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Chen H, Ma D, Yue F, Qi Y, Dou M, Cui L, Xing Y. The Potential Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 in the Progression and Therapy of Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1651-1666. [PMID: 34325641 PMCID: PMC9881070 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210729123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimer protein composed of an oxygenregulated functional subunit, HIF-1α, and a structural subunit, HIF-1β, belonging to the basic helixloop- helix family. Strict regulation of HIF-1 protein stability and subsequent transcriptional activity involves various molecular interactions and is primarily controlled by post-transcriptional modifications. Hypoxia, owing to impaired cerebral blood flow, has been implicated in a range of central nervous system (CNS) diseases by exerting a deleterious effect on brain function. As a master oxygen- sensitive transcription regulator, HIF-1 is responsible for upregulating a wide spectrum of target genes involved in glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis to generate the adaptive response to avoid, or at least minimize, hypoxic brain injury. However, prolonged, severe oxygen deprivation may directly contribute to the role-conversion of HIF-1, namely, from neuroprotection to the promotion of cell death. Currently, an increasing number of studies support the fact HIF-1 is involved in a variety of CNS-related diseases, such as intracranial atherosclerosis, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review article chiefly focuses on the effect of HIF-1 on the pathogenesis and mechanism of progression of numerous CNS-related disorders by mediating the expression of various downstream genes and extensive biological functional events and presents robust evidence that HIF-1 may represent a potential therapeutic target for CNS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Chen
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; ,Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular Ultrasound, Beijing, China; ,Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China; ,Hongxiu Chen and Di Ma contributed equally to this work.
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,Hongxiu Chen and Di Ma contributed equally to this work.
| | - Feixue Yue
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajie Qi
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manman Dou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liuping Cui
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingqi Xing
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; ,Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular Ultrasound, Beijing, China; ,Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular Ultrasound, Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, 45 Changchun Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China; E-mail: This work is recommended by Pro Jiachun Feng, The First Hospital of Jilin University.
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Ayerdem G, Bosma MJ, Vinke JSJ, Ziengs AL, Potgieser ARE, Gansevoort RT, Bakker SJL, De Borst MH, Eisenga MF. Association of Endogenous Erythropoietin Levels and Iron Status With Cognitive Functioning in the General Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:862856. [PMID: 35462689 PMCID: PMC9024369 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.862856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEmerging data suggest that erythropoietin (EPO) promotes neural plasticity and that iron homeostasis is needed to maintain normal physiological brain function. Cognitive functioning could therefore be influenced by endogenous EPO levels and disturbances in iron status.ObjectiveTo determine whether endogenous EPO levels and disturbances in iron status are associated with alterations in cognitive functioning in the general population.Materials and MethodsCommunity-dwelling individuals from the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study, a general population-based cohort in Groningen, Netherlands, were surveyed between 2003 and 2006. Additionally, endogenous EPO levels and iron status, consisting of serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, and transferrin saturation were analyzed. Cognitive function was assessed by scores on the Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT), as a reflection of executive function, and the Visual Association Test (VAT), as a reflection of associative memory.ResultsAmong 851 participants (57% males; mean age 60 ± 13 years), higher endogenous EPO levels were independently associated with an improved cognitive function, reflected by RFFT scores (ß = 0.09, P = 0.008). In multivariable backward linear regression analysis, EPO levels were among the most important modifiable determinants of RFFT scores (ß = 0.09, P = 0.002), but not of VAT scores. Of the iron status parameters, only serum ferritin levels were inversely associated with cognitive function, reflected by VAT scores, in multivariable logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.63–0.95; P = 0.02 for high performance on VAT, i.e., ≥11 points). No association between iron status parameters and RFFT scores was identified.ConclusionThe findings suggest that endogenous EPO levels and serum ferritin levels are associated with specific cognitive functioning tests in the general population. Higher EPO levels are associated with better RFFT scores, implying better executive function. Serum ferritin levels, but not other iron status parameters, were inversely associated with high performance on the VAT score, implying a reduced ability to create new memories and recall recent past. Further research is warranted to unravel underlying mechanisms and possible benefits of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ayerdem
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J. Bosma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Joanna Sophia J. Vinke
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aaltje L. Ziengs
- Department of Neuropsychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan R. E. Potgieser
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin H. De Borst
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michele F. Eisenga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Michele F. Eisenga,
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
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Time to Classify Tumours of the Stomach and the Kidneys According to Cell of Origin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413386. [PMID: 34948181 PMCID: PMC8707540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumours are traditionally classified according to their organ of origin and whether they are of epithelial (carcinomas) or mesenchymal (sarcomas) origin. By histological appearance the site of origin may often be confirmed. Using same treatment for tumours from the same organ is rational only when there is no principal heterogeneity between the tumours of that organ. Organ tumour heterogeneity is typical for the lungs with small cell and non-small cell tumours, for the kidneys where clear cell renal carcinoma (CCRCC) is the dominating type among other subgroups, and in the stomach with adenocarcinomas of intestinal and diffuse types. In addition, a separate type of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) is found in most organs. Every cell type able to divide may develop into a tumour, and the different subtypes most often reflect different cell origin. In this article the focus is on the cells of origin in tumours arising in the stomach and kidneys and the close relationship between normal neuroendocrine cells and NETs. Furthermore, that the erythropoietin producing cell may be the cell of origin of CCRCC (a cancer with many similarities to NETs), and that gastric carcinomas of diffuse type may originate from the ECL cell, whereas the endodermal stem cell most probably gives rise to cancers of intestinal type.
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Shen XY, Gao ZK, Han Y, Yuan M, Guo YS, Bi X. Activation and Role of Astrocytes in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:755955. [PMID: 34867201 PMCID: PMC8635513 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.755955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke refers to the disorder of blood supply of local brain tissue caused by various reasons. It has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They are responsible for the homeostasis, nutrition, and protection of the CNS and play an essential role in many nervous system diseases’ physiological and pathological processes. After stroke injury, astrocytes are activated and play a protective role through the heterogeneous and gradual changes of their gene expression, morphology, proliferation, and function, that is, reactive astrocytes. However, the position of reactive astrocytes has always been a controversial topic. Many studies have shown that reactive astrocytes are a double-edged sword with both beneficial and harmful effects. It is worth noting that their different spatial and temporal expression determines astrocytes’ various functions. Here, we comprehensively review the different roles and mechanisms of astrocytes after ischemic stroke. In addition, the intracellular mechanism of astrocyte activation has also been involved. More importantly, due to the complex cascade reaction and action mechanism after ischemic stroke, the role of astrocytes is still difficult to define. Still, there is no doubt that astrocytes are one of the critical factors mediating the deterioration or improvement of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ya Shen
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Sha Guo
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Talukder MAH, Lee JI, Hegarty JP, Gurjar AA, O'Brien M, Karuman Z, Wandling GD, Govindappa PK, Elfar JC. Obligatory role of Schwann cell-specific erythropoietin receptors in erythropoietin-induced functional recovery and neurogenic muscle atrophy after nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 2020; 63:268-272. [PMID: 33205838 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) promotes myelination and functional recovery in rodent peripheral nerve injury (PNI). While EPO receptors (EpoR) are present in Schwann cells, the role of EpoR in PNI recovery is unknown because of the lack of EpoR antagonists or Schwann cell-specific EpoR knockout animals. METHODS Using the Cre-loxP system, we developed a myelin protein zero (Mpz) promoter-driven knockout mouse model of Schwann cell EpoR (MpzCre-EpoRflox/flox , Mpz-EpoR-KO). Mpz-EpoR-KO and control mice were assigned to sciatic nerve crush injury followed by EPO treatment. RESULTS EPO treatment significantly accelerated functional recovery in control mice in contrast to significantly reduced functional recovery in Mpz-EpoR-KO mice. Significant muscle atrophy was found in the injured hindlimb of EPO-treated Mpz-EpoR-KO mice but not in EPO-treated control mice. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings provide direct evidence for an obligatory role of Schwann-cell specific EpoR for EPO-induced functional recovery and muscle atrophy following PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hassan Talukder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, South Korea
| | - John P Hegarty
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anagha A Gurjar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary O'Brien
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zara Karuman
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Grant D Wandling
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prem Kumar Govindappa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C Elfar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ureña-Guerrero ME, Castañeda-Cabral JL, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Macias-Velez RJ, Jarero-Basulto JJ, Gudiño-Cabrera G, Beas-Zárate C. Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative Effects of Epo and VEGF: Perspectives for New Therapeutic Approaches to Neurological Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1263-1276. [PMID: 31942853 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200114104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (Epo) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are two vasoactive molecules with essential trophic effects for brain development. The expression and secretion of both molecules increase in response to neuronal damage and they exert protective and restorative effects, which may also be accompanied by adverse side effects. OBJECTIVE We review the most relevant evidence on the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of Epo and VEGF in three of the most frequent neurological disorders, namely, stroke, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease, to develop new therapeutic approaches. METHODS Several original scientific manuscripts and reviews that have discussed the evidence in critical way, considering both the beneficial and adverse effects of Epo and VEGF in the selected neurological disorders, were analysed. In addition, throughout this review, we propose several considerations to take into account in the design of therapeutic approaches based on Epo and VEGF signalling. RESULTS Although the three selected disorders are triggered by different mechanisms, they evolve through similar processes: excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal death, glial reactivity and vascular remodelling. Epo and VEGF exert neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects by acting on these processes due to their pleiotropism. In general, the evidence shows that both Epo and VEGF reduce neuronal death but that at the vascular level, their effects are contradictory. CONCLUSION Because the Epo and VEGF signalling pathways are connected in several ways, we conclude that more experimental studies, primarily studies designed to thoroughly assess the functional interactions between Epo and VEGF in the brain under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica E Ureña-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José L Castañeda-Cabral
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.,Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV sede Sur), IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha C Rivera-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rafael J Macias-Velez
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José J Jarero-Basulto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Graciela Gudiño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Chiu PC, Liou HC, Ling TY, Shen LJ. Development of a Neuroprotective Erythropoietin Modified with a Novel Carrier for the Blood-Brain Barrier. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1184-1196. [PMID: 32144722 PMCID: PMC7609523 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely high doses of erythropoietin (EPO) has been used for neuroprotection in ischemia-reperfusion brain injury to deliver sufficient amounts of EPO across the blood-brain barrier (BBB); however, harmful outcomes were observed afterward. We aimed to test the ability of HBHAc (heparin-binding haemagglutinin adhesion c), an intracellular delivery peptide for macromolecules, as an EPO carrier across the BBB. The cellular internalization and transcytosis ability of HBHAc-modified EPO (EPO-HBHAc) were evaluated in bEnd.3 cells and in the bEnd.3/CTX TNA2 co-culture BBB model, respectively. Subsequently, the NMDA-induced-toxicity model and ischemia-reperfusion rat model were used to understand the neuronal protective activity of EPO-HBHAc. The biodistribution of EPO-HBHAc was demonstrated in rats by the quantification of EPO-HBHAc in the brain, plasma, and organs by ELISA. Our results demonstrate that EPO-HBHAc exhibited significantly higher cellular internalization in dose- and time-dependent manners and better transcytosis ability than EPO. In addition, the transported EPO-HBHAc in the co-culture transwell system maintained the neuronal protective activity when primary rat cortical neurons underwent NMDA-induced toxicity. The calculated cerebral infarction area of rats treated with EPO-HBHAc was significantly reduced compared to that of rats treated with EPO (29.9 ± 7.0% vs 48.9 ± 7.9%) 24 h after occlusion in 3VO rat experiments. Moreover, the EPO amount in both CSF and damaged cortex from the EPO-HBHAc group was 4.0-fold and 3.0-fold higher than the EPO group, respectively. These results suggest that HBHAc would be a favorable tool for EPO brain delivery and would further extend the clinical applications of EPO in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chuan Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Houng-Chi Liou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thai-Yen Ling
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jiuan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Uremic Sarcopenia: Clinical Evidence and Basic Experimental Approach. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061814. [PMID: 32570738 PMCID: PMC7353433 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained physical activity extends healthy life years while a lower activity due to sarcopenia can reduce them. Sarcopenia is defined as a decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength due not only to aging, but also from a variety of debilitating chronic illnesses such as cancer and heart failure. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), who tend to be cachexic and in frail health, may develop uremic sarcopenia or uremic myopathy due to an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and catabolism. Here, we review clinical evidence indicating reduced physical activity as renal function deteriorates and explore evidence-supported therapeutic options focusing on nutrition and physical training. In addition, although sarcopenia is a clinical concept and difficult to recapitulate in basic research, several in vivo approaches have been attempted, such as rodent subtotal nephrectomy representing both renal dysfunction and muscle weakness. This review highlights molecular mechanisms and promising interventions for uremic sarcopenia that were revealed through basic research. Extensive study is still needed to cast light on the many aspects of locomotive organ impairments in CKD and explore the ways that diet and exercise therapies can improve both outcomes and quality of life at every level.
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Farokhi-Sisakht F, Farhoudi M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mahmoudi J, Mohaddes G. Cognitive Rehabilitation Improves Ischemic Stroke-Induced Cognitive Impairment: Role of Growth Factors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:104299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Rivera-Cervantes MC, Jarero-Basulto JJ, Murguía-Castillo J, Marín-López AG, Gasca-Martínez Y, Cornelio-Martínez S, Beas-Zárate C. The Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Administered in Neonatal Rats After Excitotoxic Damage Induces Molecular Changes in the Hippocampus. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:118. [PMID: 30837834 PMCID: PMC6390204 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo experimental evidence has contributed important knowledge regarding the antiapoptotic effect mediated by EPO signaling in the damaged brain, particularly through different models with a hypoxic component. However, little emphasis has been placed on the effectiveness of rhEPO administration against cellular alterations caused by in vivo excitotoxicity or on the molecular mechanism that regulates this effect. In this study, we investigated the effects of a single dose of rhEPO on hippocampal damage induced by subcutaneous application of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on postnatal days 1, 3, 5 and 7 in neonatal rats. We found that a dose of 1000 IU/kg of b.w. administered 24 h after MSG had the greatest protective effect. In addition, we analyzed changes in gene expression, particularly in 3 key molecules involved in EPO-mediated signaling (EPO, EPOR and βcR). We observed that the expression of EPO and EPOR was differentially modified at both the mRNA and protein levels under the evaluated conditions, while the expression of the βcR gene was substantially increased. Our data suggest that a low dose of rhEPO is sufficient to induce cellular protection under these experimental conditions and that the molecular changes could be a positive feedback mechanism, mediated by reactive astrocytes in association with in vivo neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Catalina Rivera-Cervantes
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - José Jaime Jarero-Basulto
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Justo Murguía-Castillo
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Guadalupe Marín-López
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Yadira Gasca-Martínez
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Sergio Cornelio-Martínez
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
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Lee YM, Choi JH, Min WK, Han JK, Oh JW. Induction of functional erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor gene expression by gamma-aminobutyric acid and piperine in kidney epithelial cells. Life Sci 2018; 215:207-215. [PMID: 30439377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and piperine-induced erythropoietin (EPO) and EPO-receptor expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of GABA and piperine on cell viability was examined using kidney epithelial cells. Expression levels of EPO and EPO-R mRNA and protein were evaluated in response to GABA and piperine treatments. GABA- and piperine-mediated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was investigated. Additionally, EPO function was evaluated using conditioned media containing EPO. The GABA receptor type involved in this process was identified. KEY FINDINGS Messenger RNA and protein expression levels of EPO and EPO-R significantly increased in response to treatment with GABA, piperine, or the combination of both, compared with control. GABA plus piperine synergistically enhanced EPO and EPO-R expression through p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK signaling pathways, but not through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK pathway. SB203580 and SP600125 (p38 and JNK pathway inhibitors, respectively) attenuated GABA plus piperine-induced EPO and EPO-R expression. Treatment of macrophages with EPO-containing conditioned media induced mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB due to the interaction between EPO and EPO-R. Interestingly, GABA-induced EPO and EPO-R expression was mediated through GABAA, not GABAB, receptor activation. SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate that GABA plus piperine-mediated p38 and JNK MAPK activation increases EPO and EPO-R expression, resulting in up-regulation of IL-10 and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ha Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Kwon Min
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kwon Han
- Department of Research and Development Center, Milae Resource ML Co. Ltd., Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Madeddu C, Gramignano G, Astara G, Demontis R, Sanna E, Atzeni V, Macciò A. Pathogenesis and Treatment Options of Cancer Related Anemia: Perspective for a Targeted Mechanism-Based Approach. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1294. [PMID: 30294279 PMCID: PMC6159745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related anemia (CRA) is a common sign occurring in more than 30% of cancer patients at diagnosis before the initiation of antineoplastic therapy. CRA has a relevant influence on survival, disease progression, treatment efficacy, and the patients' quality of life. It is more often detected in patients with advanced stage disease, where it represents a specific symptom of the neoplastic disease, as a consequence of chronic inflammation. In fact, CRA is characterized by biological and hematologic features that resemble those described in anemia associated to chronic inflammatory disease. Proinflammatory cytokine, mainly IL-6, which are released by both tumor and immune cells, play a pivotal action in CRA etiopathogenesis: they promote alterations in erythroid progenitor proliferation, erythropoietin (EPO) production, survival of circulating erythrocytes, iron balance, redox status, and energy metabolism, all of which can lead to anemia. The discovery of hepcidin allowed a greater knowledge of the relationships between immune cells, iron metabolism, and anemia in chronic inflammatory diseases. Additionally, chronic inflammation influences a compromised nutritional status, which in turn might induce or contribute to CRA. In the present review we examine the multifactorial pathogenesis of CRA discussing the main and novel mechanisms by which immune, nutritional, and metabolic components affect its onset and severity. Moreover, we analyze the status of the art and the perspective for the treatment of CRA. Notably, despite the high incidence and clinical relevance of CRA, controlled clinical studies testing the most appropriate treatment for CRA are scarce, and its management in clinical practice remains challenging. The present review may be useful to indicate the development of an effective approach based on a detailed assessment of all factors potentially involved in the pathogenesis of CRA. This mechanism-based approach is essential for clinicians to plan a safe, targeted, and successful therapy, thereby promoting a relevant amelioration of patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Madeddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Astara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Demontis
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sanna
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vinicio Atzeni
- Hospital Medical Management, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Macciò
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
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15
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Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Injury in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1992-2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Zhong C, Jiang Z, Guo Q, Zhang X. Protective effect of adenovirus-mediated erythropoietin expression on the spiral ganglion neurons in the rat inner ear. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2669-2677. [PMID: 29436578 PMCID: PMC5846647 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of erythropoietin (Epo) and the Epo receptor (Epo-R) in the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) of the rat inner ear, and to assess the effect of Epo adenovirus vector (Ad-Epo) on the spontaneous apoptosis of SGNs. A total of 60 ears from 30 healthy neonatal (2-3 days postnatal) Sprague-Dawley rats were used to examine the expression of Epo in the SGNs. The rats were divided into three groups: The negative control group, the vector control group [infected with a green fluorescent protein expression vector (Ad-GFP)] and the Ad-Epo group (infected with Ad-Epo). The expression of Epo and Epo-R was detected by immunohistochemistry and dual immunofluorescence staining using polyclonal antibodies directed against Epo and Epo-R, followed by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. An adenovirus vector was constructed and used to transfect the cultured SGNs. Following adenovirus infection, apoptosis of the SGNs was evaluated and Epo protein expression was assessed. Epo and Epo-R were widely expressed in the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm of the SGNs, as well as in the organ of Corti and the stria vascularis within the inner ear. Epo protein expression was upregulated in the Ad-Epo group compared with that in the other two groups (P<0.05). Apoptotic cells were seldom observed at day 4 of SGN culture in the negative control group. At day 7, marked apoptotic cells were detected in the negative control group and the vector control group. The apoptosis level in the Ad-Epo group was significantly decreased compared with that in the negative control group or the vector control group at day 7 (P<0.05). In conclusion, Epo and Epo-R are expressed in the SGNs of the inner ear of the rat, and Ad-Epo can decrease the spontaneous apoptosis of SGNs, which may provide a basis for the prevention or alleviation of sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zhendong Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xueyuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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17
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Burkhart A, Andresen TL, Aigner A, Thomsen LB, Moos T. Transfection of primary brain capillary endothelial cells for protein synthesis and secretion of recombinant erythropoietin: a strategy to enable protein delivery to the brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2467-2485. [PMID: 28293718 PMCID: PMC11107693 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of chronic disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS) is complicated by the inability of drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Non-viral gene therapy applied to brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) denotes a novel approach to overcome the restraints in this passage, as turning BCECs into recombinant protein factories by transfection could result in protein secretion further into the brain. The present study aims to investigate the possibility of transfecting primary rat brain endothelial cells (RBECs) for recombinant protein synthesis and secretion of the neuroprotective protein erythropoietin (EPO). We previously showed that 4% of RBECs with BBB properties can be transfected without disrupting the BBB integrity in vitro, but it can be questioned whether this is sufficient to enable protein secretion at therapeutic levels. The present study examined various transfection vectors, with regard to increasing the transfection efficiency without disrupting the BBB integrity. Lipofectamine 3000™ was the most potent vector compared to polyethylenimine (PEI) and Turbofect. When co-cultured with astrocytes, the genetically modified RBECs secreted recombinant EPO into the cell culture medium both luminally and abluminally, and despite lower levels of EPO reaching the abluminal chamber, the amount of recombinant EPO was sufficient to evolve a biological effect on astrocytes cultured at the abluminal side in terms of upregulated gene expression of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). In conclusion, non-viral gene therapy to RBECs leads to protein secretion and signifies a method for therapeutic proteins to target cells inside the CNS otherwise omitted due to the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Burkhart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 3B, 2.104, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet Building 423, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Louiza Bohn Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 3B, 2.104, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 3B, 2.104, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
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18
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Dong W, Xian Y, Yuan W, Huifeng Z, Tao W, Zhiqiang L, Shan F, Ya F, Hongli W, Jinghuan W, Lei Q, Li Z, Hongyi Q. Catalpol stimulates VEGF production via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to improve angiogenesis in rats' stroke model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 191:169-179. [PMID: 27301615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOBOTANICAL RELEVANCE Catalpol is the main active component of the radix from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, which has pleiotropic protective effects in neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic stroke, metabolic disorders and others AIM Catalpol has been shown to have neuroprotective, neurorepair, and angiogenesis effects following ischemic brain injury. However, its molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. In previous studies, the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was found to play a role in neuroprotection and angiogenesis. This study investigated the role of catalpol in stimulating angiogenesis via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway after permanent focal cerebral ischemia (pMCAO). METHODS Rats were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion through electrocoagulation and were treated with catalpol (5mg/kg), AG490 was also used to inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation (pSTAT3). RESULTS Following stroke, Catalpol improved the neuroethology deficit, increased the cerebral blood flow (CBF) of infarcted brain and upregulated EPO and EPOR. AG490 suppressed the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), ultimately inhibited VEGF mRNA expression, which reduced VEGF protein expression and inhibited stroke-induced angiogenesis. However, Catalpol enhanced stroke-induced STAT3 activation and subsequently restored STAT3 activity through the recovery of STAT3 binding to VEGF. Moreover, Catalpol reversed the effect of AG490 on STAT3 activation and nuclear translocation, restored the transcriptional activity of the VEGF promoter by recruiting STAT3 to the VEGF promoter, improved VEGF mRNA and protein expression, increased angiogenesis, reduced the difference in CBF between the infarcted and intact brain and ameliorated the neuroethology behaviors after stroke. CONCLUSION Catalpol affects neuroprotection and angiogenesis via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, which is mediated by STAT3 activation and VEGF expression. Catalpol may be used as a potential therapeutic drug for stroke.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Cerebral Arteries/drug effects
- Cerebral Arteries/enzymology
- Cerebral Arteries/pathology
- Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology
- Cerebrovascular Circulation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Erythropoietin/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/enzymology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Iridoid Glucosides/pharmacology
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Male
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Erythropoietin/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Transcriptional Activation
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Dong
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Xian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wang Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhu Huifeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wang Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liu Zhiqiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Feng Shan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fu Ya
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wang Hongli
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wang Jinghuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qin Lei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zou Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qi Hongyi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
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Abstract
Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) is used to correct for anaemia caused by chronic renal failure or cancer therapy. Improvement of the quality of life of anaemic patients treated with EPO was recently demonstrated and preliminary clinical results suggest an improvement of cognitive functions in patients receiving EPO. High expression of EPO and its receptor in the brain during embryonic development has led to the investigation of not only the neurotrophic role of EPO but also its neuroprotective properties. The neuroprotective effects of EPO have various complementary actions including antagonism of the effects of glutamate, increased expression of antioxidant enzymes, changes in production of neurotransmitters and induction of neuroglobin. Convincing experimental results suggest a blood-brain transport of EPO whereas clinical pharmacokinetic data do not as yet support this. The neuroprotective effects of EPO and its therapeutic promise need to be underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milano
- Centre de convalescence du CHU de Nice, Tende, France.
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20
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Våtsveen TK, Sponaas AM, Tian E, Zhang Q, Misund K, Sundan A, Børset M, Waage A, Brede G. Erythropoietin (EPO)-receptor signaling induces cell death of primary myeloma cells in vitro. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:75. [PMID: 27581518 PMCID: PMC5007700 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma is an incurable complex disease characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in a hypoxic bone marrow environment. Hypoxia-dependent erythropoietin (EPO)-receptor (EPOR) signaling is central in various cancers, but the relevance of EPOR signaling in multiple myeloma cells has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Methods Myeloma cell lines and malignant plasma cells isolated from bone marrow of myeloma patients were used in this study. Transcript levels were analysed by quantitative PCR and cell surface levels of EPOR in primary cells by flow cytometry. Knockdown of EPOR by short interfering RNA was used to show specific EPOR signaling in the myeloma cell line INA-6. Flow cytometry was used to assess viability in primary cells treated with EPO in the presence and absence of neutralizing anti-EPOR antibodies. Gene expression data for total therapy 2 (TT2), total therapy 3A (TT3A) trials and APEX 039 and 040 were retrieved from NIH GEO omnibus and EBI ArrayExpress. Results We show that the EPOR is expressed in myeloma cell lines and in primary myeloma cells both at the mRNA and protein level. Exposure to recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) reduced viability of INA-6 myeloma cell line and of primary myeloma cells. This effect could be partially reversed by neutralizing antibodies against EPOR. In INA-6 cells and primary myeloma cells, janus kinase 2 (JAK-2) and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK-1/2) were phosphorylated by rhEPO treatment. Knockdown of EPOR expression in INA-6 cells reduced rhEPO-induced phospo-JAK-2 and phospho-ERK-1/2. Co-cultures of primary myeloma cells with bone marrow-derived stroma cells did not protect the myeloma cells from rhEPO-induced cell death. In four different clinical trials, survival data linked to gene expression analysis indicated that high levels of EPOR mRNA were associated with better survival. Conclusions Our results demonstrate for the first time active EPOR signaling in malignant plasma cells. EPO-mediated EPOR signaling reduced the viability of myeloma cell lines and of malignant primary plasma cells in vitro. Our results encourage further studies to investigate the importance of EPO/EPOR in multiple myeloma progression and treatment. Trial registration [Trial registration number for Total Therapy (TT) 2: NCT00083551 and TT3: NCT00081939].
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Kristin Våtsveen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre of Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Present Address: Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Present Address: Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Marit Sponaas
- K.G. Jebsen Centre of Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erming Tian
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kristine Misund
- K.G. Jebsen Centre of Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- K.G. Jebsen Centre of Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Børset
- K.G. Jebsen Centre of Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Waage
- K.G. Jebsen Centre of Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Haematology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaute Brede
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
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Menuet C, Khemiri H, de la Poëze d'Harambure T, Gestreau C. Polycythemia and high levels of erythropoietin in blood and brain blunt the hypercapnic ventilatory response in adult mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R979-91. [PMID: 26936784 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00474.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in arterial Po2, Pco2, and pH are the strongest stimuli sensed by peripheral and central chemoreceptors to adjust ventilation to the metabolic demand. Erythropoietin (Epo), the main regulator of red blood cell production, increases the hypoxic ventilatory response, an effect attributed to the presence of Epo receptors in both carotid bodies and key brainstem structures involved in integration of peripheral inputs and control of breathing. However, it is not known whether Epo also has an effect on the hypercapnic chemoreflex. In a first attempt to answer this question, we tested the hypothesis that Epo alters the ventilatory response to increased CO2 levels. Basal ventilation and hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) were recorded from control mice and from two transgenic mouse lines constitutively expressing high levels of human Epo in brain only (Tg21) or in brain and plasma (Tg6), the latter leading to polycythemia. To tease apart the potential effects of polycythemia and levels of plasma Epo in the HCVR, control animals were injected with an Epo analog (Aranesp), and Tg6 mice were treated with the hemolytic agent phenylhydrazine after splenectomy. Ventilatory parameters measured by plethysmography in conscious mice were consistent with data from electrophysiological recordings in anesthetized animals and revealed a blunted HCVR in Tg6 mice. Polycythemia alone and increased levels of plasma Epo blunt the HCVR. In addition, Tg21 mice with an augmented level of cerebral Epo also had a decreased HCVR. We discuss the potential implications of these findings in several physiopathological conditions.
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22
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Abeysinghe HCS, Phillips EL, Chin-Cheng H, Beart PM, Roulston CL. Modulating Astrocyte Transition after Stroke to Promote Brain Rescue and Functional Recovery: Emerging Targets Include Rho Kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:288. [PMID: 26927079 PMCID: PMC4813152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common and serious condition, with few therapies. Whilst previous focus has been directed towards biochemical events within neurons, none have successfully prevented the progression of injury that occurs in the acute phase. New targeted treatments that promote recovery after stroke might be a better strategy and are desperately needed for the majority of stroke survivors. Cells comprising the neurovascular unit, including blood vessels and astrocytes, present an alternative target for supporting brain rescue and recovery in the late phase of stroke, since alteration in the unit also occurs in regions outside of the lesion. One of the major changes in the unit involves extensive morphological transition of astrocytes resulting in altered energy metabolism, decreased glutamate reuptake and recycling, and retraction of astrocyte end feed from both blood vessels and neurons. Whilst globally inhibiting transitional change in astrocytes after stroke is reported to result in further damage and functional loss, we discuss the available evidence to suggest that the transitional activation of astrocytes after stroke can be modulated for improved outcomes. In particular, we review the role of Rho-kinase (ROCK) in reactive gliosis and show that inhibiting ROCK after stroke results in reduced scar formation and improved functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Charika S Abeysinghe
- Neurotrauma Research, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia.
| | - Ellie L Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Insitute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Heung Chin-Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Insitute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Philip M Beart
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Carli L Roulston
- Neurotrauma Research, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia.
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Zhou Y, Zhao X, Tang Y, Zhu L, Jiang J, Lu X. Erythropoietin Inhibits the Increase of Pulmonary Labile Zinc and the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Neurocrit Care 2015; 24:472-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-015-0219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ballot O, Laouafa S, Elliot-Portal E, Tam R, Voituron N, Joseph V, Soliz J. The central chemosensitivity is not altered by cerebral erythropoietin. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:63-8. [PMID: 26472708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of central chemoreceptors by CO2 is considered essential for breathing. The supporting evidence include the fact that central apnea in neonates correlates with immaturity of the CO2-sensing mechanism, and that congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is characterized by the absence of a ventilatory response to elevated PCO2. We reported previously that cerebral erythropoietin (Epo) is a potent respiratory stimulant upon normoxia and hypoxia. The injection of soluble Epo receptor (sEpoR; the natural EpoR competitor to bind Epo) via the cisterna magna (ICI: intra-cisternal injection) decreases basal ventilation in adult and newborn mice. Moreover, sEpoR induces respiratory depression in adult and newborn mice exposed to hypoxia. In this study we tested the hypothesis that endogenous brain Epo also modulates the respiratory stimulation induced by the activation of central CO2 chemoreceptors. Adult and newborn male and female mice received an injection of sEpoR or vehicle via the cisterna magna. Twenty-four hours later basal minute ventilation and the ventilatory response to hypercapnia (5% CO2) were evaluated by plethysmography. Our results did not show a difference in the hypercapnic response between sEpoR and vehicle-injected male or female mice at postnatal or adult ages. We concluded that endogenous brain Epo does not contribute to modulating the PCO2-mediated central activation of breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlane Ballot
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Sofien Laouafa
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Elliot-Portal
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada; Molecular biology and Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Rose Tam
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Voituron
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, Laboratoire "Hypoxie et poumons", EA 2363, 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jorge Soliz
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada.
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Yuan R, Wang B, Lu W, Maeda Y, Dowling P. A Distinct Region in Erythropoietin that Induces Immuno/Inflammatory Modulation and Tissue Protection. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:850-61. [PMID: 26271954 PMCID: PMC4604189 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of short-term whole-molecule erythropoietin (EPO) therapy have been demonstrated on several animal models of diverse central nervous system pathology. However, the increased hematocrit induced by EPO-driven marrow stimulation greatly limits its potential for side effect-free therapy. We created a library of EPO-derived fragments based on the hypothesis that 2 distinct functions, erythropoiesis and tissue protection, reside in different regions of the molecule. Several small EPO-derived peptides within the Aβ loop of whole EPO molecule were screened for tissue protection in EAE mice. The 19-mer JM-4 peptide that contains 2 cysteine molecules consistently demonstrated the most potent clinical beneficial effects without producing hematocrit alterations in animal models of EAE. The JM-4-induced tissue protection was associated with modulation of the immunoregulatory process that drives inflammation and provokes subsequent autoimmune damage. Like the whole EPO molecule, JM-4 effectively modulated immune/inflammatory reaction within both the peripheral lymphatic tissue and central nervous system. The major effects induced by JM-4 include blocked expansion of monocyte/dendritic antigen presenting cell and T helper 17 cell populations, decreased proinflammatory cytokine production, and sharply enhanced expansion of the regulatory T-cell population. JM-4 shows promise for treatment of a broad spectrum of neural and non-neural conditions associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuiRong Yuan
- Neurology Service, VA Medical Center of East Orange, East Orange, NJ, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Neurology Service, VA Medical Center of East Orange, East Orange, NJ, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Neurology Service, VA Medical Center of East Orange, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Maeda
- Neurology Service, VA Medical Center of East Orange, East Orange, NJ, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Peter Dowling
- Neurology Service, VA Medical Center of East Orange, East Orange, NJ, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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26
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Steinman L. Parsing Physiological Functions of Erythropoietin One Domain at a Time. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:848-9. [PMID: 26311151 PMCID: PMC4604186 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A domain of erythropoietin (EPO), separate from the domain involved in red blood cell development, has been identified. This region of EPO has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Use of a peptide sequence from this region provides the potential for an effective therapeutic without effects on erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Steinman
- Neurology and Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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27
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Noguchi T, Ohta S, Kakinoki R, Ikeguchi R, Kaizawa Y, Oda H, Matsuda S. The neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin on spinal motor neurons after nerve root avulsion injury in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2015; 33:461-70. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Noguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Souichi Ohta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kakinoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ikeguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Kaizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Injury of the developing cerebellum: a brief review of the effects of endotoxin and asphyxial challenges in the late gestation sheep fetus. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 13:777-86. [PMID: 25241881 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The vulnerability of the fetal and newborn brain to events in utero or at birth that cause damage arising from perturbations of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, such as the accumulation of free radicals and excitatory transmitters to neurotoxic levels, has received considerable attention over the last few decades. Attention has usually been on the damage to cerebral structures, particularly, periventricular white matter. The rapid growth of the cerebellum in the latter half of fetal life in species with long gestations, such as the human and sheep, suggests that this may be a particularly important time for the development of cerebellar structure and function. In this short review, we summarize data from recent studies with fetal sheep showing that the developing cerebellum is particularly sensitive to infectious processes, chronic hypoxia and asphyxia. The data demonstrates that the cerebellum should be further studied in insults of this nature as it responds differently to the remainder of the brain. Damage to this region of the brain has implications not only for the development of motor control and posture, but also for higher cognitive processes and the subsequent development of complex behaviours, such as learning, memory and attention.
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Serrone JC, Maekawa H, Tjahjadi M, Hernesniemi J. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: pathobiology, current treatment and future directions. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:367-80. [PMID: 25719927 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1018892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is the most devastating form of stroke. Many pathological mechanisms ensue after cerebral aneurysm rupture, including hydrocephalus, apoptosis of endothelial cells and neurons, cerebral edema, loss of blood-brain barrier, abnormal cerebral autoregulation, microthrombosis, cortical spreading depolarization and macrovascular vasospasm. Although studied extensively through experimental and clinical trials, current treatment guidelines to prevent delayed cerebral ischemia is limited to oral nimodipine, maintenance of euvolemia, induction of hypertension if ischemic signs occur and endovascular therapy for patients with continued ischemia after induced hypertension. Future investigations will involve agents targeting vasodilation, anticoagulation, inhibition of apoptosis pathways, free radical neutralization, suppression of cortical spreading depolarization and attenuation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Serrone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Töölö Hospital, University of Helsinki, Topeliuksenkatu 5, PO Box 266, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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van de Looij Y, Chatagner A, Quairiaux C, Gruetter R, Hüppi PS, Sizonenko SV. Multi-modal assessment of long-term erythropoietin treatment after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury in rat brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95643. [PMID: 24755676 PMCID: PMC3995802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) has been recognized as a neuroprotective agent. In animal models of neonatal brain injury, exogenous EPO has been shown to reduce lesion size, improve structure and function. Experimental studies have focused on short course treatment after injury. Timing, dose and length of treatment in preterm brain damage remain to be defined. We have evaluated the effects of high dose and long-term EPO treatment in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury in 3 days old (P3) rat pups using histopathology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) as well as functional assessment with somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP). After HI, rat pups were assessed by MRI for initial damage and were randomized to receive EPO or vehicle. At the end of treatment period (P25) the size of resulting cortical damage and white matter (WM) microstructure integrity were assessed by MRI and cortical metabolism by MRS. Whisker elicited SEP were recorded to evaluate somatosensory function. Brains were collected for neuropathological assessment. The EPO treated animals did not show significant decrease of the HI induced cortical loss at P25. WM microstructure measured by diffusion tensor imaging was improved and SEP response in the injured cortex was recovered in the EPO treated animals compared to vehicle treated animals. In addition, the metabolic profile was less altered in the EPO group. Long-term treatment with high dose EPO after HI injury in the very immature rat brain induced recovery of WM microstructure and connectivity as well as somatosensory cortical function despite no effects on volume of cortical damage. This indicates that long-term high-dose EPO induces recovery of structural and functional connectivity despite persisting gross anatomical cortical alteration resulting from HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan van de Looij
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandra Chatagner
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles Quairiaux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Petra S. Hüppi
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane V. Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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Gokhale MS, Vainstein V, Tom J, Thomas S, Lawrence CE, Gluzman-Poltorak Z, Siebers N, Basile LA. Single low-dose rHuIL-12 safely triggers multilineage hematopoietic and immune-mediated effects. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:11. [PMID: 24725395 PMCID: PMC3991894 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human interleukin 12 (rHuIL-12) regulates hematopoiesis and cell-mediated immunity. Based on these hematopoietic and immunomodulatory activities, a recombinant human IL-12 (rHuIL-12) is now under development to address the unmet need for a medical countermeasure against the hematopoietic syndrome of the acute radiation syndrome (HSARS) that occurs in individuals exposed to lethal radiation, and also to serve as adjuvant therapy that could provide dual hematopoietic and immunotherapeutic benefits in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. We sought to demonstrate in healthy subjects the safety of rHuIL-12 at single, low doses that are appropriate for use as a medical countermeasure for humans exposed to lethal radiation and as an immunomodulatory anti-cancer agent. Methods Two placebo-controlled, double-blinded studies assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rHuIL-12. The first-in-human (FIH) dose-escalation study randomized subjects to single subcutaneous injections of placebo or rHuIL-12 at 2, 5, 10, and 20 μg doses. Due to toxicity, dose was reduced to 15 μg and then to 12 μg. The phase 1b expansion study randomized subjects to the highest safe and well tolerated dose of 12 μg. Results Thirty-two subjects were enrolled in the FIH study: 4 active and 2 placebo at rHuIL-12 doses of 2, 5, 10, 12, and 15 μg; 1 active and 1 placebo at 20 μg. Sixty subjects were enrolled in the expansion study: 48 active and 12 placebo at 12 μg dose of rHuIL-12. In both studies, the most common adverse events (AEs) related to rHuIL-12 were headache, dizziness, and chills. No immunogenicity was observed. Elimination of rHuIL-12 was biphasic, suggesting significant distribution into extravascular spaces. rHuIL-12 triggered transient changes in neutrophils, platelets, reticulocytes, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, and induced increases in interferon-γ and C-X-C motif chemokine 10. Conclusion A single low dose of rHuIl-12 administered subcutaneously can elicit hematological and immune-mediated effects without undue toxicity. The safety and the potent multilineage hematopoietic/immunologic effects triggered by low-dose rHuIL-12 support the development of rHuIL-12 both as a radiation medical countermeasure and as adjuvant immunotherapy for cancer. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01742221
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lena A Basile
- Neumedicines Inc, 133 North Altadena Drive, Suite 310, 91107-7342 Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Zhang J, Wang Q, Xiang H, Xin Y, Chang M, Lu H. Neuroprotection with erythropoietin in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:1283-7. [PMID: 24650681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal brain injury caused by extreme prematurity remains a great challenge for prevention. Erythropoietin (EPO) has shown neuroprotective effects in a series of neonatal experimental models and recent clinical trials of premature infants. In this meta-analysis of seven clinical trials, EPO was associated with a highly reproducible reduction in the risk of neurodevelopmental disability in preterm infants. However, there was no difference in the risk for morbidity, cerebral palsy, visual deficit, severe hearing deficit, necrotizing enterocolitis, intracranial hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus. The use of EPO, to some extent, is associated with reduction in neurodevelopmental disability in preterm infants. More double blind randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the best therapeutic approach for neuroprotection in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yue Xin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ming Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hongyan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Time-dependent effect of combination therapy with erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in a mouse model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:107-17. [PMID: 24435306 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are likely to play broad roles in the brain. We investigated the effects of combination therapy with EPO and G-CSF in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury during the acute, subacute, and chronic phases. A total of 79 C57BL/6 mice with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury were randomly assigned acute (days 1-5), subacute (days 11-15) and chronic (days 28-32) groups. All of them were treated with G-CSF (250 μg/kg) and EPO (5000 U/kg) or saline daily for 5 consecutive days. Behavioral assessments and immunohistochemistry for angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and astrogliosis were performed with an 8-week follow-up. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) was also measured by Western blot analysis. The results showed that the combination therapy with EPO and G-CSF in the acute phase significantly improved rotarod performance and forelimb-use symmetry compared to the other groups, while subacute EPO and G-CSF therapy exhibited a modest improvement compared with the chronic saline controls. The acute treatment significantly increased the density of CD31(+) (PECAM-1) and α-smooth muscle actin(+) vessels in the frontal cortex and striatum, increased BrdU(+)/PSA-NCAM(+) neurogenesis in the subventricular zone, and decreased astroglial density in the striatum. Furthermore, acute treatment significantly increased the HIF-1 expression in the cytosol and nucleus, whereas chronic treatment did not change the HIF-1 expression, consistent with the behavioral outcomes. These results indicate that the induction of HIF-1 expression by combination therapy with EPO and G-CSF synergistically enhances not only behavioral function but also neurogenesis and angiogenesis while decreasing the astroglial response in a time-dependent manner.
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Li Y, Yu SP, Mohamad O, Genetta T, Wei L. Sublethal transient global ischemia stimulates migration of neuroblasts and neurogenesis in mice. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 1:184-96. [PMID: 21792374 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-010-0016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown the potential of neuronal plasticity in adult brain after injury. Neural proliferation can be triggered by a focal sublethal ischemic preconditioning event; whether mild global ischemia could cause neurogenesis has been not clear. The present study investigated stimulating effects of sublethal transient global ischemia (TGI) on endogenous neurogenesis and neuroblast migration in the subventricular zone (SVZ), dentate gyrus, and peri-infarct areas of the adult cortex. Adult mice of 129S2/Sv strain were subjected to 8-min bilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) administration every day until being sacrificed at 1-21 days after reperfusion. The mild TGI did not induce neuronal cell death for up to 7 days after TGI, as evidenced by negative terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining among NeuN-positive cells in the hippocampus and neocortex. In TGI animals, BrdU staining revealed enhanced proliferation of neuroblasts and their migration track from the SVZ into the striatum and neocortex. In the corpus callosum, there were more BrdU-positive cells in the TGI group in the first 2 days. Increasing numbers of BrdU-positive cells were seen 7-21 days later in the striatum and cortex of TGI mice. The cortex of TGI animals showed increased expression of erythropoietin, erythropoietin receptor, fibroblast growth factor 2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and phosphorylated Jun N-terminal kinase; the expression was peaked 2 to 3 days after reperfusion. BrdU and NeuN double staining in the dentate gyrus, striatum, and cortex implied increased neurogenesis induced by the TGI preconditioning. Doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells increased in the cortex of TGI mice, localized to cortical layers II, III, and V, and many stained positive for the mature neuronal markers NeuN, neurofilament, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor subunit gene NR1, or the gamma-aminobutyric-acid-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67). The atypical localization of DCX-positive cells and the colabeling with mature neuronal markers suggested that, in addition to indentifying migrating neuroblasts, DCX might also be a stress marker in the cortex. It is suggested that the sublethal TGI-induced regenerative responses may contribute to the beneficial effects of ischemic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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35
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Luessi F, Siffrin V, Zipp F. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: novel treatment strategies. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 12:1061-76; quiz 1077. [PMID: 23039386 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it has become clear that the neuronal compartment already plays an important role early in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuronal injury in the course of chronic neuroinflammation is a key factor in determining long-term disability in patients. Viewing MS as both inflammatory and neurodegenerative has major implications for therapy, with CNS protection and repair needed in addition to controlling inflammation. Here, the authors' review recently elucidated molecular insights into inflammatory neuronal/axonal pathology in MS and discuss the resulting options regarding neuroprotective and regenerative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Luessi
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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36
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Erythropoietin treatment is associated with an augmented immune response to the influenza vaccine in hematologic patients. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Subirós N, Del Barco DG, Coro-Antich RM. Erythropoietin: still on the neuroprotection road. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2012; 5:161-73. [PMID: 22590480 PMCID: PMC3349080 DOI: 10.1177/1756285611434926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute stroke is one of the major causes of death and disabilities. Since the 1980s many clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate neuroprotective approaches to treat this important brain vascular event. However, to date the only drug approved (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator [rtPA]) represents a thrombolytic, nonneuroprotective approach. An important neuroprotective strategy is based on erythropoietin (EPO). Exogenously administered EPO exhibits neuroprotective effects in numerous animal models, through the activation of anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways as well as through the stimulation of angiogenic and neurogenic events. The capability of EPO to cross the blood-brain barrier after systemic administration and its effective therapeutic window are advantages for human acute stroke therapy. However, a multicenter stroke trial where recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) was combined with rtPA had negative outcomes. The present paper reviews the EPO neuroprotective strategy and its mechanisms in ischemic stroke and in other human nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelvys Subirós
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 31 Avenue, P.O. Box 6162, Cubanacán, Playa 10600, Havana, Cuba
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38
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Angiogenic activity of classical hematopoietic cytokines. Leuk Res 2012; 36:537-43. [PMID: 22386730 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is regulated by several cytokines with pleiotropic activity. Several evidences have clearly demonstrated that these molecules, formerly regarded as specific for the hematopoietic system, also affect certain endothelial cell functions and that hematopoietic factors clearly influence angiogenesis. This review article summarizes the most important literature data concerning this inconvertible relationship.
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Basile LA, Ellefson D, Gluzman-Poltorak Z, Junes-Gill K, Mar V, Mendonca S, Miller JD, Tom J, Trinh A, Gallaher TK. HemaMax™, a recombinant human interleukin-12, is a potent mitigator of acute radiation injury in mice and non-human primates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30434. [PMID: 22383962 PMCID: PMC3286478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HemaMax, a recombinant human interleukin-12 (IL-12), is under development to address an unmet medical need for effective treatments against acute radiation syndrome due to radiological terrorism or accident when administered at least 24 hours after radiation exposure. This study investigated pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of m-HemaMax (recombinant murine IL-12), and HemaMax to increase survival after total body irradiation (TBI) in mice and rhesus monkeys, respectively, with no supportive care. In mice, m-HemaMax at an optimal 20 ng/mouse dose significantly increased percent survival and survival time when administered 24 hours after TBI between 8–9 Gy (p<0.05 Pearson's chi-square test). This survival benefit was accompanied by increases in plasma interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and erythropoietin levels, recovery of femoral bone hematopoiesis characterized with the presence of IL-12 receptor β2 subunit–expressing myeloid progenitors, megakaryocytes, and osteoblasts. Mitigation of jejunal radiation damage was also examined. At allometrically equivalent doses, HemaMax showed similar pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys compared to m-HemaMax in mice, but more robustly increased plasma IFN-γ levels. HemaMax also increased plasma erythropoietin, IL-15, IL-18, and neopterin levels. At non-human primate doses pharmacologically equivalent to murine doses, HemaMax (100 ng/Kg and 250 ng/Kg) administered at 24 hours after TBI (6.7 Gy/LD50/30) significantly increased percent survival of HemaMax groups compared to vehicle (p<0.05 Pearson's chi-square test). This survival benefit was accompanied by a significantly higher leukocyte (neutrophils and lymphocytes), thrombocyte, and reticulocyte counts during nadir (days 12–14) and significantly less weight loss at day 12 compared to vehicle. These findings indicate successful interspecies dose conversion and provide proof of concept that HemaMax increases survival in irradiated rhesus monkeys by promoting hematopoiesis and recovery of immune functions and possibly gastrointestinal functions, likely through a network of interactions involving dendritic cells, osteoblasts, and soluble factors such as IL-12, IFN-γ, and cytoprotectant erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena A Basile
- Neumedicines, Inc, Pasadena, California, United States of America.
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Abstract
Traditionally, erythropoietin (EPO) is described as a hematopoietic cytokine, regulating proliferation and differentiation and survival of the erythroid progenitors. The recent finding of new sites of EPO production and the wide spread distribution of EPO receptors (EPO-R) on endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, renal cells as well as the central and peripheral nervous system raised the possibility that EPO may exert pleiotropic actions on several targets. Indeed studies (mainly preclinical) have documented protective, non-hematopoietic, abilities of EPO in a variety of tissue. However, the data obtained from clinical studies are more skeptical about these properties. This article provides a comprehensive overview of EPO and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Ribatti D. Angiogenic Effects of Erythropoietin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 299:199-234. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394310-1.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Chu Q, Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Xu G, Li W, Xu GT. Differential gene expression pattern of diabetic rat retinas after intravitreal injection of erythropoietin. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 39:142-51. [PMID: 20973890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To profile the pattern of gene expression in diabetic rat retinas with or without intravitreal injection of erythropoietin. DESIGN By using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, after intravitreal injection of erythropoietin, neurosensory retinas were collected to determine the effect of erythropoietin on gene expression. PARTICIPANTS Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied: normal control (15), diabetic rats with saline injection (15) and diabetic rats with intravitreal erythropoietin treatment (15). METHODS Diabetes was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin. Intravitreal injection of erythropoietin was performed at the following time points: 0, 30 and 120 days after diabetes onset. Four days after each injection at above-mentioned time points, the retinas were harvested for microarray assay. The real-time PCR was used to evaluate the microarray data. RESULTS Genes encoding inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-2 and interleukin-11, which were upregulated in the diabetic retinas, were restored after erythropoietin treatment. Genes encoding pro-apoptotic effectors, like Tnfrsf5, Bid3 and Bcl2l1, were also upregulated in diabetic rats and attenuated in erythropoietin-treated group. In addition, real-time PCR were employed to confirm the changes of the genes Trex2, G1P2, DHX58, RGD1311906 and LOC689064, which have not been reported in diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal erythropoietin treatment is able to normalize the gene expression responsible for pro-apoptotic and inflammatory responses noted in diabetic retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- Laboratory of Clinical Visual Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Liu W, Shen Y, Plane JM, Pleasure DE, Deng W. Neuroprotective potential of erythropoietin and its derivative carbamylated erythropoietin in periventricular leukomalacia. Exp Neurol 2011; 230:227-39. [PMID: 21596035 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the predominant pathology in premature infants, characterized by prominent cerebral white matter injury, and commonly caused by hypoxia-ischemia and inflammation. Activated microglia trigger white matter damage and play a major role in the development of PVL. Erythropoietin (EPO) and its derivative carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) have been shown to be neuroprotective in several brain disease models. Here we investigated whether EPO and CEPO could provide protection in mouse models of PVL induced by hypoxia-ischemia or hypoxia-ischemia-inflammation. We administered EPO or CEPO to mice with PVL, and found that both EPO and CEPO treatments decreased microglia activation, oligodendrocyte damage and myelin depletion. We also noted improved performance in neurological function assays. Inhibited disease progression in PVL mice by EPO or CEPO treatment was associated with decreased poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activity. PARP-1 activity was increased dramatically in activated microglia in untreated mice with PVL. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the neuroprotective properties of EPO and CEPO were diminished after PARP-1 gene depletion. The therapeutic doses of EPO and CEPO used in this study did not interfere with normal oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Together, our data demonstrate that EPO and CEPO are neuroprotective in cerebral white matter injury via a novel microglial PARP-1 dependent mechanism, and hold promise as a future treatment for PVL and other hypoxic-ischemic/inflammatory white matter diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Merelli A, Caltana L, Girimonti P, Ramos AJ, Lazarowski A, Brusco A. Recovery of Motor Spontaneous Activity After Intranasal Delivery of Human Recombinant Erythropoietin in a Focal Brain Hypoxia Model Induced by CoCl2 in Rats. Neurotox Res 2010; 20:182-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Lisowska KA, Debska-Slizień A, Bryl E, Rutkowski B, Witkowski JM. Erythropoietin receptor is expressed on human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes and monocytes and is modulated by recombinant human erythropoietin treatment. Artif Organs 2010; 34:654-62. [PMID: 20528849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) appears on the cell surface in the early stages of erythropoiesis. It has also been found on endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suggesting erythropoietin (EPO) role beyond erythropoiesis itself. Earlier reports have shown that treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients improves interleukin-2 production and restores the T lymphocyte function. We decided to investigate possible expression of EPO-R on circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes of CRF patients in order to assess the possibility of rhEPO direct action on these cells. Flow cytometry was used for detection and quantification of EPO-R, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of the EPO receptor mRNA. Our results show for the first time the existence of EPO-R on cell surface of human T and B lymphocytes and monocytes as well as at the transcriptional activity of the EPO-R gene in these cells, both in healthy and CRF individuals. We have also found significant differences between the numbers of EPO-R molecules on T and B lymphocytes of CRF patients not treated and treated with rhEPO and healthy control. Discovery of EPO-R expression on human lymphocytes suggests that EPO is probably able to directly modulate some signaling pathways important for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Lisowska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Turner JD, Mammis A, Prestigiacomo CJ. Erythropoietin for the Treatment of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review. World Neurosurg 2010; 73:500-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kondyli M, Gatzounis G, Kyritsis A, Varakis J, Assimakopoulou M. Immunohistochemical detection of phosphorylated JAK-2 and STAT-5 proteins and correlation with erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) expression status in human brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2010; 100:157-64. [PMID: 20336349 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated (activated) forms of Janus Kinase 2 (pJAK-2) and STAT-5 transcription factor (pSTAT-5), which are preferentially expressed after binding of erythropoietin (Epo) to its receptor EpoR, are known to be implicated in the molecular mechanisms controlling brain development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of these proteins (pJAK-2, pSTAT-5, and EpoR) in human brain tumors compared with normal brain. Using specific antibodies and immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded semi-serial tissue sections a total of 87 human brain tumors and samples from normal brain tissue were studied. pJAK-2/pSTAT-5 nuclear co-expression was detected in 39% of astrocytomas, 43% of oligodendrogliomas, 50% of ependymomas, and in all (100%) of the medulloblastomas examined. In contrast, most of the meningiomas showed weak or no immunoreactivity for pJAK-2/pSTAT-5 proteins. A significant percentage of tumors exhibited pSTAT-5 immunoreactivity, being pJAK-2 immunonegative. EpoR/pJAK-2/pSTAT-5 co-expression was detected in a small percentage of astrocytomas (18%) and ependymomas (33%). Oligodendrogliomas and medulloblastomas were EpoR immunonegative. Tumor vessels exhibited EpoR, pJAK-2, and pSTAT-5 immunoreactivity. In normal brain tissue, EpoR immunoreactivity was detected in neurons and vessels whereas pSTAT-5 and pJAK-2 immunoreactivity was limited to some neurons and a few glial cells, respectively. These results indicate the existence of ligand (other than Epo)-dependent or independent JAK-2 activation that leads to constitutive activation of STAT-5 in most human brain tumors. Given the oncogenic potential of the JAK/STAT pathway, detection of different pJAK-2 and pSTAT-5 expression profiles between groups of tumors may reflect differences in the biological behavior of the various human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kondyli
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Kolbe S, Marriott M, Alexandrou E, Gresle M, Egan G, Kilpatrick T. Neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis: a therapeutic challenge for the next decade. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:82-93. [PMID: 20122960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest cause of progressive neurological disability amongst young, Caucasian adults. MS is considered to be an auto-immune disease that results from an attack against myelin, the layer which surrounds axons. The pathophysiology of MS is complex, with both demyelination and axonal degeneration contributing to what is essentially an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Axonal loss is increasingly being accepted as the histopathological correlate of neurological disability. Currently, the underpinnings of neurodegeneration in MS, and how to promote neuroprotection are only partly understood. No established treatments that directly reduce nervous system damage or enhance its repair are currently available. Moreover, the ability of currently available immunomodulatory therapies used to treat MS, such as interferon-beta, to prevent long-term disability is uncertain. Results from short-term randomized-controlled trials suggest a partial benefit with regards to disability outcomes, but this is yet to be established in long-term studies. Novel neuroprotective agents have been identified in preclinical studies but their development is being hampered by the absence of appropriate clinical platforms to test them. In this article, we will discuss some of the principal therapeutic candidates that could provide neuroprotection in MS and emerging methodologies by which to test them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Van der Walt
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan St. Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Vogiatzi G, Briasoulis A, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Stefanadis C. Is there a role for erythropoietin in cardiovascular disease? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 10:251-64. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590903547819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Monge Naldi A, Gassmann M, Bodmer D. Erythropoietin but not VEGF has a protective effect on auditory hair cells in the inner ear. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3595-9. [PMID: 19763398 PMCID: PMC11115919 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that the oxygen-regulated factors erythropoietin (Epo) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) confer protection on different cells, including neuronal-derived ones. The receptors for Epo and VEGF are widely expressed in different organs. Since mammalian auditory hair cells can irreversibly be damaged by different agents, we aimed to identify otoprotective compounds. We focused on the role of Epo and VEGF in the inner ear and review the recent studies. Epo and its receptor are expressed in the inner ear. In vitro experiments on auditory hair cells showed a protective effect of Epo in ischemia- and gentamicin-induced hair cell damage. In contrast, an in vivo study using an animal model of noise-induced hearing loss showed a negative effect of Epo. Also VEGF and its receptors are expressed in the inner ear. Changes in the expression of VEGF or its receptors have been found in the cochlea after noise exposure, transcranial vibration and diabetic or aged animals. Until now, there are no studies about a direct effect of VEGF on auditory hair cells in vitro or in vivo. We could exclude a protective effect of VEGF on gentamicin-induced auditory hair cell damage in vitro. Thus, we conclude that Epo but not VEGF has a protective effect on auditory hair cell damage at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Monge Naldi
- Inner Ear Research, Clinic for Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 24, NORD 2, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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