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Rey-Vargas L, Bejarano-Rivera LM, Serrano-Gómez SJ. Genetic ancestry is related to potential sources of breast cancer health disparities among Colombian women. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306037. [PMID: 38935662 PMCID: PMC11210782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer health disparities are linked to clinical-pathological determinants, socioeconomic inequities, and biological factors such as genetic ancestry. These factors collectively interact in complex ways, influencing disease behavior, especially among highly admixed populations like Colombians. In this study, we assessed contributing factors to breast cancer health disparities according to genetic ancestry in Colombian patients from a national cancer reference center. We collected non-tumoral paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks from 361 women diagnosed with breast cancer at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to estimate genetic ancestry using a 106-ancestry informative marker (AIM) panel. Differences in European, Indigenous American (IA) and African ancestry fractions were analyzed according to potential sources of breast cancer health disparities, like etiology, tumor-biology, treatment administration, and socioeconomic-related factors using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Our analysis revealed a significantly higher IA ancestry among overweight patients with larger tumors and those covered by a subsidized health insurance. Conversely, we found a significantly higher European ancestry among patients with smaller tumors, residing in middle-income households, and affiliated to the contributory health regime, whereas a higher median of African ancestry was observed among patients with either a clinical, pathological, or stable response to neoadjuvant treatment. Altogether, our results suggest that the genetic legacy among Colombian patients, measured as genetic ancestry fractions, may be reflected in many of the clinical-pathological variables and socioeconomic factors that end up contributing to health disparities for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rey-Vargas
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer Biology Research Group, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
- Doctoral Program in Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | | | - Silvia J. Serrano-Gómez
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer Biology Research Group, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
- National Cancer Institute, Research Support and Follow-Up Group, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
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2
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Bai M, Ke S, Yu H, Xu Y, Yu Y, Lu S, Wang C, Huang J, Ma Y, Dai W, Wu Y. Key molecules associated with thyroid carcinoma prognosis: A study based on transcriptome sequencing and GEO datasets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964891. [PMID: 36059514 PMCID: PMC9428590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) has a low mortality rate, but its incidence has been rising over the years. We need to pay attention to its progression and prognosis. In this study, a transcriptome sequencing analysis and bioinformatics methods were used to screen key genes associated with THCA development and analyse their clinical significance and diagnostic value. Methods We collected 10 pairs of THCA tissues and noncancerous tissues, these samples were used for transcriptome sequencing to identify disordered genes. The gene expression profiles were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Comprehensive analysis of thyroid clinicopathological data using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). R software was used to carry out background correction, normalization and log2 conversion. We used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT–PCR) and Western blot to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) expression in samples. We integrated the DEGs expression, clinical features and progression-free interval (PFI). The related functions and immune infiltration degree were established by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA). The UALCAN database was used to analyse the methylation level. Results We evaluated DEGs between normal tissue and cancer. Three genes were identified: regulator of G protein signaling 8 (RGS8), diacylglycerol kinase iota (DGKI) and oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2). The mRNA and protein expression levels of RGS8, DGKI and OCA2 in normal tissues were higher than those in THCA tissues. Better survival outcomes were associated with higher expression of RGS8 (HR=0.38, P=0.001), DGKI (HR=0.52, P=0.022), and OCA2 (HR=0.41, P=0.003). The GO analysis, KEGG analysis and GSEA proved that the coexpressed genes of RGS8, DGKI and OCA2 were related to thyroid hormone production and peripheral downstream signal transduction effects. The expression levels of RGS8, DGKI and OCA2 were linked to the infiltration of immune cells such as DC cells. The DNA methylation level of OCA2 in cancer tissues was higher than that in the normal samples. Conclusions RGS8, DGKI and OCA2 might be promising prognostic molecular markers in patients with THCA and reveal the clinical significance of RGS8, DGKI and OCA2 in THCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoyu Bai
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanjia Ke
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shounan Lu
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yaohua Wu, ; Wenjie Dai, ; Yong Ma,
| | - Wenjie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yaohua Wu, ; Wenjie Dai, ; Yong Ma,
| | - Yaohua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yaohua Wu, ; Wenjie Dai, ; Yong Ma,
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Santonja Á, Moya-García AA, Ribelles N, Jiménez-Rodríguez B, Pajares B, Fernández-De Sousa CE, Pérez-Ruiz E, Del Monte-Millán M, Ruiz-Borrego M, de la Haba J, Sánchez-Rovira P, Romero A, González-Neira A, Lluch A, Alba E. Role of germline variants in the metastasis of breast carcinomas. Oncotarget 2022; 13:843-862. [PMID: 35782051 PMCID: PMC9245581 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer-related deaths in breast cancer patients are associated with metastasis, a multistep, intricate process that requires the cooperation of tumour cells, tumour microenvironment and metastasis target tissues. It is accepted that metastasis does not depend on the tumour characteristics but the host’s genetic makeup. However, there has been limited success in determining the germline genetic variants that influence metastasis development, mainly because of the limitations of traditional genome-wide association studies to detect the relevant genetic polymorphisms underlying complex phenotypes. In this work, we leveraged the extreme discordant phenotypes approach and the epistasis networks to analyse the genotypes of 97 breast cancer patients. We found that the host’s genetic makeup facilitates metastases by the dysregulation of gene expression that can promote the dispersion of metastatic seeds and help establish the metastatic niche—providing a congenial soil for the metastatic seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Santonja
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Spain.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Aurelio A Moya-García
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Nuria Ribelles
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentro de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentro de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Bella Pajares
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentro de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina E Fernández-De Sousa
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Spain.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - María Del Monte-Millán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan de la Haba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute, Complejo Hospitalario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Atocha Romero
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Alba
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentro de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Sun P, Lu Q, Li Z, Qin N, Jiang Y, Ma H, Jin G, Yu H, Dai J. Assessment of prognostic prediction models for gastric cancer using genomic and transcriptomic profiles. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Chou WC, Hsiung CN, Chen WT, Tseng LM, Wang HC, Chu HW, Hou MF, Yu JC, Shen CY. A functional variant near XCL1 gene improves breast cancer survival via promoting cancer immunity. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:2182-2193. [PMID: 31904872 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identify genetic variants for breast cancer occurrence. In contrast, few are for recurrence and mortality. We conducted a GWAS on breast cancer survival after diagnosis in estrogen receptor-positive patients, including 953 Taiwanese patients with 159 events. Through Cox proportional hazard models estimation, we identified 24 risk SNPs with p < 1 × 10-5 . Based on imputation and integrated analysis, one SNP, rs1024176 (located in 1q24.2, p = 2.43 × 10-5 ) was found to be a functional variant associated with breast cancer survival and XCL1 gene expression. A series of experimental approaches, including cell-based analyses and CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system, were then used and identified the transcription factor MYBL2 was able to discriminately bind to the A allele of rs1024176, the protective variant for breast cancer survival, which promoted XCL1 expression, but not to the G allele of rs1024176. The chemokine XCL1 attracts type 1 dendritic cells (DC1s) to the tumor microenvironment. In breast cancer tissues, we applied a two-step Mendelian randomization analysis, using expression quantitative trait loci as instrumental variables, to confirm higher XCL1 expression was correlated with higher DC1 signatures and favorable disease progression, through the causal effect of rs1024176-A allele. Our study supports the genetic effect on preventing breast cancer survival through XCL1-induced DC1 recruitment in tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ni Hsiung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Data Science Statistical Cooperation Center, Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center & Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Wei Chu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Cherng Yu
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yu C, Qin N, Pu Z, Song C, Wang C, Chen J, Dai J, Ma H, Jiang T, Jiang Y. Integrating of genomic and transcriptomic profiles for the prognostic assessment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 175:691-699. [PMID: 30868394 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prognostic effect of the integration of genomic and transcriptomic profiles in breast cancer. METHODS Eight hundred and ten samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data sets were randomly divided into the training set (540 subjects) and validation set (270 subjects). We first selected single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and genes associated with breast cancer prognosis in the training set to construct the prognostic prediction model, and then replicated the prediction efficiency in the validation set. RESULTS Four SNPs and three genes associated with the prognosis of breast cancer in the training set were included in the prognostic model. Patients were divided into the high-risk group and low-risk group based on the four SNPs and three genes signature-based genetic prognostic index. High-risk patients showed a significant worse overall survival [Hazard Ratio (HR) 9.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.81-23.33, P < 0.001] than the low-risk group. Compared to the model constructed with only gene expression, the C statistics for the signature-based genetic prognostic index [area under curves (AUC) = 0.79, 95% CI 0.72-0.86] showed a significant increase (P < 0.001). Additionally, we further replicated the prognostic prediction model in the validation set as patients in the high-risk group also showed a significantly worse overall survival (HR 4.55, 95% CI 1.50-13.88, P < 0.001), and the C statistics for the signature-based genetic prognostic index was 0.76 (95% CI 0.65-0.86). The following time-dependent ROC revealed that the mean of AUCs were 0.839 and 0.748 in the training set and the validation set, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that integrating genomic and transcriptomic profiles could greatly improve the predictive efficiency of the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Na Qin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhening Pu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jiaping Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Escala-Garcia M, Guo Q, Dörk T, Canisius S, Keeman R, Dennis J, Beesley J, Lecarpentier J, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Abraham J, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Arndt V, Auer PL, Beckmann MW, Behrens S, Benitez J, Bermisheva M, Bernstein L, Blomqvist C, Boeckx B, Bojesen SE, Bonanni B, Børresen-Dale AL, Brauch H, Brenner H, Brentnall A, Brinton L, Broberg P, Brock IW, Brucker SY, Burwinkel B, Caldas C, Caldés T, Campa D, Canzian F, Carracedo A, Carter BD, Castelao JE, Chang-Claude J, Chanock SJ, Chenevix-Trench G, Cheng TYD, Chin SF, Clarke CL, Cordina-Duverger E, Couch FJ, Cox DG, Cox A, Cross SS, Czene K, Daly MB, Devilee P, Dunn JA, Dunning AM, Durcan L, Dwek M, Earl HM, Ekici AB, Eliassen AH, Ellberg C, Engel C, Eriksson M, Evans DG, Figueroa J, Flesch-Janys D, Flyger H, Gabrielson M, Gago-Dominguez M, Galle E, Gapstur SM, García-Closas M, García-Sáenz JA, Gaudet MM, George A, Georgoulias V, Giles GG, Glendon G, Goldgar DE, González-Neira A, Alnæs GIG, Grip M, Guénel P, Haeberle L, Hahnen E, Haiman CA, Håkansson N, Hall P, Hamann U, Hankinson S, Harkness EF, Harrington PA, Hart SN, Hartikainen JM, Hein A, Hillemanns P, Hiller L, Holleczek B, Hollestelle A, Hooning MJ, Hoover RN, Hopper JL, Howell A, Huang G, Humphreys K, Hunter DJ, Janni W, John EM, Jones ME, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Jung A, Kaaks R, Kabisch M, Kaczmarek K, Kerin MJ, Khan S, Khusnutdinova E, Kiiski JI, Kitahara CM, Knight JA, Ko YD, Koppert LB, Kosma VM, Kraft P, Kristensen VN, Krüger U, Kühl T, Lambrechts D, Le Marchand L, Lee E, Lejbkowicz F, Li L, Lindblom A, Lindström S, Linet M, Lissowska J, Lo WY, Loibl S, Lubiński J, Lux MP, MacInnis RJ, Maierthaler M, Maishman T, Makalic E, Mannermaa A, Manoochehri M, Manoukian S, Margolin S, Martinez ME, Mavroudis D, McLean C, Meindl A, Middha P, Miller N, Milne RL, Moreno F, Mulligan AM, Mulot C, Nassir R, Neuhausen SL, Newman WT, Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG, Norman A, Olsson H, Orr N, Pankratz VS, Park-Simon TW, Perez JIA, Pérez-Barrios C, Peterlongo P, Petridis C, Pinchev M, Prajzendanc K, Prentice R, Presneau N, Prokofieva D, Pylkäs K, Rack B, Radice P, Ramachandran D, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Rhenius V, Romero A, Roylance R, Saloustros E, Sawyer EJ, Schmidt DF, Schmutzler RK, Schneeweiss A, Schoemaker MJ, Schumacher F, Schwentner L, Scott RJ, Scott C, Seynaeve C, Shah M, Simard J, Smeets A, Sohn C, Southey MC, Swerdlow AJ, Talhouk A, Tamimi RM, Tapper WJ, Teixeira MR, Tengström M, Terry MB, Thöne K, Tollenaar RAEM, Tomlinson I, Torres D, Truong T, Turman C, Turnbull C, Ulmer HU, Untch M, Vachon C, van Asperen CJ, van den Ouweland AMW, van Veen EM, Wendt C, Whittemore AS, Willett W, Winqvist R, Wolk A, Yang XR, Zhang Y, Easton DF, Fasching PA, Nevanlinna H, Eccles DM, Pharoah PDP, Schmidt MK. Genome-wide association study of germline variants and breast cancer-specific mortality. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:647-657. [PMID: 30787463 PMCID: PMC6461853 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the associations between germline variants and breast cancer mortality using a large meta-analysis of women of European ancestry. METHODS Meta-analyses included summary estimates based on Cox models of twelve datasets using ~10.4 million variants for 96,661 women with breast cancer and 7697 events (breast cancer-specific deaths). Oestrogen receptor (ER)-specific analyses were based on 64,171 ER-positive (4116) and 16,172 ER-negative (2125) patients. We evaluated the probability of a signal to be a true positive using the Bayesian false discovery probability (BFDP). RESULTS We did not find any variant associated with breast cancer-specific mortality at P < 5 × 10-8. For ER-positive disease, the most significantly associated variant was chr7:rs4717568 (BFDP = 7%, P = 1.28 × 10-7, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.84-0.92); the closest gene is AUTS2. For ER-negative disease, the most significant variant was chr7:rs67918676 (BFDP = 11%, P = 1.38 × 10-7, HR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.16-1.39); located within a long intergenic non-coding RNA gene (AC004009.3), close to the HOXA gene cluster. CONCLUSIONS We uncovered germline variants on chromosome 7 at BFDP < 15% close to genes for which there is biological evidence related to breast cancer outcome. However, the paucity of variants associated with mortality at genome-wide significance underpins the challenge in providing genetic-based individualised prognostic information for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Escala-Garcia
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Division of Molecular Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Guo
- University of Cambridge, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Hannover Medical School, Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sander Canisius
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Division of Molecular Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Keeman
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Division of Molecular Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joe Dennis
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julie Lecarpentier
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge, UK
| | - Qin Wang
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean Abraham
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge NHS Foundation Hospitals, Cambridge Breast Unit and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- University of California Irvine, Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Volker Arndt
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul L Auer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Zilber School of Public Health, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center ER-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Behrens
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Javier Benitez
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Bermisheva
- Ufa Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa, Russia
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Department of Population Sciences, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- University of Helsinki, Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Örebro University Hospital, Department of Oncology, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bram Boeckx
- VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Leuven, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlevand Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS Milan, Milan, 20141, Italy
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Vestre Viken Hospital, Drammen, Norway; Section for Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Cancer, Division of Surgery, Cancer and Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology at Akershus University hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Division of Surgery and Cancer and Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- National Advisory Unit on Late Effects after Cancer Treatment, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Breast Cancer Research Consortium, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Division of Preventive Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Brentnall
- Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, London, UK
| | - Louise Brinton
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Per Broberg
- Lund University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ian W Brock
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sara Y Brucker
- University of Tübingen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Molecular Epidemiology Group, C080, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge NHS Foundation Hospitals, Cambridge Breast Unit and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Section of Cancer Genetics, London, UK
| | - Trinidad Caldés
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Cl'nico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele Campa
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Canzian
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Molecular Epidemiology Group, C080, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- King Abdulaziz University, Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian D Carter
- American Cancer Society, Epidemiology Research Program, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jose E Castelao
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Oncology and Genetics Unit, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ting-Yuan David Cheng
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine L Clarke
- University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emilie Cordina-Duverger
- INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David G Cox
- Imperial College London, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, London, UK
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, Lyon, France
| | - Angela Cox
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon S Cross
- University of Sheffield, Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamila Czene
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary B Daly
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Devilee
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janet A Dunn
- University of Warwick, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Coventry, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorraine Durcan
- University of Southampton, Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
- University of Southampton, Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Miriam Dwek
- University of Westminster, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, London, UK
| | - Helena M Earl
- University of Cambridge NHS Foundation Hospitals, Cambridge Breast Unit and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Harvard Medical School, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolina Ellberg
- Lund University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christoph Engel
- University of Leipzig, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Gareth Evans
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Evolution and Genomic Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
- St Marys Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Cancer Registry, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marike Gabrielson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eva Galle
- VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Leuven, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- American Cancer Society, Epidemiology Research Program, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - José A García-Sáenz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Cl'nico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mia M Gaudet
- American Cancer Society, Epidemiology Research Program, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angela George
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Cancer Genetics Unit, London, UK
| | | | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Council Victoria, Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gord Glendon
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David E Goldgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Madrid, Spain
| | - Grethe I Grenaker Alnæs
- Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mervi Grip
- University of Oulu, Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pascal Guénel
- INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France
| | - Lothar Haeberle
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Erlangen-EMN, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric Hahnen
- University Hospital of Cologne, Centre for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
- South General Hospital, Department of Oncology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Hamann
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susan Hankinson
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Elaine F Harkness
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Nightingale Breast Screening Centre, Manchester, UK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester, UK
| | - Patricia A Harrington
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven N Hart
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Translational Cancer Research Area, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexander Hein
- University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center ER-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Hannover Medical School, Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover, Germany
| | - Louise Hiller
- University of Warwick, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Antoinette Hollestelle
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Hoover
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John L Hopper
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Howell
- University of Manchester, Institute of Cancer studies, Manchester, UK
| | - Guanmengqian Huang
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David J Hunter
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Esther M John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Department of Epidemiology, Fremont, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Jones
- Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, London, UK
| | | | - Audrey Jung
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Kabisch
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kaczmarek
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michael J Kerin
- National University of Ireland, Surgery, School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sofia Khan
- University of Helsinki, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Ufa Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa, Russia
- Bashkir State University, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa, Russia
| | - Johanna I Kiiski
- University of Helsinki, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cari M Kitahara
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia A Knight
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yon-Dschun Ko
- Johanniter Krankenhaus, Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Linetta B Koppert
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Surgical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- University of Eastern Finland, Translational Cancer Research Area, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter Kraft
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Vestre Viken Hospital, Drammen, Norway; Section for Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Cancer, Division of Surgery, Cancer and Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology at Akershus University hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Division of Surgery and Cancer and Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- National Advisory Unit on Late Effects after Cancer Treatment, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Breast Cancer Research Consortium, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ute Krüger
- Lund University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tabea Kühl
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Leuven, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Epidemiology Program, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Eunjung Lee
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Flavio Lejbkowicz
- Carmel Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lian Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Lindström
- University of Washington School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martha Linet
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Centre, Oncology Institute, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wing-Yee Lo
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Lubiński
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michael P Lux
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Erlangen-EMN, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Council Victoria, Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Maierthaler
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Molecular Epidemiology Group, C080, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Maishman
- University of Southampton, Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
- University of Southampton, Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Enes Makalic
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- University of Eastern Finland, Translational Cancer Research Area, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mehdi Manoochehri
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Margolin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Sšdersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dimitrios Mavroudis
- University Hospital of Heraklion, Department of Medical Oncology, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Catriona McLean
- The Alfred Hospital, Anatomical Pathology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Munich, Germany
| | - Pooja Middha
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Miller
- National University of Ireland, Surgery, School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Council Victoria, Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fernando Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Cl'nico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Health Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Mulot
- INSERM UMR-S1147, Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rami Nassir
- University of California Davis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Department of Population Sciences, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - William T Newman
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Evolution and Genomic Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
- St Marys Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlevand Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlevand Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aaron Norman
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Lund University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nick Orr
- Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Belfast, Ireland, UK
| | - V Shane Pankratz
- University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Jose I A Perez
- Hospital Monte Naranco, Servicio de Cirug'a General y Especialidades, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Barrios
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Medical Oncology Department, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- The FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, IFOM, Milan, Italy
| | - Christos Petridis
- King's College London, Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mila Pinchev
- Carmel Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Karoliona Prajzendanc
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ross Prentice
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadege Presneau
- University of Westminster, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, London, UK
| | - Darya Prokofieva
- Bashkir State University, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa, Russia
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- University of Oulu, Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumour Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocentre Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Oulu, Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumour Biology, Oulu, Finland
| | - Brigitte Rack
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Munich, Germany
| | - Paolo Radice
- Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Research, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gadi Rennert
- Carmel Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hedy S Rennert
- Carmel Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Valerie Rhenius
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Atocha Romero
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Medical Oncology Department, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Elinor J Sawyer
- King's College London, Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Daniel F Schmidt
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- University Hospital of Cologne, Centre for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Heidelberg, National Centre for Tumour Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Fredrick Schumacher
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Rodney J Scott
- John Hunter Hospital, Division of Molecular Medicine, Pathology North, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Discipline of Medical Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Centre for Information Based Medicine, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Scott
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caroline Seynaeve
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mitul Shah
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacques Simard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Genomics Centre, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ann Smeets
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Surgical Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christof Sohn
- University of Heidelberg, National Centre for Tumour Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Monash University, Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Breast Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Aline Talhouk
- BC Cancer Agency and University of British Columbia, British Columbia's Ovarian Cancer Research (OVCARE) Program, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Harvard Medical School, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Portuguese Oncology Institute, Department of Genetics, Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Tengström
- University of Eastern Finland, Translational Cancer Research Area, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Cancer Centre, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oncology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathrin Thöne
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rob A E M Tollenaar
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Surgery, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham, UK
- University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Torres
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Institute of Human Genetics, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Thérèse Truong
- INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France
| | - Constance Turman
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare Turnbull
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Untch
- Helios Clinics Berlin-Buch, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Celine Vachon
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christi J van Asperen
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elke M van Veen
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Evolution and Genomic Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
- St Marys Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Camilla Wendt
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Walter Willett
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Winqvist
- University of Oulu, Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumour Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocentre Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Oulu, Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumour Biology, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Environmental Medicine, Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Douglas F Easton
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter A Fasching
- University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center ER-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- University of Helsinki, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diana M Eccles
- University of Southampton, Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Division of Molecular Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Wunderle M, Olmes G, Nabieva N, Häberle L, Jud SM, Hein A, Rauh C, Hack CC, Erber R, Ekici AB, Hoyer J, Vasileiou G, Kraus C, Reis A, Hartmann A, Schulz-Wendtland R, Lux MP, Beckmann MW, Fasching PA. Risk, Prediction and Prevention of Hereditary Breast Cancer - Large-Scale Genomic Studies in Times of Big and Smart Data. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78:481-492. [PMID: 29880983 PMCID: PMC5986564 DOI: 10.1055/a-0603-4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades genetic testing for mutations in
BRCA1
and
BRCA2
has become standard of care for women and men who are at familial risk for breast or ovarian cancer. Currently, genetic testing more often also includes so-called panel genes, which are assumed to be moderate-risk genes for breast cancer. Recently, new large-scale studies provided more information about the risk estimation of those genes. The utilization of information on panel genes with regard to their association with the individual breast cancer risk might become part of future clinical practice. Furthermore, large efforts have been made to understand the influence of common genetic variants with a low impact on breast cancer risk. For this purpose, almost 450 000 individuals have been genotyped for almost 500 000 genetic variants in the OncoArray project. Based on first results it can be assumed that – together with previously identified common variants – more than 170 breast cancer risk single nucleotide polymorphisms can explain up to 18% of familial breast cancer risk. The knowledge about genetic and non-genetic risk factors and its implementation in clinical practice could especially be of use for individualized prevention. This includes an individualized risk prediction as well as the individualized selection of screening methods regarding imaging and possible lifestyle interventions. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent developments in this area and to provide an overview on breast cancer risk genes, risk prediction models and their utilization for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Wunderle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gregor Olmes
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Naiba Nabieva
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lothar Häberle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Biostatistics Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Jud
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Rauh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin C Hack
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ramona Erber
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliane Hoyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgia Vasileiou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael P Lux
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Smoking and FGFR2 rs2981582 variant independently modulate male breast cancer survival: A population-based study in Tuscany, Italy. Breast 2018; 40:85-91. [PMID: 29709729 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease and recommendations for its clinical management are often extrapolated from those for female breast cancer, even if breast cancer (BC) has different characteristics in the two sexes. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of several individual characteristics including clinico-pathological, lifestyle and genetic factors on overall survival (OS) of a relatively large and well characterized population-based series of 166 MBCs enrolled in Tuscany. METHODS We genotyped MBC cases at BRCA1/2 genes and at 9 candidate BC susceptibility SNPs. Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression, adjusted for several individual characteristics were used. To reduce a possible selection bias related to the interval between diagnosis and enrolment of MBC cases into the study, we used the date of blood donation as the date of the start of observation for survival analysis. RESULTS Only smoking habits had a significant effect on OS at 10 years (for current smokers, HR: 3.34; 95% CI 1.45-7.68; p = 0.004), while lymph node status fell short of reaching statistical significance (for pN positive, HR: 2.07; 95% CI 0.93-4.55; p = 0.07). In the same multivariate analysis we found a significantly higher OS in cases with FGFR2 rs2981582 variant in the dominant transmission model (HR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.13-0.62; p = 0.028). A sensitivity analysis with left truncation showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS Our results may contribute to shed light on factors influencing MBC survival suggesting an important role for cigarette smoking and FGFR2 rs2981582 variant, and provide clues for better patient management.
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10
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Koster R, Panagiotou OA, Wheeler WA, Karlins E, Gastier-Foster JM, de Toledo SRC, Petrilli AS, Flanagan AM, Tirabosco R, Andrulis IL, Wunder JS, Gokgoz N, Patiño-Garcia A, Lecanda F, Serra M, Hattinger C, Picci P, Scotlandi K, Thomas DM, Ballinger ML, Gorlick R, Barkauskas DA, Spector LG, Tucker M, Hicks BD, Yeager M, Hoover RN, Wacholder S, Chanock SJ, Savage SA, Mirabello L. Genome-wide association study identifies the GLDC/IL33 locus associated with survival of osteosarcoma patients. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:1594-1601. [PMID: 29210060 PMCID: PMC5814322 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Survival rates for osteosarcoma, the most common primary bone cancer, have changed little over the past three decades and are particularly low for patients with metastatic disease. We conducted a multi-institutional genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify germline genetic variants associated with overall survival in 632 patients with osteosarcoma, including 523 patients of European ancestry and 109 from Brazil. We conducted a time-to-event analysis and estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox proportional hazards models, with and without adjustment for metastatic disease. The results were combined across the European and Brazilian case sets using a random-effects meta-analysis. The strongest association after meta-analysis was for rs3765555 at 9p24.1, which was inversely associated with overall survival (HR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.41-2.18, p = 4.84 × 10-7 ). After imputation across this region, the combined analysis identified two SNPs that reached genome-wide significance. The strongest single association was with rs55933544 (HR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.5-2.4; p = 1.3 × 10-8 ), which localizes to the GLDC gene, adjacent to the IL33 gene and was consistent across both the European and Brazilian case sets. Using publicly available data, the risk allele was associated with lower expression of IL33 and low expression of IL33 was associated with poor survival in an independent set of patients with osteosarcoma. In conclusion, we have identified the GLDC/IL33 locus on chromosome 9p24.1 as associated with overall survival in patients with osteosarcoma. Further studies are needed to confirm this association and shed light on the biological underpinnings of this susceptibility locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof Koster
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Orestis A. Panagiotou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Eric Karlins
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Julie M. Gastier-Foster
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Antonio S. Petrilli
- Laboratorio de Genética, Pediatric Oncology Institute, GRAACC/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adrienne M. Flanagan
- UCL Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, UK
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
| | - Irene L. Andrulis
- Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay S. Wunder
- Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nalan Gokgoz
- Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Patiño-Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Massimo Serra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Hattinger
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - David M. Thomas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Mandy L. Ballinger
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald A. Barkauskas
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Logan G. Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Margaret Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Belynda D. Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert N. Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sholom Wacholder
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharon A. Savage
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Kumaran M, Cass CE, Graham K, Mackey JR, Hubaux R, Lam W, Yasui Y, Damaraju S. Germline copy number variations are associated with breast cancer risk and prognosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14621. [PMID: 29116104 PMCID: PMC5677082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women, and susceptibility is explained by genetic, lifestyle and environmental components. Copy Number Variants (CNVs) are structural DNA variations that contribute to diverse phenotypes via gene-dosage effects or cis-regulation. In this study, we aimed to identify germline CNVs associated with breast cancer susceptibility and their relevance to prognosis. We performed whole genome CNV genotyping in 422 cases and 348 controls using Human Affymetrix SNP 6 array. Principal component analysis for population stratification revealed 84 outliers leaving 366 cases and 320 controls of Caucasian ancestry for association analysis; CNVs with frequency > 10% and overlapping with protein coding genes were considered for breast cancer risk and prognostic relevance. Coding genes within the CNVs identified were interrogated for gene- dosage effects by correlating copy number status with gene expression profiles in breast tumor tissue. We identified 200 CNVs associated with breast cancer (q-value < 0.05). Of these, 21 CNV regions (overlapping with 22 genes) also showed association with prognosis. We validated representative CNVs overlapping with APOBEC3B and GSTM1 genes using the TaqMan assay. Germline CNVs conferred dosage effects on gene expression in breast tissue. The candidate CNVs identified in this study warrant independent replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalakshmi Kumaran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carol E Cass
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathryn Graham
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John R Mackey
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roland Hubaux
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wan Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sambasivarao Damaraju
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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12
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Häberle L, Hein A, Rübner M, Schneider M, Ekici AB, Gass P, Hartmann A, Schulz-Wendtland R, Beckmann MW, Lo WY, Schroth W, Brauch H, Fasching PA, Wunderle M. Predicting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Subtype Using Multiple Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Breast Cancer Risk and Several Variable Selection Methods. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2017; 77:667-678. [PMID: 28757654 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of triple-negative breast cancer have recently been extending the inclusion criteria and incorporating additional molecular markers into the selection criteria, opening up scope for targeted therapies. The screening phases required for studies of this type are often prolonged, since the process of determining the molecular subtype and carrying out additional biomarker assessment is time-consuming. Parameters such as germline genotypes capable of predicting the molecular subtype before it becomes available from pathology might be helpful for treatment planning and optimizing the timing and cost of screening phases. This appears to be feasible, as rapid and low-cost genotyping methods are becoming increasingly available. The aim of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for breast cancer risk capable of predicting triple negativity, in addition to clinical predictors, in breast cancer patients. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study included 1271 women with invasive breast cancer who were treated at a university hospital. A total of 76 validated breast cancer risk SNPs were successfully genotyped. Univariate associations between each SNP and triple negativity were explored using logistic regression analyses. Several variable selection and regression techniques were applied to identify a set of SNPs that together improve the prediction of triple negativity in addition to the clinical predictors of age at diagnosis and body mass index (BMI). The most accurate prediction method was determined by cross-validation. RESULTS The SNP rs10069690 (TERT, CLPTM1L) was the only significant SNP (corrected p = 0.02) after correction of p values for multiple testing in the univariate analyses. This SNP and three additional SNPs from the genes RAD51B, CCND1, and FGFR2 were selected for prediction of triple negativity. The addition of these SNPs to clinical predictors increased the cross-validated area under the curve (AUC) from 0.618 to 0.625. Age at diagnosis was the strongest predictor, stronger than any genetic characteristics. CONCLUSION Prediction of triple-negative breast cancer can be improved if SNPs associated with breast cancer risk are added to a prediction rule based on age at diagnosis and BMI. This finding could be used for prescreening purposes in complex molecular therapy studies for triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Häberle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, University Breast Center for Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Biostatistics Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, University Breast Center for Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Rübner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, University Breast Center for Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schneider
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, University Breast Center for Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Gass
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, University Breast Center for Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, University Breast Center for Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wing-Yee Lo
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Werner Schroth
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, University Breast Center for Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marius Wunderle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, University Breast Center for Franconia, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Kharazmi E, Försti A, Sundquist K, Hemminki K. Survival in familial and non-familial breast cancer by age and stage at diagnosis. Eur J Cancer 2015; 52:10-8. [PMID: 26630529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare the survival in familial and sporadic breast cancer (BC) patients who were diagnosed at an identical age and TNM stage. The Nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database including all Swedes born after 1931 and their biological parents, totalling >14.7 million individuals, was used. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for women with BC in a first-degree relative (FDR) versus BC patients without positive family history. There was no difference in survival of familial BC patients who were diagnosed at higher TNM status or older age (>40) compared to sporadic BC cases diagnosed at the same late TNM stage. Young BC patients (age <40) in early stages had the worst survival when their FDR was diagnosed with single (HR: 2.0-3.7) or multiple (HR: 2.4-7.1) BC at any age. We concluded that there is no difference in survival of familial and non-familial BC patients who are diagnosed at higher TNM status or older ages (>40). Young familial BC patients (age <40), diagnosed at early stage, have the poorer survival compared to sporadic cases. Our results urge the need for identifying the underling genetic component for such a difference in survival of familial BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kharazmi
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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14
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Thomsen H, Filho MIDS, Woltmann A, Johansson R, Eyfjörd JE, Hamann U, Manjer J, Enquist-Olsson K, Henriksson R, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Chen B, Huhn S, Hemminki K, Lenner P, Försti A. Inbreeding and homozygosity in breast cancer survival. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16467. [PMID: 26558712 PMCID: PMC4642301 DOI: 10.1038/srep16467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) help to understand the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on breast cancer (BC) progression and survival. We performed multiple analyses on data from a previously conducted GWAS for the influence of individual SNPs, runs of homozygosity (ROHs) and inbreeding on BC survival. (I.) The association of individual SNPs indicated no differences in the proportions of homozygous individuals among short-time survivors (STSs) and long-time survivors (LTSs). (II.) The analysis revealed differences among the populations for the number of ROHs per person and the total and average length of ROHs per person and among LTSs and STSs for the number of ROHs per person. (III.) Common ROHs at particular genomic positions were nominally more frequent among LTSs than in STSs. Common ROHs showed significant evidence for natural selection (iHS, Tajima's D, Fay-Wu's H). Most regions could be linked to genes related to BC progression or treatment. (IV.) Results were supported by a higher level of inbreeding among LTSs. Our results showed that an increased level of homozygosity may result in a preference of individuals during BC treatment. Although common ROHs were short, variants within ROHs might favor survival of BC and may function in a recessive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Thomsen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Woltmann
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences & Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jorunn E. Eyfjörd
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Manjer
- The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Enquist-Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roger Henriksson
- Department of Radiation Sciences & Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Cancer Center Stockholm Gotland, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bowang Chen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Huhn
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Lenner
- Department of Radiation Sciences & Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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15
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Khan S, Fagerholm R, Rafiq S, Tapper W, Aittomäki K, Liu J, Blomqvist C, Eccles D, Nevanlinna H. Polymorphism at 19q13.41 Predicts Breast Cancer Survival Specifically after Endocrine Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4086-4096. [PMID: 25964295 PMCID: PMC4574404 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although most patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer benefit from endocrine therapies, a significant proportion do not. Our aim was to identify inherited genetic variations that might predict survival among patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed a meta-analysis of two genome-wide studies; Helsinki Breast Cancer Study, 805 patients, with 240 receiving endocrine therapy and Prospective study of Outcomes in Sporadic versus Hereditary breast cancer, 536 patients, with 155 endocrine therapy patients, evaluating 486,478 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The top four associations from the endocrine treatment subgroup were further investigated in two independent datasets totaling 5,011 patients, with 3,485 receiving endocrine therapy. RESULTS A meta-analysis identified a common SNP rs8113308, mapped to 19q13.41, associating with reduced survival among endocrine-treated patients [hazard ratio (HR), 1.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.37-2.07; P = 6.34 × 10(-7)] and improved survival among ER-negative patients, with a similar trend in ER-positive cases not receiving endocrine therapy. In a multivariate analysis adjusted for conventional prognostic factors, we found a significant interaction between the rs8113308 and endocrine treatment, indicating a predictive, treatment-specific effect of the SNP rs8113308 on breast cancer survival, with the per-allele HR for interaction 2.16 (95% CI, 1.30-3.60; Pinteraction = 0.003) and HR = 7.77 (95% CI, 0.93-64.71) for the homozygous genotype carriers. A biologic rationale is suggested by in silico functional analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest carrying the rs8113308 rare allele may identify patients who will not benefit from adjuvant endocrine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Fagerholm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sajjad Rafiq
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Hants, UK
| | - William Tapper
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Hants, UK
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital and Genome Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Hants, UK
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Barrdahl M, Canzian F, Lindström S, Shui I, Black A, Hoover RN, Ziegler RG, Buring JE, Chanock SJ, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Gaudet MM, Giles GG, Haiman C, Henderson BE, Hankinson S, Hunter DJ, Joshi AD, Kraft P, Lee IM, Le Marchand L, Milne RL, Southey MC, Willett W, Gunter M, Panico S, Sund M, Weiderpass E, Sánchez MJ, Overvad K, Dossus L, Peeters PH, Khaw KT, Trichopoulos D, Kaaks R, Campa D. Association of breast cancer risk loci with breast cancer survival. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2837-45. [PMID: 25611573 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The survival of breast cancer patients is largely influenced by tumor characteristics, such as TNM stage, tumor grade and hormone receptor status. However, there is growing evidence that inherited genetic variation might affect the disease prognosis and response to treatment. Several lines of evidence suggest that alleles influencing breast cancer risk might also be associated with breast cancer survival. We examined the associations between 35 breast cancer susceptibility loci and the disease over-all survival (OS) in 10,255 breast cancer patients from the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3) of which 1,379 died, including 754 of breast cancer. We also conducted a meta-analysis of almost 35,000 patients and 5,000 deaths, combining results from BPC3 and the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) and performed in silico analyses of SNPs with significant associations. In BPC3, the C allele of LSP1-rs3817198 was significantly associated with improved OS (HRper-allele =0.70; 95% CI: 0.58-0.85; ptrend = 2.84 × 10(-4) ; HRheterozygotes = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.55-0.92; HRhomozygotes = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.31-0.76; p2DF = 1.45 × 10(-3) ). In silico, the C allele of LSP1-rs3817198 was predicted to increase expression of the tumor suppressor cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (CDKN1C). In the meta-analysis, TNRC9-rs3803662 was significantly associated with increased death hazard (HRMETA =1.09; 95% CI: 1.04-1.15; ptrend = 6.6 × 10(-4) ; HRheterozygotes = 0.96 95% CI: 0.90-1.03; HRhomozygotes = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.09-1.35; p2DF =1.25 × 10(-4) ). In conclusion, we show that there is little overlap between the breast cancer risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified so far and the SNPs associated with breast cancer prognosis, with the possible exceptions of LSP1-rs3817198 and TNRC9-rs3803662.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Barrdahl
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Lindström
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Irene Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Julie E Buring
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Core Genotyping Facility Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - W Ryan Diver
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, NW Atlanta, GA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, NW Atlanta, GA
| | - Mia M Gaudet
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, NW Atlanta, GA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Hankinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA.,Cancer Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David J Hunter
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Walter Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Marc Gunter
- Department of Epidemiology Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malin Sund
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
| | - María-José Sánchez
- Escuela Andaluza De Salud Pública, Instituto De Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs, Granada, Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/Universidad De Granada, Spain.,CIBER De Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Laure Dossus
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team, Villejuif, France.,University of Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.,IGR, Villejuif, France
| | - Petra H Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Greece.,Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Campa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Pirie A, Guo Q, Kraft P, Canisius S, Eccles DM, Rahman N, Nevanlinna H, Chen C, Khan S, Tyrer J, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Dennis J, Michailidou K, Lush M, Dunning AM, Shah M, Czene K, Darabi H, Eriksson M, Lambrechts D, Weltens C, Leunen K, van Ongeval C, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Flyger H, Rudolph A, Seibold P, Flesch-Janys D, Blomqvist C, Aittomäki K, Fagerholm R, Muranen TA, Olsen JE, Hallberg E, Vachon C, Knight JA, Glendon G, Mulligan AM, Broeks A, Cornelissen S, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Schumacher F, Le Marchand L, Hopper JL, Tsimiklis H, Apicella C, Southey MC, Cross SS, Reed MWR, Giles GG, Milne RL, McLean C, Winqvist R, Pylkäs K, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Grip M, Hooning MJ, Hollestelle A, Martens JWM, van den Ouweland AMW, Marme F, Schneeweiss A, Yang R, Burwinkel B, Figueroa J, Chanock SJ, Lissowska J, Sawyer EJ, Tomlinson I, Kerin MJ, Miller N, Brenner H, Butterbach K, Holleczek B, Kataja V, Kosma VM, Hartikainen JM, Li J, Brand JS, Humphreys K, Devilee P, Tollenaar RAEM, Seynaeve C, Radice P, Peterlongo P, Manoukian S, Ficarazzi F, Beckmann MW, Hein A, Ekici AB, Balleine R, Phillips KA, Benitez J, Zamora MP, Perez JIA, Menéndez P, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Durda K, Hamann U, Kabisch M, Ulmer HU, Rüdiger T, Margolin S, Kristensen V, Nord S, Evans DG, Abraham J, Earl H, Poole CJ, Hiller L, Dunn JA, Bowden S, Yang R, Campa D, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Gaudet MM, Hankinson S, Hoover RN, Hüsing A, Kaaks R, Machiela MJ, Willett W, Barrdahl M, Canzian F, Chin SF, Caldas C, Hunter DJ, Lindstrom S, Garcia-Closas M, Couch FJ, Chenevix-Trench G, Mannermaa A, Andrulis IL, Hall P, Chang-Claude J, Easton DF, Bojesen SE, Cox A, Fasching PA, Pharoah PDP, Schmidt MK. Common germline polymorphisms associated with breast cancer-specific survival. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:58. [PMID: 25897948 PMCID: PMC4484708 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have identified common germline variants nominally associated with breast cancer survival. These associations have not been widely replicated in further studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of previously reported SNPs with breast cancer-specific survival using data from a pooled analysis of eight breast cancer survival genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. METHODS A literature review was conducted of all previously published associations between common germline variants and three survival outcomes: breast cancer-specific survival, overall survival and disease-free survival. All associations that reached the nominal significance level of P value <0.05 were included. Single nucleotide polymorphisms that had been previously reported as nominally associated with at least one survival outcome were evaluated in the pooled analysis of over 37,000 breast cancer cases for association with breast cancer-specific survival. Previous associations were evaluated using a one-sided test based on the reported direction of effect. RESULTS Fifty-six variants from 45 previous publications were evaluated in the meta-analysis. Fifty-four of these were evaluated in the full set of 37,954 breast cancer cases with 2,900 events and the two additional variants were evaluated in a reduced sample size of 30,000 samples in order to ensure independence from the previously published studies. Five variants reached nominal significance (P <0.05) in the pooled GWAS data compared to 2.8 expected under the null hypothesis. Seven additional variants were associated (P <0.05) with ER-positive disease. CONCLUSIONS Although no variants reached genome-wide significance (P <5 x 10(-8)), these results suggest that there is some evidence of association between candidate common germline variants and breast cancer prognosis. Larger studies from multinational collaborations are necessary to increase the power to detect associations, between common variants and prognosis, at more stringent significance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailith Pirie
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Qi Guo
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Peter Kraft
- />Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Sander Canisius
- />Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana M Eccles
- />Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Nazneen Rahman
- />Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG Surrey, UK
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Constance Chen
- />Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Sofia Khan
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Qin Wang
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Joe Dennis
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Michael Lush
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Mitul Shah
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Kamila Czene
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Hatef Darabi
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Dieter Lambrechts
- />Vesalius Research Center (VRC), Vib, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- />Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Weltens
- />Oncology Department, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Leunen
- />Oncology Department, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal van Ongeval
- />Oncology Department, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- />Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Copenhagen Denmark
- />Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Copenhagen Denmark
- />Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2220 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- />Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Copenhagen Denmark
- />Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Henrik Flyger
- />Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anja Rudolph
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Seibold
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- />Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- />Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Sairaalatie 8, 08 200 LOHJA Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Sairaalatie 8, 08 200 LOHJA Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Fagerholm
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
- />Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Sairaalatie 8, 08 200 LOHJA Helsinki, Finland
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Sairaalatie 8, 08 200 LOHJA Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taru A Muranen
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janet E Olsen
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Emily Hallberg
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Celine Vachon
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Julia A Knight
- />Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- />Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Gord Glendon
- />Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- />Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
| | - Annegien Broeks
- />Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sten Cornelissen
- />Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Brian E Henderson
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Frederick Schumacher
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- />Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - John L Hopper
- />Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Helen Tsimiklis
- />Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Carmel Apicella
- />Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- />Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Simon S Cross
- />Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ UK
| | - Malcolm WR Reed
- />CRUK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX UK
| | - Graham G Giles
- />Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
- />Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- />Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
- />Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- />Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3007 Australia
| | - Robert Winqvist
- />Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Genetics and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- />Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Genetics and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen
- />Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Kajaanintie 50, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mervi Grip
- />Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Kajaanintie 50, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus McCancer Institute, ’s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Hollestelle
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus McCancer Institute, ’s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John WM Martens
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus McCancer Institute, ’s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ans MW van den Ouweland
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus McCancer Institute, ’s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federick Marme
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Voßstrasse 9, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- />National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Voßstrasse 9, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- />National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rongxi Yang
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Voßstrasse 9, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Voßstrasse 9, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- />Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- />Core Genotyping Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- />Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elinor J Sawyer
- />Division of Cancer Studies, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in Partnership with King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, SE1 1UL London, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- />Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Michael J Kerin
- />Clinical Science Institute, University Hospital Galway, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicola Miller
- />Clinical Science Institute, University Hospital Galway, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Hermann Brenner
- />Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- />German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Butterbach
- />Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Holleczek
- />Saarland Cancer Registry, Präsident Baltz Strasse 5, 66119 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Vesa Kataja
- />School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oncology and Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- />School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- />Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- />School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- />Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jingmei Li
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Judith S Brand
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Keith Humphreys
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Peter Devilee
- />Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert AEM Tollenaar
- />Department of Surgical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Seynaeve
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus McCancer Institute, ’s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Radice
- />Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori (INT), Via Adamello 16, Milan, 20139 Italy
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- />IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC Di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori (INT), Via Adamello 16, Milan, 20139 Italy
| | - Filomena Ficarazzi
- />IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC Di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- />Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Emn, Universitaetsstrasse 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Emn, Universitaetsstrasse 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- />Institute of Human Genetics; University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Emn, Universitaetsstrasse 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rosemary Balleine
- />Western Sydney and Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health Districts, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Kelly-Anne Phillips
- />Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
- />Peter Maccallum Cancer Center, 2 St Andrews Place, Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
- />Sir Peter Maccallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, 2 St Andrews Place, Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
| | | | - Javier Benitez
- />Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Calle de Melchor Fernández, Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid Spain
- />Centro de Investigación En Red De Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Calle de Álvaro de Bazán, 10 Bajo, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Pilar Zamora
- />Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Arias Perez
- />Servicio de Cirugía General y Especialidades, Hospital Monte Naranco, Avenida Doctores Fernández Vega, 107, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Primitiva Menéndez
- />Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Monte Naranco, Avenida Doctores Fernández Vega, 107, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- />Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Rybacka 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- />Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Rybacka 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- />Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Rybacka 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Durda
- />Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Rybacka 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ute Hamann
- />Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Kabisch
- />Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Ulrich Ulmer
- />Frauenklinik der Stadtklinik Baden-Baden, Balger Strasse 50, 76532 Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Thomas Rüdiger
- />Institute of Pathology, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Moltkestrasse 90, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sara Margolin
- />Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23b, Stockholm, 171 65 Sweden
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- />Faculty of Medicine (Faculty Division Ahus), University of Oslo (UiO), Problemveien 7, Oslo, 0313 Norway
- />Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0379 Oslo Norway
| | - Siljie Nord
- />Faculty of Medicine (Faculty Division Ahus), University of Oslo (UiO), Problemveien 7, Oslo, 0313 Norway
- />Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0379 Oslo Norway
| | - NBCS Investigators
- />Faculty of Medicine (Faculty Division Ahus), University of Oslo (UiO), Problemveien 7, Oslo, 0313 Norway
| | - D Gareth Evans
- />Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL UK
| | - Jean Abraham
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
- />Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- />Cambridge Breast Unit and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge NHS Foundation Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Helena Earl
- />Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- />Cambridge Breast Unit and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge NHS Foundation Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Christopher J Poole
- />Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Louise Hiller
- />Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Janet A Dunn
- />Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Sarah Bowden
- />Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute for Cancer Studies, the University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Rose Yang
- />Early Detection Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Daniele Campa
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- />Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - W Ryan Diver
- />Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- />Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Mia M Gaudet
- />Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Susan Hankinson
- />Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences, 715 N Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01002 USA
- />Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Robert N Hoover
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Anika Hüsing
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Walter Willett
- />Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Myrto Barrdahl
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Canzian
- />Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- />Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- />Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- />Cambridge Breast Unit and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge NHS Foundation Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- />Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE UK
| | - David J Hunter
- />Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- />Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- />Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG Surrey, UK
- />Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP UK
| | - Fergus J Couch
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- />Department of Genetics, Qimr Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- />School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- />Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- />Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- />Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Per Hall
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- />Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Douglas F Easton
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- />Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Copenhagen Denmark
- />Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Copenhagen Denmark
- />Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2220 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angela Cox
- />CRUK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX UK
| | - Peter A Fasching
- />Institute of Human Genetics; University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Emn, Universitaetsstrasse 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- />David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Paul DP Pharoah
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, 2 Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- />Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Song N, Choi JY, Sung H, Jeon S, Chung S, Park SK, Han W, Lee JW, Kim MK, Lee JY, Yoo KY, Han BG, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Kang D. Prediction of breast cancer survival using clinical and genetic markers by tumor subtypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122413. [PMID: 25867717 PMCID: PMC4395109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the genetic variants associated with breast cancer survival, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted of Korean breast cancer patients. METHODS From the Seoul Breast Cancer Study (SEBCS), 3,226 patients with breast cancer (1,732 in the discovery and 1,494 in the replication set) were included in a two-stage GWAS on disease-free survival (DFS) by tumor subtypes based on hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The associations of the re-classified combined prognostic markers through recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of DFS for breast cancer were assessed with the Cox proportional hazard model. The prognostic predictive values of the clinical and genetic models were evaluated by Harrell's C. RESULTS In the two-stage GWAS stratified by tumor subtypes, rs166870 and rs10825036 were consistently associated with DFS in the HR+ HER2- and HR- HER2- breast cancer subtypes, respectively (Prs166870 = 2.88 × 10(-7) and Prs10825036 = 3.54 × 10(-7) in the combined set). When patients were classified by the RPA in each subtype, genetic factors contributed significantly to differentiating the high risk group associated with DFS inbreast cancer, specifically the HR+ HER2- (P discovery=1.18 × 10(-8) and P replication = 2.08 × 10(-5)) and HR- HRE2- subtypes (P discovery = 2.35 × 10(-4) and P replication = 2.60 × 10(-2)). The inclusion of the SNPs tended to improve the performance of the prognostic models consisting of age, TNM stage and tumor subtypes based on ER, PR, and HER2 status. CONCLUSION Combined prognostic markers that include clinical and genetic factors by tumor subtypes could improve the prediction of survival in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeob Choi
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuna Sung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sujee Jeon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seokang Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue K. Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Management, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Cardiovascular Genome Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keun-Young Yoo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
| | - Sei-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daehee Kang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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19
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Fasching PA, Brucker SY, Fehm TN, Overkamp F, Janni W, Wallwiener M, Hadji P, Belleville E, Häberle L, Taran FA, Lüftner D, Lux MP, Ettl J, Müller V, Tesch H, Wallwiener D, Schneeweiss A. Biomarkers in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer and the PRAEGNANT Study Network. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2015; 75:41-50. [PMID: 25684786 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1396215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress has been made in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in recent decades, but very few therapies use patient or tumor-specific characteristics to tailor individualized treatment. More than ten years after the publication of the reference human genome sequence, analysis methods have improved enormously, fostering the hope that biomarkers can be used to individualize therapies and offer precise treatment based on tumor and patient characteristics. Biomarkers at every level of the system (genetics, epigenetics, gene expression, micro-RNA, proteomics and others) can be used for this. This has led to changes in clinical study designs, with drug developments often only focusing on small or very small subgroups of patients and tumors. The screening and registration of patients and their molecular tumor data has therefore become very important for the successful completion of clinical studies. This new form of medicine presents particular challenges for patients and physicians. Even in this new age of genome-wide analysis, the focus should still be on the patients' quality of life. This review summarizes recent developments and describes how the PRAEGNANT study network manages the aforementioned medical challenges and changes to create a professional infrastructure for patients and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Fasching
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen ; Wissenschaftliche Leitung PRAEGNANT-Studiennetzwerk
| | - S Y Brucker
- Forschungsinstitut für Frauengesundheit, Department für Frauengesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen ; Wissenschaftliche Leitung PRAEGNANT-Studiennetzwerk
| | - T N Fehm
- Universitäts-Frauenklinik Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
| | - F Overkamp
- Oncologianova GmbH Recklinghausen, Recklinghausen
| | - W Janni
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Ulm, Ulm
| | - M Wallwiener
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - P Hadji
- Krankenhaus Nordwest, Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Frankfurt am Main
| | | | - L Häberle
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen ; Unit of Biostatistics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen
| | - F-A Taran
- Universitäts-Frauenklinik, Department für Frauengesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen
| | - D Lüftner
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hämatologie und Onkologie; Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin Berlin, Berlin
| | - M P Lux
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - J Ettl
- Abteilung Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich
| | - V Müller
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - H Tesch
- Onkologie Bethanien, Frankfurt am Main ; Studienleitung PRAEGNANT-Studie
| | - D Wallwiener
- Universitäts-Frauenklinik, Department für Frauengesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen ; Studienleitung PRAEGNANT-Studie
| | - A Schneeweiss
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Ulm, Ulm ; Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Heidelberg
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Maass N, Schütz F, Fasching PA, Fehm T, Janni W, Kümmel S, Kolberg HC, Lüftner D, Wallwiener M, Lux MP. Breast Cancer Update 2014 - Focus on the Patient and the Tumour. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2015; 75:170-182. [PMID: 25797960 PMCID: PMC4361168 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapy for patients with breast cancer has developed markedly in the past ten years. Our understanding of the molecular biology of tumours and the characteristics of the patients has shaped the recent advances. In this review we present the latest knowledge about the therapy for breast cancer. There are new tests and options not only in the field of anti-HER2 therapy but also in the management of triple negative and hormone receptor-positive patients. Comprehension of prognosis and therapeutic response to chemotherapies is little by little helping to define patient groups who will not respond to chemotherapy or who do not need treatment because their prognosis is extremely good. In the field of anti-HER2 therapy, work is continuing on the development of drugs suitable for and able to overcome trastuzumab resistance. For hormone receptor-positive cancers, we now have a better understanding of which therapy groups will benefit from which anti-endocrine drugs, and which will be able to overcome a possible resistance (treatment of the PI3K pathways, inhibition of the cell cycle). Molecular tests are still being evaluated with regard to the clinical situations in which they may have the greatest relevance for therapeutic decision-making; however, evidence is also increasing as to the fields in which good predictions for the prognosis can be obtained. On the whole, more work is needed to promote our understanding of the new developments in diagnostics and therapy and to involve both physicians and patients equally in the procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Maass
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen
| | - F. Schütz
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - P. A. Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen
| | - T. Fehm
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
| | - W. Janni
- Frauenklinik, Klinikum der Universität Ulm, Ulm
| | - S. Kümmel
- Brustzentrum, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Evang. Huyssens-Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, Essen
| | - H.-C. Kolberg
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Marienhospital Bottrop, Bottrop
| | - D. Lüftner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin
| | - M. Wallwiener
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - M. P. Lux
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen
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21
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Rafiq S, Khan S, Tapper W, Collins A, Upstill-Goddard R, Gerty S, Blomqvist C, Aittomäki K, Couch FJ, Liu J, Nevanlinna H, Eccles D. A genome wide meta-analysis study for identification of common variation associated with breast cancer prognosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101488. [PMID: 25526632 PMCID: PMC4272267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome wide association studies (GWAs) of breast cancer mortality have identified few potential associations. The concordance between these studies is unclear. In this study, we used a meta-analysis of two prognostic GWAs and a replication cohort to identify the strongest associations and to evaluate the loci suggested in previous studies. We attempt to identify those SNPs which could impact overall survival irrespective of the age of onset. METHODS To facilitate the meta-analysis and to refine the association signals, SNPs were imputed using data from the 1000 genomes project. Cox-proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) in 536 patients from the POSH cohort (Prospective study of Outcomes in Sporadic versus Hereditary breast cancer) and 805 patients from the HEBCS cohort (Helsinki Breast Cancer Study). These hazard ratios were combined using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed effects meta-analysis and a p-value threshold of 5×10(-8) was used to determine significance. Replication was performed in 1523 additional patients from the POSH study. RESULTS Although no SNPs achieved genome wide significance, three SNPs have significant association in the replication cohort and combined p-values less than 5.6×10(-6). These SNPs are; rs421379 which is 556 kb upstream of ARRDC3 (HR = 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27-1.75, P = 1.1×10(-6)), rs12358475 which is between ECHDC3 and PROSER2 (HR = 0.75, CI = 0.67-0.85, P = 1.8×10(-6)), and rs1728400 which is between LINC00917 and FOXF1. CONCLUSIONS In a genome wide meta-analysis of two independent cohorts from UK and Finland, we identified potential associations at three distinct loci. Phenotypic heterogeneity and relatively small sample sizes may explain the lack of genome wide significant findings. However, the replication at three SNPs in the validation cohort shows promise for future studies in larger cohorts. We did not find strong evidence for concordance between the few associations highlighted by previous GWAs of breast cancer survival and this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Rafiq
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - William Tapper
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Collins
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanna Upstill-Goddard
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Gerty
- Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diana Eccles
- Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Hants, United Kingdom
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22
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Sapkota Y. Germline DNA variations in breast cancer predisposition and prognosis: a systematic review of the literature. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 144:77-91. [PMID: 25401968 DOI: 10.1159/000369045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of death in women worldwide. The disease is caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and reproductive risk factors. Linkage and family-based studies have identified many pathological germline mutations, which account for around 20% of the genetic risk of familial breast cancer. In recent years, single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic association studies, especially genome-wide association studies (GWASs), have been very successful in uncovering low-penetrance common variants associated with breast cancer risk. These common variants alone may explain up to an additional 30% of the familial risk of breast cancer. With the advent of available genetic resources and growing collaborations among researchers across the globe, the much needed large sample size to capture variants with small effect sizes and low population frequencies is being addressed, and hence many more common variants are expected to be discovered in the coming days. Here, major GWASs conducted for breast cancer predisposition and prognosis until 2013 are summarized. Few studies investigating other forms of genetic variations contributing to breast cancer predisposition and disease outcomes are also discussed. Finally, the potential utility of the GWAS-identified variants in disease risk models and some future perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadav Sapkota
- The Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld., Australia
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23
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Pujana MA. Integrating germline and somatic data towards a personalized cancer medicine. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:413-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Woltmann A, Chen B, Lascorz J, Johansson R, Eyfjörd JE, Hamann U, Manjer J, Enquist-Olsson K, Henriksson R, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Hemminki K, Lenner P, Försti A. Systematic pathway enrichment analysis of a genome-wide association study on breast cancer survival reveals an influence of genes involved in cell adhesion and calcium signaling on the patients' clinical outcome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98229. [PMID: 24886783 PMCID: PMC4041745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) may help to understand the effects of genetic polymorphisms on breast cancer (BC) progression and survival. However, they give only a focused view, which cannot capture the tremendous complexity of this disease. Therefore, we investigated data from a previously conducted GWAS on BC survival for enriched pathways by different enrichment analysis tools using the two main annotation databases Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The goal was to identify the functional categories (GO terms and KEGG pathways) that are consistently overrepresented in a statistically significant way in the list of genes generated from the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. The SNPs with allelic p-value cut-offs 0.005 and 0.01 were annotated to the genes by excluding or including a 20 kb up-and down-stream sequence of the genes and analyzed by six different tools. We identified eleven consistently enriched categories, the most significant ones relating to cell adhesion and calcium ion binding. Moreover, we investigated the similarity between our GWAS and the enrichment analyses of twelve published gene expression signatures for breast cancer prognosis. Five of them were commonly used and commercially available, five were based on different aspects of metastasis formation and two were developed from meta-analyses of published prognostic signatures. This comparison revealed similarities between our GWAS data and the general and the specific brain metastasis gene signatures as well as the Oncotype DX signature. As metastasis formation is a strong indicator of a patient’s prognosis, this result reflects the survival aspect of the conducted GWAS and supports cell adhesion and calcium signaling as important pathways in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Woltmann
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Bowang Chen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jesús Lascorz
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences & Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jorunn E. Eyfjörd
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Manjer
- The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Enquist-Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Nutritional, Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roger Henriksson
- Department of Radiation Sciences & Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Cancer Center Stockholm Gotland, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Lenner
- Department of Radiation Sciences & Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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25
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HER2 and TOP2A amplification in a hospital-based cohort of breast cancer patients: associations with patient and tumor characteristics. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:193-203. [PMID: 24682655 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene amplification is an important factor for altered gene expression in breast cancers. TOP2A-amplification often occurs concomitantly with HER2 amplification, and it has been suggested to be predictive for the response to anthracycline chemotherapy. This study assessed the correlation between HER2 status and TOP2A co-amplification, the possible association of TOP2A single-nucleotide polymorphisms with the frequency of this co-amplification as well as confirmation of association with outcome. HER2 and TOP2A amplification were analyzed in a tissue microarray from a clinical cohort study. Additionally, a common genetic variant (rs13695) in the TOP2A gene was genotyped in germline DNA. HER2 gene amplification was compared with HER2-IHC findings assessed during clinical routine work, and the association between all the biomarkers analyzed and the clinical outcome was determined. As an exploratory aim, rs13695 genotypes were compared with TOP2A amplification status. HER2 amplification was seen in 101 of 628 (16.1 %) and TOP2A amplification in 32 (5.1 %) cancers. No TOP2A amplification occurred without HER2 co-amplification. HER2 amplification was found in 8, 13.6, and 55.1 % of patients with HER2-IHC 0/1+, 2+, and 3+ tumors, respectively. HER2-IHC was not associated with an effect on the prognosis, but HER2-FISH was. There was an association between the rs13695 genotype and TOP2A amplification status (P = 0.03). Although there was a significant correlation between HER2 status determined by IHC and HER2 by FISH, only HER2 gene amplification status by FISH was correlated with outcome indicating greater utility for FISH in routine clinical settings.
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26
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Wu C, Kraft P, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Steplowski E, Brotzman M, Xu M, Mudgal P, Amundadottir L, Arslan AA, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Gross M, Helzlsouer K, Jacobs EJ, Kooperberg C, Petersen GM, Zheng W, Albanes D, Boutron-Ruault MC, Buring JE, Canzian F, Cao G, Duell EJ, Elena JL, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci EL, Hallmans G, Hutchinson A, Hunter DJ, Jenab M, Jiang G, Khaw KT, LaCroix A, Li Z, Mendelsohn JB, Panico S, Patel AV, Qian Z, Sesso H, Shen H, Shu XO, Tjonneland A, Tobias GS, Trichopoulos D, Virtamo J, Visvanathan K, Wactawski-Wende J, Wang C, Yu K, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Chanock S, Hoover R, Hartge P, Fuchs CS, Lin D, Wolpin BM. Genome-wide association study of survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gut 2014; 63:152-60. [PMID: 23180869 PMCID: PMC3816124 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Survival of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma is limited and few prognostic factors are known. We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify germline variants associated with survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS We analysed overall survival in relation to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among 1005 patients from two large GWAS datasets, PanScan I and ChinaPC. Cox proportional hazards regression was used in an additive genetic model with adjustment for age, sex, clinical stage and the top four principal components of population stratification. The first stage included 642 cases of European ancestry (PanScan), from which the top SNPs (p≤10(-5)) were advanced to a joint analysis with 363 additional patients from China (ChinaPC). RESULTS In the first stage of cases of European descent, the top-ranked loci were at chromosomes 11p15.4, 18p11.21 and 1p36.13, tagged by rs12362504 (p=1.63×10(-7)), rs981621 (p=1.65×10(-7)) and rs16861827 (p=3.75×10(-7)), respectively. 131 SNPs with p≤10(-5) were advanced to a joint analysis with cases from the ChinaPC study. In the joint analysis, the top-ranked SNP was rs10500715 (minor allele frequency, 0.37; p=1.72×10(-7)) on chromosome 11p15.4, which is intronic to the SET binding factor 2 (SBF2) gene. The HR (95% CI) for death was 0.74 (0.66 to 0.84) in PanScan I, 0.79 (0.65 to 0.97) in ChinaPC and 0.76 (0.68 to 0.84) in the joint analysis. CONCLUSIONS Germline genetic variation in the SBF2 locus was associated with overall survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma of European and Asian ancestry. This association should be investigated in additional large patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Mousheng Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Poorva Mudgal
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laufey Amundadottir
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan A. Arslan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myron Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kathy Helzlsouer
- Prevention and Research Center, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA and Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric J. Jacobs
- Department of Epidemiology, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Division of Public Health, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Julie E. Buring
- Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federico Canzian
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eric J. Duell
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joanne L. Elena
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mazda Jenab
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Guoliang Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Gerontology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea LaCroix
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Julie B. Mendelsohn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO Florence, Italy
| | - Alpa V. Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhirong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Howard Sesso
- Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anne Tjonneland
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geoffrey S. Tobias
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Hartge
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Dongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Brian M. Wolpin
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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27
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Fasching PA, Ekici AB, Wachter DL, Hein A, Bayer CM, Häberle L, Loehberg CR, Schneider M, Jud SM, Heusinger K, Rübner M, Rauh C, Bani MR, Lux MP, Schulz-Wendtland R, Hartmann A, Beckmann MW. Breast Cancer Risk - From Genetics to Molecular Understanding of Pathogenesis. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2013; 73:1228-1235. [PMID: 24771903 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1360178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several advancements over the last decade have triggered the developments in the field of breast cancer risk research. One of them is the availability of the human genome sequence along with cheap genotyping possibilities. Another is the globalization of research, which has led to the growth of research collaboration into large international consortia that facilitate the pooling of clinical and genotype data of hundreds of thousands of patients and healthy control individuals. This review concerns with the recent developments in breast cancer risk research and focuses on the discovery of new genetic breast cancer risk factors and their meaning in the context of established non-genetic risk factors. Finally the clinical application is highly dependent on the accuracy of breast cancer risk prediction models, not only for all breast cancer patients, but also for molecular subtypes, preferably for those which are associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Recently risk prediction incorporates all possible risk factors, which include epidemiological risk factors, mammographic density and genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - D L Wachter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C M Bayer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - L Häberle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C R Loehberg
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Schneider
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S M Jud
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Heusinger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Rübner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Rauh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M R Bani
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M P Lux
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Schulz-Wendtland
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Fejerman L, Hu D, Huntsman S, John EM, Stern MC, Haiman CA, Pérez-Stable EJ, Ziv E. Genetic ancestry and risk of mortality among U.S. Latinas with breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7243-53. [PMID: 24177181 PMCID: PMC3881587 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have reported that Latina women in the United States are diagnosed with breast cancer at more advanced stages and have poorer survival than non-Latina White women. However, Latinas are a heterogeneous group with individuals having different proportions of European, Indigenous American, and African genetic ancestry. In this study, we evaluated the association between genetic ancestry and survival after breast cancer diagnosis among 899 Latina women from the San Francisco Bay area. Genetic ancestry was estimated from single-nucleotide polymorphisms from an Affymetrix 6.0 array and we used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association between genetic ancestry and breast cancer-specific mortality (tests were two-sided). Women were followed for an average of 9 years during which 75 died from breast cancer. Our results showed that Individuals with higher Indigenous American ancestry had increased risk of breast cancer-specific mortality [HR: 1.57 per 25% increase in Indigenous American ancestry; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-2.29]. Adjustment for demographic factors, tumor characteristics, and some treatment information did not explain the observed association (HR: 1.75; 95%CI, 1.12-2.74). In an analysis in which ancestry was dichotomized, the hazard of mortality showed a two-fold increase when comparing women with less than 50% Indigenous American ancestry to women with 50% or more [HR, 1.89, 95%CI, 1.10-3.24]. This was also reflected by Kaplan-Meier survival estimates (P for log-rank test of 0.003). Overall, results suggest that genetic factors and/or unmeasured differences in treatment or access to care should be further explored to understand and reduce ethnic disparities in breast cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fejerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Institute for Human Genetics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Aging in Diverse Communities, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Scott Huntsman
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Esther M. John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA 94538
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94503
| | - Mariana C. Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA 90033, US
| | - Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Cente UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Elad Ziv
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Institute for Human Genetics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158
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29
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Ribelles N, Santonja A, Pajares B, Llácer C, Alba E. The seed and soil hypothesis revisited: current state of knowledge of inherited genes on prognosis in breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:293-9. [PMID: 24112814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The crucial event in the course of malignancies such as breast cancer is its metastatic spread from the primary tumor of origin to distant organs. The natural history of a tumor is determined by the expression of its genes, and in this sense, knowledge has advanced dramatically in recent decades. However, much less is known about the role that the patient plays in the behavior of a tumor. In this article, we review the evidence regarding the genetic background of the host in metastatic tumor dissemination, providing information from epidemiological studies as well as from animal models and human studies. Undoubtedly, the elucidation of possible interpersonal variability in susceptibility to developing metastases would significantly contribute to improve management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Ribelles
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
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30
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Genome-wide association study identifies common variants in SLC39A6 associated with length of survival in esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. Nat Genet 2013; 45:632-8. [PMID: 23644492 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a genome-wide scan of SNPs to identify variants associated with length of survival in 1,331 individuals with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC), with associations validated in 2 independent sets including 1,962 individuals with this cancer. We identified rs1050631 in SLC39A6 as associated with the survival times of affected individuals, with the hazard ratio for death from ESCC in the combined sample being 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19-1.43; P = 3.77 × 10(-8)). rs7242481, located in the 5' UTR of SLC39A6, disturbs a transcriptional repressor binding site and results in upregulation of SLC39A6 expression. Immunohistochemical staining of ESCC tissues showed that higher expression of SLC39A6 protein was correlated with shorter length of survival in individuals with advanced ESCC (P = 0.013). Knockdown of SLC39A6 expression suppressed proliferation and invasion in ESCC cells. These results suggest that SLC39A6 has an important role in the prognosis of ESCC and may be a potential therapeutic target.
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31
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Bojesen SE, Pooley KA, Johnatty SE, Beesley J, Michailidou K, Tyrer JP, Edwards SL, Pickett HA, Shen HC, Smart CE, Hillman KM, Mai PL, Lawrenson K, Stutz MD, Lu Y, Karevan R, Woods N, Johnston RL, French JD, Chen X, Weischer M, Nielsen SF, Maranian MJ, Ghoussaini M, Ahmed S, Baynes C, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Dennis J, McGuffog L, Barrowdale D, Lee A, Healey S, Lush M, Tessier DC, Vincent D, Bacot F, Vergote I, Lambrechts S, Despierre E, Risch HA, González-Neira A, Rossing MA, Pita G, Doherty JA, Álvarez N, Larson MC, Fridley BL, Schoof N, Chang-Claude J, Cicek MS, Peto J, Kalli KR, Broeks A, Armasu SM, Schmidt MK, Braaf LM, Winterhoff B, Nevanlinna H, Konecny GE, Lambrechts D, Rogmann L, Guénel P, Teoman A, Milne RL, Garcia JJ, Cox A, Shridhar V, Burwinkel B, Marme F, Hein R, Sawyer EJ, Haiman CA, Wang-Gohrke S, Andrulis IL, Moysich KB, Hopper JL, Odunsi K, Lindblom A, Giles GG, Brenner H, Simard J, Lurie G, Fasching PA, Carney ME, Radice P, Wilkens LR, Swerdlow A, Goodman MT, Brauch H, García-Closas M, Hillemanns P, Winqvist R, Dürst M, Devilee P, Runnebaum I, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Mannermaa A, Butzow R, Bogdanova NV, Dörk T, Pelttari LM, Zheng W, Leminen A, Anton-Culver H, Bunker CH, Kristensen V, Ness RB, Muir K, Edwards R, Meindl A, Heitz F, Matsuo K, du Bois A, Wu AH, Harter P, Teo SH, Schwaab I, Shu XO, Blot W, Hosono S, Kang D, Nakanishi T, Hartman M, Yatabe Y, Hamann U, Karlan BY, Sangrajrang S, Kjaer SK, Gaborieau V, Jensen A, Eccles D, Høgdall E, Shen CY, Brown J, Woo YL, Shah M, Azmi MAN, Luben R, Omar SZ, Czene K, Vierkant RA, Nordestgaard BG, Flyger H, Vachon C, Olson JE, Wang X, Levine DA, Rudolph A, Weber RP, Flesch-Janys D, Iversen E, Nickels S, Schildkraut JM, Silva IDS, Cramer DW, Gibson L, Terry KL, Fletcher O, Vitonis AF, van der Schoot CE, Poole EM, Hogervorst FBL, Tworoger SS, Liu J, Bandera EV, Li J, Olson SH, Humphreys K, Orlow I, Blomqvist C, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Aittomäki K, Salvesen HB, Muranen TA, Wik E, Brouwers B, Krakstad C, Wauters E, Halle MK, Wildiers H, Kiemeney LA, Mulot C, Aben KK, Laurent-Puig P, van Altena AM, Truong T, Massuger LFAG, Benitez J, Pejovic T, Perez JIA, Hoatlin M, Zamora MP, Cook LS, Balasubramanian SP, Kelemen LE, Schneeweiss A, Le ND, Sohn C, Brooks-Wilson A, Tomlinson I, Kerin MJ, Miller N, Cybulski C, Henderson BE, Menkiszak J, Schumacher F, Wentzensen N, Marchand LL, Yang HP, Mulligan AM, Glendon G, Engelholm SA, Knight JA, Høgdall CK, Apicella C, Gore M, Tsimiklis H, Song H, Southey MC, Jager A, van den Ouweland AMW, Brown R, Martens JWM, Flanagan JM, Kriege M, Paul J, Margolin S, Siddiqui N, Severi G, Whittemore AS, Baglietto L, McGuire V, Stegmaier C, Sieh W, Müller H, Arndt V, Labrèche F, Gao YT, Goldberg MS, Yang G, Dumont M, McLaughlin JR, Hartmann A, Ekici AB, Beckmann MW, Phelan CM, Lux MP, Permuth-Wey J, Peissel B, Sellers TA, Ficarazzi F, Barile M, Ziogas A, Ashworth A, Gentry-Maharaj A, Jones M, Ramus SJ, Orr N, Menon U, Pearce CL, Brüning T, Pike MC, Ko YD, Lissowska J, Figueroa J, Kupryjanczyk J, Chanock SJ, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Rzepecka IK, Pylkäs K, Bidzinski M, Kauppila S, Hollestelle A, Seynaeve C, Tollenaar RAEM, Durda K, Jaworska K, Hartikainen JM, Kosma VM, Kataja V, Antonenkova NN, Long J, Shrubsole M, Deming-Halverson S, Lophatananon A, Siriwanarangsan P, Stewart-Brown S, Ditsch N, Lichtner P, Schmutzler RK, Ito H, Iwata H, Tajima K, Tseng CC, Stram DO, van den Berg D, Yip CH, Ikram MK, Teh YC, Cai H, Lu W, Signorello LB, Cai Q, Noh DY, Yoo KY, Miao H, Iau PTC, Teo YY, McKay J, Shapiro C, Ademuyiwa F, Fountzilas G, Hsiung CN, Yu JC, Hou MF, Healey CS, Luccarini C, Peock S, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Peterlongo P, Rebbeck TR, Piedmonte M, Singer CF, Friedman E, Thomassen M, Offit K, Hansen TVO, Neuhausen SL, Szabo CI, Blanco I, Garber J, Narod SA, Weitzel JN, Montagna M, Olah E, Godwin AK, Yannoukakos D, Goldgar DE, Caldes T, Imyanitov EN, Tihomirova L, Arun BK, Campbell I, Mensenkamp AR, van Asperen CJ, van Roozendaal KEP, Meijers-Heijboer H, Collée JM, Oosterwijk JC, Hooning MJ, Rookus MA, van der Luijt RB, van Os TAM, Evans DG, Frost D, Fineberg E, Barwell J, Walker L, Kennedy MJ, Platte R, Davidson R, Ellis SD, Cole T, Paillerets BBD, Buecher B, Damiola F, Faivre L, Frenay M, Sinilnikova OM, Caron O, Giraud S, Mazoyer S, Bonadona V, Caux-Moncoutier V, Toloczko-Grabarek A, Gronwald J, Byrski T, Spurdle AB, Bonanni B, Zaffaroni D, Giannini G, Bernard L, Dolcetti R, Manoukian S, Arnold N, Engel C, Deissler H, Rhiem K, Niederacher D, Plendl H, Sutter C, Wappenschmidt B, Borg Å, Melin B, Rantala J, Soller M, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, Rodriguez GC, Salani R, Kaulich DG, Tea MK, Paluch SS, Laitman Y, Skytte AB, Kruse TA, Jensen UB, Robson M, Gerdes AM, Ejlertsen B, Foretova L, Savage SA, Lester J, Soucy P, Kuchenbaecker KB, Olswold C, Cunningham JM, Slager S, Pankratz VS, Dicks E, Lakhani SR, Couch FJ, Hall P, Monteiro ANA, Gayther SA, Pharoah PDP, Reddel RR, Goode EL, Greene MH, Easton DF, Berchuck A, Antoniou AC, Chenevix-Trench G, Dunning AM. Multiple independent variants at the TERT locus are associated with telomere length and risks of breast and ovarian cancer. Nat Genet 2013; 45:371-84, 384e1-2. [PMID: 23535731 PMCID: PMC3670748 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TERT-locus SNPs and leukocyte telomere measures are reportedly associated with risks of multiple cancers. Using the Illumina custom genotyping array iCOGs, we analyzed ∼480 SNPs at the TERT locus in breast (n = 103,991), ovarian (n = 39,774) and BRCA1 mutation carrier (n = 11,705) cancer cases and controls. Leukocyte telomere measurements were also available for 53,724 participants. Most associations cluster into three independent peaks. The minor allele at the peak 1 SNP rs2736108 associates with longer telomeres (P = 5.8 × 10(-7)), lower risks for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (P = 1.0 × 10(-8)) and BRCA1 mutation carrier (P = 1.1 × 10(-5)) breast cancers and altered promoter assay signal. The minor allele at the peak 2 SNP rs7705526 associates with longer telomeres (P = 2.3 × 10(-14)), higher risk of low-malignant-potential ovarian cancer (P = 1.3 × 10(-15)) and greater promoter activity. The minor alleles at the peak 3 SNPs rs10069690 and rs2242652 increase ER-negative (P = 1.2 × 10(-12)) and BRCA1 mutation carrier (P = 1.6 × 10(-14)) breast and invasive ovarian (P = 1.3 × 10(-11)) cancer risks but not via altered telomere length. The cancer risk alleles of rs2242652 and rs10069690, respectively, increase silencing and generate a truncated TERT splice variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen A Pooley
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon E Johnatty
- Department of Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- Department of Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan P Tyrer
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stacey L Edwards
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Howard C Shen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chanel E Smart
- University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR) Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristine M Hillman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phuong L Mai
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Stutz
- Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rod Karevan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Woods
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Johnston
- University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR) Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Juliet D French
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maren Weischer
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melanie J Maranian
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maya Ghoussaini
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shahana Ahmed
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Baynes
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sue Healey
- Department of Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Lush
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel C Tessier
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Vincent
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Françis Bacot
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Study Group members
- Australian Cancer Study, Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group, kConFab, GENICA, SWE-BRCA, HEBON, EMBRACE, GEMO Study Collaborators. Full membership lists are provided in the Supplementary Note
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandrina Lambrechts
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelyn Despierre
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harvey A Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Public Health and School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guillermo Pita
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer A Doherty
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Nuria Álvarez
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Melissa C Larson
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nils Schoof
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mine S Cicek
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julian Peto
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Annegien Broeks
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian M Armasu
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linde M Braaf
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Winterhoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gottfried E Konecny
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Belgium
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Rogmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pascal Guénel
- INSERM U1018, CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Attila Teoman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roger L Milne
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin J Garcia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Angela Cox
- CRUK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Vijayalakshmi Shridhar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Marme
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elinor J Sawyer
- Division of Cancer Studies, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten B Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacques Simard
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Galina Lurie
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, HI, USA
| | - Peter A Fasching
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael E Carney
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, HI, USA
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, HI, USA
| | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Marc T Goodman
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Runnebaum
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Biocenter Kuopio, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Butzow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia V Bogdanova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Liisa M Pelttari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Arto Leminen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Clareann H Bunker
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine (Faculty Division Ahus), UiO, Norway
| | - Roberta B Ness
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Heitz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andreas du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Harter
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ira Schwaab
- Institut für Humangenetik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Satoyo Hosono
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daehee Kang
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Toru Nakanishi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostic, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Susanne Krüger Kjaer
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Juliane Marie Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Jensen
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Unit, Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Colleague of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichong, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Judith Brown
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yin Ling Woo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mitul Shah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mat Adenan Noor Azmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Robert Luben
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Siti Zawiah Omar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Vierkant
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celine Vachon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janet E Olson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xianshu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Douglas A Levine
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rachel Palmieri Weber
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edwin Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Cancer Prevention, Detection and Control Research Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Nickels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joellen M Schildkraut
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Cancer Prevention, Detection and Control Research Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Isabel Dos Santos Silva
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniel W Cramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorna Gibson
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kathryn L Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Fletcher
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Allison F Vitonis
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth M Poole
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frans B L Hogervorst
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics Division, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jingmei Li
- Human Genetics Division, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sara H Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helga B Salvesen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Taru A Muranen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Wik
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Barbara Brouwers
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Els Wauters
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Belgium
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mari K Halle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans Wildiers
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Comprehensive Cancer Center The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Claire Mulot
- Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, UMR-S775 Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Katja K Aben
- Comprehensive Cancer Center The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Anne M van Altena
- Department of Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Thérèse Truong
- INSERM U1018, CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Leon F A G Massuger
- Department of Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Maureen Hoatlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M Pilar Zamora
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda S Cook
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Linda E Kelemen
- Department of Population Health Research, Alberta Health Services-Cancer Care, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nhu D Le
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christof Sohn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Michael J Kerin
- School of medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicola Miller
- School of medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical Academy, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janusz Menkiszak
- Department of Surgical Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Fredrick Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Hannah P Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gord Glendon
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svend Aage Engelholm
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia A Knight
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claus K Høgdall
- The Juliane Marie Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carmel Apicella
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin Gore
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Helen Tsimiklis
- Genetic Epidemiology Department, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Honglin Song
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Department, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Agnes Jager
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Brown
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James M Flanagan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mieke Kriege
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Paul
- The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heiko Müller
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - France Labrèche
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gong Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martine Dumont
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - John R McLaughlin
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Catherine M Phelan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael P Lux
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jenny Permuth-Wey
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas A Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Filomena Ficarazzi
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Barile
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Cancer Genetics Research and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Jones
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Susan J Ramus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nick Orr
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Usha Menon
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, London, UK
| | - Celeste L Pearce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Malcolm C Pike
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yon-Dschun Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn GmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center & Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jolanta Kupryjanczyk
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Agnieszka Dansonka-Mieszkowska
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Iwona K Rzepecka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mariusz Bidzinski
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Saila Kauppila
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antoinette Hollestelle
- Family Cancer Clinic, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Seynaeve
- Family Cancer Clinic, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob A E M Tollenaar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Durda
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jaworska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Biocenter Kuopio, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Biocenter Kuopio, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Kataja
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Biocenter Kuopio, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Natalia N Antonenkova
- N.N. Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martha Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sandra Deming-Halverson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Insitute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- Centre of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroji Iwata
- Department of Breast Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tajima
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiu-Chen Tseng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David van den Berg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Har Yip
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yew-Ching Teh
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisa B Signorello
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keun-Young Yoo
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui Miao
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | - Philip Tsau-Choong Iau
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | - James McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Charles Shapiro
- Division of Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - George Fountzilas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Chia-Ni Hsiung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Cherng Yu
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Catherine S Healey
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Craig Luccarini
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Peock
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Basser Research Centre, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marion Piedmonte
- Gynecologic Oncology Group Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Christian F Singer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas V O Hansen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Csilla I Szabo
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judy Garber
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Edith Olah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - David E Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Trinidad Caldes
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Banu K Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ian Campbell
- VBCRC Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arjen R Mensenkamp
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christi J van Asperen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kees E P van Roozendaal
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Canter, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Oosterwijk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti A Rookus
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob B van der Luijt
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A M van Os
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena Fineberg
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian Barwell
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK
| | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - M John Kennedy
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St James's Hospital, Dublin, Eire
| | - Radka Platte
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Steve D Ellis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor Cole
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Brigitte Bressac-de Paillerets
- INSERM U946, Fondation Jean Dausset, Paris, France
- Service de Génétique, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Bruno Buecher
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Damiola
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique, CHU Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France, and Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | | | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Caron
- Consultation de Génétique, Département de Médecine, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Giraud
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Bonadona
- Unité de Prévention et d'Epidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5558, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Byrski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Zaffaroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Loris Bernard
- Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein/University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Centre of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hansjoerg Plendl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Sutter
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Centre of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Åke Borg
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rantala
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Soller
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Basser Research Centre, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Basser Research Centre, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gustavo C Rodriguez
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, North Shore University Health System, University of Chicago, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ritu Salani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daphne Gschwantler Kaulich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Muy-Kheng Tea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shani Shimon Paluch
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yael Laitman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Torben A Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mark Robson
- Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Penny Soucy
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karoline B Kuchenbaecker
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Curtis Olswold
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susan Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vernon S Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ed Dicks
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR) Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
- The UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvaro N A Monteiro
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Simon A Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger R Reddel
- Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Riley RD, Hayden JA, Steyerberg EW, Moons KGM, Abrams K, Kyzas PA, Malats N, Briggs A, Schroter S, Altman DG, Hemingway H. Prognosis Research Strategy (PROGRESS) 2: prognostic factor research. PLoS Med 2013; 10:e1001380. [PMID: 23393429 PMCID: PMC3564757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognostic factor research aims to identify factors associated with subsequent clinical outcome in people with a particular disease or health condition. In this article, the second in the PROGRESS series, the authors discuss the role of prognostic factors in current clinical practice, randomised trials, and developing new interventions, and explain why and how prognostic factor research should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Riley
- School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Rauh C, Hack CC, Häberle L, Hein A, Engel A, Schrauder MG, Fasching PA, Jud SM, Ekici AB, Loehberg CR, Meier-Meitinger M, Ozan S, Schulz-Wendtland R, Uder M, Hartmann A, Wachter DL, Beckmann MW, Heusinger K. Percent Mammographic Density and Dense Area as Risk Factors for Breast Cancer. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2012; 72:727-733. [PMID: 25258465 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1315129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Mammographic characteristics are known to be correlated to breast cancer risk. Percent mammographic density (PMD), as assessed by computer-assisted methods, is an established risk factor for breast cancer. Along with this assessment the absolute dense area (DA) of the breast is reported as well. Aim of this study was to assess the predictive value of DA concerning breast cancer risk in addition to other risk factors and in addition to PMD. Methods: We conducted a case control study with hospital-based patients with a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer and healthy women as controls. A total of 561 patients and 376 controls with available mammographic density were included into this study. We describe the differences concerning the common risk factors BMI, parital status, use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and menopause between cases and controls and estimate the odds ratios for PMD and DA, adjusted for the mentioned risk factors. Furthermore we compare the prediction models with each other to find out whether the addition of DA improves the model. Results: Mammographic density and DA were highly correlated with each other. Both variables were as well correlated to the commonly known risk factors with an expected direction and strength, however PMD (ρ = -0.56) was stronger correlated to BMI than DA (ρ = -0.11). The group of women within the highest quartil of PMD had an OR of 2.12 (95 % CI: 1.25-3.62). This could not be seen for the fourth quartile concerning DA. However the assessment of breast cancer risk could be improved by including DA in a prediction model in addition to common risk factors and PMD. Conclusions: The inclusion of the parameter DA into a prediction model for breast cancer in addition to established risk factors and PMD could improve the breast cancer risk assessment. As DA is measured together with PMD in the process of computer-assisted assessment of PMD it might be considered to include it as one additional breast cancer risk factor that is obtained from breast imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rauh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - C C Hack
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - L Häberle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - A Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - A Engel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - M G Schrauder
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - P A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - S M Jud
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - A B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen
| | - C R Loehberg
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | | | - S Ozan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | | | - M Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - A Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - D L Wachter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - M W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - K Heusinger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen
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Sung H, Jeon S, Lee KM, Han S, Song M, Choi JY, Park SK, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Kang D. Common genetic polymorphisms of microRNA biogenesis pathway genes and breast cancer survival. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:195. [PMID: 22639842 PMCID: PMC3487887 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the role of microRNA’s (miRNA’s) biogenesis pathway genes in cancer development and progression has been well established, the association between genetic variants of this pathway genes and breast cancer survival is still unknown. Methods We used genotype data available from a previously conducted case–control study to investigate association between common genetic variations in miRNA biogenesis pathway genes and breast cancer survival. We investigated the possible associations between 41 germ-line single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and both disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) among 488 breast cancer patients. During the median follow-up of 6.24 years, 90 cases developed disease progression and 48 cases died. Results Seven SNPs were significantly associated with breast cancer survival. Two SNPs in AGO2 (rs11786030 and rs2292779) and DICER1 rs1057035 were associated with both DFS and OS. Two SNPs in HIWI (rs4759659 and rs11060845) and DGCR8 rs9606250 were associated with DFS, while DROSHA rs874332 and GEMIN4 rs4968104 were associated with only OS. The most significant association was observed in variant allele of AGO2 rs11786030 with 2.62-fold increased risk of disease progression (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.41-4.88) and in minor allele homozygote of AGO2 rs2292779 with 2.94-fold increased risk of death (95% CI, 1.52-5.69). We also found cumulative effects of SNPs on DFS and OS. Compared to the subjects carrying 0 to 2 high-risk genotypes, those carrying 3 or 4–6 high-risk genotypes had an increased risk of disease progression with a hazard ratio of 2.16 (95% CI, 1.18- 3.93) and 4.47 (95% CI, 2.45- 8.14), respectively (P for trend, 6.11E-07). Conclusions Our results suggest that genetic variants in miRNA biogenesis pathway genes may be associated with breast cancer survival. Further studies in larger sample size and functional characterizations are warranted to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Sung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Fasching PA, Pharoah PDP, Cox A, Nevanlinna H, Bojesen SE, Karn T, Broeks A, van Leeuwen FE, van't Veer LJ, Udo R, Dunning AM, Greco D, Aittomäki K, Blomqvist C, Shah M, Nordestgaard BG, Flyger H, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Apicella C, Garcia-Closas M, Sherman M, Lissowska J, Seynaeve C, Huijts PEA, Tollenaar RAEM, Ziogas A, Ekici AB, Rauh C, Mannermaa A, Kataja V, Kosma VM, Hartikainen JM, Andrulis IL, Ozcelik H, Mulligan AM, Glendon G, Hall P, Czene K, Liu J, Chang-Claude J, Wang-Gohrke S, Eilber U, Nickels S, Dörk T, Schiekel M, Bremer M, Park-Simon TW, Giles GG, Severi G, Baglietto L, Hooning MJ, Martens JWM, Jager A, Kriege M, Lindblom A, Margolin S, Couch FJ, Stevens KN, Olson JE, Kosel M, Cross SS, Balasubramanian SP, Reed MWR, Miron A, John EM, Winqvist R, Pylkäs K, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Kauppila S, Burwinkel B, Marme F, Schneeweiss A, Sohn C, Chenevix-Trench G, Lambrechts D, Dieudonne AS, Hatse S, van Limbergen E, Benitez J, Milne RL, Zamora MP, Pérez JIA, Bonanni B, Peissel B, Loris B, Peterlongo P, Rajaraman P, Schonfeld SJ, Anton-Culver H, Devilee P, Beckmann MW, Slamon DJ, Phillips KA, Figueroa JD, Humphreys MK, Easton DF, Schmidt MK. The role of genetic breast cancer susceptibility variants as prognostic factors. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3926-39. [PMID: 22532573 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies identified 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer (BC) risk. We investigated these and 62 other SNPs for their prognostic relevance. Confirmed BC risk SNPs rs17468277 (CASP8), rs1982073 (TGFB1), rs2981582 (FGFR2), rs13281615 (8q24), rs3817198 (LSP1), rs889312 (MAP3K1), rs3803662 (TOX3), rs13387042 (2q35), rs4973768 (SLC4A7), rs6504950 (COX11) and rs10941679 (5p12) were genotyped for 25 853 BC patients with the available follow-up; 62 other SNPs, which have been suggested as BC risk SNPs by a GWAS or as candidate SNPs from individual studies, were genotyped for replication purposes in subsets of these patients. Cox proportional hazard models were used to test the association of these SNPs with overall survival (OS) and BC-specific survival (BCS). For the confirmed loci, we performed an accessory analysis of publicly available gene expression data and the prognosis in a different patient group. One of the 11 SNPs, rs3803662 (TOX3) and none of the 62 candidate/GWAS SNPs were associated with OS and/or BCS at P<0.01. The genotypic-specific survival for rs3803662 suggested a recessive mode of action [hazard ratio (HR) of rare homozygous carriers=1.21; 95% CI: 1.09-1.35, P=0.0002 and HR=1.29; 95% CI: 1.12-1.47, P=0.0003 for OS and BCS, respectively]. This association was seen similarly in all analyzed tumor subgroups defined by nodal status, tumor size, grade and estrogen receptor. Breast tumor expression of these genes was not associated with prognosis. With the exception of rs3803662 (TOX3), there was no evidence that any of the SNPs associated with BC susceptibility were associated with the BC survival. Survival may be influenced by a distinct set of germline variants from those influencing susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Fasching
- University Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen Nuremberg, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Shu XO, Long J, Lu W, Li C, Chen WY, Delahanty R, Cheng J, Cai H, Zheng Y, Shi J, Gu K, Wang WJ, Kraft P, Gao YT, Cai Q, Zheng W. Novel genetic markers of breast cancer survival identified by a genome-wide association study. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1182-9. [PMID: 22232737 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Only two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted to date to identify potential markers for total mortality after diagnosis of breast cancer. Here, we report the identification of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with total mortality from a two-stage GWAS conducted among 6,110 Shanghai-resident Chinese women with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage I to IV breast cancer. The discovery stage included 1,950 patients and evaluated 613,031 common SNPs. The top 49 associations were evaluated in an independent replication stage of 4,160 Shanghai patients with breast cancer. A consistent and highly significant association with total mortality was documented for SNPs rs3784099 and rs9934948. SNP rs3784099, located in the RAD51L1 gene, was associated with total morality in both the discovery stage (P = 1.44 × 10(-8)) and replication stage (P = 0.06; P-combined = 1.17 × 10(-7)). Adjusted HRs for total mortality were 1.41 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-1.68] for the AG genotype and 2.64 (95% CI, 1.74-4.03) for the AA genotype, when compared with the GG genotype. The variant C allele of rs9934948, located on chromosome 16, was associated with a similarly elevated risk of total mortality (P-combined = 5.75 × 10(-6)). We also observed this association among 1,145 patients with breast cancer of European ancestry from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; P = 0.006); the association was highly significant in a combined analysis of NHS and Chinese data (P = 1.39 × 10(-7)). Similar associations were observed for these two SNPs with breast cancer-specific mortality. This study provides strong evidence suggesting that the RAD51L1 gene and a chromosome 16 locus influence breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA.
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Fasching PA, Ekici AB, Adamietz BR, Wachter DL, Hein A, Bayer CM, Häberle L, Loehberg CR, Jud SM, Heusinger K, Rübner M, Rauh C, Bani MR, Lux MP, Schulz-Wendtland R, Hartmann A, Beckmann MW. Breast Cancer Risk - Genes, Environment and Clinics. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2011; 71:1056-1066. [PMID: 25253900 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1280437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The information available about breast cancer risk factors has increased dramatically during the last 10 years. In particular, studies of low-penetrance genes and mammographic density have improved our understanding of breast cancer risk. In addition, initial steps have been taken in investigating interactions between genes and environmental factors. This review concerns with actual data on this topic. Several genome-wide association studies (GWASs) with a case-control design, as well as large-scale validation studies, have identified and validated more than a dozen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer risk. They are located not only in or close to genes known to be involved in cancer pathogenesis, but also in genes not previously associated with breast cancer pathogenesis, or may even not be related to any genes. SNPs have also been identified that alter the lifetime risk in BRCA mutation carriers. With regard to nongenetic risk factors, studies of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have revealed important information on how to weigh up the risks and benefits of HRT. Mammographic density (MD) has become an accepted and important breast cancer risk factor. Lifestyle and nutritional considerations have become an integral part of most studies of breast cancer risk, and some improvements have been made in this field as well. More than 10 years after the publication of the first breast cancer prevention studies with tamoxifen, other substances such as raloxifene and aromatase inhibitors have been investigated and have also been shown to have preventive potential. Finally, mammographic screening systems have been implemented in most Western countries during the last decade. These may be developed further by including more individualized methods of predicting the patient's breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Fasching
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - A B Ekici
- Institut für Humangenetik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - B R Adamietz
- Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - D L Wachter
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - A Hein
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - C M Bayer
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - L Häberle
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - C R Loehberg
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - S M Jud
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - K Heusinger
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - M Rübner
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - C Rauh
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - M R Bani
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - M P Lux
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - R Schulz-Wendtland
- Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - A Hartmann
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - M W Beckmann
- Universitäts-Brustzentrum Franken, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
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Verkooijen HM, Hartman M, Usel M, Benhamou S, Neyroud-Caspar I, Czene K, Vlastos G, Chappuis PO, Bouchardy C, Rapiti E. Breast cancer prognosis is inherited independently of patient, tumor and treatment characteristics. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2103-10. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Capturing changes in gene expression dynamics by gene set differential coordination analysis. Genomics 2011; 98:469-77. [PMID: 21971296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Analyzing gene expression data at the gene set level greatly improves feature extraction and data interpretation. Currently most efforts in gene set analysis are focused on differential expression analysis--finding gene sets whose genes show first-order relationship with the clinical outcome. However the regulation of the biological system is complex, and much of the change in gene expression dynamics do not manifest in the form of differential expression. At the gene set level, capturing the change in expression dynamics is difficult due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the gene sets. Here we report a systematic approach to detect gene sets that show differential coordination patterns with the rest of the transcriptome, as well as pairs of gene sets that are differentially coordinated with each other. We demonstrate that the method can identify biologically relevant gene sets, many of which do not show first-order relationship with the clinical outcome.
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Hemminki K, Sundquist J, Brandt A. Familial mortality and familial incidence in cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:712-8. [PMID: 21205747 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.30.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An overwhelming majority of data on familial risk in cancer is based on incident cancer, whereas familiality in cancer mortality is largely unknown. If fatal form of cancer was a highly familial subtype, then familial risk for mortality may exceed that of incidence, which would be particularly relevant for clinical decision making and counseling. PATIENTS AND METHODS The individuals in the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database were classified according to family history of fatal and nonfatal cancer. Familial risks of incident and fatal concordant cancer were calculated for offspring based on their parental family history using a Cox model with hazard ratio (HR); offspring without family history were the reference. RESULTS Most HRs for offspring incident cancers were somewhat higher for fatal compared with nonfatal parental family history. For breast (HR, 1.87 fatal v 1.66 nonfatal; P < .001) and prostate (HR, 2.30 fatal v 1.84 nonfatal; P < .001) cancers, 51.0% of patients with familial breast cancer and 56.6% of patients with prostate cancer had fatal family history. HRs for death in offspring according to a fatal compared with nonfatal family history were significantly increased for colorectal (HR, 1.76 v 1.47, respectively; P = .02), breast (HR, 1.97 v 1.51, respectively; P = .002), and prostate (HR, 2.03 v 1.59, respectively; P = .002) cancers. TNM classification did not seem to differ between the family histories. We showed also that an overwhelming proportion of offspring were diagnosed after the parental death. CONCLUSION Familial breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers might have a yet unidentified genetic component associated with poorer survival. It may be useful to record survival data in family history records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Walker LC, Fredericksen ZS, Wang X, Tarrell R, Pankratz VS, Lindor NM, Beesley J, Healey S, Chen X, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Tirapo C, Giraud S, Mazoyer S, Muller D, Fricker JP, Delnatte C, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Engel C, Schönbuchner I, Deissler H, Meindl A, Hogervorst FB, Verheus M, Hooning MJ, van den Ouweland AMW, Nelen MR, Ausems MGEM, Aalfs CM, van Asperen CJ, Devilee P, Gerrits MM, Waisfisz Q, Szabo CI, Easton DF, Peock S, Cook M, Oliver CT, Frost D, Harrington P, Evans DG, Lalloo F, Eeles R, Izatt L, Chu C, Davidson R, Eccles D, Ong KR, Cook J, Rebbeck T, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, Singer CF, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Dressler AC, Pfeiler G, Godwin AK, Heikkinen T, Nevanlinna H, Agnarsson BA, Caligo MA, Olsson H, Kristoffersson U, Liljegren A, Arver B, Karlsson P, Melin B, Sinilnikova OM, McGuffog L, Antoniou AC, Chenevix-Trench G, Spurdle AB, Couch FJ. Evidence for SMAD3 as a modifier of breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R102. [PMID: 21114847 PMCID: PMC3046447 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current attempts to identify genetic modifiers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 associated risk have focused on a candidate gene approach, based on knowledge of gene functions, or the development of large genome-wide association studies. In this study, we evaluated 24 SNPs tagged to 14 candidate genes derived through a novel approach that analysed gene expression differences to prioritise candidate modifier genes for association studies. METHODS We successfully genotyped 24 SNPs in a cohort of up to 4,724 BRCA1 and 2,693 BRCA2 female mutation carriers from 15 study groups and assessed whether these variants were associated with risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. RESULTS SNPs in five of the 14 candidate genes showed evidence of association with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers (P < 0.05). Notably, the minor alleles of two SNPs (rs7166081 and rs3825977) in high linkage disequilibrium (r² = 0.77), located at the SMAD3 locus (15q22), were each associated with increased breast cancer risk for BRCA2 mutation carriers (relative risk = 1.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.07 to 1.45, P(trend) = 0.004; and relative risk = 1.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.03 to 1.40, P(trend) = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the SMAD3 gene, which encodes a key regulatory protein in the transforming growth factor beta signalling pathway and is known to interact directly with BRCA2, may contribute to increased risk of breast cancer in BRCA2 mutation carriers. This finding suggests that genes with expression associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status are enriched for the presence of common genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan C Walker
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Zachary S Fredericksen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xianshu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert Tarrell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Vernon S Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Sue Healey
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- INSERM U509, Service de Génétique Oncologique, Institut Curie, Université Paris-Descartes, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Carole Tirapo
- INSERM U509, Service de Génétique Oncologique, Institut Curie, Université Paris-Descartes, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Sophie Giraud
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon/Centre Léon Bérard, 28 Rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- Equipe labellisée LIGUE 2008, UMR5201 CNRS, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, 28 Rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Danièle Muller
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CLCC Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hoˆpital BP42, 67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Fricker
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CLCC Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hoˆpital BP42, 67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Capucine Delnatte
- Centre René Gauducheau, Boulevard Jacques Monod, Nantes 44805 Saint Herblain Cedex, France
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- Centre for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Centre for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Ritterstraße 26, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Schönbuchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Sander Ring 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Deissler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Frans B Hogervorst
- Family Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verheus
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Groene Hilledijk 301, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ans MW van den Ouweland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Groene Hilledijk 301, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel R Nelen
- Department of Human Genetics 849, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet GEM Ausems
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Cora M Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Christi J van Asperen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics & Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M Gerrits
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Csilla I Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Susan Peock
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Margaret Cook
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Clare T Oliver
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Patricia Harrington
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 9LW, UK
| | - Fiona Lalloo
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 9LW, UK
| | - Ros Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Louise Izatt
- Clinical Genetics Department, Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Guys Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Carol Chu
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 TF7, UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Block 4 Yorhill NHS Trust, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
| | - Diana Eccles
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service and Cancer Sciences Division, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton SO16 5YA, UK
| | - Kai-Ren Ong
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Tim Rebbeck
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 531 BRB 2/3, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 531 BRB 2/3, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 531 BRB 2/3, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christian F Singer
- Division of Special Gynecology, Department of OB/GYN, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daphne Gschwantler-Kaulich
- Division of Special Gynecology, Department of OB/GYN, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne-Catharina Dressler
- Division of Special Gynecology, Department of OB/GYN, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Pfeiler
- Division of Special Gynecology, Department of OB/GYN, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Women's Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Tuomas Heikkinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bjarni A Agnarsson
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital and University of Iceland School of Medicine, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Maria Adelaide Caligo
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Roma 57, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, S-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Kristoffersson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, S-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annelie Liljegren
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brita Arver
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Karlsson
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- Equipe labellisée LIGUE 2008, UMR5201 CNRS, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, 28 Rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CLCC Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hoˆpital BP42, 67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Coate L, Cuffe S, Horgan A, Hung RJ, Christiani D, Liu G. Germline genetic variation, cancer outcome, and pharmacogenetics. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:4029-37. [PMID: 20679599 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the role of germline or inherited genetic variation on cancer outcome can fall into three distinct categories. First, the impact of highly penetrant but lowly prevalent mutations of germline DNA on cancer prognosis has been studied extensively for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations as well as mutations related to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. These mainly modest-sized analyses have produced conflicting results. Although some associations have been observed, they may not be independent of other known clinical or molecular prognostic factors. Second, the impact of germline polymorphisms on cancer prognosis is a burgeoning field of research. However, a deeper understanding of potentially confounding somatic changes and larger multi-institutional, multistage studies may be needed before consistent results are seen. Third, research examining the impact of germline genetic variation on differential treatment response or toxicity (pharmacogenetics) has produced some proof-of-principle results. Putative germline pharmacogenetic predictors of outcome include DPYD polymorphisms and fluorouracil toxicity, UGT1A1 variation and irinotecan toxicity, and CYP2D6 polymorphisms and tamoxifen efficacy, with emerging data on predictors of molecularly targeted or biologic drugs. Here we review data pertaining to these germline outcome and germline toxicity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Coate
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Ave, Room 7-124, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9 Canada
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