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Vázquez-Sánchez A, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Colín-Castelán D, Molina-Torres J, Ramírez-Chávez E, Romo-Morales GDC, Zaina S, Lund G. Effects of paternal arachidonic acid supplementation on offspring behavior and hypothalamus inflammation markers in the mouse. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300141. [PMID: 38512839 PMCID: PMC10956830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is involved in inflammation and plays a role in growth and brain development in infants. We previously showed that exposure of mouse sires to AA for three consecutive generations induces a cumulative change in fatty acid (FA) involved in inflammation and an increase in body and liver weight in the offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that paternal AA exposure changes the progeny's behavioral response to a proinflammatory insult, and asked whether tissue-specific FA are associated with that response. Male BALB/c mice were supplemented daily with three doses of AA for 10 days and crossed to non-supplemented females (n = 3/dose). Two-month-old unsupplemented male and female offspring (n = 6/paternal AA dose) were exposed to Gram-negative bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or saline control two hours prior to open field test (OFT) behavioral analysis and subsequent sacrifice. We probed for significant effects of paternal AA exposure on: OFT behaviors; individual FA content of blood, hypothalamus and hypothalamus-free brain; hypothalamic expression profile of genes related to inflammation (Tnfa, Il1b, Cox1, Cox2) and FA synthesis (Scd1, Elovl6). All parameters were affected by paternal AA supplementation in a sex-specific manner. Paternal AA primed the progeny for behavior associated with increased anxiety, with a marked sex dimorphism: high AA doses acted as surrogate of LPS in males, realigning a number of OFT behaviors that in females were differential between saline and LPS groups. Progeny hypothalamic Scd1, a FA metabolism enzyme with documented pro-inflammatory activity, showed a similar pattern of differential expression between saline and LPS groups at high paternal AA dose in females, that was blunted in males. Progeny FA generally were not affected by LPS, but displayed non-linear associations with paternal AA doses. In conclusion, we document that paternal exposure to AA exerts long-term behavioral and biochemical effects in the progeny in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dannia Colín-Castelán
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | | | - Silvio Zaina
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Gertrud Lund
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico
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Powell TL, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Madi L, Uhlson C, Zemski-Berry K, Kramer AC, Erickson K, Palmer C, Chassen SS, Castillo-Castrejon M. Synthesis of phospholipids in human placenta. Placenta 2024; 147:12-20. [PMID: 38278000 PMCID: PMC10923060 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental phospholipid synthesis is critical for the expansion of the placental exchange surface area and for production of signaling molecules. Despite their importance, it is not yet established which enzymes involved in the de novo synthesis and remodeling of placental phospholipids are expressed and active in the human placenta. METHODS We identified phospholipid synthesis enzymes by immunoblotting in placental homogenates and immunofluorescence in placenta tissue sections. Primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells from term healthy placentas (n = 10) were cultured and exposed to 13C labeled fatty acids (16:0, 18:1 and 18:2 n-6, 22:6 n-3) for 2 and 24 h. Three phospholipid classes; phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylcholine containing 13C fatty acids were quantified by Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). RESULTS Acyl transferase and phospholipase enzymes were detected in human placenta homogenate and primarily expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast. Three representative 13C fatty acids (16:0, 18:1 and 18:2 n-6) were incorporated rapidly into phosphatidic acid in trophoblasts, but 13C labeled docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) incorporation was not detected. 13C DHA was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine. Lysophosphatidylcholine containing all four 13C labeled fatty acids were found in high abundance. CONCLUSIONS Phospholipid synthesis and remodeling enzymes are present in the syncytiotrophoblast. 13C labeled fatty acids were rapidly incorporated into cellular phospholipids. 13C DHA was incorporated into phospholipids through the remodeling pathway rather than by de novo synthesis. These understudied pathways are highly active and critical for structure and function of the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Powell
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Veronique Ferchaud-Roucher
- University of Nantes-INRAE UMR 1280 PhAN, CHU Nantes, CRNH Ouest CHU Hotel Dieu, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 1er etage aile nord HNB, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Lana Madi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Charis Uhlson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Karin Zemski-Berry
- Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Avery C Kramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kathryn Erickson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Claire Palmer
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Stephanie S Chassen
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Marisol Castillo-Castrejon
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th St., Stanton L Young Biomedical Research Center Room 458, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Crawford MA, Sinclair AJ, Hall B, Ogundipe E, Wang Y, Bitsanis D, Djahanbakhch OB, Harbige L, Ghebremeskel K, Golfetto I, Moodley T, Hassam A, Sassine A, Johnson MR. The imperative of arachidonic acid in early human development. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101222. [PMID: 36746351 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is about the role of arachidonic acid (ArA) in foetal and early growth and development. In 1975 and '76, we reported the preferential incorporation of ArA into the developing brain of rat pups, its conservation as a principal component in the brains of 32 mammalian species and the high proportion delivered by the human placenta for foetal nutrition, compared to its parent linoleic acid (LA). ArA is quantitatively the principal acyl component of membrane lipids from foetal red cells, mononuclear cells, astrocytes, endothelium, and placenta. Functionally, we present evidence that ArA, but not DHA, relaxes the foetal mesenteric arteries. The placenta biomagnifies ArA, doubling the proportion of the maternal level in cord blood. The proportions of ArA and its allies (di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), adrenic acid and ω6 docosapentaenoic acid) are similar or higher than the total of ω3 fatty acids in human milk, maintaining the abundant supply to the developing infant. Despite the evidence of the importance of ArA, the European Food Standard Agency, in 2014 rejected the joint FAO and WHO recommendation on the inclusion of ArA in infant formula, although they recommended DHA. The almost universal dominance of ArA in the membrane phosphoglycerides during human organogenesis and prenatal growth suggests that the importance of ArA and its allies in reproductive biology needs to be re-evaluated urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Crawford
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK; The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Hall
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Enitan Ogundipe
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK; The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Dimitrios Bitsanis
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; EvexiaDiet dietetic practise, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Laurence Harbige
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, UK
| | | | - Ivan Golfetto
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; Department of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Therishnee Moodley
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; Centre for Reproductive Medicine, St Bartholomew's, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - AnnieBelle Sassine
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK; The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK
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Marosvölgyi T, Dergez T, Szentpéteri JL, Szabó É, Decsi T. Higher Availability of Long-Chain Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Preterm than in Full-Term Human Milk. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051205. [PMID: 37240850 DOI: 10.3390/life13051205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
While the role of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the maturation of the infantile nervous system is extensively studied and relatively well-characterized, data on the potential developmental importance of the n-9 long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid (LCMUFA), nervonic acid (NA, C24:1n-9) are scarce and ambiguous. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to reanalyze our available data on the contribution of NA and its LCMUFA precursors, gondoic acid (C20:1n-9) and erucic acid (EA, C22:1n-9) to the fatty acid composition of human milk (HM) during the first month of lactation in mothers of both preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) infants. HM samples were obtained daily during the first week of lactation, and then on the 14th, 21st, and 28th days. Values of the LCMUFAs, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA were significantly higher in colostrum than in transient and mature HM. Consequently, there were highly significant inverse associations between LCMUFA values and the duration of lactation. Moreover, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA values were monotonously, considerably, and at many timepoints significantly higher in PT than in FT HM samples. By the 28th day of lactation, summarized LCMUFA values in PT HM samples declined to the level measured in FT HM samples on the first day of lactation; however, EA and NA values were still significantly higher in PT than in FT HM on the 28th day. Significantly higher availability of LCMUFAs in PT than in FT HM underpins the potential biological role of this hitherto somewhat neglected group of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Marosvölgyi
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Dergez
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - József L Szentpéteri
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
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Berger N, van der Wel T, Hirschmugl B, Baernthaler T, Gindlhuber J, Fawzy N, Eichmann T, Birner-Gruenberger R, Zimmermann R, van der Stelt M, Wadsack C. Inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase β modulates lipid and endocannabinoid levels in the ex vivo human placenta. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1092024. [PMID: 36864832 PMCID: PMC9971001 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1092024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipids and fatty acids are key components in metabolic processes of the human placenta, thereby contributing to the development of the fetus. Placental dyslipidemia and aberrant activity of lipases have been linked to diverse pregnancy associated complications, such as preeclampsia and preterm birth. The serine hydrolases, diacylglycerol lipase α and β (DAGLα, DAGLβ) catalyze the degradation of diacylglycerols, leading to the formation of monoacylglycerols (MAG), including one main endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The major role of DAGL in the biosynthesis of 2-AG is evident from various studies in mice but has not been investigated in the human placenta. Here, we report the use of the small molecule inhibitor DH376, in combination with the ex vivo placental perfusion system, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and lipidomics, to determine the impact of acute DAGL inhibition on placental lipid networks. METHODS DAGLα and DAGLβ mRNA expression was detected by RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization in term placentas. Immunohistochemistry staining for CK7, CD163 and VWF was applied to localize DAGLβ transcripts to different cell types of the placenta. DAGLβ activity was determined by in- gel and MS-based activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and validated by addition of the enzyme inhibitors LEI-105 and DH376. Enzyme kinetics were measured by EnzChek™ lipase substrate assay. Ex vivo placental perfusion experiments were performed +/- DH376 [1 µM] and changes in tissue lipid and fatty acid profiles were measured by LC-MS. Additionally, free fatty acid levels of the maternal and fetal circulations were determined. RESULTS We demonstrate that mRNA expression of DAGLβ prevails in placental tissue, compared to DAGLα (p ≤ 0.0001) and that DAGLβ is mainly located to CK7 positive trophoblasts (p ≤ 0.0001). Although few DAGLα transcripts were identified, no active enzyme was detected applying in-gel or MS-based ABPP, which underlined that DAGLβ is the principal DAGL in the placenta. DAGLβ dependent substrate hydrolysis in placental membrane lysates was determined by the application of LEI-105 and DH376. Ex vivo pharmacological inhibition of DAGLβ by DH376 led to reduced MAG tissue levels (p ≤ 0.01), including 2-AG (p≤0.0001). We further provide an activity landscape of serine hydrolases, showing a broad spectrum of metabolically active enzymes in the human placenta. DISCUSSION Our results emphasize the role of DAGLβ activity in the human placenta by determining the biosynthesis of 2-AG. Thus, this study highlights the special importance of intra-cellular lipases in lipid network regulation. Together, the activity of these specific enzymes may contribute to the lipid signaling at the maternal-fetal interface, with implications for function of the placenta in normal and compromised pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Berger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tom van der Wel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Birgit Hirschmugl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Baernthaler
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juergen Gindlhuber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nermeen Fawzy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Eichmann
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Christian Wadsack,
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Watkins OC, Cracknell-Hazra VKB, Pillai RA, Selvam P, Yong HEJ, Sharma N, Patmanathan SN, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Bendt AK, Godfrey KM, Lewis RM, Wenk MR, Chan SY. Myo-Inositol Moderates Glucose-Induced Effects on Human Placental 13C-Arachidonic Acid Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193988. [PMID: 36235641 PMCID: PMC9572372 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal hyperglycemia is associated with disrupted transplacental arachidonic acid (AA) supply and eicosanoid synthesis, which contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since placental inositol is lowered with increasing glycemia, and since myo-inositol appears a promising intervention for gestational diabetes, we hypothesized that myo-inositol might rectify glucose-induced perturbations in placental AA metabolism. Term placental explants (n = 19) from women who underwent a mid-gestation oral glucose-tolerance-test were cultured with 13C-AA for 48 h in media containing glucose (5, 10 or 17 mM) and myo-inositol (0.3 or 60 µM). Newly synthesized 13C-AA-lipids were quantified by liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Increasing maternal fasting glycemia was associated with decreased proportions of 13C-AA-phosphatidyl-ethanolamines (PE, PE-P), but increased proportions of 13C-AA-triacylglycerides (TGs) relative to total placental 13C-AA lipids. This suggests altered placental AA compartmentalization towards storage and away from pools utilized for eicosanoid production and fetal AA supply. Compared to controls (5 mM glucose), 10 mM glucose treatment decreased the amount of four 13C-AA-phospholipids and eleven 13C-AA-TGs, whilst 17 mM glucose increased 13C-AA-PC-40:8 and 13C-AA-LPC. Glucose-induced alterations in all 13C-AA lipids (except PE-P-38:4) were attenuated by concurrent 60 µM myo-inositol treatment. Myo-inositol therefore rectifies some glucose-induced effects, but further studies are required to determine if maternal myo-inositol supplementation could reduce AA-associated pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C. Watkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Victoria K. B. Cracknell-Hazra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Reshma Appukuttan Pillai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Preben Selvam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Hannah E. J. Yong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Sathya Narayanan Patmanathan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry and Precision Medicine TRP, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Anne K. Bendt
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Rohan M. Lewis
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry and Precision Medicine TRP, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-67-722-672
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Basak S, Mallick R, Banerjee A, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Maternal Supply of Both Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Is Required for Optimal Neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2021; 13:2061. [PMID: 34208549 PMCID: PMC8234848 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. Although the structural and functional roles of DHA in brain development are well investigated, similar roles of ARA are not well documented. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural-functional roles and their levels in the gene expression and signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously emanating. In addition to DHA, the importance of ARA has been much discussed in recent years for fetal and postnatal brain development and the maternal supply of ARA and DHA. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not clearly known yet. This review describes the importance of ARA, in addition to DHA, in supporting the optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500 007, India;
| | - Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Asim K. Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Towards an Optimized Fetal DHA Accretion: Differences on Maternal DHA Supplementation Using Phospholipids vs. Triglycerides during Pregnancy in Different Models. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020511. [PMID: 33557158 PMCID: PMC7913957 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation during pregnancy has been recommended by several health organizations due to its role in neural, visual, and cognitive development. There are several fat sources available on the market for the manufacture of these dietary supplements with DHA. These fat sources differ in the lipid structure in which DHA is esterified, mainly phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) molecules. The supplementation of DHA in the form of PL or TG during pregnancy can lead to controversial results depending on the animal model, physiological status and the fat sources utilized. The intestinal digestion, placental uptake, and fetal accretion of DHA may vary depending on the lipid source of DHA ingested by the mother. The form of DHA used in maternal supplementation that would provide an optimal DHA accretion for fetal brain development, based on the available data obtained most of them from different animal models, indicates no consistent differences in fetal accretion when DHA is provided as TG or PL. Other related lipid species are under evaluation, e.g., lyso-phospholipids, with promising results to improve DHA bioavailability although more studies are needed. In this review, the evidence on DHA bioavailability and accumulation in both maternal and fetal tissues after the administration of DHA supplementation during pregnancy in the form of PL or TG in different models is summarized.
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Watkins OC, Yong HEJ, Sharma N, Chan SY. A review of the role of inositols in conditions of insulin dysregulation and in uncomplicated and pathological pregnancy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1626-1673. [PMID: 33280430 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1845604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inositols, a group of 6-carbon polyols, are highly bioactive molecules derived from diet and endogenous synthesis. Inositols and their derivatives are involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and participate in insulin-signaling, with perturbations in inositol processing being associated with conditions involving insulin resistance, dysglycemia and dyslipidemia such as polycystic ovary syndrome and diabetes. Pregnancy is similarly characterized by substantial and complex changes in glycemic and lipidomic regulation as part of maternal adaptation and is also associated with physiological alterations in inositol processing. Disruptions in maternal adaptation are postulated to have a critical pathophysiological role in pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. Inositol supplementation has shown promise as an intervention for the alleviation of symptoms in conditions of insulin resistance and for gestational diabetes prevention. However, the mechanisms behind these affects are not fully understood. In this review, we explore the role of inositols in conditions of insulin dysregulation and in pregnancy, and identify priority areas for research. We particularly examine the role and function of inositols within the maternal-placental-fetal axis in both uncomplicated and pathological pregnancies. We also discuss how inositols may mediate maternal-placental-fetal cross-talk, and regulate fetal growth and development, and suggest that inositols play a vital role in promoting healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Watkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannah E J Yong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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Ferchaud-Roucher V, Kramer A, Silva E, Pantham P, Weintraub ST, Jansson T, Powell TL. A potential role for lysophosphatidylcholine in the delivery of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to the fetal circulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:394-402. [PMID: 30572119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ferchaud-Roucher
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Anita Kramer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elena Silva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Pantham
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Ogundipe E, Tusor N, Wang Y, Johnson MR, Edwards AD, Crawford MA. Randomized controlled trial of brain specific fatty acid supplementation in pregnant women increases brain volumes on MRI scans of their newborn infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 138:6-13. [PMID: 30392581 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA) are essential brain specific fatty acids (BSFA) for mammalian central nervous system development. Human brains have accelerated growth with significant increase in cerebral content of ArA and DHA during the last trimester of pregnancy and first postnatal months. This randomized double blind placebo controlled single centre trial assessed the impact of BSFA supplementation in pregnancy on newborn infants' brain volumes. Eighty six infants born to study mothers had brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans soon after birth. Total and regional brain volumes were analyzed and related to maternal supplementation group. Males born to the BSFA supplemented mothers had significantly larger total brain volumes, total gray matter, corpus callosum and cortical volumes when compared to the placebo group. This is the first study to show maternal BSFA supplementation enhances newborn infants' brain size and suggests differential sex sensitivity of fetal brains to pregnancy BSFA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ogundipe
- Neonatal Department, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital London, UK; Lipid laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital campus, London, UK.
| | - N Tusor
- F Med Sci, Perinatal Neuroimaging Unit, King's College London, UK.
| | - Y Wang
- Lipid laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital campus, London, UK.
| | - M R Johnson
- Academic Obstetric Department, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital campus, London, UK.
| | - A D Edwards
- F Med Sci, Perinatal Neuroimaging Unit, King's College London, UK.
| | - M A Crawford
- Academic Obstetric Department, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital campus, London, UK.
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Differential Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Status and Placental Transport in Adolescent Pregnancies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020220. [PMID: 29462922 PMCID: PMC5852796 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent pregnancy increases risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Placental delivery of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) is essential for fetal growth and development. In this pilot study, we aimed to assess maternal and fetal status of fatty acids (FA) measured at birth and the expression of key genes involved in FA uptake, transport and metabolism in the placenta of fifteen adolescents and fifteen adults. FA were quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. Placental expression of FA transporters was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was quantified by Western Blot. Adolescents had lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and total n-3 FA levels in maternal erythrocytes and placenta, but these were not different in fetal erythrocytes. Arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6) concentration was increased in placenta but lower in fetal circulation. Plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) and fatty acid transport protein (FATP) 4 mRNA expressions were not different, however FATP1, fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) mRNA and PPARγ protein levels were decreased in placenta of adolescents. Despite significant downregulation of FATP1, CD36 and FABP3, there was only a modest decrease in LCPUFA (10%) and AA (12%) and no difference in DHA content in cord blood, suggesting that FA transfer to the fetus was partially protected by other factors in adolescents from this cohort.
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Leroy C, Tobin KAR, Basak S, Cathrine Staff A, Duttaroy AK. Fatty acid-binding protein3 expression in BeWo cells, a human placental choriocarcinoma cell line. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 120:1-7. [PMID: 28515017 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular uptake of long chain fatty acids in human placental trophoblasts is thought to be mediated by several membrane- and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP). FABP3 was shown to be involved in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) uptake in human trophoblastic choriocarcinoma cells, BeWo as the uptake of arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) was decreased in FABP3-knockdown BeWo cells. However, the regulation of expression of FABP3 in these cells is not yet well known. The aim of the present study was to examine the FABP3 expression by LCPUFAs, insulin and LXR agonists in BeWo cells. Among all these fatty acids tested, only ARA dose-dependently stimulated the expression of FABP3 protein in these cells after 24h incubation while other fatty acids had no such effect. In addition, LXR agonist and insulin dose-dependently increased FABP3 protein expression in these cells after 24h incubation. Insulin-stimulated FABP3 protein expression was accompanied with an increased arachidonic acid uptake. Differentiated BeWo cells had lesser expression of FABP3 protein than in the undifferentiated cells as the cellular differentiation state was measured by hCG production. In preeclamptic placental tissue, lowered expression of FABP3 protein was observed compared with those in normal pregnancy. All these data indicate that FABP3 may in be part involved in ARA uptake in these cells and its expression may be regulated by ARA, insulin, LXR and the state of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Anne Risan Tobin
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sanjay Basak
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Molecular Biology Division, National Institute Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- Dept. of Obstetrics and Dept. Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Ogundipe E, Johnson MR, Wang Y, Crawford MA. Peri-conception maternal lipid profiles predict pregnancy outcomes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 114:35-43. [PMID: 27926462 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, healthy women and those at high-risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes) were selected to assess the effect of fatty acid supplementation. The purpose of this paper is to report two novel findings (i) at recruitment the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for erythrocyte oleic acid predicted spontaneous delivery at 34 weeks gestation (ROC=0.926 n=296) for all women entering the study. Further analysis revealed oleic and all monounsaturated fatty acids were similarly predictive with or without a supplement during the pregnancy. (ii) At delivery, we observed a biomagnification of saturated fatty acids from mother to fetus with the reverse for monounsaturates. The major conclusions are (i) the status of the mother in the months prior to conception is a stronger predictor of preterm delivery than the events during the pregnancy. (ii) Saturated fats may be playing an important function in supporting fetal membrane growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enitan Ogundipe
- Neonatal unit, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, Division of Medicine, Imperial college, London, UK
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Michael A Crawford
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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Uhl O, Demmelmair H, Segura MT, Florido J, Rueda R, Campoy C, Koletzko B. Effects of obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus on placental phospholipids. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 109:364-71. [PMID: 26021978 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse effects in the offspring. The composition of placental glycerophospholipids (GPL) is known to be altered in GDM and might reflect an aberrant fatty acid transfer across the placenta and thus affect the foetal body composition. The aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of obesity and GDM, respectively, on placental GPL species composition. We investigated molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in term placentas from controls (lean non-diabetic, body-mass-index [BMI] 18-24.9k g/m(2), n=31), obese non-diabetics (BMI ≥30 kg/m(2), n=17) and lean diabetics (n=15), using liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. PE(16:0/22:6) and PE(18:0/20:4) were increased in GDM and decreased species were PC(18:0/20:3), PC(18:1/20:3) and PS(18:0/18:2). A consistent difference between BMI related changes and changes caused by GDM was not observed. Arachidonic acid percentages of cord blood correlated with placental PC(16:0/20:4), whereas foetal docosahexaenoic acid correlated to placental PE species. Furthermore, a positive correlation of placental weight was found to levels of PE containing arachidonic acid. We demonstrated that obesity and GDM are associated with decreased dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and increased arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents of placental GPL, with unknown consequences for the foetus. PC(16:0/20:4) was identified as the major component for the supply of arachidonic acid to the foetal circulation, whereas PE containing arachidonic acid was found to be associated to the placental and infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Uhl
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - María Teresa Segura
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Florido
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Granada's University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Strategic Research Department, Abbott Nutrition, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.
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Yamazaki I, Kimura F, Nakagawa K, Nakai K, Arima T, Kawabata T, Kagawa Y, Saitoh S, Mizuno S, Yaegashi N, Miyazawa T. Heterogeneity of the Fatty Acid Composition of Japanese Placentae for Determining the Perinatal Fatty Acid Status: a Methodological Study. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:905-14. [PMID: 26179007 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the placenta can be a useful way to determine the fatty acid (FA) status of pregnant women and neonates since this large organ can be obtained easily and non-invasively. Although several studies have been conducted on using placental tissue for FA analysis, the sampling methods have not been thoroughly examined. The aim of the present study was to determine a suitable method of sampling human placentae by focusing on their heterogeneity. Twenty-four placentae were collected from healthy pregnant Japanese women in the Miyagi Prefecture of Japan. Five of them were used to compare the FA composition between the peripheral area and the central area of the placentae. The other 19 were examined to determine differences in the FA composition between the fetal and maternal side. Placental tissue crude lipid was saponified, and methyl was esterified with 14% sodium boron trifluoride methanol for gas chromatography with flame ionization detector analysis. Fifty-six peaks were detected from the methyl esters of the placental total lipid, and 33 of those were identified as FA methyl esters. There were considerable variations in the FA composition, as the variation was low in the central parts and high in the peripheral parts of the placentae. The 18:1n-9 and 18:2n-6 levels were higher in the fetal side, whereas the 20:3n-6, 20:4n-6, and 22:6n-3 levels were higher in the maternal side. These findings indicate the presence of heterogeneity in the FA composition of human placenta, and they suggest the necessity for standardizing the sampling method so that the placental tissue can be used to determine the FA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Yamazaki
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University
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Rani A, Chavan-Gautam P, Mehendale S, Wagh G, Joshi S. Differential regional fatty acid distribution in normotensive and preeclampsia placenta. BBA CLINICAL 2015; 4:21-6. [PMID: 26674001 PMCID: PMC4661600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are biologically active fatty acids which regulate placental angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Abnormalities in these aspects have been associated with preeclampsia (PE). Further, placenta has a heterogeneous structure with differential vascularization across different regions. We therefore hypothesize that the distribution of fatty acids in various regions of the placenta is altered in PE leading to poor fetal outcome. Methods In this cross-sectional study we recruited 69 normotensive control (NC) and 44 women with PE. PE women were further classified as those delivered preterm (PTPE, n = 24) and at term (TPE, n = 20). Fatty acid levels were analyzed from placental samples from four different regions (CF—central fetal, PF—peripheral fetal, CM—central maternal and PM—peripheral maternal). Results In the NC placenta, AA levels were lower (p < 0.05) in CM as compared with CF region. However, such differences were not seen in the TPE and PTPE. In contrast, the DHA levels varied between regions only in the PTPE placenta. Between groups, DHA levels were lower (p < 0.05 for both) in the CM and CF regions of the PTPE as compared with NC. The levels of DHA in TPE placenta were similar to NC. AA levels were lower (p < 0.05 for both) in CF region of TPE and PF region of PTPE placenta than NC. Conclusions There is differential pattern of LCPUFA distribution across various regions of the NC, TPE and PTPE placenta. This may have implications for placental growth and development as well as transfer of LCPUFA to the fetus. There are regional differences in fatty acid levels in normal placenta. Regional fatty acid distribution is further affected in preeclampsia. Preterm preeclampsia placenta is more affected than term preeclampsia and control. DHA of peripheral fetal region positively associated with baby weight in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Rani
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Savita Mehendale
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Girija Wagh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
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Josephson J, Turner JM, Field CJ, Wizzard PR, Nation PN, Sergi C, Ball RO, Pencharz PB, Wales PW. Parenteral Soy Oil and Fish Oil Emulsions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 39:677-87. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607114556494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Justine M. Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Patrick N. Nation
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ronald O. Ball
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Paul B. Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul W. Wales
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Group for Improvement of Intestinal Function and Treatment, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kremmyda LS, Tvrzicka E, Stankova B, Zak A. Fatty acids as biocompounds: their role in human metabolism, health and disease: a review. part 2: fatty acid physiological roles and applications in human health and disease. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 155:195-218. [PMID: 22286806 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2011.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the second of two review parts aiming at describing the major physiological roles of fatty acids, as well as their applications in specific conditions related to human health. RESULTS The review included the current literature published in Pubmed up to March 2011. In humans, fatty acids are a principle energy substrate and structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids) and second messengers. Fatty acids are also ligands of nuclear receptors affecting gene expression. Longer-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid are precursors of lipid mediators such as eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), resolvins and neuroprotectins. Lipid mediators produced by EPA and DHA (LC n-3 PUFA; mainly found in oily fish) are considered as inflammation-resolving, and thus, fish oil has been characterised as antiinflammatory. Recommendations for EPA plus DHA intake from oily fish vary between 250-450 mg/day. Dietary reference values for fat vary between nutrition bodies, but mainly agree on a low total and saturated fat intake. The existing literature supports the protective effects of LC n-3 PUFA (as opposed to n-6 PUFA and saturated fat) in maternal and offspring health, cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, the metabolic syndrome, cancer, critically ill patients, and immune system disorders. CONCLUSION Fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways and play a major role in health. Further investigation and a nutrigenomics approach to the effects of these biocompounds on health and disease development are imperative and highlight the importance of environmental modifications on disease outcome.
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Dhobale MV, Wadhwani N, Mehendale SS, Pisal HR, Joshi SR. Reduced levels of placental long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in preterm deliveries. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:149-53. [PMID: 21816593 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reports suggest that the placenta in preterm birth may provide clues to predicting the risk of individuals developing chronic diseases in later life. Placental delivery of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) (constituents of the cell membrane and precursors of prostaglandins) is essential for the optimal development of the central nervous system of the fetus. The present study examines the levels of LCPUFA and their association with placental weight and birth outcome in 58 women delivering preterm and 44 women delivering at term. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) levels were lower (p<0.01) in women delivering preterm. There was a positive association of placental DHA with placental weight (p=0.036) and nervonic acid with head circumference (p=0.040) in the preterm group. Altered placental LCPUFA status exists in Indian mothers delivering preterm, which may influence the birth outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi V Dhobale
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India
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Kulkarni AV, Mehendale SS, Yadav HR, Joshi SR. Reduced placental docosahexaenoic acid levels associated with increased levels of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 84:51-5. [PMID: 20956072 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier studies, in preeclamptic women have shown altered levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), essential constituents of the cell membrane lipids responsible for membrane stability as one of the key factors contributing to the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. We have also reported elevated levels of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia. The present study examines the levels of LCPUFA and their association with sFlt-1 levels in 69 pre-eclamptic women and 40 normotensive women. DHA and omega 3 fatty acid levels were lower (p<0.001) while arachidonic acid and omega 6 fatty acid levels were higher (p<0.05) in preeclamptic women as compared to normotensive women. Maternal plasma sFlt-1 levels were higher (p<0.05) in preeclamptic women and were negatively associated with DHA (p=0.008) and omega 3 fatty acids concentrations (p=0.031). Our results suggest that altered placental LCPUFA may result in altered membrane lipid fatty acid composition leading to increased release of sFlt-1 in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita V Kulkarni
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India
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Morse NL. A meta-analysis of blood fatty acids in people with learning disorders with particular interest in arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:373-89. [PMID: 19819683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Small individual studies report that people with learning disorders have lower than normal blood concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. The origin and consequence of the subnormal docosahexaenoic acid have been much speculated. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the significance of the low arachidonic acid concentration. Studies were identified through a literature search including subjects with various learning disorders or symptoms thereof and age-matched controls. A meta-analysis of pooled data from the red blood cell and plasma/serum showed that red blood cell arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid concentrations were significantly lower than normal [-3.93 and -18.92, respectively (weighted mean difference as a % of weighted mean control)]. Plasma/serum arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were also significantly lower than normal [-6.99 and -15.66, respectively (weighted mean difference as a % of weighted mean control)]. However, in absolute amounts the arachidonic acid was as severely depressed as docosahexanoic acid within red blood cells 0.57mg/100mg of fatty acid below normal verses 0.59mg/100mg for docosahexaenoic acid. Plasma/serum arachidonic acid was even lower; 0.71mg/100mg of fatty acid below normal verses 0.34mg/100mg for docosahexaenoic acid. The origin, consequences and relative importance of subnormal arachidonic acid to brain function bears further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Morse
- Efamol Ltd., 14 The Mole Business Park, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7BA, UK.
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Miller MF, Chernyak SM, Batterman S, Loch-Caruso R. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human gestational membranes from women in southeast Michigan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:3042-6. [PMID: 19534111 PMCID: PMC2700303 DOI: 10.1021/es8032764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been incorporated into many consumer products as flame retardants. Due to their persistence and ability to bioaccumulate, PBDEs are ubiquitous in human blood and breast milk samples from industrialized nations. Although there exists a potential for environmental pollutants such as PBDEs to adversely impact birth outcomes and perinatal health, reports of PBDE levels in human reproductive tissues are limited. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the total levels and congener-specific profiles of PBDEs from human extraplacental gestational membranes. Gestational membranes from five term pregnancies were obtained from nonlaboring caesarian deliveries at the University of Michigan Women's Hospital Birth Center. Duplicate samples were extracted and analyzed by GC-MS for twenty-one PBDE congeners. Total PBDE loading was 17.4 +/- 3.9 pg/g tissue (5.62 +/- 1.28 ng/g lipid). Seventy-eight percent of the total measurable PBDE loading was due to BDEs 47, 49, 99, 100, and 153, with measured values of 3.63, 3.15, 3.05, 1.74, and 1.90 pg/g tissue (1170, 1018, 983, 561, and 612 pg/g lipid), respectively. The remaining 28% comprised BDEs 17, 28, 66, 71, 85, and 154. No octa-, nona-, or deca-BDEs were identified. Although previously unreported in the human gestational compartment BDE 49 comprised 17% of the total PBDE level. This work establishes baseline accumulated levels of PBDEs in gestational membranes of women in Southeast Michigan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Hanebutt FL, Demmelmair H, Schiessl B, Larqué E, Koletzko B. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) transfer across the placenta. Clin Nutr 2008; 27:685-93. [PMID: 18639956 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fetal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) supply during pregnancy is of major importance, particularly with respect to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that is an important component of the nervous system cell membranes. Growing evidence points to direct effects of DHA status on visual and cognitive outcomes in the offspring. Furthermore, DHA supply in pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm delivery. Because of limited fetal capacity to synthesize LC-PUFA, the fetus depends on LC-PUFA transfer across the placenta. Molecular mechanisms of placental LC-PUFA uptake and transport are not fully understood, but it has been clearly demonstrated that there is a preferential DHA transfer. Thus, the placenta is of pivotal importance for the selective channeling of DHA from maternal diet and body stores to the fetus. Several studies have associated various fatty acid transport and binding proteins (FATP) with the preferential DHA transfer, but also the importance of the different lipolytic enzymes has been shown. Although the exact mechanisms and the interaction of these factors remains elusive, recent studies have shed more light on the processes involved, and this review summarizes the current understanding of molecular mechanisms of LC-PUFA transport across the placenta and the impact on pregnancy outcome and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne L Hanebutt
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
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Copper (II) sulfate charring for high sensitivity on-plate fluorescent detection of lipids and sterols: quantitative analyses of the composition of functional secretory vesicles. J Chem Biol 2008; 1:79-87. [PMID: 19568800 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-008-0007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of methods exist for the on-plate detection of lipids resolved by thin layer chromatography. Fluorescence generally offers improvements in sensitivity over methods that use colorimetric or simple densitometric detection. In this paper, we report that a classic cupric sulfate charring protocol produces a fluorescent signal that sensitively and quantitatively detects a wide range of phospholipids, neutral lipids, and sterols after automated, multi-development high performance thin layer chromatography. The measured lower limits of detection and quantification, respectively, were, on average, 80 and 210 pmol for phospholipids and 43 fmol and 8.7 pmol for sterols. The simple, inexpensive, and highly sensitive approach described here was used to quantitatively analyze the lipid and sterol composition of sea urchin cortical vesicles, a stage-specific model system used to study the mechanism of regulated membrane fusion.
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Bitsanis D, Ghebremeskel K, Moodley T, Crawford MA, Djahanbakhch O. Gestational diabetes mellitus enhances arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in placental phospholipids. Lipids 2006; 41:341-6. [PMID: 16808147 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we reported that neonates of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have reduced blood levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that were unrelated to maternal status. Since both AA and DHA are selectively transferred from maternal to fetal circulation by the placenta, we have investigated whether the FA composition of the placenta is altered by GDM. Thirty-six women, 11 with and 25 without GDM, were recruited from Newham General Hospital, London. The women with GDM had higher levels of di-homo-gamma-linolenic (P < 0.05), docosatetraenoic (n-6 DTA; P< 0.0001), docosapentaenoic n-6 (P< 0.005), total n-6 (P < 0.005), docosapentaenoic (n-3 DPA; P < 0.005), and total n-3 (P < 0.01) FA, as well as higher levels of AA (P < 0.05) and DHA (P < 0.01), in placental choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) compared with the healthy women who served as controls. Similarly, the women with GDM had elevated n-6 DTA (P < 0.005), AA, total n-6 metabolites (P < 0.05), DHA, total n-3 metabolites, and total n-3 FA (P < 0.005) in ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG). In contrast to CPG and EPG, the placental TG of the women with GDM had higher linoleic acid (P< 0.05) and lower AA, n-6 metabolites, and n-3 DPA (P < 0.01). The placenta is devoid of desaturase activity, and it is thought to be reliant on maternal circulation for both AA and DHA. Hence, the enhanced levels of the two FA in the placenta of the GDM group suggests that these FA are taken up from the maternal circulation and retained after esterification into phosphoglycerides instead of being transferred to the fetus. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanism involved and the effect of the phenomenon on postnatal growth and development of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetris Bitsanis
- Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom.
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