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Bjørndal B, Aloysius TA, Lund A, Slizyte R, Bohov P, Carvajal AK, Berge RK. A chicken protein hydrolysate exerts anti-atherosclerotic effect beyond plasma cholesterol-lowering activity in Apoe -/- mice. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3052-3060. [PMID: 32724569 PMCID: PMC7382182 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken protein hydrolysates (CPHs) generated from rest raw materials through enzymatic hydrolysis using Corolase PP or Alcalase were shown to reduce inflammation and stimulate hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in high-fat-fed mice. This study investigates the effect of CPH diets in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. Apoe-/- mice were divided into three groups of 12 animals and fed high-fat diets with casein (control), Alcalase CPH, or Corolase PP CPH. After 12 weeks, mice were sacrificed, blood samples were collected, and aorta was dissected for subsequent én face analysis. Mice fed Corolase PP CPH but not Alcalase CPH had significantly lower % atherosclerotic plaque area in the aortic arch compared to controls (p = .015 and p = .077, respectively). Plasma and liver cholesterol and triacylglycerol remained constant, but levels of the fatty acid C20:5n-3 were increased, accompanied by an elevated delta-5 desaturase index in both CPHs groups. Moreover, a significant reduction of plasma MCP-1 was detected in Corolase PP CPH compared to control. Overall, our data show that protein hydrolysates from chicken reduced atherosclerosis and attenuated systemic risk factors related to atherosclerotic disorders, not related to changes in the level of plasma cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Anders Lund
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Heart DiseaseHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
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Zhou H, Liao L, Xu S, Ren F, Zhao J, Ogutu C, Wang L, Jiang Q, Han Y. Two amino acid changes in the R3 repeat cause functional divergence of two clustered MYB10 genes in peach. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:169-183. [PMID: 30155830 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
R2R3-MYB genes play a pivotal role in regulating anthocyanin accumulation. Here, we report two tandemly duplicated R2R3-MYB genes in peach, PpMYB10.1 and PpMYB10.2, with the latter showing lower ability to induce anthocyanin accumulation than the former. Site-directed mutation assay revealed two amino acid changes in the R3 repeat, Arg/Lys66 and Gly/Arg93, responsible for functional divergence between these two PpMYB10 genes. Anthocyanin-promoting activity of PpMYB10.2 was significantly increased by a single amino acid replacement of Arg93 with Gly93. However, either the Gly93 → Arg93 or Arg66 → Lys66 substitutions alone showed little impact on anthocyanin-promoting activity of PpMYB10.1, but simultaneous substitutions caused a significant decrease. Reciprocal substitution of Arg/Gly93 could significantly alter binding affinity to PpbHLH3, while the Arg66 → Lys66 substitution is predicted to affect the folding of the MYB DNA-binding domain, instead of PpbHLH3-binding affinity. Overall, the change of anthocyanin-promoting activity was accompanied with that of bHLH-binding affinity, suggesting that DNA-binding affinity of R2R3-MYBs depends on their bHLH partners. Our study is helpful for understanding of functional evolution of R2R3-MYBs and their interaction with DNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Horticultural Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Liao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shengli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fei Ren
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jianbo Zhao
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Collins Ogutu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Astola L, Stigter H, Gomez Roldan MV, van Eeuwijk F, Hall RD, Groenenboom M, Molenaar JJ. Parameter estimation in tree graph metabolic networks. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2417. [PMID: 27688960 PMCID: PMC5036115 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the glycosylation processes that convert initially toxic substrates to nutritionally valuable metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. To estimate the reaction rates we use ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to model the enzyme kinetics. A popular choice is to use a system of linear ODEs with constant kinetic rates or to use Michaelis–Menten kinetics. In reality, the catalytic rates, which are affected among other factors by kinetic constants and enzyme concentrations, are changing in time and with the approaches just mentioned, this phenomenon cannot be described. Another problem is that, in general these kinetic coefficients are not always identifiable. A third problem is that, it is not precisely known which enzymes are catalyzing the observed glycosylation processes. With several hundred potential gene candidates, experimental validation using purified target proteins is expensive and time consuming. We aim at reducing this task via mathematical modeling to allow for the pre-selection of most potential gene candidates. In this article we discuss a fast and relatively simple approach to estimate time varying kinetic rates, with three favorable properties: firstly, it allows for identifiable estimation of time dependent parameters in networks with a tree-like structure. Secondly, it is relatively fast compared to usually applied methods that estimate the model derivatives together with the network parameters. Thirdly, by combining the metabolite concentration data with a corresponding microarray data, it can help in detecting the genes related to the enzymatic processes. By comparing the estimated time dynamics of the catalytic rates with time series gene expression data we may assess potential candidate genes behind enzymatic reactions. As an example, we show how to apply this method to select prominent glycosyltransferase genes in tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Astola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven , Netherlands
| | - Hans Stigter
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University and Research Centre , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | | | - Fred van Eeuwijk
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University and Research Centre , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Robert D Hall
- Plant Research Intenational-Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Marian Groenenboom
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University and Research Centre , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Jaap J Molenaar
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University and Research Centre , Wageningen , Netherlands
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Khan NI, Noori S, Mahboob T. Efficacy of lycopene on modulation of renal antioxidant enzymes, ACE and ACE gene expression in hyperlipidaemic rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:1470320316664611. [PMID: 27678388 PMCID: PMC5843852 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316664611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of lycopene on renal tissue antioxidant enzymes and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene expression and serum activity in diet-induced hyperlipidaemia. METHODS Thirty-two female Wistar albino rats (200-250 g weight), 5-6 months of age, were randomly selected and divided into four groups. Group I received normal diet; group II received 24 g high fat diet/100 g of daily diet; group III received 24 g high fat diet/100 g daily diet and 200 ml of lycopene extract (twice a week) for 8 weeks; and group IV received 200 ml oral lycopene extract twice a week for 8 weeks. RESULTS A marked increase was observed in plasma urea and creatinine levels, serum C-reactive protein, kidney weight, tissue renal malonyldialdehyde level, ACE gene expression and serum level, while a decrease catalase level among hyperlipidaemic rats was observed. Histologically, interstitial inflammation and proliferation was seen. Lycopene supplementation significantly decreased plasma urea and creatinine, serum ACE, renal tissue malonyldialdehyde level and C-reactive protein level, while it increased tissue antioxidant enzymes level and total protein. Tissue inflammation and proliferation was improved. CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests that supplementation of lycopene is effective for renal antioxidant enzymes, ACE gene expression and ACE serum level in hyperlipidaemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shafaq Noori
- Department of Biochemistry, Muhammad Bin Qasim Medical and Dental College, Pakistan
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Matusiewicz M, Kosieradzka I, Sobczak-Filipiak M, Zuk M, Szopa J. Transgenic flax overexpressing polyphenols as a potential anti-inflammatory dietary agent. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Verma S, Sharma A, Kumar R, Kaur C, Arora A, Shah R, Nain L. Improvement of antioxidant and defense properties of Tomato (var. Pusa Rohini) by application of bioaugmented compost. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 22:256-64. [PMID: 25972746 PMCID: PMC4423717 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient management practices play a significant role in improving the nutritional quality of tomato. The present study deals with the evaluation of compost prepared using Effective Microorganisms (EM), on antioxidant and defense enzyme activities of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). A field experiment with five treatments (control, chemical fertilizer and EM compost alone and in combination) was conducted in randomized block design. An increment of 31.83% in tomato yield was recorded with the combined use of EM compost and half recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (N50P30K25 + EM compost at the rate of 5 t ha−1). Similarly, fruit quality was improved in terms of lycopene content (35.52%), antioxidant activity (24–63%) and defense enzymes activity (11–54%), in tomatoes in this treatment as compared to the application of recommended dose of fertilizers. Soil microbiological parameters also exhibited an increase of 7–31% in the enzyme activities in this treatment. Significant correlation among fruit quality parameters with soil microbiological activities reveals the positive impact of EM compost which may be adopted as an eco-friendly strategy for production of high quality edible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Verma
- Lata Nain, Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Anamika Sharma
- Lata Nain, Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Division of Vegetable Sciences, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Post Harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Anju Arora
- Lata Nain, Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Raghubir Shah
- Division of Vegetable Sciences, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Lata Nain
- Lata Nain, Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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Matusiewicz M, Kosieradzka I, Zuk M, Szopa J. Genetically modified flax expressing NAP-SsGT1 transgene: examination of anti-inflammatory action. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16741-59. [PMID: 25247574 PMCID: PMC4200857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work was to define the influence of dietary supplementation with GM (genetically modified) GT#4 flaxseed cake enriched in polyphenols on inflammation development in mice liver. Mice were given ad libitum isoprotein diets: (1) standard diet; (2) high-fat diet rich in lard, high-fat diet enriched with 30% of (3) isogenic flax Linola seed cake; and (4) GM GT#4 flaxseed cake; for 96 days. Administration of transgenic and isogenic seed cake lowered body weight gain, of transgenic to the standard diet level. Serum total antioxidant status was statistically significantly improved in GT#4 flaxseed cake group and did not differ from Linola. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid profile and the liver concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α were ameliorated by GM and isogenic flaxseed cake consumption. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ did not differ between mice obtaining GM GT#4 and non-GM flaxseed cakes. The C-reactive protein concentration was reduced in animals fed GT#4 flaxseed cake and did not differ from those fed non-GM flaxseed cake-based diet. Similarly, the liver structure of mice consuming diets enriched in flaxseed cake was improved. Dietetic enrichment with GM GT#4 and non-GM flaxseed cakes may be a promising solution for health problems resulting from improper diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Matusiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Iwona Kosieradzka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Zuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
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Zhong RZ, Li HY, Sun HX, Zhou DW. Effects of supplementation with dietary green tea polyphenols on parasite resistance and acute phase protein response to Haemonchus contortus infection in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:199-207. [PMID: 25042046 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation with dietary green tea polyphenols (GTPs) on parasite resistance and acute phase protein (APP) response to Haemonchus contortus infection in lambs. Thirty male Ujumqin lambs were randomly assigned to five treatment groups for an 8-week feeding period. Treatments included: (1) uninfected as control, (2) infected but not given GTP (INFGTP0) and (3)-(5) infected and fed 2, 4, or 6g GTP/kg feed (dry matter basis; INFGTP2, INFGTP4, and INFGTP6, respectively). Fecal and blood samples were collected to determine fecal egg count (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), and APP concentrations. Live weight was measured once every 2 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, lambs were slaughtered to determine the adult H. contortus burden. The results demonstrated interaction effects between treatment and sampling time on the average daily gain (ADG; P=0.0005), FEC (P<0.0001), PCV (P=0.0005), and concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and α1-acid glycoprotein (α1AGP) (P<0.0001). From days 0 to 56, the ADG values for all infected lambs were lower than that of uninfected lambs, but the ADG values for all GTP-fed lambs were higher than that of INFGTP0 lambs, especially from days 28 to 42. The FECs of all GTP-fed lambs were higher than those of uninfected lambs but lower than that of INFGTP0 lambs. The PCVs of all infected lambs were lower than those of uninfected lambs, but PCV increased with increasing amounts of GTP supplementation. Furthermore, supplementation with different concentrations of GTP significantly reduced the numbers of adult H. contortus, including both males and females (P<0.0001), and the H. contortus burden in INFGTP6 lambs was reduced to uninfected levels. Overall, the SAA, Hp, LBP, and α1AGP concentrations of all infected lambs were higher than those of uninfected lambs from days 0 to 56. Two peaks in expression were observed from days 0 to 3 and at day 28, and APP concentrations of all GTP-fed lambs were lower than those of INFGTP0 lambs, except for SAA in INFGTP6 lambs. In conclusion, quantitative measurements of APP responses to H. contortus infection provide valuable diagnostic information for monitoring infection progression and treatment responses in lambs. An appropriate dose of dietary GTP supplementation can increase host resistance by reducing H. contortus burden and weight loss and suppressing blood APP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhen Zhong
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, Jilin, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hao Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hai Xia Sun
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, Jilin, PR China
| | - Dao Wei Zhou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, Jilin, PR China.
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Parolini C, Vik R, Busnelli M, Bjørndal B, Holm S, Brattelid T, Manzini S, Ganzetti GS, Dellera F, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P, Sirtori CR, Nordrehaug JE, Skorve J, Berge RK, Chiesa G. A salmon protein hydrolysate exerts lipid-independent anti-atherosclerotic activity in ApoE-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97598. [PMID: 24840793 PMCID: PMC4026378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish consumption is considered health beneficial as it decreases cardiovascular disease (CVD)-risk through effects on plasma lipids and inflammation. We investigated a salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) that is hypothesized to influence lipid metabolism and to have anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory properties. 24 female apolipoprotein (apo) E(-/-) mice were divided into two groups and fed a high-fat diet with or without 5% (w/w) SPH for 12 weeks. The atherosclerotic plaque area in aortic sinus and arch, plasma lipid profile, fatty acid composition, hepatic enzyme activities and gene expression were determined. A significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque area in the aortic arch and aortic sinus was found in the 12 apoE(-/)- mice fed 5% SPH for 12 weeks compared to the 12 casein-fed control mice. Immunohistochemical characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in aortic sinus displayed no differences in plaque composition between mice fed SPH compared to controls. However, reduced mRNA level of Icam1 in the aortic arch was found. The plasma content of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) were increased and decreased, respectively. SPH-feeding decreased the plasma concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and GM-CSF, whereas plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols (TAG) were unchanged, accompanied by unchanged mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)-activity. These data show that a 5% (w/w) SPH diet reduces atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) mice and attenuate risk factors related to atherosclerotic disorders by acting both at vascular and systemic levels, and not directly related to changes in plasma lipids or fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (CP); (RV)
| | - Rita Vik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (CP); (RV)
| | - Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Brattelid
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, NIFES, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia S. Ganzetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Dellera
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cesare R. Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan E. Nordrehaug
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Pons E, Alquézar B, Rodríguez A, Martorell P, Genovés S, Ramón D, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarías L, Peña L. Metabolic engineering of β-carotene in orange fruit increases its in vivo antioxidant properties. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:17-27. [PMID: 24034339 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Orange is a major crop and an important source of health-promoting bioactive compounds. Increasing the levels of specific antioxidants in orange fruit through metabolic engineering could strengthen the fruit's health benefits. In this work, we have afforded enhancing the β-carotene content of orange fruit through blocking by RNA interference the expression of an endogenous β-carotene hydroxylase gene (Csβ-CHX) that is involved in the conversion of β-carotene into xanthophylls. Additionally, we have simultaneously overexpressed a key regulator gene of flowering transition, the FLOWERING LOCUS T from sweet orange (CsFT), in the transgenic juvenile plants, which allowed us to obtain fruit in an extremely short period of time. Silencing the Csβ-CHX gene resulted in oranges with a deep yellow ('golden') phenotype and significant increases (up to 36-fold) in β-carotene content in the pulp. The capacity of β-carotene-enriched oranges for protection against oxidative stress in vivo was assessed using Caenorhabditis elegans as experimental animal model. Golden oranges induced a 20% higher antioxidant effect than the isogenic control. This is the first example of the successful metabolic engineering of the β-carotene content (or the content of any other phytonutrient) in oranges and demonstrates the potential of genetic engineering for the nutritional enhancement of fruit tree crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Pons
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
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Espley RV, Bovy A, Bava C, Jaeger SR, Tomes S, Norling C, Crawford J, Rowan D, McGhie TK, Brendolise C, Putterill J, Schouten HJ, Hellens RP, Allan AC. Analysis of genetically modified red-fleshed apples reveals effects on growth and consumer attributes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:408-19. [PMID: 23130849 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Consumers of whole foods, such as fruits, demand consistent high quality and seek varieties with enhanced health properties, convenience or novel taste. We have raised the polyphenolic content of apple by genetic engineering of the anthocyanin pathway using the apple transcription factor MYB10. These apples have very high concentrations of foliar, flower and fruit anthocyanins, especially in the fruit peel. Independent lines were examined for impacts on tree growth, photosynthesis and fruit characteristics. Fruit were analysed for changes in metabolite and transcript levels. Fruit were also used in taste trials to study the consumer perception of such a novel apple. No negative taste attributes were associated with the elevated anthocyanins. Modification with this one gene provides near isogenic material and allows us to examine the effects on an established cultivar, with a view to enhancing consumer appeal independently of other fruit qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited-PFR, Auckland, New Zealand.
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12
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Khayat Nouri MH, Namvaran Abbas Abad A. Comparative study of tomato and tomato paste supplementation on the level of serum lipids and lipoproteins levels in rats fed with high cholesterol. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2013; 15:287-91. [PMID: 24082999 PMCID: PMC3785900 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Increased blood cholesterol affects general health and increases mortality due to cardiovascular disease. Poor nutrition increases LDL cholesterol and decreases LDL receptor activities in the liver. Scientists have shown that consumption of antioxidants can reduce hypercholesterolemia and proved benefits of fruit and vegetables. Tomato reduces oxidative stress by increasing serum total antioxidant level. OBJECTIVES This study compared the tomato and tomato paste supplementation on the level of serum lipids and lipoproteins in rats fed with high cholesterol. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, four male rat groups (10 rats per group) were used. Control group received basal diet, second group received basal diet and 2% cholesterol (Chol), third and fourth groups received basal diet, 2% cholesterol tomato and tomato paste respectively (20 percent of the diet) for a month. Then serum TC, LDL, HDL and TG were measured. RESULTS Results showed that in Chol group, all lipids increased significantly (P < 0.05) except HDL compared to the control group. Tomato and tomato paste supplementation decreased TC, LDL and TG concentration significantly (P < 0.05) compared to Chol group. Tomato paste had the higher effect on lipids decreasing than tomato. CONCLUSIONS Decreases of TC, LDL and TG may be related to tomato antioxidant effect. This course in human required more investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Hadi Khayat Nouri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mir Hadi Khayat Nouri, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9143005855, Fax: +98-4116372274, E-mail:
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Zhu C, Sanahuja G, Yuan D, Farré G, Arjó G, Berman J, Zorrilla-López U, Banakar R, Bai C, Pérez-Massot E, Bassie L, Capell T, Christou P. Biofortification of plants with altered antioxidant content and composition: genetic engineering strategies. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:129-41. [PMID: 22970850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are protective molecules that neutralize reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative damage to cellular components such as membranes, proteins and nucleic acids, therefore reducing the rate of cell death and hence the effects of ageing and ageing-related diseases. The fortification of food with antioxidants represents an overlap between two diverse environments, namely fortification of staple foods with essential nutrients that happen to have antioxidant properties (e.g. vitamins C and E) and the fortification of luxury foods with health-promoting but non-essential antioxidants such as flavonoids as part of the nutraceuticals/functional foods industry. Although processed foods can be artificially fortified with vitamins, minerals and nutraceuticals, a more sustainable approach is to introduce the traits for such health-promoting compounds at source, an approach known as biofortification. Regardless of the target compound, the same challenges arise when considering the biofortification of plants with antioxidants, that is the need to modulate endogenous metabolic pathways to increase the production of specific antioxidants without affecting plant growth and development and without collateral effects on other metabolic pathways. These challenges become even more intricate as we move from the engineering of individual pathways to several pathways simultaneously. In this review, we consider the state of the art in antioxidant biofortification and discuss the challenges that remain to be overcome in the development of nutritionally complete and health-promoting functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Zhu
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
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Kaur C, Walia S, Nagal S, Walia S, Singh J, Singh BB, Saha S, Singh B, Kalia P, Jaggi S, Sarika. Functional quality and antioxidant composition of selected tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L) cultivars grown in Northern India. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Orhan F, Barış Ö, Yanmış D, Bal T, Güvenalp Z, Güllüce M. Isolation of some luteolin derivatives from Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. longifolia and determination of their genotoxic potencies. Food Chem 2012; 135:764-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Prasad S, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. Age-associated chronic diseases require age-old medicine: role of chronic inflammation. Prev Med 2012; 54 Suppl:S29-37. [PMID: 22178471 PMCID: PMC3340492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most chronic diseases--such as cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, arthritis, diabetes and obesity--are becoming leading causes of disability and death all over the world. Some of the most common causes of these age-associated chronic diseases are lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption. All the risk factors linked to these chronic diseases have been shown to up-regulate inflammation. Therefore, downregulation of inflammation-associated risk factors could prevent or delay these age-associated diseases. Although modern science has developed several drugs for treating chronic diseases, most of these drugs are enormously expensive and are associated with serious side effects and morbidity. In this review, we present evidence on how chronic inflammation leads to age-associated chronic disease. Furthermore, we discuss diet and lifestyle as solutions for age-associated chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bharat B. Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Maras JE, Talegawkar SA, Qiao N, Lyle B, Ferrucci L, Tucker KL. Flavonoid intakes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Food Compost Anal 2011; 24:1103-1109. [PMID: 22228923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major sources of flavonoids were identified, and mean intakes over several decades were reported, among 1638 participants (mean age 62.1 +/- 16.0 y), of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Dietary data were collected using 7-day diet records during three time periods (1980s, 1990s and 2000-present), and the USDA flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and isoflavone databases were used to estimate dietary flavonoid intakes. Dietary intake data were divided according to decade of visit. Foods were matched with appropriate foods in the USDA databases. Mixed dishes were disaggregated to individual foods and a similar procedure was followed. Total flavonoids and five sub-classes of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanidins, were computed by summing appropriate compounds. The median intakes of flavonoids and the contributions of various foods to intakes were calculated by decade. Age and sex adjusted mean (SE) daily intakes of flavonoids increased from 250 (7.4) in the 1980s to 280 (9.9) mg in the 2000s. Top contributors of flavonoids were tea, apple/pear (and juices), citrus fruits (and juices), peaches, plums, grapes, nectarines (and juices) and chocolate. The data show an increase in the consumption of flavonoids over the three decades, which appears to be related to intake of fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice E Maras
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Gierman LM, van der Ham F, Koudijs A, Wielinga PY, Kleemann R, Kooistra T, Stoop R, Kloppenburg M, van Osch GJVM, Stojanovic-Susulic V, Huizinga TW, Zuurmond AM. Metabolic stress-induced inflammation plays a major role in the development of osteoarthritis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:1172-81. [PMID: 22034049 DOI: 10.1002/art.33443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation and is a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA) development. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that metabolic stress-induced inflammation, and not mechanical overload, is responsible for the development of high-fat diet-induced OA in mice. METHODS Human C-reactive protein (CRP)-transgenic mice received a high-fat diet without or with 0.005% (weight/weight) rosuvastatin or 0.018% (w/w) rosiglitazone, 2 different drugs with antiinflammatory properties. Mice fed chow were included as controls. After 42 weeks, mice were killed and histologic OA grading of the knees was performed. To monitor the overall inflammation state, systemic human CRP levels were determined. RESULTS Male mice on a high-fat diet had significantly higher OA grades than mice on chow and showed no correlation between OA severity and body weight. In male mice, high-fat diet-induced OA was significantly inhibited by rosuvastatin or rosiglitazone to OA grades observed in control mice. Both treatments resulted in reduced human CRP levels. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the relative individual induction of human CRP evoked by a high-fat diet on day 3 and OA grade at end point. CONCLUSION High-fat diet-induced OA in mice is due to low-grade inflammation and not to mechanical overload, since no relationship between body weight and OA grade was observed. Moreover, the OA process was inhibited to a great extent by treatment with 2 drugs with antiinflammatory properties. The inflammatory response to a metabolic high-fat challenge may predict individual susceptibility to developing OA later in life. The use of statins or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists (e.g., rosiglitazone) could be a strategy for interfering with the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gierman
- TNO and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kleemann R, Verschuren L, Morrison M, Zadelaar S, van Erk MJ, Wielinga PY, Kooistra T. Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-atherosclerotic effects of quercetin in human in vitro and in vivo models. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:44-52. [PMID: 21601209 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyphenols such as quercetin may exert several beneficial effects, including those resulting from anti-inflammatory activities, but their impact on cardiovascular health is debated. We investigated the effect of quercetin on cardiovascular risk markers including human C-reactive protein (CRP) and on atherosclerosis using transgenic humanized models of cardiovascular disease. METHODS After evaluating its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in cultured human cells, quercetin (0.1%, w/w in diet) was given to human CRP transgenic mice, a humanized inflammation model, and ApoE*3Leiden transgenic mice, a humanized atherosclerosis model. Sodium salicylate was used as an anti-inflammatory reference. RESULTS In cultured human endothelial cells, quercetin protected against H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation and reduced the cytokine-induced cell-surface expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin. Quercetin also reduced the transcriptional activity of NFκB in human hepatocytes. In human CRP transgenic mice (quercetin plasma concentration: 12.9 ± 1.3 μM), quercetin quenched IL1β-induced CRP expression, as did sodium salicylate. In ApoE*3Leiden mice, quercetin (plasma concentration: 19.3 ± 8.3 μM) significantly attenuated atherosclerosis by 40% (sodium salicylate by 86%). Quercetin did not affect atherogenic plasma lipids or lipoproteins but it significantly lowered the circulating inflammatory risk factors SAA and fibrinogen. Combined histological and microarray analysis of aortas revealed that quercetin affected vascular cell proliferation thereby reducing atherosclerotic lesion growth. Quercetin also reduced the gene expression of specific factors implicated in local vascular inflammation including IL-1R, Ccl8, IKK, and STAT3. CONCLUSION Quercetin reduces the expression of human CRP and cardiovascular risk factors (SAA, fibrinogen) in mice in vivo. These systemic effects together with local anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects in the aorta may contribute to the attenuation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kleemann
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands.
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Shen KP, Lin HL, Chang WT, An LM, Chen IJ, Wu BN. Suppression of inflammatory response and endothelial nitric oxide synthase downregulation in hyperlipidaemic C57BL/6J mice by eugenosedin-A. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:860-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Eugenosedin-A has been found to ameliorate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia in C57BL/6J mice. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of action of eugenosedin-A on endothelial function and inflammation in hyperlipidaemic mice.
Methods
C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two control groups and two treatment groups. The control mice received either a regular diet or HFD, and the treatment groups were fed HFD with either 5 mg/kg eugenosedin-A or atorvastatin for eight weeks.
Key findings
Mice fed a HFD had higher concentrations of nitrate (NO) but not prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), increased tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) proteins, but decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) proteins. HFD-induced upregulation of iNOS is associated with p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), PI3K and Akt/IKKα/p65. Eugenosedin-A and atorvastatin reduced HFD-induced TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA, NO generation, upregulation of iNOS protein, and down-regulation of eNOS protein. Both agents inhibited p38, ERK, JNK and Akt/IKKα/p65 protein levels in the aorta. However, eugenosedin-A did not significantly reduce p38 in the liver.
Conclusions
Our results showed an association between obesity-induced inflammation and altered levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, p38, ERK, JNK and Akt/IKKα/p65. Eugenosedin-A, like atorvastatin, could inhibit p38, ERK, JNK, Akt/IKKα/p65 proteins, as well as TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA during the regulation of the obesity-induced inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ping Shen
- Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Meiho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Li Lin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Meiho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Division of Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Li-Mei An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Verschuren L, Wielinga PY, van Duyvenvoorde W, Tijani S, Toet K, van Ommen B, Kooistra T, Kleemann R. A dietary mixture containing fish oil, resveratrol, lycopene, catechins, and vitamins E and C reduces atherosclerosis in transgenic mice. J Nutr 2011; 141:863-9. [PMID: 21411607 PMCID: PMC3077889 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.133751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and proatherogenic lipids are important risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Specific dietary constituents such as polyphenols and fish oils may improve cardiovascular risk factors and may have a beneficial effect on disease outcomes. We hypothesized that the intake of an antiinflammatory dietary mixture (AIDM) containing resveratrol, lycopene, catechin, vitamins E and C, and fish oil would reduce inflammatory risk factors, proatherogenic lipids, and endpoint atherosclerosis. AIDM was evaluated in an inflammation model, male human C-reactive protein (CRP) transgenic mice, and an atherosclerosis model, female ApoE*3Leiden transgenic mice. Two groups of male human-CRP transgenic mice were fed AIDM [0.567% (wt:wt) powder and 0.933% (wt:wt oil)] or placebo for 6 wk. The effects of AIDM on basal and IL-1β-stimulated CRP expression were investigated. AIDM reduced cytokine-induced human CRP and fibrinogen expression in human-CRP transgenic mice. In the atherosclerosis study, 2 groups of female ApoE*3Leiden transgenic mice were fed an atherogenic diet supplemented with AIDM [0.567% (wt:wt) powder and 0.933% (wt:wt oil)] or placebo for 16 wk. AIDM strongly reduced plasma cholesterol, TG, and serum amyloid A concentrations compared with placebo. Importantly, long-term treatment of ApoE*3Leiden mice with AIDM markedly reduced the development of atherosclerosis by 96% compared with placebo. The effect on atherosclerosis was paralleled by a reduced expression of the vascular inflammation markers and adhesion molecules inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin. Dietary supplementation of AIDM improves lipid and inflammatory risk factors of CVD and strongly reduces atherosclerotic lesion development in female transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Verschuren
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Biosciences, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - Karin Toet
- TNO Biosciences, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ben van Ommen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Biosciences, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Beneficial effects of alternate dietary regimen on liver inflammation, atherosclerosis and renal activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18432. [PMID: 21483792 PMCID: PMC3069095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternate day calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to be almost as beneficial as daily CR. The question arises whether this concept is also applicable to alternating dietary composition. OBJECTIVE To seek evidence that alternating high cholesterol (HC)-cholesterol-free (CON) Western diet can effectively diminish hepatic and renal inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors as compared with daily HC-supplemented Western diet. DESIGN Four groups of ApoE*3Leiden mice, a humanized model for atherosclerosis, were subjected to different feeding treatments for 16 weeks. Mice were fed CON diet; CON diet with 1% w/w cholesterol (HC); alternate (ALT) diet regimen of CON (4 days) and HC (3 days); or CON diet supplemented with 0.43% (w/w) cholesterol (MC), with overall dietary cholesterol intake equal to ALT. Plasma was analyzed for cardiovascular risk factors, aorta for atherosclerotic lesion formation, and liver and kidney for inflammation. RESULTS ALT diet but not MC was almost as effective as daily CON feeding in preventing disease development. Compared to HC, the ALT group showed 62% lower hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity (P<0.001), a reduction of the circulating inflammatory markers E-selectin (-20%; P<0.05), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1; -15%; P<0.05) and Serum Amyloid A (SAA; -31%; P<0.05), smaller atherosclerotic lesion sizes (-51%; 46497±10791 µm2 vs. 94664±16470 µm2; P<0.05) and diminished renal expression of specific inflammation and activation markers (VCAM-1, -27%; P<0.05; monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1); -37%; P<0.01). CONCLUSION Alternate HC-CON feeding reproduced most of the beneficial effects of daily cholesterol-free diet, including strongly diminished hepatic, vascular and renal activation and inflammation; also atherosclerosis was reduced by half as compared to HC, albeit still higher compared to the CON group.
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Kleemann R, van Erk M, Verschuren L, van den Hoek AM, Koek M, Wielinga PY, Jie A, Pellis L, Bobeldijk-Pastorova I, Kelder T, Toet K, Wopereis S, Cnubben N, Evelo C, van Ommen B, Kooistra T. Time-resolved and tissue-specific systems analysis of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8817. [PMID: 20098690 PMCID: PMC2809107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The sequence of events leading to the development of insulin resistance (IR) as well as the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are incompletely understood. As reductionist approaches have been largely unsuccessful in providing an understanding of the pathogenesis of IR, there is a need for an integrative, time-resolved approach to elucidate the development of the disease. Methodology/Principal Findings Male ApoE3Leiden transgenic mice exhibiting a humanized lipid metabolism were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 0, 1, 6, 9, or 12 weeks. Development of IR was monitored in individual mice over time by performing glucose tolerance tests and measuring specific biomarkers in plasma, and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp analysis to assess IR in a tissue-specific manner. To elucidate the dynamics and tissue-specificity of metabolic and inflammatory processes key to IR development, a time-resolved systems analysis of gene expression and metabolite levels in liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and muscle was performed. During HFD feeding, the mice became increasingly obese and showed a gradual increase in glucose intolerance. IR became first manifest in liver (week 6) and then in WAT (week 12), while skeletal muscle remained insulin-sensitive. Microarray analysis showed rapid upregulation of carbohydrate (only liver) and lipid metabolism genes (liver, WAT). Metabolomics revealed significant changes in the ratio of saturated to polyunsaturated fatty acids (liver, WAT, plasma) and in the concentrations of glucose, gluconeogenesis and Krebs cycle metabolites, and branched amino acids (liver). HFD evoked an early hepatic inflammatory response which then gradually declined to near baseline. By contrast, inflammation in WAT increased over time, reaching highest values in week 12. In skeletal muscle, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and inflammation was gradually suppressed with HFD. Conclusions/Significance HFD-induced IR is a time- and tissue-dependent process that starts in liver and proceeds in WAT. IR development is paralleled by tissue-specific gene expression changes, metabolic adjustments, changes in lipid composition, and inflammatory responses in liver and WAT involving p65-NFkB and SOCS3. The alterations in skeletal muscle are largely opposite to those in liver and WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kleemann
- Quality of Life, Vascular and Metabolic Disease, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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de Vries-van der Weij J, Zadelaar S, Toet K, Havekes LM, Kooistra T, Rensen PCN. Human CETP aggravates atherosclerosis by increasing VLDL-cholesterol rather than by decreasing HDL-cholesterol in APOE*3-Leiden mice. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:153-8. [PMID: 19345354 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) adversely affects the plasma lipoprotein profile by increasing VLDL-cholesterol and decreasing HDL-cholesterol. The relative contribution of either of these changes to atherosclerosis development is not known. We investigated to what extent the increase in VLDL-cholesterol can explain the atherogenic action of human CETP expression in APOE*3-Leiden (E3L) mice, a model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS E3L mice and E3L.CETP mice were fed a low cholesterol (LC) diet, resulting in a 4-fold increased VLDL-cholesterol level as well as a 9-fold increased atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root in E3L.CETP mice compared to E3L-LC mice. E3L mice fed a high cholesterol (HC) diet to match the increased VLDL-cholesterol levels in E3L.CETP mice, displayed a similar atherosclerotic lesion area as observed in E3L.CETP mice. Hence, the CETP-induced raise in atherosclerosis can largely be explained by increased VLDL-cholesterol. Despite similar atherosclerosis development, E3L.CETP mice had lower HDL-cholesterol as compared to E3L-HC mice (-49%) indicating that the HDL-cholesterol lowering effect of CETP is unlikely to contribute to atherosclerosis development in this experimental setting. Remarkably, atherosclerotic lesions in CETP-expressing mice were enriched in collagen, suggesting a role of CETP or the diet in modifying lesion collagen content. CONCLUSIONS In this experimental setting, the proatherogenic effect of CETP is largely explained by increased VLDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitske de Vries-van der Weij
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research-BioSciences, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands. a.j.de
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Dezso Z, Bugrim A, Brennan R, Nikolsky Y, Nikolskaya T. Statistical Methods for Functional Analysis of ’Omics Experimental Data. Genomics 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420067064-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Luo J, Butelli E, Hill L, Parr A, Niggeweg R, Bailey P, Weisshaar B, Martin C. AtMYB12 regulates caffeoyl quinic acid and flavonol synthesis in tomato: expression in fruit results in very high levels of both types of polyphenol. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 56:316-326. [PMID: 18643978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant polyphenolics exhibit a broad spectrum of health-promoting effects when consumed as part of the diet, and there is considerable interest in enhancing the levels of these bioactive molecules in plants used as foods. AtMYB12 was originally identified as a flavonol-specific transcriptional activator in Arabidopsis thaliana, and this has been confirmed by ectopic expression in tobacco. AtMYB12 is able to induce the expression of additional target genes in tobacco, leading to the accumulation of very high levels of flavonols. When expressed in a tissue-specific manner in tomato, AtMYB12 activates the caffeoyl quinic acid biosynthetic pathway, in addition to the flavonol biosynthetic pathway, an activity which probably mirrors that of the orthologous MYB12-like protein in tomato. As a result of its broad specificity for transcriptional activation in tomato, AtMYB12 can be used to produce fruit with extremely high levels of multiple polyphenolic anti-oxidants. Our data indicate that transcription factors may have different specificities for target genes in different plants, which is of significance when designing strategies to improve metabolite accumulation and the anti-oxidant capacity of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK,China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China,Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Cotney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK, andDepartment of Biology, Bielefeld University, Chair of Genome Research (Lehrstuhl für Genomforschung), D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Eugenio Butelli
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK,China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China,Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Cotney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK, andDepartment of Biology, Bielefeld University, Chair of Genome Research (Lehrstuhl für Genomforschung), D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lionel Hill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK,China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China,Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Cotney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK, andDepartment of Biology, Bielefeld University, Chair of Genome Research (Lehrstuhl für Genomforschung), D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Adrian Parr
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK,China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China,Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Cotney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK, andDepartment of Biology, Bielefeld University, Chair of Genome Research (Lehrstuhl für Genomforschung), D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ricarda Niggeweg
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK,China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China,Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Cotney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK, andDepartment of Biology, Bielefeld University, Chair of Genome Research (Lehrstuhl für Genomforschung), D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Paul Bailey
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK,China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China,Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Cotney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK, andDepartment of Biology, Bielefeld University, Chair of Genome Research (Lehrstuhl für Genomforschung), D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bernd Weisshaar
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK,China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China,Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Cotney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK, andDepartment of Biology, Bielefeld University, Chair of Genome Research (Lehrstuhl für Genomforschung), D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cathie Martin
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK,China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China,Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Cotney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK, andDepartment of Biology, Bielefeld University, Chair of Genome Research (Lehrstuhl für Genomforschung), D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
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van Ommen B, Keijer J, Kleemann R, Elliott R, Drevon CA, McArdle H, Gibney M, Müller M. The challenges for molecular nutrition research 2: quantification of the nutritional phenotype. GENES AND NUTRITION 2008; 3:51-9. [PMID: 18850187 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-008-0084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In quantifying the beneficial effect of dietary interventions in healthy subjects, nutrition research meets a number of new challenges. Inter individual variation in biomarker values often is larger than the effect related to the intervention. Healthy subjects have a remarkable capacity to maintain homeostasis, both through direct metabolic regulation, metabolic compensation of altered diets, and effective defence and repair mechanisms in oxidative and inflammatory stress. Processes involved in these regulatory activities essentially different from processes involved in early onset of diet related diseases. So, new concepts and approaches are needed to better quantify the subtle effects possibly achieved by dietary interventions in healthy subjects. Apart from quantification of the genotype and food intake (these are discussed in separate reviews in this series), four major areas of innovation are discussed: the biomarker profile concept, perturbation of homeostasis combined with omics analysis, imaging, modelling and fluxes. All of these areas contribute to a better understanding and quantification of the nutritional phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben van Ommen
- Department of BioSciences, TNO-Quality of Life, Zeist, The Netherlands,
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28
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Kleemann R, Verschuren L, van Erk MJ, Nikolsky Y, Cnubben NHP, Verheij ER, Smilde AK, Hendriks HFJ, Zadelaar S, Smith GJ, Kaznacheev V, Nikolskaya T, Melnikov A, Hurt-Camejo E, van der Greef J, van Ommen B, Kooistra T. Atherosclerosis and liver inflammation induced by increased dietary cholesterol intake: a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R200. [PMID: 17892536 PMCID: PMC2375038 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased dietary cholesterol intake is associated with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis development requires a lipid and an inflammatory component. It is unclear where and how the inflammatory component develops. To assess the role of the liver in the evolution of inflammation, we treated ApoE*3Leiden mice with cholesterol-free (Con), low (LC; 0.25%) and high (HC; 1%) cholesterol diets, scored early atherosclerosis and profiled the (patho)physiological state of the liver using novel whole-genome and metabolome technologies. RESULTS Whereas the Con diet did not induce early atherosclerosis, the LC diet did so but only mildly, and the HC diet induced it very strongly. With increasing dietary cholesterol intake, the liver switches from a resilient, adaptive state to an inflammatory, pro-atherosclerotic state. The liver absorbs moderate cholesterol stress (LC) mainly by adjusting metabolic and transport processes. This hepatic resilience is predominantly controlled by SREBP-1/-2, SP-1, RXR and PPARalpha. A further increase of dietary cholesterol stress (HC) additionally induces pro-inflammatory gene expression, including pro-atherosclerotic candidate genes. These HC-evoked changes occur via specific pro-inflammatory pathways involving specific transcriptional master regulators, some of which are established, others newly identified. Notably, several of these regulators control both lipid metabolism and inflammation, and thereby link the two processes. CONCLUSION With increasing dietary cholesterol intake the liver switches from a mainly resilient (LC) to a predominantly inflammatory (HC) state, which is associated with early lesion formation. Newly developed, functional systems biology tools allowed the identification of novel regulatory pathways and transcriptional regulators controlling both lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses, thereby providing a rationale for an interrelationship between the two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kleemann
- Department of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan J van Erk
- Department of Physiological Genomics, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Nikolsky
- GeneGo Inc., Renaissance Drive, St Joseph, MI 49085, USA
| | - Nicole HP Cnubben
- Department of Physiological Genomics, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Elwin R Verheij
- Department of Physiological Genomics, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Age K Smilde
- Department of Analytical Research, TNO-Quality of Life, Quality and Safety, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Henk FJ Hendriks
- Department of Physiological Genomics, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Zadelaar
- Department of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Graham J Smith
- AstraZeneca, CV&GI Research, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Valery Kaznacheev
- GeneGo Inc., Renaissance Drive, St Joseph, MI 49085, USA
- Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Gubkin Street 3, 117809 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Nikolskaya
- GeneGo Inc., Renaissance Drive, St Joseph, MI 49085, USA
- Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Gubkin Street 3, 117809 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Melnikov
- GeneGo Inc., Renaissance Drive, St Joseph, MI 49085, USA
- Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Gubkin Street 3, 117809 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jan van der Greef
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiological Genomics, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Ben van Ommen
- Department of Physiological Genomics, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Teake Kooistra
- Department of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, TNO-Quality of Life, BioSciences, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Safety and Nutritional Assessment of GM Plants and derived food and feed: The role of animal feeding trials. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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30
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Schauer N, Semel Y, Balbo I, Steinfath M, Repsilber D, Selbig J, Pleban T, Zamir D, Fernie AR. Mode of inheritance of primary metabolic traits in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:509-23. [PMID: 18364465 PMCID: PMC2329927 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.056523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate components of fruit metabolic composition, we have previously metabolically phenotyped tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) introgression lines containing segmental substitutions of wild species chromosome in the genetic background of a cultivated variety. Here, we studied the hereditability of the fruit metabolome by analyzing an additional year's harvest and evaluating the metabolite profiles of lines heterozygous for the introgression (ILHs), allowing the evaluation of putative quantitative trait locus (QTL) mode of inheritance. These studies revealed that most of the metabolic QTL (174 of 332) were dominantly inherited, with relatively high proportions of additively (61 of 332) or recessively (80 of 332) inherited QTL and a negligible number displaying the characteristics of overdominant inheritance. Comparison of the mode of inheritance of QTL revealed that several metabolite pairs displayed a similar mode of inheritance of QTL at the same chromosomal loci. Evaluation of the association between morphological and metabolic traits in the ILHs revealed that this correlation was far less prominent, due to a reduced variance in the harvest index within this population. These data are discussed in the context of genomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement, with particular focus on the exploitation of wide biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schauer
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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31
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Safety and nutritional assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed: the role of animal feeding trials. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46 Suppl 1:S2-70. [PMID: 18328408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this report the various elements of the safety and nutritional assessment procedure for genetically modified (GM) plant derived food and feed are discussed, in particular the potential and limitations of animal feeding trials for the safety and nutritional testing of whole GM food and feed. The general principles for the risk assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed are followed, as described in the EFSA guidance document of the EFSA Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms. In Section 1 the mandate, scope and general principles for risk assessment of GM plant derived food and feed are discussed. Products under consideration are food and feed derived from GM plants, such as maize, soybeans, oilseed rape and cotton, modified through the introduction of one or more genes coding for agronomic input traits like herbicide tolerance and/or insect resistance. Furthermore GM plant derived food and feed, which have been obtained through extensive genetic modifications targeted at specific alterations of metabolic pathways leading to improved nutritional and/or health characteristics, such as rice containing beta-carotene, soybeans with enhanced oleic acid content, or tomato with increased concentration of flavonoids, are considered. The safety assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed follows a comparative approach, i.e. the food and feed are compared with their non-GM counterparts in order to identify intended and unintended (unexpected) differences which subsequently are assessed with respect to their potential impact on the environment, safety for humans and animals, and nutritional quality. Key elements of the assessment procedure are the molecular, compositional, phenotypic and agronomic analysis in order to identify similarities and differences between the GM plant and its near isogenic counterpart. The safety assessment is focussed on (i) the presence and characteristics of newly expressed proteins and other new constituents and possible changes in the level of natural constituents beyond normal variation, and on the characteristics of the GM food and feed, and (ii) the possible occurrence of unintended (unexpected) effects in GM plants due to genetic modification. In order to identify these effects a comparative phenotypic and molecular analysis of the GM plant and its near isogenic counterpart is carried out, in parallel with a targeted analysis of single specific compounds, which represent important metabolic pathways in the plant like macro and micro nutrients, known anti-nutrients and toxins. Significant differences may be indicative of the occurrence of unintended effects, which require further investigation. Section 2 provides an overview of studies performed for the safety and nutritional assessment of whole food and feed. Extensive experience has been built up in recent decades from the safety and nutritional testing in animals of irradiated foods, novel foods and fruit and vegetables. These approaches are also relevant for the safety and nutritional testing of whole GM food and feed. Many feeding trials have been reported in which GM foods like maize, potatoes, rice, soybeans and tomatoes have been fed to rats or mice for prolonged periods, and parameters such as body weight, feed consumption, blood chemistry, organ weights, histopathology etc have been measured. The food and feed under investigation were derived from GM plants with improved agronomic characteristics like herbicide tolerance and/or insect resistance. The majority of these experiments did not indicate clinical effects or histopathological abnormalities in organs or tissues of exposed animals. In some cases adverse effects were noted, which were difficult to interpret due to shortcomings in the studies. Many studies have also been carried out with feed derived from GM plants with agronomic input traits in target animal species to assess the nutritive value of the feed and their performance potential. Studies in sheep, pigs, broilers, lactating dairy cows, and fish, comparing the in vivo bioavailability of nutrients from a range of GM plants with their near isogenic counterpart and commercial varieties, showed that they were comparable with those for near isogenic non-GM lines and commercial varieties. In Section 3 toxicological in vivo, in silico, and in vitro test methods are discussed which may be applied for the safety and nutritional assessment of specific compounds present in food and feed or of whole food and feed derived from GM plants. Moreover the purpose, potential and limitations of the 90-day rodent feeding trial for the safety and nutritional testing of whole food and feed have been examined. Methods for single and repeated dose toxicity testing, reproductive and developmental toxicity testing and immunotoxicity testing, as described in OECD guideline tests for single well-defined chemicals are discussed and considered to be adequate for the safety testing of single substances including new products in GM food and feed. Various in silico and in vitro methods may contribute to the safety assessment of GM plant derived food and feed and components thereof, like (i) in silico searches for sequence homology and/or structural similarity of novel proteins or their degradation products to known toxic or allergenic proteins, (ii) simulated gastric and intestinal fluids in order to study the digestive stability of newly expressed proteins and in vitro systems for analysis of the stability of the novel protein under heat or other processing conditions, and (iii) in vitro genotoxicity test methods that screen for point mutations, chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage/repair. The current performance of the safety assessment of whole foods is mainly based on the protocols for low-molecular-weight chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, pesticides, food additives and contaminants. However without adaptation, these protocols have limitations for testing of whole food and feed. This primarily results from the fact that defined single substances can be dosed to laboratory animals at very large multiples of the expected human exposure, thus giving a large margin of safety. In contrast foodstuffs are bulky, lead to satiation and can only be included in the diet at much lower multiples of expected human intakes. When testing whole foods, the possible highest concentration of the GM food and feed in the laboratory animal diet may be limited because of nutritional imbalance of the diet, or by the presence of compounds with a known toxicological profile. The aim of the 90-days rodent feeding study with the whole GM food and feed is to assess potential unintended effects of toxicological and/or nutritional relevance and to establish whether the GM food and feed is as safe and nutritious as its traditional comparator rather than determining qualitative and quantitative intrinsic toxicity of defined food constituents. The design of the study should be adapted from the OECD 90-day rodent toxicity study. The precise study design has to take into account the nature of the food and feed and the characteristics of the new trait(s) and their intended role in the GM food and feed. A 90-day animal feeding trial has a large capacity (sensitivity and specificity) to detect potential toxicological effects of single well defined compounds. This can be concluded from data reported on the toxicology of a wide range of industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food substances, environmental, and agricultural chemicals. It is possible to model the sensitivity of the rat subchronic feeding study for the detection of hypothetically increased amount of compounds such as anti-nutrients, toxicants or secondary metabolites. With respect to the detection of potential unintended effects in whole GM food and feed, it is unlikely that substances present in small amounts and with a low toxic potential will result in any observable (unintended) effects in a 90-day rodent feeding study, as they would be below the no-observed-effect-level and thus of unlikely impact to human health at normal intake levels. Laboratory animal feeding studies of 90-days duration appear to be sufficient to pick up adverse effects of diverse compounds that would also give adverse effects after chronic exposure. This conclusion is based on literature data from studies investigating whether toxicological effects are adequately identified in 3-month subchronic studies in rodents, by comparing findings at 3 and 24 months for a range of different chemicals. The 90-day rodent feeding study is not designed to detect effects on reproduction or development other than effects on adult reproductive organ weights and histopathology. Analyses of available data indicate that, for a wide range of substances, reproductive and developmental effects are not potentially more sensitive endpoints than those examined in subchronic toxicity tests. Should there be structural alerts for reproductive/developmental effects or other indications from data available on a GM food and feed, then these tests should be considered. By relating the estimated daily intake, or theoretical maximum daily intake per capita for a given whole food (or the sum of its individual commercial constituents) to that consumed on average per rat per day in the subchronic 90-day feeding study, it is possible to establish the margin of exposure (safety margin) for consumers. Results obtained from testing GM food and feed in rodents indicate that large (at least 100-fold) 'safety' margins exist between animal exposure levels without observed adverse effects and estimated human daily intake. Results of feeding studies with feed derived from GM plants with improved agronomic properties, carried out in a wide range of livestock species, are discussed. The studies did not show any biologically relevant differences in the parameters tested between control and test animals. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Lemaux PG. Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I). ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:771-812. [PMID: 18284373 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Through the use of the new tools of genetic engineering, genes can be introduced into the same plant or animal species or into plants or animals that are not sexually compatible-the latter is a distinction with classical breeding. This technology has led to the commercial production of genetically engineered (GE) crops on approximately 250 million acres worldwide. These crops generally are herbicide and pest tolerant, but other GE crops in the pipeline focus on other traits. For some farmers and consumers, planting and eating foods from these crops are acceptable; for others they raise issues related to safety of the foods and the environment. In Part I of this review some general and food issues raised regarding GE crops and foods will be addressed. Responses to these issues, where possible, cite peer-reviewed scientific literature. In Part II to appear in 2009, issues related to environmental and socioeconomic aspects of GE crops and foods will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy G Lemaux
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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33
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Bovy A, Schijlen E, Hall RD. Metabolic engineering of flavonoids in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum): the potential for metabolomics. Metabolomics 2007; 3:399-412. [PMID: 25653576 PMCID: PMC4309898 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-007-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids comprise a large and diverse group of polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites. In plants, flavonoids play important roles in many biological processes such as pigmentation of flowers, fruits and vegetables, plant-pathogen interactions, fertility and protection against UV light. Being natural plant compounds, flavonoids are an integral part of the human diet and there is increasing evidence that dietary polyphenols are likely candidates for the observed beneficial effects of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables on the prevention of several chronic diseases. Within the plant kingdom, and even within a single plant species, there is a large variation in the levels and composition of flavonoids. This variation is often due to specific mutations in flavonoid-related genes leading to quantitative and qualitative differences in metabolic profiles. The use of such specific flavonoid mutants with easily scorable, visible phenotypes has led to the isolation and characterisation of many structural and regulatory genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway from different plant species. These genes have been used to engineer the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in both model and crop plant species, not only from a fundamental perspective, but also in order to alter important agronomic traits, such as flower and fruit colour, resistance, nutritional value. This review describes the advances made in engineering the flavonoid pathway in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Three different approaches will be described; (I) Increasing endogenous tomato flavonoids using structural or regulatory genes; (II) Blocking specific steps in the flavonoid pathway by RNA interference strategies; and (III) Production of novel tomato flavonoids by introducing novel branches of the flavonoid pathway. Metabolite profiling is an essential tool to analyse the effects of pathway engineering approaches, not only to analyse the effect on the flavonoid composition itself, but also on other related or unrelated metabolic pathways. Metabolomics will therefore play an increasingly important role in revealing a more complete picture of metabolic perturbation and will provide additional novel insights into the effect of the introduced genes and the role of flavonoids in plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bovy
- />Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elio Schijlen
- />Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D. Hall
- />Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Larmo P, Alin J, Salminen E, Kallio H, Tahvonen R. Effects of sea buckthorn berries on infections and inflammation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:1123-30. [PMID: 17593932 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of sea buckthorn berries on the number and duration of common cold (CC) infections. As secondary objectives the effects on digestive and urinary tract infections (DTI, UTI), and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were also investigated. SUBJECTS A total of 254 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive sea buckthorn or placebo product during the study, which 233 of them completed. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the number or duration of CC or DTI between groups (CC: relative risks (sea buckthorn vs placebo) for the number and duration were 1.15 (95% CI 0.90-1.48) and 1.05 (95% CI 0.87-1.27), respectively). In the sea buckthorn group, as compared to the placebo, the serum CRP concentrations decreased significantly (difference in median change -0.059 mg/l, P=0.039). The number of UTI was too small to draw solid conclusions, but the results indicate the subject merits further investigation. CONCLUSION Sea buckthorn berries did not prevent CC or DTI. However, a reductive effect on CRP, a marker of inflammation, and a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Larmo
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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