameters describing CLD features. This review examines CLD measurement, fitting CLDs to models, relations between CLDs, the occurrence and management of diabetes, and how plant breeders can develop varieties to optimize digestibility and palatability together, to develop starch-based foods with both a lower risk of diabetes and acceptable taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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2
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Zanbili F, Gozali Balkanloo P, Poursattar Marjani A. Semi-IPN polysaccharide-based hydrogels for effective removal of heavy metal ions and dyes from wastewater: a comprehensive investigation of performance and adsorption mechanism. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024:reveh-2024-0004. [PMID: 39236101 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2024-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The escalating issue of environmental pollutants necessitates efficient, sustainable, and innovative wastewater treatment technologies. This review comprehensively analyzes the mechanisms and isotherms underlying the adsorption processes of semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) polysaccharide-based hydrogels to remove heavy metal ions and dyes from wastewater. Polysaccharides are extensively utilized in hydrogel synthesis due to their biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, and non-toxic nature. The synthesis of these hydrogels as semi-IPNs enhances their mechanical and structural robustness and adsorption capacity. This review explores the key parameters affecting adsorption performance, including pH, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. Findings highlight that semi-IPN polysaccharide-based hydrogels exhibit remarkable adsorption capabilities through electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, and surface complexation. Furthermore, this review highlights the distinct advantages of semi-IPNs over other polymer networks. Semi-IPNs offer improved mechanical stability, higher adsorption efficiencies, and better reusability, making them a promising solution for wastewater treatment. Detailed isotherm models, including Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were studied to understand these hydrogels' adsorption behavior and capacity for different pollutants. This study highlights the potential of semi-IPN polysaccharide-based hydrogels as effective adsorbents for heavy metals and dyes and as a promising solution for mitigating environmental pollution. The insights provided herein contribute to developing advanced materials for environmental remediation, aligning with global sustainability goals, and advancing wastewater treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zanbili
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, 117045 Urmia University , Urmia, Iran
| | - Peyman Gozali Balkanloo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, 117045 Urmia University , Urmia, Iran
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Zhang Z, Huang Y, Wang R, Dong R, Li T, Gu Q, Li P. Utilizing chitosan and pullulan for the encapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZJ316 to enhance its vitality in the gastrointestinal tract. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129624. [PMID: 38262550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZJ316 has demonstrated effective alleviation of gastritis and colitis, making it crucial to improve its viability within the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, Chitosan (CS) and pullulan (PUL) encapsulated nanofibers of ZJ316 were prepared using electrospinning, considering both the synergistic effects of prebiotics and probiotics and their protective effects. We found that increasing the CS ratio resulted in elevated conductivity of the polymer solution, while decreasing viscosity and pH. Scanning electron microscopy showed that at a CS: PUL ratio of 1:135, polymer filaments were difficult to form, and nanofiber diameter decreased with higher CS content. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the miscibility of CS and PUL, while ATR-FTIR demonstrated the presence of hydrogen bonding interactions between the two materials. Thermal analysis indicated that an increased CS concentration improved the thermal stability of the nanofibers. Based on these findings, the optimal CS:PUL ratio for electrospinning was determined to be 1:60. Encapsulation of ZJ316 in the nanofibers significantly enhanced its survival rate in simulated gastrointestinal fluid compared to free bacteria, with survival rates of 87.24 % (gastric) and 79.71 % (intestinal), respectively. This study provides valuable insights for the development of probiotic functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yingjie Huang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ruomeng Dong
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qing Gu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.; Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.; Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310018, China..
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Rashid A, Qayum A, Liang Q, Kang L, Ekumah JN, Han X, Ren X, Ma H. Exploring the potential of pullulan-based films and coatings for effective food preservation: A comprehensive analysis of properties, activation strategies and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129479. [PMID: 38237831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Pullulan is naturally occurring polysaccharide exhibited potential applications for food preservation has gained increasing attention over the last half-century. Recent studies focused on efficient preservation and targeted inhibition using active composite ingredients and advanced technologies. This has led to the emergence of pullulan-based biofilm preservation. This review extensively studied the characteristics of pullulan-based films and coatings, including their mechanical strength, water vapor permeability, thermal stability, and potential as a microbial agent. Furthermore, the distinct characteristics of pullulan, production methods, and activation strategies, such as pullulan derivatization, various compounded ingredients (plant extracts, microorganisms, and animal additives), and other technologies (e.g., ultrasound), are thoroughly studied for the functional property enhancement of pullulan-based films and coatings, ensuring optimal preservation conditions for diverse food products. Additionally, we explore hypotheses that further illuminate pullulan's potential as an eco-friendly bioactive material for food packaging applications. In addition, this review evaluates various methods to improve the efficiency of the film-forming mechanism, such as improving the direct coating process, bioactive packaging films, and implementing layer-by-layer coatings. Finally, current analyses put forward suggestions for future advancement in pullulan-based bioactive films, with the aim of expanding their range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Rashid
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Abdul Qayum
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Qiufang Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Lixin Kang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - John-Nelson Ekumah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Xu Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China.
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
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Johansen OE, Curti D, von Eynatten M, Rytz A, Lahiry A, Delodder F, Ufheil G, D'Urzo C, Orengo A, Thorne K, Lerea-Antes JS. Oligomalt, a New Slowly Digestible Carbohydrate, Is Well Tolerated in Healthy Young Men and Women at Intakes Up to 180 Gram per Day: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:2752. [PMID: 37375656 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this randomized, double-blind triple-crossover study (NCT05142137), the digestive tolerance and safety of a novel, slowly digestible carbohydrate (SDC), oligomalt, an α-1,3/α-1,6-glucan α-glucose-based polymer, was assessed in healthy adults over three separate 7-day periods, comparing a high dose of oligomalt (180 g/day) or a moderate dose of oligomalt (80 g/day in combination with 100 g maltodextrin/day) with maltodextrin (180 g/day), provided as four daily servings in 300 mL of water with a meal. Each period was followed by a one-week washout. A total of 24 subjects (15 females, age 34 years, BMI 22.2 kg/m2, fasting blood glucose 4.9 mmol/L) were recruited, of whom 22 completed the course. The effects on the primary endpoint (the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Score (GSRS)) showed a statistically significant dose dependency, albeit of limited clinical relevance, between a high dose of oligomalt and maltodextrin (mean (95% CI) 2.29 [2.04, 2.54] vs. 1.59 [1.34, 1.83], respectively; difference: [-1.01, -0.4], p < 0.0001), driven by the GSRS-subdomains "Indigestion" and "Abdominal pain". The GSRS difference ameliorated with product exposure, and the GSRS in those who received high-dose oligomalt as their third intervention period was similar to pre-intervention (mean ± standard deviation: 1.6 ± 0.4 and 1.4 ± 0.3, respectively). Oligomalt did not have a clinically meaningful impact on the Bristol Stool Scale, and it did not cause serious adverse events. These results support the use of oligomalt across various doses as an SDC in healthy, normal weight, young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andreas Rytz
- Nestlé Research, Clinical Research Unit, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anirban Lahiry
- Nestlé Research, Clinical Research Unit, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerhard Ufheil
- Nestlé Research and Development Konolfingen, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 3510 Konolfingen, Switzerland
- Nestlé Product Technology Center NHS, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
| | | | - Audrey Orengo
- Société des Produits Nestlé, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kate Thorne
- Nestlé Health Science, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jaclyn S Lerea-Antes
- Nestlé Product Technology Center NHS, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
- Nestlé Health Science, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
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Zhu J, Bai Y, Gilbert RG. Effects of the Molecular Structure of Starch in Foods on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112263. [PMID: 37297507 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch provides approximately half of humans' food energy, and its structural features influence human health. The most important structural feature is the chain length distribution (CLD), which affects properties such as the digestibility of starch-containing foods. The rate of digestion of such foods has a strong correlation with the prevalence and treatment of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Starch CLDs can be divided into multiple regions of degrees of polymerization, wherein the CLD in a given region is predominantly, but not exclusively, formed by a particular set of starch biosynthesis enzymes: starch synthases, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes. Biosynthesis-based models have been developed relating the ratios of the various enzyme activities in each set to the CLD component produced by that set. Fitting the observed CLDs to these models yields a small number of biosynthesis-related parameters, which, taken together, describe the entire CLD. This review highlights how CLDs can be measured and how the model-based parameters obtained from fitting these distributions are related to the properties of starch-based foods significant for health, and it considers how this knowledge could be used to develop plant varieties to provide foods with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yeming Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Pullulan in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulations: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123353. [PMID: 36681225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pullulan, an α-glucan polysaccharide, is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, highly biocompatible, edible and biodegradable in nature. The long chains of glucopyranose rings in pullulan structure are linked together by α-(1 → 4) and α-(1 → 6) glycosidic linkages. The occurrence of both glycosidic linkages in the pullulan structure contributes to its distinctive properties. The unique structure of pullulan makes it a potent candidate for both pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications. In pharmaceuticals, it can be used as a drug carrier and in various dosage formulations. It has been widely used in drug targeting, implants, ocular dosage forms, topical formulations, oral dosage forms, and oral liquid formulations, etc. Pullulan can be used as a potential carrier of active ingredients and their site-specific delivery to skin layers for cosmeceutical applications. It has been extensively used in cosmeceutical formulations like creams, shampoo, lotions, sunscreen, facial packs, etc. The current review highlights applications of pullulan in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.
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Giuntini EB, Sardá FAH, de Menezes EW. The Effects of Soluble Dietary Fibers on Glycemic Response: An Overview and Futures Perspectives. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233934. [PMID: 36496742 PMCID: PMC9736284 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of each food, composition, and structure affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Dietary fiber (DF), especially viscous DF, can contribute to a reduction in the glycemic response resulting from the consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods. Target and control of postprandial glycemic values are critical for diabetes prevention and management. Some mechanisms have been described for soluble DF action, from the increase in chyme viscosity to the production of short-chain fatty acids resulting from fermentation, which stimulates gastrointestinal motility and the release of GLP-1 and PYY hormones. The postprandial glycemic response due to inulin and resistant starch ingestion is well established. However, other soluble dietary fibers (SDF) can also contribute to glycemic control, such as gums, β-glucan, psyllium, arabinoxylan, soluble corn fiber, resistant maltodextrin, glucomannan, and edible fungi, which can be added alone or together in different products, such as bread, beverages, soups, biscuits, and others. However, there are technological challenges to be overcome, despite the benefits provided by the SDF, as it is necessary to consider the palatability and maintenance of their proprieties during production processes. Studies that evaluate the effect of full meals with enriched SDF on postprandial glycemic responses should be encouraged, as this would contribute to the recommendation of viable dietary options and sustainable health goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Bistriche Giuntini
- Food Research Center (FoRC/CEPID/FAPESP), University of São Paulo (USP) Rua do Lago, 250 Cidade Universitária CEP, São Paulo 05508-080, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabiana Andrea Hoffmann Sardá
- Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Limerick (UL), V94XD21 Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (UL), V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute (UL), V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Elizabete Wenzel de Menezes
- Food Research Center (FoRC/CEPID/FAPESP), University of São Paulo (USP) Rua do Lago, 250 Cidade Universitária CEP, São Paulo 05508-080, Brazil
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The non-covalent interactions between whey protein and various food functional ingredients. Food Chem 2022; 394:133455. [PMID: 35732088 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In daily diet, Whey protein (WP) is often coexisted with various Food functional ingredients (FFI) such as proteins, polyphenols, polysaccharides and vitamins, which inevitably affect or interact with each other. Generally speaking, they may be interact by two different mechanisms: non-covalent and covalent interactions, of which the former is more common. We reviewed the non-covalent interactions between WP and various FFI, explained the effect of each WP-FFI interaction, and provided possible applications of WP-FFI complex in the food industry. The biological activity, physical and chemical stability of FFI, and the structure and functionalities of WP were enhanced through the non-covalent interactions. The development of non-covalent interactions between WP and FFI provides opportunities for the design of new ingredients and biopolymer complex, which can be applied in different fields. Future research will further focus on the influence of external or environmental factors in the food system and processing methods on interactions.
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Delodder F, Rytz A, Foltzer F, Lamothe L, d’Urzo C, Feraille-Naze L, Mauger J, Morlet J, Piccardi N, Philippe L, Caijo F, Schmitt J, Colombo Mottaz S. A Decentralized Study Setup Enables to Quantify the Effect of Polymerization and Linkage of α-Glucans on Post-Prandial Glucose Response. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051123. [PMID: 35268098 PMCID: PMC8912759 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the carbohydrate structure is associated with post-prandial glucose response and diverse health benefits. The aim of this study was to determine whether, thanks to the usage of minimally invasive glucose monitors, it was possible to evaluate, in a decentralized study setup, the post-prandial glycemic response (PPGR) of α-glucans differing systematically in their degree of polymerization (DP 3 vs. DP 60) and in their linkage structure (dextrin vs. dextran). Ten healthy subjects completed a double-blind, randomized, decentralized crossover trial, testing at home, in real life conditions, four self-prepared test beverages consisting of 25 g α-glucan dissolved in 300 mL water. The incremental area under the curve of the 120 min PPGR (2h-iAUC) was the highest for Dextrin DP 3 (163 ± 27 mmol/L*min), followed by Dextrin DP 60 (−25%, p = 0.208), Dextran DP 60 (−59%, p = 0.002), and non-fully caloric Resistant Dextrin (−68%, p = 0.002). These results show that a fully decentralized crossover study can be successfully used to assess the influence of both polymerization and structure of α-glucans on PPGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Delodder
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Andreas Rytz
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabien Foltzer
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Lisa Lamothe
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
| | | | - Ludivine Feraille-Naze
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Julia Mauger
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Justine Morlet
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Nathalie Piccardi
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Lionel Philippe
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
| | - François Caijo
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Jeroen Schmitt
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
- CHU Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Sara Colombo Mottaz
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.D.); (F.F.); (L.L.); (L.F.-N.); (J.M.); (J.M.); (N.P.); (L.P.); (F.C.); (J.S.); (S.C.M.)
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11
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12
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Alshammari NA, Taylor MA, Stevenson R, Gouseti O, Alyami J, Muttakin S, Bakalis S, Lovegrove A, Aithal GP, Marciani L. Effect of Intake of Food Hydrocolloids of Bacterial Origin on the Glycemic Response in Humans: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Nutrients 2021; 13:2407. [PMID: 34371917 PMCID: PMC8308568 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by increased blood glucose levels from dysfunctional carbohydrate metabolism. Dietary intervention can help to prevent and manage the disease. Food hydrocolloids have been shown to have favorable properties in relation to glycaemic regulation. However, the use of food hydrocolloids of bacterial origin to modulate glucose responses is much less explored than other types of hydrocolloids. We, therefore, carried out the first review examining the impact of intake of food hydrocolloids of bacterial origin (as a direct supplement or incorporated into foods) on glycemic response in humans. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. They used either xanthan gum, pullulan, or dextran as interventions. There was a wide variation in the amount of hydrocolloid supplementation provided and methods of preparation. Postprandial blood glucose responses were reduced in half of the studies, particularly at higher intake levels and longer chain hydrocolloids. When xanthan gum was added to the cooking process of muffins and rice, a significant reduction in postprandial blood glucose was observed. The use of these hydrocolloids is potentially effective though more research is needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah A. Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
- Translational Medical Sciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Moira A. Taylor
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Rebecca Stevenson
- Precision Imaging Beacon, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Ourania Gouseti
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Jaber Alyami
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syahrizal Muttakin
- Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Jakarta 12540, Indonesia;
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Serafim Bakalis
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.G.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- Translational Medical Sciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Luca Marciani
- Translational Medical Sciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
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13
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Gangoiti J, Corwin SF, Lamothe LM, Vafiadi C, Hamaker BR, Dijkhuizen L. Synthesis of novel α-glucans with potential health benefits through controlled glucose release in the human gastrointestinal tract. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:123-146. [PMID: 30525940 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1516621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The glycemic carbohydrates we consume are currently viewed in an unfavorable light in both the consumer and medical research worlds. In significant part, these carbohydrates, mainly starch and sucrose, are looked upon negatively due to their rapid and abrupt glucose delivery to the body which causes a high glycemic response. However, dietary carbohydrates which are digested and release glucose in a slow manner are recognized as providing health benefits. Slow digestion of glycemic carbohydrates can be caused by several factors, including food matrix effect which impedes α-amylase access to substrate, or partial inhibition by plant secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds. Differences in digestion rate of these carbohydrates may also be due to their specific structures (e.g. variations in degree of branching and/or glycosidic linkages present). In recent years, much has been learned about the synthesis and digestion kinetics of novel α-glucans (i.e. small oligosaccharides or larger polysaccharides based on glucose units linked in different positions by α-bonds). It is the synthesis and digestion of such structures that is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gangoiti
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah F Corwin
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lisa M Lamothe
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Tabasum S, Noreen A, Maqsood MF, Umar H, Akram N, Nazli ZIH, Chatha SAS, Zia KM. A review on versatile applications of blends and composites of pullulan with natural and synthetic polymers. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:603-632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Cassidy YM, McSorley EM, Allsopp PJ. Effect of soluble dietary fibre on postprandial blood glucose response and its potential as a functional food ingredient. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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16
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Kaur L, Sharma A, Yadav AK, Mishra N. Recent advances on biodegradable polymeric carrier-based mucosal immunization: an overview. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:452-464. [PMID: 28685588 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1345927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal administration of vaccine is most prevalent way to induce desired immunity against various types of antigen and microbial in central and in addition, the peripheral blood in most external mucosal surface. Mucosal delivery of vaccine provides both humoral and cellular responses against mucosal infection. Mucosa, which are exposed to heavy loads of commensal and pathogenic microorganism, are one of the main region where infections are built up, also, thus have frontline status in immunity, making mucosa perfect site for vaccines application. The nasal route is favoured over parenteral route due to ease of administration, protection of antigen from degradation and induces sIgA which is not produced by systemic immunity. Natural and synthetic polymers are utilized to get nanoparticles carrier systems for development of nasal mucosal antibodies. The present review summarized the recent development in the field of vaccine delivery by means of mucoadhesive polymeric carriers. This review also describes the recent patent conceded for mucosal immunization utilizing these polymeric carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovedeep Kaur
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - Ankush Sharma
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - Awesh Kumar Yadav
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , Bhagyoday Tirth Pharmacy, College , Sagar , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
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17
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Chen L, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Tong Q, Sun B, Rashed MM, Jin Z. Effect of pullulan on the digestible, crystalline and morphological characteristics of rice starch. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Electrospinning Pullulan Fibers from Salt Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9010032. [PMID: 30970710 PMCID: PMC6432025 DOI: 10.3390/polym9010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in applying the technology of electrospinning for making ultrafine fibers from biopolymers for food-grade applications, and using pullulan (PUL) as a carrier to improve the electrospinnability of proteins and other naturally occurring polyelectrolytes. In this study, PUL solutions containing NaCl or Na3C6H5O7 at different concentrations were electrospun. The inclusion of salts interrupted the hydrogen bonding and altered solution properties, such as viscosity, electric conductivity, and surface tension, as well as physical properties of fibers thus obtained, such as appearance, size, and melting point. The exogenous Na+ associated to the oxygen in the C6 position of PUL as suggested by FTIR measurement and was maintained during electrospinning. Bead-free PUL fibers could be electrospun from PUL solution (8%, w/v) in the presence of a 0.20 M NaCl (124 ± 34 nm) or 0.05 M Na3C6H5O7 (154 ± 36 nm). The further increase of NaCl or Na3C6H5O7 resulted in fibers that were flat with larger diameter sizes and defects. SEM also showed excess salt adhering on the surfaces of PUL fibers. Since most food processing is not carried out in pure water, information obtained through the present research is useful for the development of electrospinning biopolymers for food-grade applications.
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19
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Vuddanda PR, Montenegro-Nicolini M, Morales JO, Velaga S. Effect of plasticizers on the physico-mechanical properties of pullulan based pharmaceutical oral films. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 96:290-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Miao M, Jia X, Jiang B, Wu S, Cui SW, Li X. Elucidating molecular structure and prebiotics properties of bioengineered α-D-glucan from Leuconostoc citreum SK24.002. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The link between carbohydrate intake and health is becoming increasingly important for consumers, particularly in the areas of glycemic index (GI) and extended energy-releasing starches. From a physiological point of view, slowly digestible starch (SDS) delivers a slow and sustained release of blood glucose along with the benefits resulting from low glycemic and insulinemic response. SDS has been implicated in several health problems, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (metabolic syndromes). It may also have commercial potential as a novel functional ingredient in a variety of fields, such as nutrition, medicine, and agriculture. The present review assesses this form of digestion by analyzing methods to prepare and evaluate SDS, and factors affecting its transformation, its health benefits, and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Miao
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu Province , P.R. China
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22
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Çabuk B, Tellioğlu Harsa Ş. Protection of Lactobacillus acidophilus NRRL-B 4495 under in vitro gastrointestinal conditions with whey protein/pullulan microcapsules. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:650-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Saber-Samandari S, Gazi M. Pullulan based porous semi-IPN hydrogel: Synthesis, characterization and its application in the removal of mercury from aqueous solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Çabuk B, Harsa ŞT. Improved viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus NRRL-B 4495 during freeze-drying in whey protein-pullulan microcapsules. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:300-7. [PMID: 25775036 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1017618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this research, pullulan was incorporated in protein-based encapsulation matrix in order to assess its cryoprotective effect on the viability of freeze-dried (FD) probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NRRL-B 4495. This study demonstrated that pullulan in encapsulation matrix resulted in a 90.4% survival rate as compared to 88.1% for whey protein (WPI) encapsulated cells. The protective effects of pullulan on the survival of FD-encapsulated cells in gastrointestinal conditions were compared. FD WPI-pullulan capsules retained higher survived cell numbers (7.10 log CFU/g) than those of FD WPI capsules (6.03 log CFU/g) after simulated gastric juice exposure. Additionally, use of pullulan resulted in an increased viability after bile exposure. FD-free bacteria exhibited 2.18 log CFU/g reduction, while FD WPI and FD WPI-pullulan encapsulated bacteria showed 0.95 and 0.49 log CFU/g reduction after 24 h exposure to bile solution, respectively. Morphology of the FD microcapsules was visualized by scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Çabuk
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology , Urla, Izmir , Turkey
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25
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Sharma R, Agrawal U, Mody N, Vyas SP. Polymer nanotechnology based approaches in mucosal vaccine delivery: challenges and opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 33:64-79. [PMID: 25499178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal sites serve as the main portal for the entry of pathogens and thus immunization through mucosal routes can greatly improve the immunity. Researchers are continuously exploring the vaccination strategies to engender protective mucosal immune responses. Unearthing of mucosal adjuvants, that are safe and effective, is enhancing the magnitude and quality of the protective immune response. Use of nanotechnology based polymeric nanocarrier systems which encapsulate vaccine components for protection of sensitive payload, incorporate mucosal adjuvants to maximize the immune responses and target the mucosal immune system is a key strategy to improve the effectiveness of mucosal vaccines. These advances promise to accelerate the development and testing of new mucosal vaccines against many human diseases. This review focuses on the need for the development of nanocarrier based mucosal vaccines with emphases on the polymeric nanoparticles, their clinical status and future perspectives. This review focuses on the need and new insights for the development of nanoarchitecture governed mucosal vaccination with emphases on the various polymeric nanoparticles, their clinical status and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Sharma
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P. 470003 India.
| | - Udita Agrawal
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P. 470003 India.
| | - Nishi Mody
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P. 470003 India.
| | - Suresh P Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P. 470003 India.
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26
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Silva AKA, Juenet M, Meddahi-Pellé A, Letourneur D. Polysaccharide-based strategies for heart tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 116:267-77. [PMID: 25458300 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are abundant biomolecules in nature presenting important roles in a wide variety of living systems processes. Considering the structural and biological functions of polysaccharides, their properties have raised interest for tissue engineering. Herein, we described the latest advances in cardiac tissue engineering mediated by polysaccharides. We reviewed the data already obtained in vitro and in vivo in this field with several types of polysaccharides. Cardiac injection, intramyocardial in situ polymerization strategies, and scaffold-based approaches involving polysaccharides for heart tissue engineering are thus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K A Silva
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris 7, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Maya Juenet
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Anne Meddahi-Pellé
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
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27
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de Godoy MRC, Knapp BK, Parsons CM, Swanson K, Fahey GC. In vitro hydrolytic digestion, glycemic response in dogs, and true metabolizable energy content of soluble corn fibers. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2447-57. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. C. de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - B. K. Knapp
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - C. M. Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - K.S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
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28
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Cervantes-Pahm S, Knapp BK, Kim BG, Liu Y, Parsons CM, Fahey GC, Stein HH. Comparison of two different in vivo models and an in vitro model for caloric determination of four novel fiber ingredients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:12374-12379. [PMID: 24206577 DOI: 10.1021/jf402385s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare two in vivo methods using pigs and roosters and an in vitro method for determining the caloric value of four fiber sources [i.e., two resistant starches (RS 60 and RS 75), soluble corn fiber (SCF 70), and pullulan]. Metabolizable energy (ME) in pigs and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) in roosters were determined by using 72 barrows and 24 roosters, respectively. A two-step in vitro procedure was used to quantify monosaccharides released. Results of the two in vivo experiments corresponded well with RS 75 having the least caloric value (7.55 MJ/kg in pigs; 6.19 MJ/kg in roosters) and pullulan having the greatest caloric value (12.21 MJ/kg in pigs; 13.94 MJ/kg in roosters). The caloric values for all the fiber ingredients were less (P < 0.05) than in MD both in pigs and in roosters. Despite some limitations, results of the in vitro procedure corresponded well with the in vivo experiments where the concentration of glucose hydrolyzed from RS 60, RS 75, and SCF 70, but not pullulan, was less (P < 0.05) than the concentration of glucose hydrolyzed from MD. However, the greatest accuracy was obtained in the in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cervantes-Pahm
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois , 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
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29
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de Godoy MRC, Knapp BK, Bauer LL, Swanson KS, Fahey GC. Blending of soluble corn fiber with pullulan, sorbitol, or fructose attenuates glycemic and insulinemic responses in the dog and affects hydrolytic digestion in vitro. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3796-806. [PMID: 23736045 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of these experiments was to measure in vitro hydrolytic digestion and glycemic and insulinemic responses of select carbohydrate blends, all containing the novel carbohydrate soluble corn fiber (SCF). Two SCF that varied in their method of production were used to formulate the carbohydrate blends. One set of blends contained a SCF that was spray dried (SCFsd) and then blended with different amounts of either pullulan, sorbitol, or fructose. The other set of blends contained a SCF produced using longer evaporation time (SCF) and then blended with different ratios of pullulan, sorbitol, and fructose. Free sugar concentrations found in the individual SCFsd and SCF substrates were low but varied. Spray-dried soluble corn fiber had a reduced free sugar concentration compared with SCF (2.8 vs. 14.2%). Glucose was the main free sugar found in both SCFsd and SCF but at different concentrations (2.7 vs. 12.7%, respectively). The majority of the SCFsd blends were completely hydrolyzed to their monosaccharide components. Glucose accounted for most of the hydrolyzed monosaccharides for SCFsd and all the SCFsd blends. Hydrolyzed monosaccharide concentrations for the SCF:pullulan:sorbitol:fructose blends followed similar trends to the SCFsd blends where greater percentages of fructose and sorbitol resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) hydrolyzed monosaccharide concentrations. The SCFsd blends had intermediate to high amounts of monosaccharides released as a result of in vitro hydrolytic digestion. The SCFsd:pullulan blends were more digestible in vitro (approximately 91%; P < 0.05) than SCFsd:fructose or SCFsd:sorbitol. Total released monosaccharides were high in SCFsd blends containing either 50% fructose or sorbitol, but the combination resulted in reduced concentrations of glucose released (P < 0.05). The SCF:pullulan:sorbitol:fructose blends also had intermediate to high released monosaccharides as a result of in vitro hydrolytic digestion. All SCF blends resulted in decreased glycemic and insulinemic responses compared with the maltodextrin control (P < 0.05) using a canine model. The addition of pullulan reduced the glycemic response compared with maltodextrin at all concentrations, but only 50:50 SCFsd:pullulan resulted in a reduction of the glycemic response compared with SCFsd alone (P < 0.05). The addition of fructose and sorbitol in the blends had the greatest impact on glycemic and insulinemic responses, even at concentrations as low as 5% of the blends. Overall, SCF and their blends may prove beneficial as components of low glycemic foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
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30
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Gastrointestinal effects of resistant starch, soluble maize fibre and pullulan in healthy adults. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1068-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fibre has been shown to exert a number of benefits on gastrointestinal (GI) health, yet its intake is low. Addition of novel fibres to food products may increase fibre intake and improve gut health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of three novel fibres on GI outcomes in healthy human subjects. A total of twenty healthy participants (ten men and ten women) with normal BMI (23 (sem 2) kg/m2) participated in the present randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with five treatment periods. Participants consumed a maltodextrin control or 20–25 g/d fibre from soluble maize fibre (SCF) or resistant starch (RS), alone or in combination with pullulan (SCF+P and RS+P). The treatment periods were 7 d with a 3-week washout between the periods. Stool samples were collected on day 7 of each period, and GI tolerance was assessed via a questionnaire on days 1 and 6. There were no treatment differences in stool weight or consistency. SCF significantly reduced stool pH and increased total SCFA production compared with RS and control. RS+P significantly increased the percentage of butyrate compared with all the other treatments. Overall, GI symptoms were minimal. SCF+P led to the highest GI score on day 1, while RS+P had the highest score on day 6. Both SCF treatments caused a significant shift in the gut microbial community. These functional fibres are generally well tolerated, have minimal effects on laxation and may lead to beneficial changes in SCFA production in healthy adults.
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Mäkeläinen H, Saarinen M, Stowell J, Rautonen N, Ouwehand AC. Xylo-oligosaccharides and lactitol promote the growth of Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus species in pure cultures. Benef Microbes 2011; 1:139-48. [PMID: 21840802 DOI: 10.3920/bm2009.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current screening study aimed at identifying promising prebiotic and synbiotic candidates. The fermentation of xylo-oligosaccharides, xylan, galacto-oligosaccharide, fructo-oligosaccharide, polydextrose, lactitol, gentiobiose and pullulan was investigated in vitro. The ability of these established and potential prebiotic candidates to function as a sole carbon source for probiotic (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus), intestinal and potential pathogenic microbes (Eubacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus) was assessed in pure cultures. Xylo-oligosaccharides were fermented with high specificity by the tested Bifidobacterium lactis strains and lactitol by lactobacilli, whereas galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides and gentiobiose were utilised by a larger group of microbes. Xylan, polydextrose and pullulan were utilised to a limited extent by only a few of the tested microbes. The results of this screening study indicate that xylo-oligosaccharides and lactitol support the growth of a limited number of beneficial microbes in pure cultures. Such a high degree of specificity has not been previously reported for established prebiotics. Based on these results, the most promising prebiotics and synbiotic combinations can be selected for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mäkeläinen
- Danisco Finland, Health and Nutrition, Kantvik, Finland.
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Yoon S, Hong E, Kim S, Lee P, Kim M, Yang H, Ryu Y. Optimization of culture medium for enhanced production of exopolysaccharide from Aureobasidium pullulans. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 35:167-72. [PMID: 21915672 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides produced by microorganisms are utilized for a variety of purposes, including the use in cosmetics and as food additives. More recently, polysaccharides have been exploited by the medical and pharmaceutical industries, and those originated from many species of mushrooms have been especially useful in industrial applications; however, the production and synthesis of these compounds is costly and time consuming. In this study, we developed a method for low-cost production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) that effectively screens components and optimizes medium composition using statistical methods (Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken design). As a result, we obtained the following optimized medium: sucrose 165.73 g/L, sodium nitrate 3.08 g/L, dipotassium phosphate 1.00 g/L, potassium chloride 0.50 g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.50 g/L, ferrous sulfate 0.01 g/L, and 0.71 g/L of Ashbya gossypii extract. The maximum production of about 29 g/L EPS was achieved in the optimized medium during 84 h batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyoung Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Program, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
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Kang JX, Chen XJ, Chen WR, Li MS, Fang Y, Li DS, Ren YZ, Liu DQ. Enhanced production of pullulan in Aureobasidium pullulans by a new process of genome shuffling. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Knapp BK, Parsons CM, Bauer LL, Swanson KS, Fahey GC. Soluble fiber dextrins and pullulans vary in extent of hydrolytic digestion in vitro and in energy value and attenuate glycemic and insulinemic responses in dogs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11355-11363. [PMID: 20939499 DOI: 10.1021/jf102397r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to measure in vitro hydrolytic digestion characteristics, glycemic and insulinemic responses, and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) content of select soluble fiber dextrins (SFDs) and pullulans. The SFDs were derived either from tapioca starch or from corn starch. The pullulans were of low, intermediate, and high molecular weight. Soluble fiber dextrins varied in digestibility, with all substrates resulting in low to intermediate in vitro monosaccharide digestion. Pullulans were nearly completely hydrolyzed after simulated hydrolytic digestion. The glycemic response with dogs varied widely among SFDs, with all but one SFD substrate having lower glycemic response than maltodextrin (Malt). The pullulans all resulted in low glycemic values. Lower relative insulinemic responses (RIR) compared to the Malt control were noted for all SFDs and pullulans. True metabolizable energy (TMEn) values for SFDs obtained using roosters were lower than for Malt, with tapioca-based SFDs having numerically higher values than corn-based SFDs. Pullulans resulted in higher TMEn values than did SFDs. Soluble fiber dextrins and pullulans may be suitable candidates for reduced calorie and glycemic foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda K Knapp
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 132 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Altermann E, Klaenhammer TR. Group-specific comparison of four lactobacilli isolated from human sources using differential blast analysis. GENES AND NUTRITION 2010; 6:319-40. [PMID: 21484153 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-010-0191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used in fermentation processes for centuries. More recent applications including the use of LAB as probiotics have significantly increased industrial interest. Here we present a comparative genomic analysis of four completely sequenced Lactobacillus strains, isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract, versus 25 lactic acid bacterial genomes present in the public database at the time of analysis. Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533, Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC33323, and Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1are all considered probiotic and widely used in industrial applications. Using Differential Blast Analysis (DBA), each genome was compared to the respective remaining three other Lactobacillus and 25 other LAB genomes. DBA highlighted strain-specific genes that were not represented in any other LAB used in this analysis and also identified group-specific genes shared within lactobacilli. Initial comparative analyses highlighted a significant number of genes involved in cell adhesion, stress responses, DNA repair and modification, and metabolic capabilities. Furthermore, the range of the recently identified potential autonomous units (PAUs) was broadened significantly, indicating the possibility of distinct families within this genetic element. Based on in silico results obtained for the model organism L. acidophilus NCFM, DBA proved to be a valuable tool to identify new key genetic regions for functional genomics and also suggested re-classification of previously annotated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Altermann
- AgResearch Limited, Rumiant Nutrition and Microbiology, Grasslands Research Center, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand,
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Peters HPF, Ravestein P, van der Hijden HTWM, Boers HM, Mela DJ. Effect of carbohydrate digestibility on appetite and its relationship to postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 65:47-54. [PMID: 20842170 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES 'Slowly digestible' carbohydrates have been claimed to reduce appetite through their effects on postprandial glucose and insulin levels, but literature is inconsistent. The inconsistencies between studies might be explained by factors other than glycemic effects per se, for example, nutritional or physical properties. We tested this possibility by examining postprandial glucose, insulin and appetite responses to drinks differing only in rate and extent of digestibility of carbohydrates. This was accomplished by comparing different glucose polymers: maltodextrin (rapidly digestible) versus medium-chain pullulan (slowly but completely digestible) versus long-chain pullulan (indigestible). SUBJECTS/METHODS In a randomized double-blind balanced crossover design, 35 subjects received drinks with 15 g test carbohydrate polymers. Key outcome measures were appetite scores, digestibility (in vitro test and breath hydrogen), and (in a subset) glucose and insulin levels. RESULTS Digestibility, glucose and insulin data confirmed the rapid, slow and nondigestible nature of the test carbohydrates. Despite its low digestibility, only long-chain pullulan reduced appetite compared with the maltodextrin control, whereas the medium-chain pullulan did not. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that glycemic responses per se have minimal effects on appetite, when tested in products differing in only carbohydrate digestibility rate and extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P F Peters
- Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
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Kubo A, Akdogan G, Nakaya M, Shojo A, Suzuki S, Satoh H, Kitamura S. Structure, physical, and digestive properties of starch from wx ae double-mutant rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4463-9. [PMID: 20205452 DOI: 10.1021/jf904074k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin is the principal component of starch. The amylose extender (ae) gene encodes the starch-branching enzyme IIb, which is critical in determining the fine structure of endosperm starch. To determine the relationship between the fine structure of amylopectin and its physical properties, rice mutant lines defective in the ae function with altered fine structure of amylopectin and in combination with the waxy (wx) background were selected for comparative studies with primary wild-type and ae starches. The ae mutant endosperms accumulated a high amylose content starch with long amylopectin chains. The ae and wx ae starches showed no significant difference in the unit chain-length distribution of amylopectin and starch granule morphology. The wx ae starch displayed a higher pasting temperature and higher peak viscosity. The gelatinization peak temperatures of the wx, ae, and wx ae starches were 2.2, 13.1, and 17.1 degrees C higher, respectively, than that of the wild-type starch, and the wx ae starch showed a retrogradation peak with a shorter cooling period than that of ae starch. The raw ae and wx ae starches were almost indigestible by alpha-amylase in vitro. Rats fed the wx ae starch showed slowly increasing blood glucose at a lower level than the rats fed the wx or wild-type starch. These results indicate that the primary structure of the rice wx ae amylopectin with enriched long chains changes the granular structure of the starch, including its crystal structure, and results in resistance to in vitro or in vivo degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kubo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Mishra N, Goyal AK, Tiwari S, Paliwal R, Paliwal SR, Vaidya B, Mangal S, Gupta M, Dube D, Mehta A, Vyas SP. Recent advances in mucosal delivery of vaccines: role of mucoadhesive/biodegradable polymeric carriers. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:661-79. [DOI: 10.1517/13543771003730425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zhang G, Hamaker BR. Slowly digestible starch: concept, mechanism, and proposed extended glycemic index. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 49:852-67. [PMID: 19960393 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903372466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the major glycemic carbohydrate in foods, and its nutritional property is related to its rate and extent of digestion and absorption in the small intestine. A classification of starch into rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) based on the in vitro Englyst test is used to specify the nutritional quality of starch. Both the RDS and RS fractions have been extensively studied while there are only limited studies on the intermediate starch fraction of SDS, particularly regarding its structural basis and slow digestion mechanism. The current understanding of SDS including its concept, measurement method, structural basis and mechanism, physiological consequences, and approaches to make SDS is reviewed. An in vivo method of extended glycemic index (EGI) is proposed to evaluate its metabolic effect and related health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Stewart ML, Nikhanj SD, Timm DA, Thomas W, Slavin JL. Evaluation of the effect of four fibers on laxation, gastrointestinal tolerance and serum markers in healthy humans. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2010; 56:91-8. [PMID: 20090313 PMCID: PMC2853587 DOI: 10.1159/000275962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Average dietary fiber intake in the United States is roughly half of the recommended amount. As new dietary fiber products are introduced to increase fiber intake, it is critical to evaluate the physiological effects of such fibers. AIMS This study examined the effect of 4 fibers derived from maize or tapioca on fecal chemistry, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and serum markers of chronic disease. METHODS Twenty healthy subjects completed the single-blind crossover study in which 12 g/day of fiber (pullulan, Promitor Resistant Starch, soluble fiber dextrin or Promitor Soluble Corn Fiber) or placebo (maltodextrin) were consumed for 14 days followed by a 21-day washout. GI symptom surveys were completed (days 3 and 14), stools were collected (days 11-14), diet was recorded (days 12-14) and fasting blood samples were obtained (day 15). RESULTS The 4 test fibers were well tolerated, with mild to moderate GI symptoms. Total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations did not differ among the treatments. Fecal pH and individual SCFAs were affected by some treatments. Stool weight and serum markers of chronic disease did not change with these treatments. CONCLUSION Increasing fiber intake by 12 g/day was well tolerated and may have a positive impact on colon health due to fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Stewart
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., USA
| | - Soma D. Nikhanj
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., USA
| | - Derek A. Timm
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., USA
| | - William Thomas
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA
| | - Joanne L. Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., USA
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Knapp BK, Parsons CM, Swanson KS, Fahey GC. Physiological responses to novel carbohydrates as assessed using canine and avian models. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:7999-8006. [PMID: 18707118 DOI: 10.1021/jf801042b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to quantify in vitro digestion, true metabolizable energy (TME(n)) content, glycemic and insulinemic responses, and gastrointestinal tolerance to fructose (Fruc), maltodextrin (Malt), polydextrose (Poly), pullulan (Pull), resistant starch (RS), sorbitol (Sorb), and xanthan gum (Xan). Limited digestion of RS, Poly, and Xan occurred. Fruc, Malt, and Sorb resulted in the highest (P < 0.05) TME(n) values, Pull was intermediate, and RS and Poly were lowest. Malt had the highest (P < 0.05) area under the curve for glucose and insulin in the glycemic tests. Gastrointestinal tolerance was examined for diets containing carbohydrates at either 100 or 200% of the adequate intake (AI) value for dietary fiber. At 100% and 200% AI, Malt, RS, and Sorb resulted in ideal fecal scores, while Pull and Xan resulted in looser stools and Poly resulted in diarrhea. The carbohydrates studied varied widely in physiological outcomes. Certain carbohydrates could potentially benefit large bowel health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda K Knapp
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 132 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Zhang G, Sofyan M, Hamaker BR. Slowly digestible state of starch: mechanism of slow digestion property of gelatinized maize starch. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:4695-4702. [PMID: 18512933 DOI: 10.1021/jf072823e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the previously reported parabolic relationship between amylopectin fine structure, represented by the weight ratio of linear short chains [degree of polymerization (DP < 13) to long chains (DP >/= 13], and slowly digestible starch (SDS) content was investigated from the viewpoint of starch retrogradation and substrate susceptibility to enzyme hydrolysis. A maize mutant sample, termed "highest long-chain starch" (HLCS) representing group I samples with a higher proportion of long chains, showed a bell-shaped SDS pattern with retrogradation time, whereas insignificant changes in SDS were found for the sample termed "highest short-chain starch" (HSCS) representing group II samples with a higher proportion of short chains. This corresponded to results from X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry that showed a rapid increase of crystallinity and enthalpy for HLCS during retrogradation, but negligible changes for sample HSCS. Therefore, retrogradation was associated with SDS content for group I samples, but not for group II samples. Analysis of amylopectin fine structure, SDS content, retrogradation enthalpy, SDS material debranching profile, and hydrolysis pattern demonstrated, for group I samples, that linear branched chains of DP 9-30 of amylopectin may act as anchor points to slow the digestion of branced-chain fractions of DP > 30, which constitute the major slowly digestible portion, whereas for group II samples, it is the inherent molecular structure of amylopectin with a higher amount of branches and shorter chains that is not favorable for rapid enzyme digestion. The concept of a slowly digestible starch state (SDS state) that could be a chemical or physical entity is proposed to better describe the mechanistic underpinning of the slow digestion property of starches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Functional biopolymers produced by biochemical technology considering applications in food engineering. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-007-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chakravarthi S, Robinson D, De S. Nanoparticles Prepared Using Natural and Synthetic Polymers. DRUGS AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420008449.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Asp ML, Hertzler SR, Chow J, Wolf BW. Gamma-Cyclodextrin Lowers Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia without Carbohydrate Malabsorption in Healthy Adults. J Am Coll Nutr 2006; 25:49-55. [PMID: 16522932 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2006.10719514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preliminary in vitro and animal studies have shown that gamma-cyclodextrin (GCD) is a slowly and completely digestible carbohydrate. The objective of this study was to determine the glycemic and insulinemic responses to GCD in humans. Breath hydrogen excretion was measured simultaneously to evaluate carbohydrate malabsorption. METHODS Healthy adult subjects (N = 32) received 50 g of carbohydrate from GCD or a rapidly digested maltodextrin (MD) in a double-masked, randomized, crossover design. Plasma glucose (fingerstick) and serum insulin (venous) concentrations were measured at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min postprandially. Breath hydrogen excretion was monitored hourly for 8 h postprandially. The severity of gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, cramping, distension, flatulence) was rated by the subjects on a ranked scale for two 24-h periods postprandially. RESULTS The mean baseline-adjusted peak plasma glucose concentration was 47% lower (P < 0.001), and the mean baseline-adjusted peak serum insulin concentration was decreased by 45% (P < 0.001) after subjects consumed GCD compared with MD. Positive incremental area under the curve (0-120 min) was reduced 45% for plasma glucose and 49% for serum insulin by GCD compared with MD (P < 0.001 in each case). There were no differences between GCD and MD in the proportion of positive breath hydrogen tests and both carbohydrates were equally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS GCD effectively lowers postprandial glycemia and insulinemia compared with MD, without resulting in appreciable carbohydrate malabsorption or gastrointestinal intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Asp
- Medical Dietics Division, School of Allied Medical Professions, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1295, USA
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Spears JK, Karr-Lilienthal LK, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA, Wolf BW, Fahey GC. Pullulans and gamma-cyclodextrin affect apparent digestibility and metabolism in healthy adult ileal cannulated dogs. J Nutr 2005; 135:1946-52. [PMID: 16046721 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.8.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulan and gamma-cyclodextrin are incompletely digestible, glucose-based, nonstructural carbohydrates synthesized by microorganisms. To determine their effect when incorporated into a complete liquid diet on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility, ileal cannulated dogs (n = 8) were used in a repeated 4 x 4 Latin-square design. Twice daily, diets were offered containing 30% (DMB) maltodextrin, high-molecular-weight (MW) pullulan (MW 100,000), low-MW pullulan (MW 6300), or gamma-cyclodextrin. Fecal and ileal samples were collected for the last 4 d of each 10-d period. Dogs consuming high-MW pullulan had lower (P < 0.05) dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, carbohydrate ileal and total tract digestibilities, and fecal DM, and higher (P < 0.05) fecal output and fecal scores (indicating looser stools). To evaluate glycemic and insulinemic responses to pullulans, food-deprived dogs consumed 25 g maltodextrin, high-MW pullulan, or low-MW pullulan in a repeated 3 x 3 Latin-square design. Glucose and insulin responses were determined for 180 min. Consumption of 25 g alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin resulted in regurgitation within 60 min. High-MW pullulan reduced (P < 0.05) blood glucose concentration at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Compared with maltodextrin, low-MW pullulan and gamma-cyclodextrin did not alter nutrient digestibilities or fecal characteristics to any extent, and low MW pullulan did not affect glycemic response. Although high MW pullulan decreased glycemic response, consumption of large amounts negatively affected nutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Spears
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Pullulan PI-20 for use as a new food additive. EFSA J 2004. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2004.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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