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Locatelli F, Martinelli L, Marchetti P, Caliskan G, Badaloni C, Caranci N, de Hoogh K, Gatti L, Giorgi Rossi P, Guarda L, Ottone M, Panunzi S, Stafoggia M, Silocchi C, Ricci P, Marcon A. Residential exposure to air pollution and incidence of leukaemia in the industrial area of Viadana, Northern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 254:119120. [PMID: 38734295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution has been proposed as one of the potential risk factors for leukaemia. Work-related formaldehyde exposure is suspected to cause leukaemia. METHODS We conducted a nested register-based case-control study on leukaemia incidence in the Viadana district, an industrial area for particleboard production in Northern Italy. We recruited 115 cases and 496 controls, frequency-matched by age, between 1999 and 2014. We assigned estimated exposures to particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and formaldehyde at residential addresses, averaged over the susceptibility window 3rd to 10th year prior to the index date. We considered potential confounding by sex, age, nationality, socio-economic status, occupational exposures to benzene and formaldehyde, and prior cancer diagnoses. RESULTS There was no association of exposures to PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 with leukaemia incidence. However, an indication of increased risk emerged for formaldehyde, despite wide statistical uncertainty (OR 1.46, 95%CI 0.65-3.25 per IQR-difference of 1.2 μg/m3). Estimated associations for formaldehyde were higher for acute (OR 2.07, 95%CI 0.70-6.12) and myeloid subtypes (OR 1.79, 95%CI 0.64-5.01), and in the 4-km buffer around the industrial facilities (OR 2.78, 95%CI 0.48-16.13), although they remained uncertain. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study investigating the link between ambient formaldehyde exposure and leukaemia incidence in the general population. The evidence presented suggests an association, although it remains inconclusive, and a potential significance of emissions related to industrial activities in the district. Further research is warranted in larger populations incorporating data on other potential risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Locatelli
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Martinelli
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Marchetti
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gulser Caliskan
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Chiara Badaloni
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Caranci
- Department of Innovation in Healthcare and Social Services, Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luciana Gatti
- Struttura Complessa Osservatorio Epidemiologico, Agenzia di Tutela della Salute della Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
| | - Paolo Giorgi Rossi
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Linda Guarda
- Struttura Complessa Osservatorio Epidemiologico, Agenzia di Tutela della Salute della Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
| | - Marta Ottone
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Silvia Panunzi
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Silocchi
- Struttura Semplice Salute e Ambiente, Agenzia di Tutela della Salute della Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
| | - Paolo Ricci
- Former Director UOC Osservatorio Epidemiologico, Agenzia di Tutela della Salute della Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Lauer DJ, Russell AJ, Lynch HN, Thompson WJ, Mundt KA, Checkoway H. Triangulation of epidemiological evidence and risk of bias evaluation: A proposed framework and applied example using formaldehyde exposure and risk of myeloid leukemias. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 7:100143. [PMID: 38659700 PMCID: PMC11039339 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2024.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence triangulation may help identify the impact of study design elements on study findings and to tease out biased results when evaluating potential causal relationships; however, methods for triangulating epidemiologic evidence are evolving and have not been standardized. Building upon key principles of epidemiologic evidence triangulation and risk of bias assessment, and responding to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) call for applied triangulation examples, the objective of this manuscript is to propose a triangulation framework and to apply it as an illustrative example to epidemiologic studies examining the possible relationship between occupational formaldehyde exposure and risk of myeloid leukemias (ML) including acute (AML) and chronic (CML) types. A nine-component triangulation framework for epidemiological evidence was developed incorporating study quality and ROB guidance from various federal health agencies (i.e., US EPA TSCA and NTP OHAT). Several components of the triangulation framework also drew from widely used epidemiological analytic tools such as stratified meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. Regarding the applied example, fourteen studies were identified and assessed using the following primary study quality domains to explore potential key sources of bias: 1) study design and analysis; 2) study participation; 3) exposure assessment; 4) outcome assessment; and 5) potential confounding. Across studies, methodological limitations possibly contributing to biased results were observed within most domains. Interestingly, results from one study - often providing the largest and least-precise relative risk estimates, likely reflecting study biases, deviated from most primary study findings indicating no such associations. Triangulation of epidemiological evidence appears to be helpful in exploring inconsistent results for the identification of study results possibly reflecting various biases. Nonetheless, triangulation methodologies require additional development and application to real-world examples to enhance objectivity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kenneth A. Mundt
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Harvey Checkoway
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, United States of America
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Vincent MJ, Fitch S, Bylsma L, Thompson C, Rogers S, Britt J, Wikoff D. Assessment of associations between inhaled formaldehyde and lymphohematopoietic cancer through the integration of epidemiological and toxicological evidence with biological plausibility. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:172-193. [PMID: 38547404 PMCID: PMC11131035 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is recognized as carcinogenic for the portal of entry sites, though conclusions are mixed regarding lymphohematopoietic (LHP) cancers. This systematic review assesses the likelihood of a causal relationship between formaldehyde and LHP cancers by integrating components recommended by NASEM. Four experimental rodent bioassays and 16 observational studies in humans were included following the implementation of the a priori protocol. All studies were assessed for risk of bias (RoB), and meta-analyses were conducted on epidemiological studies, followed by a structured assessment of causation based on GRADE and Bradford Hill. RoB analysis identified systemic limitations precluding confidence in the epidemiological evidence due to inadequate characterization of formaldehyde exposure and a failure to adequately adjust for confounders or effect modifiers, thus suggesting that effect estimates are likely to be impacted by systemic bias. Mixed findings were reported in individual studies; meta-analyses did not identify significant associations between formaldehyde inhalation (when measured as ever/never exposure) and LHP outcomes, with meta-SMRs ranging from 0.50 to 1.51, depending on LHP subtype. No associations with LHP-related lesions were reported in reliable animal bioassays. No biologically plausible explanation linking the inhalation of FA and LHP was identified, supported primarily by the lack of systemic distribution and in vivo genotoxicity. In conclusion, the inconsistent associations reported in a subset of the evidence were not considered causal when integrated with the totality of the epidemiological evidence, toxicological data, and considerations of biological plausibility. The impact of systemic biases identified herein could be quantitatively assessed to better inform causality and use in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seneca Fitch
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
| | - Lauren Bylsma
- EpidStrategies, a Division of ToxStrategies, LLC, Katy, Texas 77494, United States
| | - Chad Thompson
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Katy, Texas 77494, United States
| | - Sarah Rogers
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
| | - Janice Britt
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
| | - Daniele Wikoff
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
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Cox LA, Thompson WJ, Mundt KA. Interventional probability of causation (IPoC) with epidemiological and partial mechanistic evidence: benzene vs. formaldehyde and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:252-289. [PMID: 38753561 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2337435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Causal epidemiology for regulatory risk analysis seeks to evaluate how removing or reducing exposures would change disease occurrence rates. We define interventional probability of causation (IPoC) as the change in probability of a disease (or other harm) occurring over a lifetime or other specified time interval that would be caused by a specified change in exposure, as predicted by a fully specified causal model. We define the closely related concept of causal assigned share (CAS) as the predicted fraction of disease risk that would be removed or prevented by a specified reduction in exposure, holding other variables fixed. Traditional approaches used to evaluate the preventable risk implications of epidemiological associations, including population attributable fraction (PAF) and the Bradford Hill considerations, cannot reveal whether removing a risk factor would reduce disease incidence. We argue that modern formal causal models coupled with causal artificial intelligence (CAI) and realistically partial and imperfect knowledge of underlying disease mechanisms, show great promise for determining and quantifying IPoC and CAS for exposures and diseases of practical interest. METHODS We briefly review key CAI concepts and terms and then apply them to define IPoC and CAS. We present steps to quantify IPoC using a fully specified causal Bayesian network (BN) model. Useful bounds for quantitative IPoC and CAS calculations are derived for a two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model for carcinogenesis and illustrated by applying them to benzene and formaldehyde based on available epidemiological and partial mechanistic evidence. RESULTS Causal BN models for benzene and risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) incorporating mechanistic, toxicological and epidemiological findings show that prolonged high-intensity exposure to benzene can increase risk of AML (IPoC of up to 7e-5, CAS of up to 54%). By contrast, no causal pathway leading from formaldehyde exposure to increased risk of AML was identified, consistent with much previous mechanistic, toxicological and epidemiological evidence; therefore, the IPoC and CAS for formaldehyde-induced AML are likely to be zero. CONCLUSION We conclude that the IPoC approach can differentiate between likely and unlikely causal factors and can provide useful upper bounds for IPoC and CAS for some exposures and diseases of practical importance. For causal factors, IPoC can help to estimate the quantitative impacts on health risks of reducing exposures, even in situations where mechanistic evidence is realistically incomplete and individual-level exposure-response parameters are uncertain. This illustrates the strength that can be gained for causal inference by using causal models to generate testable hypotheses and then obtaining toxicological data to test the hypotheses implied by the models-and, where necessary, refine the models. This virtuous cycle provides additional insight into causal determinations that may not be available from weight-of-evidence considerations alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Cox
- Cox Associates and University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A Mundt
- Independent Consultants in Epidemiology, Amherst, MA, USA
- Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Vallée M. How Government Health Agencies Obscure the Impact of Environmental Pollution and Perpetuate Reductionist Framings of Disease: The Case of Leukemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES 2024; 54:28-39. [PMID: 37099622 PMCID: PMC10797827 DOI: 10.1177/27551938231169119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, environmental health researchers have documented environmental pollution's impacts on human health, which includes the bioaccumulation of industrial chemicals and how these toxicants contribute to disease. However, the relationship between disease and pollution is often difficult to discern in the disease information provided by dominant institutions. Previous scholarship has identified that print media, television news, online medical publishers, and medical associations consistently obscure the environmental causation frame. However, less has been said about disease information provided by public health agencies. To address this gap, I analyzed the leukemia information provided by Cancer Australia, the United States' National Institutes of Health, and the United Kingdom's National Health Service. My analysis shows that the disease information offered by these health agencies also obscures the environmental causation frame by failing to identify most toxicants that environmental health researchers have linked to leukemia and by emphasizing a biomedical framing of the medical condition. Beyond documenting the problem, this article also discusses the social consequences and sources of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vallée
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The University of Auckland, 58 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Turner MC, Cogliano V, Guyton K, Madia F, Straif K, Ward EM, Schubauer-Berigan MK. Research Recommendations for Selected IARC-Classified Agents: Impact and Lessons Learned. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:105001. [PMID: 37902675 PMCID: PMC10615125 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs program assembles expert working groups who publish a critical review and evaluation of data on agents of interest. These comprehensive reviews provide a unique opportunity to identify research needs to address classification uncertainties. A multidisciplinary expert review and workshop held in 2009 identified research gaps and needs for 20 priority occupational chemicals, metals, dusts, and physical agents, with the goal of stimulating advances in epidemiological studies of cancer and carcinogen mechanisms. Overarching issues were also described. OBJECTIVES In this commentary we review the current status of the evidence for the 20 priority agents identified in 2009. We examine whether identified Research Recommendations for each agent were addressed and their potential impact on resolving classification uncertainties. METHODS We reviewed the IARC classifications of each of the 20 priority agents and identified major new epidemiological and human mechanistic studies published since the last evaluation. Information sources were either the published Monograph for agents that have been reevaluated or, for agents not yet reevaluated, Advisory Group reports and literature searches. Findings are described in view of recent methodological developments in Monographs evidence evaluation processes. DISCUSSION The majority of the 20 priority agents were reevaluated by IARC since 2009. The overall carcinogen classifications of 9 agents advanced, and new cancer sites with either "sufficient" or "limited" evidence of carcinogenicity were also identified for 9 agents. Examination of published findings revealed whether evidence gaps and Research Recommendations have been addressed and highlighted remaining uncertainties. During the past decade, new research addressed a range of the 2009 recommendations and supported updated classifications for priority agents. This supports future efforts to systematically apply findings of Monograph reviews to identify research gaps and priorities relevant to evaluation criteria established in the updated IARC Monograph Preamble. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12547.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Cogliano
- California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kathryn Guyton
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Federica Madia
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Boston College, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Mirza Alizadeh A, Hosseini H, Hosseini MJ, Hassanzadazar H, Hashempour-Baltork F, Zamani A, Mohseni M. Melamine in Iranian foodstuffs: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment of infant formula. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114854. [PMID: 37018855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of melamine in food is one of the most significant threats to consumer health and food safety now confronting the communities. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the melamine content of different food products available on the Iranian market. The pooled melamine concentration (95% confidence interval) on 484 samples of animal-based foodstuffs was as follows: 0.22 (0.08, 0.36 mg kg-1) for milk, 0.39 (0.25, 0.53 mg kg-1) for coffee mate, 1.45 (1.36, 1.54 mg kg-1) for dairy cream, 0.90 (0.50, 1.29 mg kg-1) for yoghurt, 1.25 (1.20, 1.29 mg kg-1) for cheese, 0.81 (-0.16, 1.78 mg kg-1) for hen eggs, 1.28 (1.25, 1.31 mg kg-1) for poultry meat, 0.58 (0.35, 0.80 mg kg-1) for chocolates, and 0.98 (0.18, 1.78 mg kg-1) for infant formula. Based on the results of health risk assessment study on toddlers under 2 years old who ingested infant formula (as a melamine-sensitive group), all groups of toddlers are at an acceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk (THQ ≤ 1). Toddlers were classified according to their ILCR (carcinogenic risk) levels due to infant formula consumption as follows: under 6 months (0.0000056), 6-12 months (0.0000077), 12-18 months (0.0000102), and 18-24 months (0.0000117). The melamine carcinogenicity in infant formula for children had an ILCR value of 0.000001-0.0001 in the investigation, which was considerable risk. According to the findings, Iranian food products (notably infant formula) should be analyzed for melamine contamination on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mir-Jamal Hosseini
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Hassan Hassanzadazar
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbasali Zamani
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Mehran Mohseni
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Food and Drug Control, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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Chung JY, Kim K, Ylaya K, Walker-Bawa KE, Perry C, Star RA, Hewitt SM. The Application of Guanidinium to Improve Biomolecule Quality in Fixed, Paraffin-embedded Tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 2023; 71:87-101. [PMID: 36869703 PMCID: PMC10088100 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231159451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral buffered formalin (NBF) is the most common fixative in clinical applications. However, NBF damages proteins and nucleic acids, limiting the quality of proteomic and nucleic acid-based assays. Prior studies have demonstrated that BE70, a fixative of buffered 70% ethanol, has many benefits over NBF but the degradation of proteins and nucleic acids in archival paraffin blocks remain a challenge. Thus, we evaluated the addition of guanidinium salts to BE70 with the hypothesis that this may protect RNA and protein. Guanidinium salt supplemented BE70 (BE70G)-fixed tissue is comparable with that of BE70 via histology and immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis also revealed that HSP70, AKT, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression signals in BE70G-fixed tissue were higher than those in BE70-fixed tissue. The quality of nucleic acids extracted from BE70G-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was also superior, and BE70G provides improved protein and RNA quality at shorter fixation times than its predecessors. The degradation of proteins, AKT and GAPDH, in archival tissue blocks is also decreased with the addition of guanidinium salt to BE70. In conclusion, BE70G fixative improves the quality of molecular analysis with more rapid fixation of tissue and enhanced long-term storage of paraffin blocks at room temperature for evaluation of protein epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yong Chung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kyungeun Kim
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine,
Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katharine E. Walker-Bawa
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Candice Perry
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Advanced
Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick,
Maryland
| | - Robert A. Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit,
National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland
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Khalifa AA, Khan E, Akhtar MS. Phytoremediation of indoor formaldehyde by plants and plant material. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 25:493-504. [PMID: 35771032 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2090499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde evolves from various household items and is of environmental and public health concern. Removal of this contaminant from the indoor air is of utmost importance and currently, various practices are in the field. Among these practices, indoor plants are of particular importance because they help in controlling indoor temperature, moisture, and oxygen concentration. Plants and plant materials studied for the purpose have been reviewed hereunder. The main topics of the review are, mechanism of phytoremediation, plants and their benefits, plant material in formaldehyde remediation, and airtight environmental and health issues. Future research in the field is also highlighted which will help new researches to plan for the remediation of formaldehyde in indoor air. The remediation capacity of several plants has been tabulated and compared, which gives easy access to assess various plants for remediation of the target pollutant. Challenges and issues in the phytoremediation of formaldehyde are also discussed.Novelty statement: Phytoremediation is a well-known technique to mitigate various organic and inorganic pollutants. The technique has been used by various researchers for maintaining indoor air quality but its efficiency under real-world conditions and human activities is still a question and is vastly affected relative to laboratory conditions. Several modifications in the field are in progress, here in this review article we have summarized and highlighted new directions in the field which could be a better solution to the problem in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Ahmed Khalifa
- Environment and Sustainable Development Program, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
- Department of Architecture and Interior Design, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Isa Town, Bahrain
| | - Ezzat Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
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Tian M, Xia P, Yan L, Gou X, Giesy JP, Dai J, Yu H, Zhang X. Toxicological Mechanism of Individual Susceptibility to Formaldehyde-Induced Respiratory Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6511-6524. [PMID: 35438505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of individual susceptibility to exposure to environmental pollutants has been a challenge in health risk assessment. Here, an integrated approach combining a CRISPR screen in human cells and epidemiological analysis was developed to identify the individual susceptibility to the adverse health effects of air pollutants by taking formaldehyde (FA) and the associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a case study. Among the primary hits of CRISPR screening of FA in human A549 cells, HTR4 was the only gene genetically associated with COPD susceptibility in global populations. However, the association between HTR4 and FA-induced respiratory toxicity is unknown in the literature. Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) network analysis of CRISPR screen hits provided a potential mechanistic link between activation of HTR4 (molecular initiating event) and FA-induced lung injury (adverse outcome). Systematic toxicology tests (in vitro and animal experiments) were conducted to reveal the HTR4-involved biological mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to adverse health effects of FA. Functionality and enhanced expression of HTR4 were required for susceptibility to FA-induced lung injury, and FA-induced epigenetic changes could result in enhanced expression of HTR4. Specific epigenetic and genetic characteristics of HTR4 were associated with the progression and prevalence of COPD, respectively, and these genetic risk factors for COPD could be potential biomarkers of individual susceptibility to adverse respiratory effects of FA. These biomarkers could be of great significance for defining subpopulations susceptible to exposure to FA and reducing uncertainty in the next-generation health risk assessment of air pollutants. Our study delineated a novel toxicological pathway mediated by HTR4 in FA-induced lung injury, which could provide a mechanistic understanding of the potential biomarkers of individual susceptibility to adverse respiratory effects of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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Evaluating the Sub-Acute Toxicity of Formaldehyde Fumes in an In Vitro Human Airway Epithelial Tissue Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052593. [PMID: 35269734 PMCID: PMC8910234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is an irritating, highly reactive aldehyde that is widely regarded as an asthmagen. In addition to its use in industrial applications and being a product of combustion reaction and endogenous metabolism, FDA-regulated products may contain FA or release FA fumes that present toxicity risks for both patients and healthcare workers. Exposure to airborne FA is associated with nasal neoplastic lesions in both animals and humans. It is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) based on the increased incidence of cancer in animals and a known human carcinogen in the Report on Carcinogens by National Toxicology Program (NTP). Herein, we systematically evaluated the tissue responses to FA fumes in an in vitro human air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue model. Cultures were exposed at the air interface to 7.5, 15, and 30 ppm of FA fumes 4 h per day for 5 consecutive days. Exposure to 30 ppm of FA induced sustained oxidative stress, along with functional changes in ciliated and goblet cells as well as possible squamous differentiation. Furthermore, secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, GM-CSF, TNF-a and IFN-γ, was induced by repeated exposures to FA fumes. Expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-10, MMP-12, and MMP-13 was downregulated at the end of the 5-day exposure. Although DNA-damage was not detected by the comet assay, FA exposures downregulated the DNA repair enzymes MGMT and FANCD2, suggesting its possible interference in the DNA repair capacity. Overall, a general concordance was observed between our in vitro responses to FA fume exposures and the reported in vivo toxicity of FA. Our findings provide further evidence supporting the application of the ALI airway system as a potential in vitro alternative for screening and evaluating the respiratory toxicity of inhaled substances.
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12
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Thompson CM, Gentry R, Fitch S, Lu K, Clewell HJ. An updated mode of action and human relevance framework evaluation for Formaldehyde-Related nasal tumors. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 50:919-952. [PMID: 33599198 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1854679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a reactive aldehyde naturally present in all plant and animal tissues and a critical component of the one-carbon metabolism pathway. It is also a high production volume chemical used in the manufacture of numerous products. Formaldehyde is also one of the most well-studied chemicals with respect to environmental fate, biology, and toxicology-including carcinogenic potential, and mode of action (MOA). In 2006, a published MOA for formaldehyde-induced nasal tumors in rats concluded that nasal tumors were most likely driven by cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation, with possible contributions from direct genotoxicity. In the past 15 years, new research has better informed the MOA with the publication of in vivo genotoxicity assays, toxicogenomic analyses, and development of ultra-sensitive methods to measure endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde-induced DNA adducts. Herein, we review and update the MOA for nasal tumors, with particular emphasis on the numerous studies published since 2006. These new studies further underscore the involvement of cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation, and further inform the genotoxic potential of inhaled formaldehyde. The data lend additional support for the use of mechanistic data for the derivation of toxicity criteria and/or scientifically supported approaches for low-dose extrapolation for the risk assessment of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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13
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Xu D, Zhu R, Xie D, Xie Y, Wu H, Mei Y. Amine-Containing Resin for Coating with Excellent Formaldehyde Removal Performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dubing Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Delong Xie
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuhui Xie
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Yi Mei
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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14
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Kang DS, Kim HS, Jung JH, Lee CM, Ahn YS, Seo YR. Formaldehyde exposure and leukemia risk: a comprehensive review and network-based toxicogenomic approach. Genes Environ 2021; 43:13. [PMID: 33845901 PMCID: PMC8042688 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a widely used but highly reactive and toxic chemical. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies formaldehyde as a Group 1 carcinogen, based on nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia studies. However, the correlation between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia incidence is a controversial issue. To understand the association between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia, we explored biological networks based on formaldehyde-related genes retrieved from public and commercial databases. Through the literature-based network approach, we summarized qualitative associations between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia. Our results indicate that oxidative stress-mediated genetic changes induced by formaldehyde could disturb the hematopoietic system, possibly leading to leukemia. Furthermore, we suggested major genes that are thought to be affected by formaldehyde exposure and associated with leukemia development. Our suggestions can be used to complement experimental data for understanding and identifying the leukemogenic mechanism of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Seok Kang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Jung
- Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Natural Science and Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02173, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Mundt KA, Dell LD, Boffetta P, Beckett EM, Lynch HN, Desai VJ, Lin CK, Thompson WJ. The importance of evaluating specific myeloid malignancies in epidemiological studies of environmental carcinogens. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:227. [PMID: 33676443 PMCID: PMC7936449 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) - including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) - and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) are largely clinically distinct myeloid malignancies, epidemiological studies rarely examine them separately and often combine them with lymphoid malignancies, limiting possible etiological interpretations for specific myeloid malignancies. METHODS We systematically evaluated the epidemiological literature on the four chemical agents (1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, benzene, and tobacco smoking, excluding pharmaceutical, microbial and radioactive agents, and pesticides) classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as having sufficient epidemiological evidence to conclude that each causes "myeloid malignancies." Literature searches of IARC Monographs and PubMed identified 85 studies that we critically assessed, and for appropriate subsets, summarized results using meta-analysis. RESULTS Only two epidemiological studies on 1,3-butadiene were identified, but reported findings were inadequate to evaluate specific myeloid malignancies. Studies on formaldehyde reported results for AML and CML - and not for MDS or MPN - but reported no increased risks. For benzene, several specific myeloid malignancies were evaluated, with consistent associations reported with AML and MDS and mixed results for CML. Studies of tobacco smoking examined all major myeloid malignancies, demonstrating consistent relationships with AML, MDS and MPN, but not with CML. CONCLUSIONS Surprisingly few epidemiological studies present results for specific myeloid malignancies, and those identified were inconsistent across studies of the same exposure, as well as across chemical agents. This exercise illustrates that even for agents classified as having sufficient evidence of causing "myeloid malignancies," the epidemiological evidence for specific myeloid malignancies is generally limited and inconsistent. Future epidemiological studies should report findings for the specific myeloid malignancies, as combining them post hoc - where appropriate - always remains possible, whereas disaggregation may not. Furthermore, combining results across possibly discrete diseases reduces the chances of identifying important malignancy-specific causal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L D Dell
- Ramboll US Consulting Inc., Amherst, MA, USA
| | - P Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - V J Desai
- Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - C K Lin
- Cardno ChemRisk, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Gentry R, Thompson CM, Franzen A, Salley J, Albertini R, Lu K, Greene T. Using mechanistic information to support evidence integration and synthesis: a case study with inhaled formaldehyde and leukemia. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 50:885-918. [PMID: 33538218 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1854678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is one of the most comprehensively studied chemicals, with over 30 years of research focused on understanding the development of cancer following inhalation. The causal conclusions regarding the potential for leukemia are largely based on the epidemiological literature, with little consideration of cancer bioassays, dosimetry studies, and mechanistic research, which challenge the biological plausibility of the disease. Recent reanalyzes of the epidemiological literature have also raised significant questions related to the purported associations between formaldehyde and leukemia. Because of this, considerable scientific debate and uncertainty remain on whether there is a causal association between formaldehyde inhalation exposure and leukemia. Further complexity in evaluating this association is related to the endogenous production of formaldehyde. Multiple modes of action (MOA) have been postulated for the development of leukemia following formaldehyde inhalation that includes unsupported hypotheses of direct or indirect toxicity to the target cell population. Herein, the available evidence relevant to evaluating the postulated MOAs for leukemia following formaldehyde inhalation exposure is organized in the IPCS MOA Framework. The integration of all the available evidence clearly highlights the limited amount of data that support any of the postulated MOAs and demonstrates a significant amount of research supporting the null hypothesis that there is no causal association between formaldehyde inhalation exposure and leukemia. These analyses result in a lack of confidence in any of the postulated MOAs, increasing confidence in the conclusion that there is a lack of biological plausibility for a causal association between formaldehyde inhalation exposure and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard Albertini
- Independent Consultant, Emeritus Professor, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Zhao Y, Magaña LC, Cui H, Huang J, McHale CM, Yang X, Looney MR, Li R, Zhang L. Formaldehyde-induced hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell toxicity in mouse lung and nose. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:693-701. [PMID: 33084937 PMCID: PMC7878325 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA), an economically important and ubiquitous chemical, has been classified as a human carcinogen and myeloid leukemogen. However, the underlying mechanisms of leukemogenesis remain unclear. Unlike many classical leukemogens that damage hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC/HPC) directly in the bone marrow, FA-as the smallest, most reactive aldehyde-is thought to be incapable of reaching the bone marrow through inhalation exposure. A recent breakthrough study discovered that mouse lung contains functional HSC/HPC that can produce blood cells and travel bi-directionally between the lung and bone marrow, while another early study reported the presence of HSC/HPC in rat nose. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that FA inhalation could induce toxicity in HSC/HPC present in mouse lung and/or nose rather than in the bone marrow. To test this hypothesis, we adapted a commercially available protocol for culturing burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit-granulocyte, macrophage (CFU-GM) colonies from bone marrow and spleen to also enable culture of these colonies from mouse lung and nose, a novel application of this assay. We reported that in vivo exposure to FA at 3 mg/m3 or ex vivo exposure up to 400 µM FA decreased the formation of both colony types from mouse lung and nose as well as from bone marrow and spleen. These findings, to the best of our knowledge, are the first empirically to show that FA exposure can damage mouse pulmonary and olfactory HSC/HPC and provide potential biological plausibility for the induction of leukemia at the sites of entry rather than the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Laura C Magaña
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Haiyan Cui
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cliona M McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mark R Looney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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18
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Virji MA, Kurth L. Peak Inhalation Exposure Metrics Used in Occupational Epidemiologic and Exposure Studies. Front Public Health 2021; 8:611693. [PMID: 33490023 PMCID: PMC7820770 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.611693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peak exposures are of concern because they can potentially overwhelm normal defense mechanisms and induce adverse health effects. Metrics of peak exposure have been used in epidemiologic and exposure studies, but consensus is lacking on its definition. The relevant characteristics of peak exposure are dependent upon exposure patterns, biokinetics of exposure, and disease mechanisms. The objective of this review was to summarize the use of peak metrics in epidemiologic and exposure studies. A comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and NIOSHTIC-2 databases was conducted using keywords related to peak exposures. The retrieved references were reviewed and selected for indexing if they included a peak metric and met additional criteria. Information on health outcomes and peak exposure metrics was extracted from each reference. A total of 1,215 epidemiologic or exposure references were identified, of which 182 were indexed and summarized. For the 72 epidemiologic studies, the health outcomes most frequently evaluated were: chronic respiratory effects, cancer and acute respiratory symptoms. Exposures were frequently assessed using task-based and full-shift time-integrated methods, qualitative methods, and real-time instruments. Peak exposure summary metrics included the presence or absence of a peak event, highest exposure intensity and frequency greater than a target. Peak metrics in the 110 exposure studies most frequently included highest exposure intensity, average short-duration intensity, and graphical presentation of the real-time data (plots). This review provides a framework for considering biologically relevant peak exposure metrics for epidemiologic and exposure studies to help inform risk assessment and exposure mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Laura Kurth
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
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19
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Dingler FA, Wang M, Mu A, Millington CL, Oberbeck N, Watcham S, Pontel LB, Kamimae-Lanning AN, Langevin F, Nadler C, Cordell RL, Monks PS, Yu R, Wilson NK, Hira A, Yoshida K, Mori M, Okamoto Y, Okuno Y, Muramatsu H, Shiraishi Y, Kobayashi M, Moriguchi T, Osumi T, Kato M, Miyano S, Ito E, Kojima S, Yabe H, Yabe M, Matsuo K, Ogawa S, Göttgens B, Hodskinson MRG, Takata M, Patel KJ. Two Aldehyde Clearance Systems Are Essential to Prevent Lethal Formaldehyde Accumulation in Mice and Humans. Mol Cell 2020; 80:996-1012.e9. [PMID: 33147438 PMCID: PMC7758861 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes arise as by-products of metabolism and are normally cleared by multiple families of enzymes. We find that mice lacking two aldehyde detoxifying enzymes, mitochondrial ALDH2 and cytoplasmic ADH5, have greatly shortened lifespans and develop leukemia. Hematopoiesis is disrupted profoundly, with a reduction of hematopoietic stem cells and common lymphoid progenitors causing a severely depleted acquired immune system. We show that formaldehyde is a common substrate of ALDH2 and ADH5 and establish methods to quantify elevated blood formaldehyde and formaldehyde-DNA adducts in tissues. Bone-marrow-derived progenitors actively engage DNA repair but also imprint a formaldehyde-driven mutation signature similar to aging-associated human cancer mutation signatures. Furthermore, we identify analogous genetic defects in children causing a previously uncharacterized inherited bone marrow failure and pre-leukemic syndrome. Endogenous formaldehyde clearance alone is therefore critical for hematopoiesis and in limiting mutagenesis in somatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Dingler
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Meng Wang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anfeng Mu
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Nina Oberbeck
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sam Watcham
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucas B Pontel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET, Polo Científico Tecnológico, Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Frederic Langevin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Camille Nadler
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rebecca L Cordell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Paul S Monks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicola K Wilson
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Asuka Hira
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minako Mori
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Muramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Section of Genome Analysis Platform, Center for Cancer Genomic and Advanced Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tomoo Osumi
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yabe
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Miharu Yabe
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Analytical Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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20
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Gadhave RV, S K V, Dhawale PV, Gadekar PT. Effect of boric acid on poly vinyl alcohol- tannin blend and its application as water-based wood adhesive. Des Monomers Polym 2020; 23:188-196. [PMID: 33132742 PMCID: PMC7580565 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2020.1826124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The work presented here focusses on developing adhesive by blending tannin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in water. To furthermore enhance the properties crosslinking is carried by using boric acid at varying concentrations. Presence of free hydroxyl groups in PVA and tannin acts as a site for crosslinking reaction. The empty p orbital of trivalent boron atom attracts nucleophilic hydroxyl groups of PVA and tannin, hence are expected to form crosslinks. The interaction of boric acid with the blend was confirmed by FTIR spectra studies. The acidic pH favoured the reaction and its effects were observed by increase in viscosity and glass transition temperature (Tg). Films cased with the crosslinked blend demonstrated less hydrophilic behaviour from water contact angle test also increment in pencil hardness value and stress-bearing capacity. Adhesive performance properties like wet tack and time-dependent tensile lap shear strength on softwood and hardwood specimens were evaluated. The crosslinking-enhanced cohesion by reducing the free volumes between the chains and due to this, enhancement in tensile strength on bonded wood substrates was observed. Overall, it was found that the adhesive prepared by crosslinking PVA/tannin blend with boric acid is suitable for wood adhesive application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra V Gadhave
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Vineeth S K
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Pritam V Dhawale
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Pradeep T Gadekar
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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21
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Shallis RM, Weiss JJ, Deziel NC, Gore SD. Challenging the concept of de novo acute myeloid leukemia: Environmental and occupational leukemogens hiding in our midst. Blood Rev 2020; 47:100760. [PMID: 32988660 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid neoplasms like acute myeloid leukemia (AML) originate from genomic disruption, usually in a multi-step fashion. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell acquisition of abnormalities in vital cellular processes, when coupled with intrinsic factors such as germline predisposition or extrinsic factors such as the marrow microenvironment or environmental agents, can lead to requisite pre-leukemic clonal selection, expansion and evolution. Several of these entities have been invoked as "leukemogens." The known leukemogens are numerous and are found in the therapeutic, occupational and ambient environments, however they are often difficult to implicate for individual patients. Patients treated with particular chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy accept a calculated risk of therapy-related AML. Occupational exposures to benzene, dioxins, formaldehyde, electromagnetic and particle radiation have been associated with an increased risk of AML. Although regulatory agencies have established acceptable exposure limits in the workplace, accidental exposures and even ambient exposures to leukemogens are possible. It is plausible that inescapable exposure to non-anthropogenic ambient leukemogens may be responsible for many cases of non-inherited de novo AML. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of leukemogens as they relate to AML, assess to what extent the term "de novo" leukemia is meaningful, and describe the potential to identify and characterize new leukemogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M Shallis
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
| | - Julian J Weiss
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Nicole C Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Steven D Gore
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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22
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Kojima Y, Machida YJ. DNA-protein crosslinks from environmental exposure: Mechanisms of formation and repair. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:716-729. [PMID: 32329115 PMCID: PMC7575214 DOI: 10.1002/em.22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many environmental carcinogens cause DNA damage, which can result in mutations and other alterations in genomic DNA if not repaired promptly. Because of the bulkiness of the lesions, DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) are one of the types of toxic DNA damage with potentially deleterious consequences. Despite the importance of DPCs, how cells remove these complex DNA adducts has been incompletely understood. However, major progress in the DPC repair field over the past 5 years now supports the view that cells are equipped with multiple mechanisms to cope with DPCs. Here, we first provide an overview of environmental substances that induce DPCs, describing the sources of exposure and mechanisms of DPC formation. We then review current models of DPC repair and discuss their significance for environmental carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kojima
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Yuichi J. Machida
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Correspondence to Yuichi J. Machida.
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23
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Bispo JAB, Pinheiro PS, Kobetz EK. Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a034819. [PMID: 31727680 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence suggests that the incidence of leukemia and lymphoma tends to be higher in highly developed regions of the world and among Whites in the United States. Temporal trends in incidence are dynamic and multifactorial; for instance, the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma increased around the turn of the century, in part because of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. Most leukemias and lymphomas are sporadic and the specific etiology remains elusive. Still, research shows that these malignancies often develop in the context of genetic abnormalities, immunosuppression, and exposure to risk factors like ionizing radiation, carcinogenic chemicals, and oncogenic viruses. The prognosis varies by subtype, with poorer survival outcomes for acute leukemias among adults, and more favorable outcomes for Hodgkin's lymphoma. At a time when specific prevention efforts targeting these malignancies are nonexistent, there is a great need to ensure equitable access to diagnostic services and treatments worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Baeker Bispo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Paulo S Pinheiro
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Erin K Kobetz
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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24
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Gong W, Zhang L, Yu Y, Lin B, Wang Y, Cao Y, Guo M. Modification of Cu
3
(BTC)
2
with Cobalt Ion for Adsorption and Visualized Detection of Formaldehyde Gas. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Gong
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for BiomedicineSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for BiomedicineSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for BiomedicineSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Bixia Lin
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for BiomedicineSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Yumin Wang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for BiomedicineSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Yujuan Cao
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for BiomedicineSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Manli Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for BiomedicineSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
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25
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Ioannidis K, Batty C, Turner C, Smith D, Deb S, Mannocci F. Ex vivo detection and quantification of apically extruded volatile compounds and disinfection by-products by SIFT-MS, during chemomechanical preparation of infected root canals. Dent Mater 2020; 36:257-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Dwivedi N, Shukla RK. Theoretical study of pure/doped (nitrogen and boron) carbon nanotubes for chemical sensing of formaldehyde. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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27
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Catalani S, Donato F, Madeo E, Apostoli P, De Palma G, Pira E, Mundt KA, Boffetta P. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and risk of non hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1245. [PMID: 31870335 PMCID: PMC6929467 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formaldehyde, a widely used chemical, is considered a human carcinogen. We report the results of a meta-analyses of studies on the relationship between occupational exposure to formaldehyde and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis according to international guidelines and we identified 12 reports of occupational populations exposed to formaldehyde. We evaluated inter-study heterogeneity and we applied a random effects model. We conducted a cumulative meta-analysis and a meta-analysis according to estimated average exposure of each study population. RESULTS The meta-analysis resulted in a summary relative risk (RR) for NHL of 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.83-1.04). The cumulative meta-analysis suggests that higher RRs were detected in studies published before 1986, while studies available after 1986 did not show an association. No differences were found between different levels of occupational exposure. Conclusions Notwithstanding some limitations, the results of this meta-analysis do not support the hypothesis of an association between occupational exposure to formaldehyde and risk of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Catalani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, 25133, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Donato
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Egidio Madeo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, 25133, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Apostoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, 25133, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, 25133, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Pira
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Gail MH, Altman DG, Cadarette SM, Collins G, Evans SJ, Sekula P, Williamson E, Woodward M. Design choices for observational studies of the effect of exposure on disease incidence. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031031. [PMID: 31822541 PMCID: PMC6924819 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to help readers choose an appropriate observational study design for measuring an association between an exposure and disease incidence. We discuss cohort studies, sub-samples from cohorts (case-cohort and nested case-control designs), and population-based or hospital-based case-control studies. Appropriate study design is the foundation of a scientifically valid observational study. Mistakes in design are often irremediable. Key steps are understanding the scientific aims of the study and what is required to achieve them. Some designs will not yield the information required to realise the aims. The choice of design also depends on the availability of source populations and resources. Choosing an appropriate design requires balancing the pros and cons of various designs in view of study aims and practical constraints. We compare various cohort and case-control designs to estimate the effect of an exposure on disease incidence and mention how certain design features can reduce threats to study validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Gail
- Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas G Altman
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Suzanne M Cadarette
- Faculty of Pharmacy and School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Jw Evans
- Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Peggy Sekula
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology and Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Williamson
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford University UK and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Allegra A, Spatari G, Mattioli S, Curti S, Innao V, Ettari R, Allegra AG, Giorgianni C, Gangemi S, Musolino C. Formaldehyde Exposure and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Review of the Literature. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E638. [PMID: 31557975 PMCID: PMC6843642 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate associations between cumulative and peak formaldehyde exposure and occurrence of acute myeloid leukemia. Material and Methods: A comprehensive search was performed using the PubMed and Embase databases. We included studies presenting information about the role of formaldehyde in leukemic occurrence and mortality risk. Then, full texts of the selected references were assessed, and references of included studies were checked to identify additional articles. Result: The information was then summarized and organized in the present review. A total of 81 articles were obtained from the search. Conclusion: Findings from the review of the literature do not support the hypothesis that formaldehyde is a cause of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Spatari
- Department of Environmental Science, Safety, Territory, Food and Health, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Curti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Innao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gaetano Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Concetto Giorgianni
- Department of Environmental Science, Safety, Territory, Food and Health, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria SNC, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
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30
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Checkoway H, Lees PSJ, Dell LD, Gentry PR, Mundt KA. Peak Exposures in Epidemiologic Studies and Cancer Risks: Considerations for Regulatory Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:1441-1464. [PMID: 30925210 PMCID: PMC6850123 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We review approaches for characterizing "peak" exposures in epidemiologic studies and methods for incorporating peak exposure metrics in dose-response assessments that contribute to risk assessment. The focus was on potential etiologic relations between environmental chemical exposures and cancer risks. We searched the epidemiologic literature on environmental chemicals classified as carcinogens in which cancer risks were described in relation to "peak" exposures. These articles were evaluated to identify some of the challenges associated with defining and describing cancer risks in relation to peak exposures. We found that definitions of peak exposure varied considerably across studies. Of nine chemical agents included in our review of peak exposure, six had epidemiologic data used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in dose-response assessments to derive inhalation unit risk values. These were benzene, formaldehyde, styrene, trichloroethylene, acrylonitrile, and ethylene oxide. All derived unit risks relied on cumulative exposure for dose-response estimation and none, to our knowledge, considered peak exposure metrics. This is not surprising, given the historical linear no-threshold default model (generally based on cumulative exposure) used in regulatory risk assessments. With newly proposed US EPA rule language, fuller consideration of alternative exposure and dose-response metrics will be supported. "Peak" exposure has not been consistently defined and rarely has been evaluated in epidemiologic studies of cancer risks. We recommend developing uniform definitions of "peak" exposure to facilitate fuller evaluation of dose response for environmental chemicals and cancer risks, especially where mechanistic understanding indicates that the dose response is unlikely linear and that short-term high-intensity exposures increase risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Checkoway
- Department of Family Medicine & Public HealthSan Diego School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLa JollaCAUSA
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31
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Song W, Wang Y, Huang L, Cheng H, Wu J, Pan Y. Reactive paper spray mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of formaldehyde in facial masks. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1091-1096. [PMID: 30912597 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A reactive paper spray mass spectrometric approach for rapid analysis of formaldehyde (FA) in cosmetics was developed based on an on-line derivatization reaction between formaldehyde and dansyl hydrazine (DH). METHODS The whole experimental procedure consists of three simple steps: (1) load the sample (2 μL) onto the paper; (2) add the spray solvent (10 μL DH); (3) apply a high voltage (+4.5 kV) to the sample. We used an internal standard (dansyl amide) to create the analytical calibration curve. The established approach has been successfully applied in the quantitation of FA in facial masks. RESULTS Our approach shows good linearity for the FA concentrations between 3 and 300 μg L-1 , and the limit of detection is at 0.8 μg L-1 . Five brands of facial masks were analyzed by this approach without any sample pretreatment, and the FA contents varied from 0.05 to 2.6 mg L-1 with favorable recoveries achieved between 93.2% and 111.3%. CONCLUSIONS This established approach presents a solution to rapid quantitation at extremely low cost of consumables and has potential as a simple, sensitive and robust strategy for the direct analysis of FA in cosmetics, food, environmental, and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Song
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Heyong Cheng
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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32
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Elshaer NSM, Mahmoud MAE. Toxic effects of formalin-treated cadaver on medical students, staff members, and workers in the Alexandria Faculty of Medicine. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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33
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Andersen ME, Gentry PR, Swenberg JA, Mundt KA, White KW, Thompson C, Bus J, Sherman JH, Greim H, Bolt H, Marsh GM, Checkoway H, Coggon D, Clewell HJ. Considerations for refining the risk assessment process for formaldehyde: Results from an interdisciplinary workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:210-223. [PMID: 31059732 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anticipating the need to evaluate and integrate scientific evidence to inform new risk assessments or to update existing risk assessments, the Formaldehyde Panel of the American Chemistry Council (ACC), in collaboration with the University of North Carolina, convened a workshop: "Understanding Potential Human Health Cancer Risk - From Data Integration to Risk Evaluation" in October 2017. Twenty-four (24) invited-experts participated with expertise in epidemiology, toxicology, science integration and risk evaluation. Including members of the organizing committee, there were 29 participants. The meeting included eleven presentations encompassing an introduction and three sessions: (1) "integrating the formaldehyde science on nasal/nasopharyngeal carcinogenicity and potential for causality"; (2) "integrating the formaldehyde science on lymphohematopoietic cancer and potential for causality; and, (3) "formaldehyde research-data suitable for risk assessment". Here we describe key points from the presentations on epidemiology, toxicology and mechanistic studies that should inform decisions about the potential carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in humans and the discussions about approaches for structuring an integrated, comprehensive risk assessment for formaldehyde. We also note challenges expected when attempting to reconcile divergent results observed from research conducted within and across different scientific disciplines - especially toxicology and epidemiology - and in integrating diverse, multi-disciplinary mechanistic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin E Andersen
- ScitoVation LLC, 100 Capitola Drive, Drive 106, Durham, NC, 27713, USA.
| | | | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth A Mundt
- Ramboll US Corporation, Amherst, MA (currently with Cardno Chemrisk, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - James Bus
- Center for Toxicology and Mechanistic Biology, Exponent, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Hermann Bolt
- Leibniz Institute for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gary M Marsh
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Occupational Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Harvey Checkoway
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, USA
| | - David Coggon
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey J Clewell
- Ramboll US Corporation, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 13, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Ashraf MA, Liu Z, Peng W, Parsaee Z. Design, preparation and evaluation of a high performance sensor for formaldehyde based on a novel hybride nonocomposite ZnWO 3/rGO. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1051:120-128. [PMID: 30661608 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The ultrasound wave assisted synthesis of a novel ZnWO3/rGO hybrid nono composition (ZnWO3/rGO HNC) as a high performance sensor for formaldehyde (FA) has been reported. Different techniques of analysis such as XRD, FE-SEM, TGA, XPS, HRTEM and BET were applied for morphological and spectroscopic characterization of the ZnWO3/rGO HNC. The sensing evaluation of the constructed sensor showed high selectivity, sensitivity and a linear correlation between achieved responses and concentration of target gas (1-10 ppm) with R2 = 0.993 at temperature of 95 °C. The determination of FA was validated and performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined by solid phase micro-extraction after derivatization with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-benzyl)-hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Validation was carried out in terms of limit of detection linearity, precision, and recovery. The mechanistic evaluation of sensing behavior of the ZnWO3/rGO HNC was interpreted based on large specific surface area (SSA) to volume, mesoporous structure and the heterojunction between rGO and ZnWO3 at the interface between the rGO and ZnWO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Department of Geology Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Zhenling Liu
- School of Management, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Zohreh Parsaee
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.
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35
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Lerro CC, Koutros S, Andreotti G, Sandler DP, Lynch CF, Louis LM, Blair A, Parks CG, Shrestha S, Lubin JH, Albert PS, Hofmann JN, Beane Freeman LE. Cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study after 20 years of follow-up. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:311-322. [PMID: 30805813 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a cohort of private pesticide applicators, their spouses, and commercial applicators, based on 12,420 cancers, adding 5,989 cancers, and 9 years of follow-up since last evaluation. METHODS We calculated age, year, sex, and race-adjusted standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cancer sites in the AHS relative to the general population. RESULTS Overall AHS cancer incidence was lower than the general population (SIRprivate = 0.91, CI 0.89-0.93; SIRspouse = 0.89, CI 0.86-0.92; SIRcommercial = 0.83, CI 0.76-0.92), with notable deficits across applicators and spouses for oral cavity, pancreas, and lung cancers. Cancer excesses included prostate cancer, lip cancer, certain B-cell lymphomas (e.g., multiple myeloma), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), thyroid cancer, testicular cancer, and peritoneal cancer. The lung cancer deficit was strongest among applicators reporting potential exposure to endotoxin at study enrollment (tasks such as raising animals and handling stored grain). CONCLUSIONS Although an overall deficit in cancer was observed, there were notable exceptions, including newly observed excesses for AML, thyroid, testicular, and peritoneal cancers. Furthermore, endotoxin exposure may, in part, account for observed lung cancer incidence deficits. Cancer incidence patterns in the AHS suggest farm exposures' relevance to cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Lerro
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6E116, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Stella Koutros
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6E116, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6E116, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Charles F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Lydia M Louis
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6E116, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6E116, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Christine G Parks
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Srishti Shrestha
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jay H Lubin
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Paul S Albert
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6E116, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6E116, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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Möhner M, Liu Y, Marsh GM. New insights into the mortality risk from nasopharyngeal cancer in the national cancer institute formaldehyde worker cohort study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2019; 14:4. [PMID: 30828355 PMCID: PMC6383225 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-019-0224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indications were found that a diagnostic bias could have contributed to the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) suggestion of a persistent increased mortality risk for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Methods NCI provided the cohort data updated through 2004. We computed local county rate-based standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for NPC and all other entities of the pharynx for two time periods. Moreover, SMRs were calculated for pharyngeal cancer in relation to study site by cumulative exposure to formaldehyde (FA). Results Overall, our results corroborate the indications of a diagnostic bias by strong but contrary temporal trends for NPC and pharynx, not specified. Moreover, it was shown that mortality risks were increased in the Wallingford cohort for all pharyngeal cancer combined and for pharyngeal cancer excluding NPC. In contrast, no increased risks for these categories were found in the nine other study sites combined. Conclusions Our re-analysis provided little or no evidence to support NCI's suggestion of a persistent association between FA exposure and mortality from NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Möhner
- 1Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yimeng Liu
- 2Center for Occupational Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Department of Biostatistics, 7120 Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Gary M Marsh
- 2Center for Occupational Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Department of Biostatistics, 7120 Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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Zain SMSM, Azmi WNFW, Veloo Y, Shaharudin R. Formaldehyde Exposure, Health Symptoms and Risk Assessment among Hospital Workers in Malaysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2019.106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Vineeth SK, Gadhave RV, Gadekar PT. Nanocellulose Applications in Wood Adhesives—Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jacob SL, Cornell E, Kwa M, Funk WE, Xu S. Cosmetics and Cancer: Adverse Event Reports Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2018; 2:pky012. [PMID: 31360845 PMCID: PMC6649728 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pky012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been numerous controversies surrounding cosmetic products and increased cancer risk. Such controversies include associations between parabens and breast cancer, hair dyes and hematologic malignancies, and talc powders and ovarian cancer. Despite the prominent media coverage and numerous scientific investigations, the majority of these associations currently lack conclusive evidence. In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made publically available all adverse event reports in Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS), which includes complaints related to cosmetic products. We mined CAERS for cancer-related reports attributed to cosmetics. Between 2004 and 2017, cancer-related reports caused by cosmetics represented 41% of all adverse events related to cosmetics. This yielded 4427 individual reports of cancer related to a cosmetic product. Of these reports, the FDA redacted the specific product names in 95% of cancer-related reports under the Freedom of Information Act exemptions, most likely due to ongoing legal proceedings. For redacted reports, ovarian cancer reports dominated (n = 3992, 90%), followed by mesothelioma (n = 92, 2%) and malignant neoplasm unspecified (n = 46, 1%). For nonredacted reports, or those reports whose product names were not withheld (n = 218), 70% were related to ovarian cancer attributed to talc powders, followed by skin cancer (11%) and breast cancer (5%) attributed to topical moisturizers. Currently, CAERS is of limited utility, with the available data having been subjected to significant reporter bias and a lack of supportive information such as demographic data, medical history, or concomitant product use. Although the system has promise for safeguarding public health, the future utility of the database requires broader reporting participation and more complete reporting, paired with parallel investments in regulatory science and improved molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya L Jacob
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Erika Cornell
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael Kwa
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - William E Funk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine
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Goldstein BD. Mundt et al. paper: "Does occupational exposure to formaldehyde cause hematotoxicity and leukemia-specific chromosome changes in cultured myeloid progenitor cells?". Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:339-340. [PMID: 29469605 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1431764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard D Goldstein
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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41
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Kwon SC, Kim I, Song J, Park J. Does formaldehyde have a causal association with nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia? Ann Occup Environ Med 2018; 30:5. [PMID: 29423228 PMCID: PMC5791191 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-018-0218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The South Korean criteria for occupational diseases were amended in July 2013. These criteria included formaldehyde as a newly defined occupational carcinogen, based on cases of "leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure". This inclusion was based on the Internal Agency for Research on Cancer classification, which classified formaldehyde as definite human carcinogen for nasopharyngeal cancer in 2004 and leukemia in 2012. METHODS We reviewed reports regarding the causal relationship between occupational exposure to formaldehyde in Korea and the development of these cancers, in order to determine whether these cases were work-related. RESULTS Previous reports regarding excess mortality from nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure seemed to be influenced by excess mortality from a single plant. The recent meta-risk for nasopharyngeal cancer was significantly increased in case-control studies, but was null for cohort studies (excluding unexplained clusters of nasopharyngeal cancers). A recent analysis of the largest industrial cohort revealed elevated risks of both leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma at the peak formaldehyde exposure, and both cancers exhibited significant dose-response relationships. A nested case-control study of embalmers revealed that mortality from myeloid leukemia increased significantly with increasing numbers of embalms and with increasing formaldehyde exposure. The recent meta-risks for all leukemia and myeloid leukemia increased significantly. In South Korea, a few cases were considered occupational cancers as a result of mixed exposures to various chemicals (e.g., benzene), although no cases were compensated for formaldehyde exposure. The peak formaldehyde exposure levels in Korea were 2.70-14.8 ppm in a small number of specialized studies, which considered anatomy students, endoscopy employees who handled biopsy specimens, and manufacturing workers who were exposed to high temperatures. CONCLUSION Additional evidence is needed to confirm the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and nasopharyngeal cancer. All lymphohematopoietic malignancies, including leukemia, should be considered in cases with occupational formaldehyde exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Chan Kwon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inah Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 wangshimni-ro, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechul Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 wangshimni-ro, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsun Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Nachaki EO, Ndangili PM, Naumih NM, Masika E. Nickel-Palladium-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Quantitative Detection of Formaldehyde. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest O. Nachaki
- Department of Chemistry; Kenyatta University; P.O Box 43844 - 00100 Nairobi - Kenya
| | - Peter M. Ndangili
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology; Technical University of Kenya; P.O Box 52428 - 00200 Nairobi - Kenya
| | - Noah M. Naumih
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; United States International University - Africa; P.O Box 14634 - 00800 Nairobi - Kenya
| | - Eric Masika
- Department of Chemistry; Kenyatta University; P.O Box 43844 - 00100 Nairobi - Kenya
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Mundt KA, Gentry PR, Dell LD, Rodricks JV, Boffetta P. Six years after the NRC review of EPA's Draft IRIS Toxicological Review of Formaldehyde: Regulatory implications of new science in evaluating formaldehyde leukemogenicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 92:472-490. [PMID: 29158043 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that formaldehyde causes leukemia, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released its Draft IRIS Toxicological Review of Formaldehyde ("Draft IRIS Assessment"), also concluding that formaldehyde causes leukemia. Peer review of the Draft IRIS Assessment by a National Academy of Science committee noted that "causal determinations are not supported by the narrative provided in the draft" (NRC 2011). They offered recommendations for improving the Draft IRIS assessment and identified several important research gaps. Over the six years since the NRC peer review, significant new science has been published. We identify and summarize key recommendations made by NRC and map them to this new science, including extended analysis of epidemiological studies, updates of earlier occupational cohort studies, toxicological experiments using a sensitive mouse strain, mechanistic studies examining the role of exogenous versus endogenous formaldehyde in bone marrow, and several critical reviews. With few exceptions, new findings are consistently negative, and integration of all available evidence challenges the earlier conclusions that formaldehyde causes leukemia. Given formaldehyde's commercial importance, environmental ubiquity and endogenous production, accurate hazard classification and risk evaluation of whether exposure to formaldehyde from occupational, residential and consumer products causes leukemia are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Mundt
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Environ, Amherst MA, United States.
| | - P Robinan Gentry
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Environ, Amherst MA, United States
| | - Linda D Dell
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Environ, Amherst MA, United States
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Zendehdel R, Abdolmaleki P, Jouni FJ, Mazinani M. Genetic variation and risk of DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Iranian formaldehyde-exposed workers. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:690-696. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327117728385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) has given positive results for the genetic damage evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Polymorphism plays a special role in the toxicity of chemicals. DNA damage in blood cells was evaluated in workers who were occupationally exposed to FA. This study tested the association of alcohol dehydrogenase III (ADH3) and manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) gene polymorphism, with DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Gene polymorphisms were evaluated in 54 workers from melamine dinnerware workshops and 34 workers from dairy production workshops. The control and exposed population were matched based on age, smoking, work history and socioeconomic status. DNA damage was evaluated by alkaline comet assay in the peripheral blood lymphocytes. ADH3 and Mn-SOD genotypes were determined in all workers using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method. DNA damage of lymphocyte cells was significantly higher ( p < 0.001) in the exposed individuals in comparison with the control population. The examinations of the exposed group had revealed significantly higher ( p < 0.01) variant of Val/Val of Mn-SOD compared to control group. In workers with ADH32–2 variant, significantly higher levels of DNA damage ( p < 0.01) were observed than the control population with the same genotype. It could be concluded that enzymes involved in the metabolism of FA and oxidative stress controlling are two important effective parameters for DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes in exposed people. These results are regarded as a pioneer investigation for the management of health risks assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Zendehdel
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biophysics, School of Bioscience, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Javani Jouni
- Department of Biophysics, School of Bioscience, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mazinani
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mórocz M, Zsigmond E, Tóth R, Enyedi MZ, Pintér L, Haracska L. DNA-dependent protease activity of human Spartan facilitates replication of DNA-protein crosslink-containing DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3172-3188. [PMID: 28053116 PMCID: PMC5389635 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SPARTAN are associated with early onset hepatocellular carcinoma and progeroid features. A regulatory function of Spartan has been implicated in DNA damage tolerance pathways such as translesion synthesis, but the exact function of the protein remained unclear. Here, we reveal the role of human Spartan in facilitating replication of DNA–protein crosslink-containing DNA. We found that purified Spartan has a DNA-dependent protease activity degrading certain proteins bound to DNA. In concert, Spartan is required for direct DPC removal in vivo; we also show that the protease Spartan facilitates repair of formaldehyde-induced DNA–protein crosslinks in later phases of replication using the bromodeoxyuridin (BrdU) comet assay. Moreover, DNA fibre assay indicates that formaldehyde-induced replication stress dramatically decreases the speed of replication fork movement in Spartan-deficient cells, which accumulate in the G2/M cell cycle phase. Finally, epistasis analysis mapped these Spartan functions to the RAD6-RAD18 DNA damage tolerance pathway. Our results reveal that Spartan facilitates replication of DNA–protein crosslink-containing DNA enzymatically, as a protease, which may explain its role in preventing carcinogenesis and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Mórocz
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Eszter Zsigmond
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Róbert Tóth
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Márton Zs Enyedi
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Lajos Pintér
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Lajos Haracska
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
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Denholm KS, Hunnam JC, Cuttance EL, McDougall S. Influence of preservation methods on the quality of colostrum sourced from New Zealand dairy farms. N Z Vet J 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1342574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KS Denholm
- Anexa FVC, 1126 Gordonton Road, Gordonton, New Zealand
| | - JC Hunnam
- Cognosco, 25 Moorhouse Street, Morrinsville, New Zealand
| | - EL Cuttance
- VetEnt, 49 Benson Road, Te Awamutu 3800, New Zealand
| | - S McDougall
- Cognosco, 25 Moorhouse Street, Morrinsville, New Zealand
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Mundt KA, Gallagher AE, Dell LD, Natelson EA, Boffetta P, Gentry PR. Does occupational exposure to formaldehyde cause hematotoxicity and leukemia-specific chromosome changes in cultured myeloid progenitor cells? Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:592-602. [PMID: 28462599 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1301878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Several cross-sectional studies of a single population of workers exposed to formaldehyde at one of two factories using or producing formaldehyde-melamine resins in China have concluded that formaldehyde exposure induces damage to hematopoietic cells that originate in the bone marrow. Moreover, the investigators interpret observed differences between groups as evidence that formaldehyde induces myeloid leukemias, although the mechanisms for inducing these diseases are not obvious and recently published scientific findings do not support causation. Our objective was to evaluate hematological parameters and aneuploidy in relation to quantitative exposure measures of formaldehyde. We obtained the study data for the original study (Zhang et al. 2010 ) and performed linear regression analyses. Results showed that differences in white blood cell, granulocyte, platelet, and red blood cell counts are not exposure dependent. Among formaldehyde-exposed workers, no association was observed between individual average formaldehyde exposure estimates and frequency of aneuploidy, suggested by the original study authors to be indicators of myeloid leukemia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ethan A Natelson
- b Houston Methodist Hospital - Texas Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- c Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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Troutt WD, DiDonato MD. Carbonyl Compounds Produced by Vaporizing Cannabis Oil Thinning Agents. J Altern Complement Med 2017; 23:879-884. [PMID: 28355118 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use has increased in the United States, particularly the use of vaporized cannabis oil, which is often mixed with thinning agents for use in vaporizing devices. E-cigarette research shows that heated thinning agents produce potentially harmful carbonyls; however, similar studies have not been conducted (1) with agents that are commonly used in the cannabis industry and (2) at temperatures that are appropriate for cannabis oil vaporization. The goal of this study was to determine whether thinning agents used in the cannabis industry produce potentially harmful carbonyls when heated to a temperature that is appropriate for cannabis oil vaporization. DESIGN Four thinning agents (propylene glycol [PG], vegetable glycerin [VG], polyethylene glycol 400 [PEG 400], and medium chain triglycerides [MCT]) were heated to 230°C and the resulting vapors were tested for acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. Each agent was tested three times. SETTING/LOCATION Testing was conducted in a smoking laboratory. OUTCOME MEASURES Carbonyl levels were measured in micrograms per puff block. RESULTS Analyses showed that PEG 400 produced significantly higher levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde than PG, MCT, and VG. Formaldehyde production was also significantly greater in PG compared with MCT and VG. Acrolein production did not differ significantly across the agents. CONCLUSIONS PG and PEG 400 produced high levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde when heated to 230°C. Formaldehyde production from PEG 400 isolate was particularly high, with one inhalation accounting for 1.12% of the daily exposure limit, nearly the same exposure as smoking one cigarette. Because PG and PEG 400 are often mixed with cannabis oil, individuals who vaporize cannabis oil products may risk exposure to harmful formaldehyde levels. Although more research is needed, consumers and policy makers should consider these potential health effects before use and when drafting cannabis-related legislation.
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Slodownik D, Moshe S, Sprecher E, Goldberg I. Occupational mycosis fungoides - a case series. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:733-737. [PMID: 28255994 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most frequent type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. MF has long been considered to develop as the result of a combination of genetic defects and exogenous triggers. Although no specific MF-associated environmental trigger has been established to date, some studies have suggested that occupational exposures may occasionally trigger the onset of MF. OBJECTIVE In this observational study, we aimed at underscoring the potential association between occupational exposure and MF. METHODS We ascertained a cohort of 150 MF patients for possible occupational exposure. RESULTS Five MF patients with occupational exposure were identified in our cohort. Three patients had intensive contact with aromatic hydrocarbons; two of them were working in the same plant and in the same unit for more than 30 years. The third patient had been in contact with aromatic hydrocarbons for a total of 8 years. Patient 4 had additional contact for 12 years with hydrazine, and patient 5 had been exposed for 3 years to formaldehyde. CONCLUSION The clustering of two cases of MF, an exceptionally rare disease, in the same plant unit, as well as the long-term, intense occupational exposure in other cases, substantiates the notion that occupational exposures may contribute to the pathogenesis of MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Slodownik
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Moshe
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Goldberg
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Nielsen GD, Larsen ST, Wolkoff P. Re-evaluation of the WHO (2010) formaldehyde indoor air quality guideline for cancer risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:35-61. [PMID: 27209488 PMCID: PMC5225186 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) established an indoor air quality guideline for short- and long-term exposures to formaldehyde (FA) of 0.1 mg/m3 (0.08 ppm) for all 30-min periods at lifelong exposure. This guideline was supported by studies from 2010 to 2013. Since 2013, new key studies have been published and key cancer cohorts have been updated, which we have evaluated and compared with the WHO guideline. FA is genotoxic, causing DNA adduct formation, and has a clastogenic effect; exposure-response relationships were nonlinear. Relevant genetic polymorphisms were not identified. Normal indoor air FA concentrations do not pass beyond the respiratory epithelium, and therefore FA's direct effects are limited to portal-of-entry effects. However, systemic effects have been observed in rats and mice, which may be due to secondary effects as airway inflammation and (sensory) irritation of eyes and the upper airways, which inter alia decreases respiratory ventilation. Both secondary effects are prevented at the guideline level. Nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia were observed inconsistently among studies; new updates of the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) cohort confirmed that the relative risk was not increased with mean FA exposures below 1 ppm and peak exposures below 4 ppm. Hodgkin's lymphoma, not observed in the other studies reviewed and not considered FA dependent, was increased in the NCI cohort at a mean concentration ≥0.6 mg/m3 and at peak exposures ≥2.5 mg/m3; both levels are above the WHO guideline. Overall, the credibility of the WHO guideline has not been challenged by new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Damgård Nielsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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