1
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Wang G, Mao J, Ji M, Wang W, Fu J. A comprehensive assessment of photosynthetic acclimation to shade in C4 grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:591. [PMID: 38902617 PMCID: PMC11191358 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light deficit in shaded environment critically impacts the growth and development of turf plants. Despite this fact, past research has predominantly concentrated on shade avoidance rather than shade tolerance. To address this, our study examined the photosynthetic adjustments of Bermudagrass when exposed to varying intensities of shade to gain an integrative understanding of the shade response of C4 turfgrass. RESULTS We observed alterations in photosynthetic pigment-proteins, electron transport and its associated carbon and nitrogen assimilation, along with ROS-scavenging enzyme activity in shaded conditions. Mild shade enriched Chl b and LHC transcripts, while severe shade promoted Chl a, carotenoids and photosynthetic electron transfer beyond QA- (ET0/RC, φE0, Ψ0). The study also highlighted differential effects of shade on leaf and root components. For example, Soluble sugar content varied between leaves and roots as shade diminished SPS, SUT1 but upregulated BAM. Furthermore, we observed that shading decreased the transcriptional level of genes involving in nitrogen assimilation (e.g. NR) and SOD, POD, CAT enzyme activities in leaves, even though it increased in roots. CONCLUSIONS As shade intensity increased, considerable changes were noted in light energy conversion and photosynthetic metabolism processes along the electron transport chain axis. Our study thus provides valuable theoretical groundwork for understanding how C4 grass acclimates to shade tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Jinyan Mao
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxia Ji
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmin Fu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China.
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2
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Cheng P, Wang Y, Cai C, Li L, Zeng Y, Cheng X, Shen W. Molecular hydrogen positively regulates nitrate uptake and seed size by targeting nitrate reductase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2734-2749. [PMID: 37625793 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Although the sources of molecular hydrogen (H2) synthesis in plants remain to be fully elucidated, ample evidence shows that plant-based H2 can regulate development and stress responses. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence indicating that nitrate reductase (NR) might be a target of H2 sensing that positively regulates nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and seed size in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The expression level of NR and changes of NUE under control and, in particular, low nitrogen supply were positively associated with H2 addition supplied exogenously or through genetic manipulation. The improvement in nitrate assimilation achieved by H2 was also mediated via NR dephosphorylation. H2 control of seed size was impaired by NR mutation. Further genetic evidence revealed that H2, NR, and nitric oxide can synergistically regulate nitrate assimilation in response to N starvation conditions. Collectively, our data indicate that NR might be a target for H2 sensing, ultimately positively regulating nitrate uptake and seed size. These results provide insights into H2 signaling and its functions in plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yueqiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenxu Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Longna Li
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Life Science Group, Air Liquide (China) R&D Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Life Science Group, Air Liquide (China) R&D Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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3
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Steensma P, Eisenhut M, Colinas M, Rosado-Souza L, Fernie AR, Weber APM, Fitzpatrick TB. PYRIDOX(AM)INE 5'-PHOSPHATE OXIDASE3 of Arabidopsis thaliana maintains carbon/nitrogen balance in distinct environmental conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1433-1455. [PMID: 37453131 PMCID: PMC10517258 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The identification of factors that regulate C/N utilization in plants can make a substantial contribution to optimization of plant health. Here, we explored the contribution of pyridox(am)ine 5'-phosphate oxidase3 (PDX3), which regulates vitamin B6 homeostasis, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Firstly, N fertilization regimes showed that ammonium application rescues the leaf morphological phenotype of pdx3 mutant lines but masks the metabolite perturbance resulting from impairment in utilizing soil nitrate as a source of N. Without fertilization, pdx3 lines suffered a C/N imbalance and accumulated nitrogenous compounds. Surprisingly, exploration of photorespiration as a source of endogenous N driving this metabolic imbalance, by incubation under high CO2, further exacerbated the pdx3 growth phenotype. Interestingly, the amino acid serine, critical for growth and N management, alleviated the growth phenotype of pdx3 plants under high CO2, likely due to the requirement of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate for the phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis under this condition. Triggering of thermomorphogenesis by growth of plants at 28 °C (instead of 22 °C) did not appear to require PDX3 function, and we observed that the consequent drive toward C metabolism counters the C/N imbalance in pdx3. Further, pdx3 lines suffered a salicylic acid-induced defense response, probing of which unraveled that it is a protective strategy mediated by nonexpressor of pathogenesis related1 (NPR1) and improves fitness. Overall, the study demonstrates the importance of vitamin B6 homeostasis as managed by the salvage pathway enzyme PDX3 to growth in diverse environments with varying nutrient availability and insight into how plants reprogram their metabolism under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscille Steensma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Maite Colinas
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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Napieraj N, Janicka M, Augustyniak B, Reda M. Exogenous Putrescine Modulates Nitrate Reductase-Dependent NO Production in Cucumber Seedlings Subjected to Salt Stress. Metabolites 2023; 13:1030. [PMID: 37755310 PMCID: PMC10535175 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are small aliphatic compounds that participate in the plant response to abiotic stresses. They also participate in nitric oxide (NO) production in plants; however, their role in this process remains unknown. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the role of putrescine (Put) in NO production in the roots of cucumber seedlings subjected to salt stress (120 mM NaCl) for 1 and 24 h. In salinity, exogenous Put can regulate NO levels by managing NO biosynthesis pathways in a time-dependent manner. In cucumber roots exposed to 1 h of salinity, exogenous Put reduced NO level by decreasing nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent NO production and reduced nitric oxide synthase-like (NOS-like) activity. In contrast, during a 24 h salinity exposure, Put treatment boosted NO levels, counteracting the inhibitory effect of salinity on the NR and plasma membrane nitrate reductase (PM-NR) activity in cucumber roots. The role of endogenous Put in salt-induced NO generation was confirmed using Put biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, the application of Put can modulate the NR activity at the genetic and post-translational levels. After 1 h of salt stress, exogenous Put upregulated CsNR1 and CsNR2 expression and downregulated CsNR3 expression. Put also decreased the NR activation state, indicating a reduction in the level of active dephosphorylated NR (dpNR) in the total enzyme pool. Conversely, in the roots of plants subjected to 24 h of salinity, exogenous Put enhanced the NR activation state, indicating an enhancement of the dpNR form in the total NR pool. These changes were accompanied by a modification of endogenous PA content. Application of exogenous Put led to an increase in the amount of Put in the roots and reduced endogenous spermine (Spm) content in cucumber roots under 24 h salinity. The regulatory role of exogenous Put on NO biosynthesis pathways may link with plant mechanisms of response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Napieraj
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (N.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Małgorzata Janicka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (N.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Beata Augustyniak
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Reda
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (N.N.); (M.J.)
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Effects of nitrate and ammonium on assimilation of nitric oxide by Heterosigma akashiwo. Sci Rep 2023; 13:621. [PMID: 36635297 PMCID: PMC9837059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The harmful alga Heterosigma akashiwo possesses a hybrid nitrate reductase (NR) enzyme, NR2-2/2HbN, which has the potential to convert NO to nitrate for assimilation into biomass. In previous research, NR transcription in H. akashiwo was induced by nitrate while NR activity was inhibited by ammonium. Here, the capacity of H. akashiwo to use NO in the presence of nitrate and/or ammonium was investigated to understand the regulation of NO assimilation. Continuous cultures of H. akashiwo were acclimated to growth on nitrate, ammonium, or a mixture of both. Aliquots from these cultures were spiked with 15N-labeled NO. The expression of genes involved in nitrogen assimilation was evaluated, as well as nitrate reductase activity and assimilation of 15N-labeled nitrogen into algal biomass. Results showed that NO induced expression and activity of NR, and upregulated expression of GOGAT regardless of the presence of other inorganic nitrogen sources, while GS expression decreased over time. Furthermore, 15NO uptake and assimilation was significantly higher in cultures acclimated for growth on ammonium compared to cultures acclimated for growth on nitrate alone. Assimilation of NO may provide H. akashiwo with a competitive advantage in N-poor environments or areas with elevated NO.
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6
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Minguillón S, Matamoros MA, Duanmu D, Becana M. Signaling by reactive molecules and antioxidants in legume nodules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:815-832. [PMID: 35975700 PMCID: PMC9826421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodules are symbiotic structures formed as a result of the interaction with rhizobia. Nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia that is assimilated by the plant and this process requires strict metabolic regulation and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved as signal molecules at all stages of symbiosis, from rhizobial infection to nodule senescence. Also, reactive sulfur species (RSS) are emerging as important signals for an efficient symbiosis. Homeostasis of reactive molecules is mainly accomplished by antioxidant enzymes and metabolites and is essential to allow redox signaling while preventing oxidative damage. Here, we examine the metabolic pathways of reactive molecules and antioxidants with an emphasis on their functions in signaling and protection of symbiosis. In addition to providing an update of recent findings while paying tribute to original studies, we identify several key questions. These include the need of new methodologies to detect and quantify ROS, RNS, and RSS, avoiding potential artifacts due to their short lifetimes and tissue manipulation; the regulation of redox-active proteins by post-translational modification; the production and exchange of reactive molecules in plastids, peroxisomes, nuclei, and bacteroids; and the unknown but expected crosstalk between ROS, RNS, and RSS in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Minguillón
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
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7
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Chammakhi C, Boscari A, Pacoud M, Aubert G, Mhadhbi H, Brouquisse R. Nitric Oxide Metabolic Pathway in Drought-Stressed Nodules of Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13057. [PMID: 36361841 PMCID: PMC9654674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is an environmental stress that strongly impacts plants. It affects all stages of growth and induces profound disturbances that influence all cellular functions. Legumes can establish a symbiosis with Rhizobium-type bacteria, whose function is to fix atmospheric nitrogen in organs called nodules and to meet plant nitrogen needs. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is particularly sensitive to drought. We raised the hypothesis that, in drought-stressed nodules, SNF inhibition is partly correlated to hypoxia resulting from nodule structure compaction and an increased O2 diffusion barrier, and that the nodule energy regeneration involves phytoglobin-nitric oxide (Pgb-NO) respiration. To test this hypothesis, we subjected faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants nodulated with a Rhizobium laguerreae strain to either drought or osmotic stress. We monitored the N2-fixation activity, the energy state (ATP/ADP ratio), the expression of hypoxia marker genes (alcohol dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase), and the functioning of the Pgb-NO respiration in the nodules. The collected data confirmed our hypothesis and showed that (1) drought-stressed nodules were subject to more intense hypoxia than control nodules and (2) NO production increased and contributed via Pgb-NO respiration to the maintenance of the energy state of drought-stressed nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Chammakhi
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
- National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie Pacoud
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Grégoire Aubert
- Agroecology, INRAE, Agro Institute, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 21065 Dijon, France
| | - Haythem Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
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8
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Ahmad B, Dar TA, Khan MMA, Ahmad A, Rinklebe J, Chen Y, Ahmad P. Oligochitosan fortifies antioxidative and photosynthetic metabolism and enhances secondary metabolite accumulation in arsenic-stressed peppermint. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987746. [PMID: 36304406 PMCID: PMC9595047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate whether application of irradiated chitosan (ICn), a recently established plant growth promoter, can prove effective in alleviating arsenic (As) stress in peppermint, a medicinally important plant. This study investigated how foliar application of ICn alleviated As toxicity in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Peppermint plants were treated with ICn (80 mg L-1) alone or in combination with As (10, 20, or 40 mg kg-1 of soil, as Na2HAsO4·7H2O) 40 days after transplantation (DAT), and effects on the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidants were assessed at 150 DAT as stress severely decreases plant growth, affects photosynthesis, and alters enzymatic (ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (glutathione) antioxidants. When applied at 40 mg kg-1, ICn significantly decreased the content of essential oil (EO) and total phenols in peppermint by 13.8 and 16.0%, respectively, and decreased phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) activities by 12.8 and 14.6%, respectively. Application of ICn mitigated the disadvantageous effects caused by As toxicity in peppermint by enhancing activities of antioxidative enzymes and photosynthesis and increased accretion of secondary metabolism products (EOs and phenols). An enhancement of total phenols (increased by 17.3%) and EOs (36.4%) is endorsed to ICn-stimulated enhancement in the activities of PAL and DXR (65.9 and 28.9%, respectively) in comparison to the control. To conclude, this study demonstrated that foliar application of ICn (80 mgL-1) effectively promoted the growth and physiology of peppermint and eliminated As-induced toxicity to achieve high production of EO-containing crops grown in metal-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College for Women, University of Kashmir, Pulwama, India
| | - Tariq Ahmad Dar
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College for Women, University of Kashmir, Pulwama, India
| | | | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Yinglong Chen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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9
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Lee S, Choi JH, Truong HA, Lee YJ, Lee H. Enhanced nitrate reductase activity offers Arabidopsis ecotype Landsberg erecta better salt stress resistance than Col-0. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:854-862. [PMID: 35357062 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen utilization efficiency of plants varies depending on the plant species. In modern agriculture, nitrogen fertilizer is used to increase crop production, with the amount of fertilizer addition increasing steadily worldwide. This study included the two most used ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana, Landsberg erecta (Ler) and Col-0, which were used to identify differences at the molecular level. We found that the efficiency of nitrogen utilization and salt stress resistance differed between these two ecotypes of the same species. We demonstrated distinct salt stress resistance between Ler and Col-0 depending on the differences in nitrate level, which was explained by different regulation of the NIA2 gene expression in these two ecotypes. Our results demonstrate that the genes and promoters regulate expression of these genes and contribute to trait differences. Further studies are required on genes and promoter elements for an improved understanding of the salinity stress resistance mechanism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Choi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H A Truong
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y J Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Le QT, Lee WJ, Choi JH, Nguyen DT, Truong HA, Lee SA, Hong SW, Lee H. The Loss of Function of the NODULE INCEPTION-Like PROTEIN 7 Enhances Salt Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:743832. [PMID: 35140727 PMCID: PMC8818864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.743832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants acquire nitrogen, an essential macronutrient, from the soil as nitrate. Since nitrogen availability is a major determinant of crop productivity, the soil is amended with nitrogenous fertilizers. Extensive use of irrigation can lead to the accumulation of salt in the soil, which compromises crop productivity. Our characterization of NODULE INCEPTION (NIN)-like PROTEIN 7 (NLP7), a transcription factor regulating the primary response to nitrate, revealed an intersection of salt stress and nitrate metabolism. The growth of loss-of-function mutant nlp7 was tolerant to high salinity that normally reduces the fresh weight and chlorophyll and protein content of wild type (Col-0). On a medium with high salinity, the nlp7 experienced less stress, accumulating less proline, producing less nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expressing lower transcript levels of marker genes, such as RD29A and COR47, than Col-0. Nevertheless, more sodium ions were translocated to and accumulated in the shoots of nlp7 than that of Col-0. Since nlp7 also expressed less nitrate reductase (NR) activity, nitrate accumulated to abnormally high levels with or without salinity. We attributed the enhanced salt tolerance of nlp7 to the balanced accumulation of nitrate anions and sodium cations. Our results suggest that nitrate metabolism and signaling might be targeted to improve salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tri Le
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Je Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Ho Choi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dinh Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hai An Truong
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-A Lee
- Department of Forest Bio Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Suk-Whan Hong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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León J. Protein Tyrosine Nitration in Plant Nitric Oxide Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:859374. [PMID: 35360296 PMCID: PMC8963475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.859374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), which is ubiquitously present in living organisms, regulates many developmental and stress-activated processes in plants. Regulatory effects exerted by NO lies mostly in its chemical reactivity as a free radical. Proteins are main targets of NO action as several amino acids can undergo NO-related post-translational modifications (PTMs) that include mainly S-nitrosylation of cysteine, and nitration of tyrosine and tryptophan. This review is focused on the role of protein tyrosine nitration on NO signaling, making emphasis on the production of NO and peroxynitrite, which is the main physiological nitrating agent; the main metabolic and signaling pathways targeted by protein nitration; and the past, present, and future of methodological and strategic approaches to study this PTM. Available information on identification of nitrated plant proteins, the corresponding nitration sites, and the functional effects on the modified proteins will be summarized. However, due to the low proportion of in vivo nitrated peptides and their inherent instability, the identification of nitration sites by proteomic analyses is a difficult task. Artificial nitration procedures are likely not the best strategy for nitration site identification due to the lack of specificity. An alternative to get artificial site-specific nitration comes from the application of genetic code expansion technologies based on the use of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs engineered for specific noncanonical amino acids. This strategy permits the programmable site-specific installation of genetically encoded 3-nitrotyrosine sites in proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, thus allowing the study of the effects of specific site nitration on protein structure and function.
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Persulfidation of Nitrate Reductase 2 Is Involved in l-Cysteine Desulfhydrase-Regulated Rice Drought Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212119. [PMID: 34829996 PMCID: PMC8624084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule that regulates diverse cellular signaling pathways through persulfidation. Our previous study revealed that H2S is involved in the improvement of rice drought tolerance. However, the corresponding enzymatic sources of H2S and its regulatory mechanism in response to drought stress are not clear. Here, we cloned and characterized a putative l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) gene in rice, which encodes a protein possessing H2S-producing activity and was named OsLCD1. Overexpression of OsLCD1 results in enhanced H2S production, persulfidation of total soluble protein, and confers rice drought tolerance. Further, we found that nitrate reductase (NR) activity was decreased under drought stress, and the inhibition of NR activity was controlled by endogenous H2S production. Persulfidation of NIA2, an NR isoform responsible for the main NR activity, led to a decrease in total NR activity in rice. Furthermore, drought stress-triggered inhibition of NR activity and persulfidation of NIA2 was intensified in the OsLCD1 overexpression line. Phenotypical and molecular analysis revealed that mutation of NIA2 enhanced rice drought tolerance by activating the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and ABA-responsive genes. Taken together, our results showed the role of OsLCD1 in modulating H2S production and provided insight into H2S-regulated persulfidation of NIA2 in the control of rice drought stress.
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Jiang W, He P, Zhou M, Lu X, Chen K, Liang C, Tian J. Soybean responds to phosphate starvation through reversible protein phosphorylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:222-234. [PMID: 34371392 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) deficiency is considered as a major constraint on crop production. Although a set of adaptative strategies are extensively suggested in soybean (Glycine max) to phosphate (Pi) deprivation, molecular mechanisms underlying reversible protein phosphorylation in soybean responses to P deficiency remains largely unclear. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation, combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify differential phosphoproteins in soybean roots under Pi sufficient and deficient conditions. A total of 427 phosphoproteins were found to exhibit differential accumulations, with 213 up-regulated and 214 down-regulated. Among them, a nitrate reductase, GmNR4 exhibiting increased phosphorylation levels under low Pi conditions, was further selected to evaluate the effects of phosphorylation on its nitrate reductase activity and subcellular localization. Mutations of GmNR4 phosphorylation levels significantly influenced its activity in vitro, but not for its subcellular localization. Taken together, identification of differential phosphoproteins reveled the complex regulatory pathways for soybean adaptation to Pi starvation through reversible protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Jiang
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Panmin He
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cuiyue Liang
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jiang Tian
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Kim MJ, Kim P, Chen Y, Chen B, Yang J, Liu X, Kawabata S, Wang Y, Li Y. Blue and UV-B light synergistically induce anthocyanin accumulation by co-activating nitrate reductase gene expression in Anthocyanin fruit (Aft) tomato. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:210-220. [PMID: 32492761 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The tomato accession LA1996, which carries a dominant allele of anthocyanin fruit (Aft) locus, accumulates anthocyanins in the epidermis of fruits when exposed to sunlight. The involvement of blue, UV-A, UV-B and a combination of these wavelengths on anthocyanin accumulation and the molecular mechanism of their regulation was investigated in LA1996. The most effective treatment for inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis in Aft fruits was co-irradiation with blue and UV-B (blue + UV-B) light. Finding the correlated genes is an important approach towards understanding their molecular mechanisms. In the present study, the nitrate reductase (NR) gene SlNIA was isolated using RNA-seq profiling of Aft fruits given different light treatments. The functions of NR-mediated anthocyanin induction by blue + UV-B were confirmed using a series of chemical treatments, followed by assessment of NR activity and nitric oxide (NO) detection. The expression of NR was highly induced by blue + UV-B, and this specificity was also confirmed with the enzyme activity of NR and the NO concentration. The NR inhibitors, which reduce NO generation, the expression levels of anthocyanin related genes and decreased anthocyanin accumulation in LA1996. Our results suggest that NR plays a key role in blue + UV-B-mediated anthocyanin accumulation in LA1996 fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Kim
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - P Kim
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Wonsan University of Agriculture, Wonsan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - B Chen
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - J Yang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - X Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - S Kawabata
- Institute for Sustainable Agroecosystem Services, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Uhrig RG, Echevarría‐Zomeño S, Schlapfer P, Grossmann J, Roschitzki B, Koerber N, Fiorani F, Gruissem W. Diurnal dynamics of the Arabidopsis rosette proteome and phosphoproteome. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:821-841. [PMID: 33278033 PMCID: PMC7986931 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth depends on the diurnal regulation of cellular processes, but it is not well understood if and how transcriptional regulation controls diurnal fluctuations at the protein level. Here, we report a high-resolution Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) leaf rosette proteome acquired over a 12 hr light:12 hr dark diurnal cycle and the phosphoproteome immediately before and after the light-to-dark and dark-to-light transitions. We quantified nearly 5,000 proteins and 800 phosphoproteins, of which 288 fluctuated in their abundance and 226 fluctuated in their phosphorylation status. Of the phosphoproteins, 60% were quantified for changes in protein abundance. This revealed six proteins involved in nitrogen and hormone metabolism that had concurrent changes in both protein abundance and phosphorylation status. The diurnal proteome and phosphoproteome changes involve proteins in key cellular processes, including protein translation, light perception, photosynthesis, metabolism and transport. The phosphoproteome at the light-dark transitions revealed the dynamics at phosphorylation sites in either anticipation of or response to a change in light regime. Phosphorylation site motif analyses implicate casein kinase II and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases among the primary light-dark transition kinases. The comparative analysis of the diurnal proteome and diurnal and circadian transcriptome established how mRNA and protein accumulation intersect in leaves during the diurnal cycle of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Glen Uhrig
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | | | - Pascal Schlapfer
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Bernd Roschitzki
- Functional Genomics Center ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Niklas Koerber
- Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesIBG‐2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesIBG‐2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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The Effect of Supplementary LED Lighting on the Morphological and Physiological Traits of Miniature Rosa × Hybrida 'Aga' and the Development of Powdery Mildew ( Podosphaera pannosa) under Greenhouse Conditions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020417. [PMID: 33672400 PMCID: PMC7926578 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the growth traits, flower bud formation, photosynthetic performance, and powdery mildew development in miniature Rosa × hybrida 'Aga' plants grown in the greenhouse under different light-emitting diode (LED) light spectra. Fluorescence-based sensors that detect the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PS II) as well as chlorophyll and flavonol indices were used in this study. Five different LED light treatments as a supplement to natural sunlight with red (R), blue (B), white (W), RBW+FR (far-red) (high R:FR), and RBW+FR (low R:FR) were used. Control plants were illuminated only by natural sunlight. Plants were grown under different spectra of LED lighting and the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) (200 µmol m-2 s-1) at a photoperiod of 18 h. Plants grown under both RBW+FR lights were the highest, and had the greatest total shoot length, irrespective of R:FR. These plants also showed the highest maximum quantum yield of PS II (average 0.805) among the light treatments. Red monochromatic light and RBW+FR at high R:FR stimulated flower bud formation. Moreover, plants grown under red LEDs were more resistant to Podosphaera pannosa than those grown under other light treatments. The increased flavonol index in plants exposed to monochromatic blue light, compared to the W and control plants, did not inhibit powdery mildew development.
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17
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Lopes-Oliveira PJ, Oliveira HC, Kolbert Z, Freschi L. The light and dark sides of nitric oxide: multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in plant responses to light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:885-903. [PMID: 33245760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light drives photosynthesis and informs plants about their surroundings. Regarded as a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants, nitric oxide (NO) has been repeatedly demonstrated to interact with light signaling cascades to control plant growth, development and metabolism. During early plant development, light-triggered NO accumulation counteracts negative regulators of photomorphogenesis and modulates the abundance of, and sensitivity to, plant hormones to promote seed germination and de-etiolation. In photosynthetically active tissues, NO is generated at distinct rates under light or dark conditions and acts at multiple target sites within chloroplasts to regulate photosynthetic reactions. Moreover, changes in NO concentrations in response to light stress promote plant defenses against oxidative stress under high light or ultraviolet-B radiation. Here we review the literature on the interaction of NO with the complicated light and hormonal signaling cascades controlling plant photomorphogenesis and light stress responses, focusing on the recently identified molecular partners and action mechanisms of NO in these events. We also discuss the versatile role of NO in regulating both photosynthesis and light-dependent stomatal movements, two key determinants of plant carbon gain. The regulation of nitrate reductase (NR) by light is highlighted as vital to adjust NO production in plants living under natural light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Freschi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Post-Translational Modifications of Nitrate Reductases Autoregulates Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020549. [PMID: 33430433 PMCID: PMC7827142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a regulator of growth, development, and stress responses in living organisms. Plant nitrate reductases (NR) catalyze the reduction of nitrate to nitrite or, alternatively, to NO. In plants, NO action and its targets remain incompletely understood, and the way NO regulates its own homeostasis remains to be elucidated. A significant transcriptome overlapping between NO-deficient mutant and NO-treated wild type plants suggests that NO could negatively regulate its biosynthesis. A significant increase in NO content was detected in transgenic plants overexpressing NR1 and NR2 proteins. In turn, NR protein and activity as well as NO content, decreased in wild-type plants exposed to a pulse of NO gas. Tag-aided immunopurification procedures followed by tandem mass spectrometry allowed identifying NO-triggered post-translational modifications (PTMs) and ubiquitylation sites in NRs. Nitration of tyrosine residues and S-nitrosation of cysteine residues affected key amino acids involved in binding the essential FAD and molybdenum cofactors. NO-related PTMs were accompanied by ubiquitylation of lysine residues flanking the nitration and S-nitrosation sites. NO-induced PTMs of NRs potentially inhibit their activities and promote their proteasome-mediated degradation. This auto-regulatory feedback loop may control nitrate assimilation to ammonium and nitrite-derived production of NO under complex environmental conditions.
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Zhao S, Zhang Y, Ou X, Wu C, Ma L, Yue X, Zhao Z. Comparison with Arabidopsis reveals optimal nitrogen allocation strategy and mechanism in Chorispora bungeana, a cryophyte with strong freezing tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153311. [PMID: 33249387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The stress responses of plant compete for resources with growth and development. Resource allocations among these processes may have been optimized in plants adapted to natural habitats. Here, nitrogen (N) allocations were compared in leaves of Arabidopsis and Chorispora bungeana, a cryophyte with strong freezing tolerance. The results showed that the two species differed not only in N partitions among N forms and allocations among leaves, but also in their responses to cold stress. Interestingly, leaf protein contents were enhanced in C. bungeana while reduced in Arabidopsis, though the N allocations to leaves were reduced in both plants upon cold stress. Profoundly, when grown at warm temperature, contents of total free amino acids (FAAs) in leaves of C. bungeana were 6-11 times higher than those in Arabidopsis. In contrast, cold treatment induced FAAs accumulation in leaves of Arabidopsis without having significant effect in any leaf of C. bungeana. Considerable discrepancy was also found between the two species in the expressions of nitrate transporter genes and the activities of nitrate assimilation enzymes. Correlation and network analysis showed that most NPFs were clustered in a single network module and had loose relations with protein synthesis in Arabidopsis, while they were distributed in different modules in a decentralized network in C. bungeana. Therefore, our results reveal that C. bungeana may have optimized its N allocation strategy by producing and storing amino acids as efficient N reserve and adopting a decentralized network for N utilization, which may equip the plant with powerful capabilities for environmental adaptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixuan Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiangli Ou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chunmei Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Liya Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiule Yue
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Baslam M, Mitsui T, Sueyoshi K, Ohyama T. Recent Advances in Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in C3 Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E318. [PMID: 33396811 PMCID: PMC7795015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C and N are the most important essential elements constituting organic compounds in plants. The shoots and roots depend on each other by exchanging C and N through the xylem and phloem transport systems. Complex mechanisms regulate C and N metabolism to optimize plant growth, agricultural crop production, and maintenance of the agroecosystem. In this paper, we cover the recent advances in understanding C and N metabolism, regulation, and transport in plants, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to the mechanisms of starch metabolism in plastids and the changes in responses to environmental stress that were previously overlooked, since these changes provide an essential store of C that fuels plant metabolism and growth. We present general insights into the system biology approaches that have expanded our understanding of core biological questions related to C and N metabolism. Finally, this review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of the trade-off concept that links C and N status to the plant's response to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Kuni Sueyoshi
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Takuji Ohyama
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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21
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Ahmad B, Khan MMA, Jahan A, Shabbir A, Jaleel H. Increased production of valuable secondary products in plants by leaf applied radiation-processed polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:286-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Jahnová J, Činčalová L, Sedlářová M, Jedelská T, Sekaninová J, Mieslerová B, Luhová L, Barroso JB, Petřivalský M. Differential modulation of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase and reactive nitrogen species in wild and cultivated tomato genotypes during development and powdery mildew infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:297-310. [PMID: 32795911 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Pseudoidium neolycopersici, the causative agent of tomato powdery mildew. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, the key enzyme of S-nitrosothiol homeostasis, was investigated during plant development and following infection in three genotypes of Solanum spp. differing in their resistance to P. neolycopersici. Levels and localization of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) including NO, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and peroxynitrite were studied together with protein nitration and the activity of nitrate reductase (NR). GSNOR expression profiles and enzyme activities were modulated during plant development and important differences among Solanum spp. genotypes were observed, accompanied by modulation of NO, GSNO, peroxynitrite and nitrated proteins levels. GSNOR was down-regulated in infected plants, with exception of resistant S. habrochaites early after inoculation. Modulations of GSNOR activities in response to pathogen infection were found also on the systemic level in leaves above and below the inoculation site. Infection strongly increased NR activity and gene expression in resistant S. habrochaites in contrast to susceptible S. lycopersicum. Obtained data confirm the key role of GSNOR and modulations of RNS during plant development under normal conditions and point to their involvement in molecular mechanisms of tomato responses to biotrophic pathogens on local and systemic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jahnová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Sedlářová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sekaninová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Mieslerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Li D, Xiao S, Ma WN, Peng Z, Khan D, Yang Q, Wang X, Kong X, Zhang B, Yang E, Rengel Z, Wang J, Cui X, Chen Q. Magnesium reduces cadmium accumulation by decreasing the nitrate reductase-mediated nitric oxide production in Panax notoginseng roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 248:153131. [PMID: 32203778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is a traditional medicinal herb in China. However, the high capacity of its roots to accumulate cadmium (Cd) poses a potential risk to human health. Our previous study showed that nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent nitric oxide (NO) production promoted Cd accumulation in P. notoginseng root cell walls. In this study, the role of Mg in the regulation of NO production and Cd accumulation in P. notoginseng roots was characterized. Exposure of P. notoginseng roots to increasing concentrations of Cd resulted in a linear increase in NO production. The application of 2 mM Mg for 24 h significantly alleviated Cd-induced NO production and Cd accumulation in roots, which coincided with a significant decrease in the NR activity. Western analysis suggested that Mg increased the interaction between the 14-3-3 protein and NR, which might have been a reason for the Mg-mediated decrease in NR activity and NO production under Cd stress. These results suggested that Mg-mediated alleviation of Cd-induced NO production and Cd accumulation is achieved by enhancement of the interaction between the 14-3-3 protein and NR in P. notoginseng roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Shuhui Xiao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Wen-Na Ma
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhongping Peng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Dawood Khan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xinxun Wang
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Xiangying Kong
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China; Faculty of Architecture and City Planning, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Baige Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 501640, China
| | - En Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zed Rengel
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Yunnan Rural Science and Technology Service Center, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Yang C, Shen W, Yang L, Sun Y, Li X, Lai M, Wei J, Wang C, Xu Y, Li F, Liang S, Yang C, Zhong S, Luo M, Gao C. HY5-HDA9 Module Transcriptionally Regulates Plant Autophagy in Response to Light-to-Dark Conversion and Nitrogen Starvation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:515-531. [PMID: 32087368 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Light is arguably one of the most important environmental factors that determines virtually all aspects of plant growth and development, but the molecular link between light signaling and the autophagy pathway has not been elucidated in plants. In this study, we demonstrate that autophagy is activated during light-to-dark conversion though transcriptional upregulation of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). We showed that depletion of the ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a key component of light signaling, leads to enhanced autophagy activity and resistance to extended darkness and nitrogen starvation treatments, contributing to higher expression of ATGs. HY5 interacts with and recruits HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDA9) to ATG5 and ATG8e loci to repress their expression by deacetylation of the Lys9 and Lys27 of histone 3. Furthermore, we found that both darkness and nitrogen depletion induce the degradation of HY5 via 26S proteasome and the concomitant disassociation of HDA9 from ATG5 and ATG8e loci, leading to their depression and thereby activated autophagy. Genetic analysis further confirmed that HY5 and HDA9 act synergistically and function upstream of the autophagy pathway. Collectively, our study unveils a previously unknown transcriptional and epigenetic network that regulates autophagy in response to light-to-dark conversion and nitrogen starvation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wenjin Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lianming Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xibao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Minyi Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Juan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chaojun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, China
| | - Yingchao Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Faqiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shangwei Zhong
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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25
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A forty year journey: The generation and roles of NO in plants. Nitric Oxide 2019; 93:53-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Hajiboland R, Rahmat S, Zeinalzadeh N, Farsad-Akhtar N, Hosseinpour-Feizi MA. Senescence is delayed by selenium in oilseed rape plants. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 55:96-106. [PMID: 31345373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a genetically programmed process that can also be induced by nitrogen (N) deficiency. Although selenium (Se) delays leaf senescence, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. To explore the mechanisms of Se-mediated delay of leaf senescence, we studied the biochemical and molecular events that occur during developmental and N deficiency-induced senescence. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) plants were grown under adequate N (AN, 16 mM) or low N (LN, 4 mM) conditions during the rosette growth stage and treated with Se (15 μg plant-1 as Na2SeO4) either through roots or leaves for four weeks. Shoot dry matter production was not influenced, while the photosynthetic parameters were improved by Se application in both young and old leaves under both AN and LN conditions. The Se treatment rarely influenced the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while it increased the nitric oxide (NO) levels in young and old leaves under both AN and LN conditions. The positive correlation between the NO level and leaf photosynthetic parameters in old leaves of LN plants suggested a role for NO boosting, mediated by Se, in the protection of aging leaves from LN-induced accelerated senescence. This implication was further supported by the clear down-regulation of SAG12-1 and up-regulation of Cab, particularly by root application of Se in old leaves of LN plants. Our results provide the first evidence that Se influences the expression of senescence-associated genes and delays senescence through NO signalling but is independent of the ROS defence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghieh Hajiboland
- Department of Plant Science, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Rahmat
- Department of Plant Science, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Nader Farsad-Akhtar
- Department of Plant Science, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
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27
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Buet A, Galatro A, Ramos-Artuso F, Simontacchi M. Nitric oxide and plant mineral nutrition: current knowledge. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4461-4476. [PMID: 30903155 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants under conditions of essential mineral deficiency trigger signaling mechanisms that involve common components. Among these components, nitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a key participant in responses to changes in nutrient availability. Usually, nutrient imbalances affect the levels of NO in specific plant tissues, via modification of its rate of synthesis or degradation. Changes in the level of NO affect plant morphology and/or trigger responses associated with nutrient homeostasis, mediated by its interaction with reactive oxygen species, phytohormones, and through post-translational modification of proteins. NO-related events constitute an exciting field of research to understand how plants adapt and respond to conditions of nutrient shortage. This review summarizes the current knowledge on NO as a component of the multiple processes related to plant performance under conditions of deficiency in mineral nutrients, focusing on macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, and magnesium, as well as micronutrients such as iron and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Buet
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, CCT-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrea Galatro
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, CCT-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Ramos-Artuso
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, CCT-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcela Simontacchi
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, CCT-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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28
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Uhrig RG, Schläpfer P, Roschitzki B, Hirsch-Hoffmann M, Gruissem W. Diurnal changes in concerted plant protein phosphorylation and acetylation in Arabidopsis organs and seedlings. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:176-194. [PMID: 30920011 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and acetylation are the two most abundant post-translational modifications (PTMs) that regulate protein functions in eukaryotes. In plants, these PTMs have been investigated individually; however, their co-occurrence and dynamics on proteins is currently unknown. Using Arabidopsis thaliana, we quantified changes in protein phosphorylation, acetylation and protein abundance in leaf rosettes, roots, flowers, siliques and seedlings at the end of day (ED) and at the end of night (EN). This identified 2549 phosphorylated and 909 acetylated proteins, of which 1724 phosphorylated and 536 acetylated proteins were also quantified for changes in PTM abundance between ED and EN. Using a sequential dual-PTM workflow, we identified significant PTM changes and intersections in these organs and plant developmental stages. In particular, cellular process-, pathway- and protein-level analyses reveal that the phosphoproteome and acetylome predominantly intersect at the pathway- and cellular process-level at ED versus EN. We found 134 proteins involved in core plant cell processes, such as light harvesting and photosynthesis, translation, metabolism and cellular transport, that were both phosphorylated and acetylated. Our results establish connections between PTM motifs, PTM catalyzing enzymes and putative substrate networks. We also identified PTM motifs for further characterization of the regulatory mechanisms that control cellular processes during the diurnal cycle in different Arabidopsis organs and seedlings. The sequential dual-PTM analysis expands our understanding of diurnal plant cell regulation by PTMs and provides a useful resource for future analyses, while emphasizing the importance of analyzing multiple PTMs simultaneously to elucidate when, where and how they are involved in plant cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glen Uhrig
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pascal Schläpfer
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Roschitzki
- Functional Genomics Center, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hirsch-Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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29
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Koyama LA, Kielland K. Black spruce assimilates nitrate in boreal winter. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:536-543. [PMID: 30462316 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Winter has long been considered a dormant season in boreal forests regarding plant physiological activity such as nutrient acquisition. However, biogeochemical data clearly show that soil can remain unfrozen with substantial rates of nutrient transformation for several weeks following autumn snowfall. Here we examined nitrate (NO3--N) assimilation by black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns and Poggenb.) during summer and winter in Interior Alaska to test our hypothesis that this boreal species is able to assimilate NO3--N, even at the very low temperatures typical of early winter. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was measured in current year needles and fine roots of black spruce as an indicator of NO3--N assimilation in the summer and winter at two boreal forest sites. Nitrate concentration in the needles and roots were also measured to determine whether NO3--N was available in plant tissue for the enzyme. Nitrate reductase activity and NO3--N were detected in needles and roots in the winter as well as the summer. The results of a generalized linear mixed model showed that season had minimal effects on NRA and NO3--N concentration in this species. Additionally, the effect of incubation temperature for the NRA assays was tested at 30 °C and -3 °C for samples collected in the winter. Substantial enzyme activity was detected in winter-collected samples, even in incubations conducted at -3 °C. These results indicate that this dominant tree species in the boreal forests of Interior Alaska, black spruce, has the capacity to assimilate NO3--N below freezing temperatures, suggesting that the physiological activity required for nitrogen (N) resource acquisition may extend beyond the typical growing season. Our findings coupled to biogeochemical evidence for high microbial activity under the snow also indicate that winter N acquisition should be taken into account when estimating the annual N budgets of boreal forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina A Koyama
- Laboratory of Biosphere Informatics, Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Knut Kielland
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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30
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Wujeska-Klause A, Crous KY, Ghannoum O, Ellsworth DS. Lower photorespiration in elevated CO 2 reduces leaf N concentrations in mature Eucalyptus trees in the field. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1282-1295. [PMID: 30788883 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations is expected to stimulate photosynthesis and carbohydrate production, while inhibiting photorespiration. By contrast, nitrogen (N) concentrations in leaves generally tend to decline under elevated CO2 (eCO2 ), which may reduce the magnitude of photosynthetic enhancement. We tested two hypotheses as to why leaf N is reduced under eCO2 : (a) A "dilution effect" caused by increased concentration of leaf carbohydrates; and (b) inhibited nitrate assimilation caused by reduced supply of reductant from photorespiration under eCO2 . This second hypothesis is fully tested in the field for the first time here, using tall trees of a mature Eucalyptus forest exposed to Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (EucFACE) for five years. Fully expanded young and mature leaves were both measured for net photosynthesis, photorespiration, total leaf N, nitrate ( N O 3 - ) concentrations, carbohydrates and N O 3 - reductase activity to test these hypotheses. Foliar N concentrations declined by 8% under eCO2 in new leaves, while the N O 3 - fraction and total carbohydrate concentrations remained unchanged by CO2 treatment for either new or mature leaves. Photorespiration decreased 31% under eCO2 supplying less reductant, and in situ N O 3 - reductase activity was concurrently reduced (-34%) in eCO2 , especially in new leaves during summer periods. Hence, N O 3 - assimilation was inhibited in leaves of E. tereticornis and the evidence did not support a significant dilution effect as a contributor to the observed reductions in leaf N concentration. This finding suggests that the reduction of N O 3 - reductase activity due to lower photorespiration in eCO2 can contribute to understanding how eCO2 -induced photosynthetic enhancement may be lower than previously expected. We suggest that large-scale vegetation models simulating effects of eCO2 on N biogeochemistry include both mechanisms, especially where N O 3 - is major N source to the dominant vegetation and where leaf flushing and emergence occur in temperatures that promote high photorespiration rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wujeska-Klause
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Translational Photosynthesis Centre of Excellence, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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31
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Cohen I, Rapaport T, Chalifa-Caspi V, Rachmilevitch S. Synergistic effects of abiotic stresses in plants: a case study of nitrogen limitation and saturating light intensity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:755-767. [PMID: 29786859 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Under natural conditions, plants are regularly exposed to combinations of stress factors. A common example is the conjunction between nitrogen (N) deficiency and excess light. The combined effect of stress factors is often ignored in studies using controlled conditions, possibly resulting in misleading conclusions. To address this issue, the present study examined the physiological behavior of Arabidopsis thaliana under the effect of varying nitrogen levels and light intensities. The joint influence of low N and excess light had an adverse effect on plant growth, chlorophyll and anthocyanin concentrations, photochemical capacity and the abundance of proteins involved in carbon assimilation and antioxidative metabolism. In contrast, no adverse physiological responses were observed for plants under either nitrogen limitation or high light (HL) intensity conditions (i.e. single stress). The underlying mechanisms for the increased growth in conditions of HL and sufficient nitrogen were a combination of chlorophyll accumulation and an increased number of proteins involved in C3 carbon assimilation, amino acids biosynthesis and chloroplast development. In contrast, combined stress conditions shifts plants from growth to survival by displaying anthocyanin accumulation and an increased number of proteins involved in catabolism of lipids and amino acids as energy substrates. Ultimately switching plants development from growth to survival. Our results suggest that an assessment of the physiological response to the combined effect of multiple stresses cannot be directly extrapolated from the physiological response to a single stress. Specifically, the synergistic interaction between N deficiency and saturating light in Arabidopsis plants could not have been modeled via only one of the stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Cohen
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8499000, Israel
| | - Tal Rapaport
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8499000, Israel
| | - Vered Chalifa-Caspi
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Shimon Rachmilevitch
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8499000, Israel
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32
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Flis A, Mengin V, Ivakov AA, Mugford ST, Hubberten HM, Encke B, Krohn N, Höhne M, Feil R, Hoefgen R, Lunn JE, Millar AJ, Smith AM, Sulpice R, Stitt M. Multiple circadian clock outputs regulate diel turnover of carbon and nitrogen reserves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:549-573. [PMID: 30184255 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants accumulate reserves in the daytime to support growth at night. Circadian regulation of diel reserve turnover was investigated by profiling starch, sugars, glucose 6-phosphate, organic acids, and amino acids during a light-dark cycle and after transfer to continuous light in Arabidopsis wild types and in mutants lacking dawn (lhy cca1), morning (prr7 prr9), dusk (toc1, gi), or evening (elf3) clock components. The metabolite time series were integrated with published time series for circadian clock transcripts to identify circadian outputs that regulate central metabolism. (a) Starch accumulation was slower in elf3 and prr7 prr9. It is proposed that ELF3 positively regulates starch accumulation. (b) Reducing sugars were high early in the T-cycle in elf3, revealing that ELF3 negatively regulates sucrose recycling. (c) The pattern of starch mobilization was modified in all five mutants. A model is proposed in which dawn and dusk/evening components interact to pace degradation to anticipated dawn. (d) An endogenous oscillation of glucose 6-phosphate revealed that the clock buffers metabolism against the large influx of carbon from photosynthesis. (e) Low levels of organic and amino acids in lhy cca1 and high levels in prr7 prr9 provide evidence that the dawn components positively regulate the accumulation of amino acid reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Flis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Virginie Mengin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander A Ivakov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sam T Mugford
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Beatrice Encke
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nicole Krohn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Melanie Höhne
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Andrew J Millar
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, C.H. Waddington Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Ronan Sulpice
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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33
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López-Serrano L, Canet-Sanchis G, Vuletin Selak G, Penella C, San Bautista A, López-Galarza S, Calatayud Á. Pepper Rootstock and Scion Physiological Responses Under Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30745905 PMCID: PMC6360189 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In vegetables, tolerance to drought can be improved by grafting commercial varieties onto drought tolerant rootstocks. Grafting has emerged as a tool that copes with drought stress. In previous results, the A25 pepper rootstock accession showed good tolerance to drought in fruit production terms compared with non-grafted plants and other rootstocks. The aim of this work was to study if short-term exposure to drought in grafted plants using A25 as a rootstock would show tolerance to drought now. To fulfill this objective, some physiological processes involved in roots (rootstock) and leaves (scion) of grafted pepper plants were analyzed. Pepper plants not grafted (A), self-grafted (A/A), and grafted onto a tolerant pepper rootstock A25 (A/A25) were grown under severe water stress induced by PEG addition (-0.55 MPa) or under control conditions for 7 days in hydroponic pure solution. According to our results, water stress severity was alleviated by using the A25 rootstock in grafted plants (A/A25), which indicated that mechanisms stimulated by roots are essential to withstand stress. A/A25 had a bigger root biomass compared with plants A and A/A that resulted in better water absorption, water retention capacity and a sustained CO2 assimilation rate. Consequently, plants A/A25 had a better carbon balance, supported by greater nitrate reductase activity located mainly in leaves. In the non-grafted and self-grafted plants, the photosynthesis rate lowered due to stomatal closure, which limited transpiration. Consequently, part of NO3 - uptake was reduced in roots. This condition limited water uptake and CO2 fixation in plants A and A/A under drought stress, and accelerated oxidative damage by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, which were highest in their leaves, indicating great sensitivity to drought stress and induced membrane lipid peroxidation. However, drought deleterious effects were slightly marked in plants A compared to A/A. To conclude, the A25 rootstock protects the scion against oxidative stress, which is provoked by drought, and shows better C and N balances that enabled the biomass to be maintained under water stress for short-term exposure, with higher yields in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia López-Serrano
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Canet-Sanchis
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriela Vuletin Selak
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - Consuelo Penella
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto San Bautista
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador López-Galarza
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Calatayud
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Valencia, Spain
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34
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Silvestri C, Caceres ME, Ceccarelli M, Pica AL, Rugini E, Cristofori V. Influence of Continuous Spectrum Light on Morphological Traits and Leaf Anatomy of Hazelnut Plantlets. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1318. [PMID: 31708945 PMCID: PMC6821792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light spectra influence growth, development, and quality of plants and seedlings, that is one of the main aspects engaging the interests of private and public researchers and nursery industries. Propagation of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), which in the past has been held in low consideration because of the widespread use of rooted suckers directly collected in the field, today is taking on increasing interest due to the strong expansion of hazelnut cultivation. In order to improve the quality of plants and seedlings in greenhouse acclimatization, the effects of light emitting diodes (LED) lights during the ex vitro growth of two hazelnut cultivars (Tonda di Giffoni and Tonda Gentile Romana) were investigated. Plantlets were maintained in a growth chamber and exposed to three different continuous spectrum LED systems as a primary source of illumination and to fluorescent lamps used as control. LEDs differed in the percentage of some wavelength ranges in the spectrum, being AP673L rich in green and red wavelengths, NS1 in blue and green light, G2 in red and far red wavelengths. After a 4-week experimental period, morphometric, biochemical, and histological analyses were carried out. Shoot and leaf growths were influenced by LEDs more than by fluorescent lamps in both cultivars. G2 positively affected biomass increment more than the other LEDs, by inducing not only cell elongation (increase in shoot length, new internodes length, leaf area) but also cell proliferation (increase in new node number). G2 exposure had negative effects on total chlorophyll content but positively affected synthesis of flavonoids in both varieties; therefore, plants grown under this LED showed the lowest nitrogen balance index. Leaf morpho-anatomical analyzed traits (thickness, palisade cell height, number of chloroplasts, number of palisade cells), were influenced especially by G2 and, to a less extent, by NS1 light. Significant differences in some parameters were observed between the two cultivars in response to a same light source. The results obtained underline the importance of light modulation for hazelnut, providing useful information for ex vitro growth of hazelnut plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Silvestri
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cristian Silvestri,
| | - Maria Eugenia Caceres
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Ceccarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aniello Luca Pica
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eddo Rugini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valerio Cristofori
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Trejo-Téllez LI, Estrada-Ortiz E, Gómez-Merino FC, Becker C, Krumbein A, Schwarz D. Flavonoid, Nitrate and Glucosinolate Concentrations in Brassica Species Are Differentially Affected by Photosynthetically Active Radiation, Phosphate and Phosphite. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:371. [PMID: 30972096 PMCID: PMC6445887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of phosphate (Pi-deficiency: 0.1 mM; Pi-sufficiency: 0.5 mM), phosphite (low-Phi: 0.1 mM; medium-Phi: 0.5 mM; and high-Phi: 2.5 mM), and two mean daily photosynthetically active radiations (lower PAR: 22.2 mol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ d-1; higher PAR: 29.7 mol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ d-1), as well as their interactions, on flavonoid, nitrate and glucosinolate (GL) concentrations and growth characteristics in hydroponically grown Brassica campestris cv. Mibuna Early and Brassica juncea cv. Red Giant. As expected, higher PAR increased dry matter and contrariwise decreased number of leaves but only in B. campestris. Total flavonoid and individual flavonoid compounds increased with the higher PAR value in B. campestris. Pi-sufficiency resulted in a lower quercetin concentration in both species, the isorhamnetin and total flavonoid concentrations in B. campestris, and the cyanidin concentration in B. juncea, in comparison to Pi-deficiency. Similarly, Pi-sufficient plants exhibited lower GL concentration, especially alkyl-GLs in B. campestris and alkenyl-GLs and an aryl-GL in B. juncea. Pi did not affect the nitrate concentration in either species, and nor did Phi influence the flavonoid concentrations in either species. In B. campestris, medium Phi (0.5 mM) increased the 1-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl GL concentration by 28.3%, as compared to that observed at low Phi. In B. juncea, high Phi level increased the but-3-enyl-GL concentration by 18.9%, in comparison to values recorded at medium Phi. B. campestris plants exposed to higher PAR increased total flavonoids concentration. In both Brassica species, higher PAR stimulated the alkyl-, alkenyl-, and indole-GLs. The interaction of lower PAR and increasing Phi significantly decreased flavonoid concentration in B. juncea, whereas increasing Phi at higher PAR increased such concentration in this species. The same combination reduced the concentration of 2-phenylethyl- and indol-3-ylmethyl-GL in B. juncea. The highest indol-3-ylmethyl-GL concentration was observed when Pi was deficient combined with medium Phi in B. juncea. Thus, PAR, Pi and Phi may modulate flavonoid, GL and nitrate concentrations in Brassica species, which may be a useful tool to improve the nutraceutical quality of these leafy vegetables if properly managed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christine Becker
- Department of Crop Protection, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Angelika Krumbein
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dietmar Schwarz,
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Jayaprakash V, Palempalli UMD. Studying the effect of biosilver nanoparticles on polyethylene degradation. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Arsova B, Watt M, Usadel B. Monitoring of Plant Protein Post-translational Modifications Using Targeted Proteomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1168. [PMID: 30174677 PMCID: PMC6107839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are among the fastest and earliest of plant responses to changes in the environment, making the mechanisms and dynamics of PTMs an important area of plant science. One of the most studied PTMs is protein phosphorylation. This review summarizes the use of targeted proteomics for the elucidation of the biological functioning of plant PTMs, and focuses primarily on phosphorylation. Since phosphorylated peptides have a low abundance, usually complex enrichment protocols are required for their research. Initial identification is usually performed with discovery phosphoproteomics, using high sensitivity mass spectrometers, where as many phosphopeptides are measured as possible. Once a PTM site is identified, biological characterization can be addressed with targeted proteomics. In targeted proteomics, Selected/Multiple Reaction Monitoring (S/MRM) is traditionally coupled to simple, standard protein digestion protocols, often omitting the enrichment step, and relying on triple-quadruple mass spectrometer. The use of synthetic peptides as internal standards allows accurate identification, avoiding cross-reactivity typical for some antibody based approaches. Importantly, internal standards allow absolute peptide quantitation, reported down to 0.1 femtomoles, also useful for determination of phospho-site occupancy. S/MRM is advantageous in situations where monitoring and diagnostics of peptide PTM status is needed for many samples, as it has faster sample processing times, higher throughput than other approaches, and excellent quantitation and reproducibility. Furthermore, the number of publicly available data-bases with plant PTM discovery data is growing, facilitating selection of modified peptides and design of targeted proteomics workflows. Recent instrument developments result in faster scanning times, inclusion of ion-trap instruments leading to parallel reaction monitoring- which further facilitates S/MRM experimental design. Finally, recent combination of data independent and data dependent spectra acquisition means that in addition to anticipated targeted data, spectra can now be queried for unanticipated information. The potential for future applications in plant biology is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borjana Arsova
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-2–Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michelle Watt
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-2–Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-2–Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- IBMG: Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Plett DC, Holtham LR, Okamoto M, Garnett TP. Nitrate uptake and its regulation in relation to improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 74:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Reda M, Golicka A, Kabała K, Janicka M. Involvement of NR and PM-NR in NO biosynthesis in cucumber plants subjected to salt stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:55-64. [PMID: 29362099 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase (NR) mainly reduces nitrate to nitrite. However, in certain conditions it can reduce nitrite to NO. In plants, a plasma membrane-associated form of NR (PM-NR) is present. It produces NO2- for nitrite NO/reductase (Ni-NOR), which can release NO into the apoplastic space. The effect of 50 mM NaCl on NO formation and the involvement of NR in NO biosynthesis were studied in cucumber seedling roots under salt stress. In salt-stressed roots, the amount of NO was higher than in control. The application of tungstate abolished the increase of NO level in stressed roots, indicating that NR was responsible for NO biosynthesis under the test conditions. The involvement of other molybdoenzymes was excluded using specific inhibitors. Furthermore, higher cNR and PM-NR activities were observed in NaCl-treated roots. The increase in NR activity was due to the stimulation of CsNR genes expression and posttranslational modifications, such as enzyme dephosphorylation. This was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Moreover, the increase of nitrite tissue level in short-term stressed roots and the nitrite/nitrate ratio, with a simultaneous decrease of nitrite reductase (NiR) activity, in both short- and long-term stressed roots, could promote the production of NO by NR in roots under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Reda
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Golicka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kabała
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janicka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
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Balotf S, Islam S, Kavoosi G, Kholdebarin B, Juhasz A, Ma W. How exogenous nitric oxide regulates nitrogen assimilation in wheat seedlings under different nitrogen sources and levels. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190269. [PMID: 29320529 PMCID: PMC5761883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for plants and nitric oxide (NO) as a signaling plant growth regulator involved in nitrogen assimilation. Understanding the influence of exogenous NO on nitrogen metabolism at the gene expression and enzyme activity levels under different sources of nitrogen is vitally important for increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). This study investigated the expression of key genes and enzymes in relation to nitrogen assimilation in two Australian wheat cultivars, a popular high NUE cv. Spitfire and a normal NUE cv. Westonia, under different combinations of nitrogen and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as the NO donor. Application of NO increased the gene expressions and activities of nitrogen assimilation pathway enzymes in both cultivars at low levels of nitrogen. At high nitrogen supplies, the expressions and activities of N assimilation genes increased in response to exogenous NO only in cv. Spitfire but not in cv. Westonia. Exogenous NO caused an increase in leaf NO content at low N supplies in both cultivars, while under high nitrogen treatments, cv. Spitfire showed an increase under ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) treatment but cv. Westonia was not affected. N assimilation gene expression and enzyme activity showed a clear relationship between exogenous NO, N concentration and N forms in primary plant nitrogen assimilation. Results reveal the possible role of NO and different nitrogen sources on nitrogen assimilation in Triticum aestivum plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahidul Islam
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Bahman Kholdebarin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Angela Juhasz
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wujun Ma
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Fu YF, Zhang ZW, Yuan S. Putative Connections Between Nitrate Reductase S-Nitrosylation and NO Synthesis Under Pathogen Attacks and Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:474. [PMID: 29696031 PMCID: PMC5905236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase (NR) is the key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation in plant cells and also works as an important enzymatic source of nitric oxide (NO), which then regulates plant growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, how NR activities are finely tuned to modulate these biological processes remain largely unknown. Here we present a SWISSPROT 3D analysis of different NR from plant sources indicating the possible sites of S-nitrosylation, and show some evidence of immunoblottings to S-nitrosated (SNO-) proteins. We also found that S-nitrosylation status of NR is negatively correlated with the enzyme activity. The production of NO via NR in vitro represents only 1% of its nitrate reduction activity, possibly due to NO generated through NR reaction may deactivate the enzyme by this S-nitrosylation-mediated negative-feedback regulation. NR-mediated NO generation also plays a key role in protecting plants from abiotic stresses through activating antioxidant enzymes and increasing antioxidants. Putative connections between NR S-nitrosylation and NO biosynthesis under pathogen attacks and abiotic stresses are discussed in this Perspective.
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Alt DS, Doyle JW, Malladi A. Nitrogen-source preference in blueberry (Vaccinium sp.): Enhanced shoot nitrogen assimilation in response to direct supply of nitrate. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 216:79-87. [PMID: 28578080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) is thought to display a preference for the ammonium (NH4+) form over the nitrate (NO3-) form of inorganic nitrogen (N). This N-source preference has been associated with a generally low capacity to assimilate the NO3- form of N, especially within the shoot tissues. Nitrate assimilation is mediated by nitrate reductase (NR), a rate limiting enzyme that converts NO3- to nitrite (NO2-). We investigated potential limitations of NO3- assimilation in two blueberry species, rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei) and southern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) by supplying NO3- to the roots, leaf surface, or through the cut stem. Both species displayed relatively low but similar root uptake rates for both forms of inorganic N. Nitrate uptake through the roots transiently increased NR activity by up to 3.3-fold and root NR gene expression by up to 4-fold. However, supplying NO3- to the roots did not increase its transport in the xylem, nor did it increase NR activity in the leaves, indicating that the acquired N was largely assimilated or stored within the roots. Foliar application of NO3- increased leaf NR activity by up to 3.5-fold, but did not alter NO3- metabolism-related gene expression, suggesting that blueberries are capable of post translational regulation of NR activity in the shoots. Additionally, supplying NO3- to the cut ends of stems resulted in around a 5-fold increase in NR activity, a 10-fold increase in NR transcript accumulation, and up to a 195-fold increase in transcript accumulation of NITRITE REDUCTASE (NiR1) which codes for the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of NO2- to NH4+. These data indicate that blueberry shoots are capable of assimilating NO3- when it is directly supplied to these tissues. Together, these data suggest that limitations in the uptake and translocation of NO3- to the shoots may limit overall NO3- assimilation capacity in blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Alt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA, 30602, United Statesof America; Douglas S. Alt, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
| | - John W Doyle
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA, 30602, United Statesof America; Douglas S. Alt, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
| | - Anish Malladi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA, 30602, United Statesof America; Douglas S. Alt, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
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Hakeem KR, Sabir M, Ozturk M, Akhtar MS, Ibrahim FH. Nitrate and Nitrogen Oxides: Sources, Health Effects and Their Remediation. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 242:183-217. [PMID: 27734212 DOI: 10.1007/398_2016_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of nitrogenous (N) fertilizers in agriculture has significantly altered the global N-cycle because they release nitrogenous gases of environmental concerns. The emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) contributes to the global greenhouse gas accumulation and the stratospheric ozone depletion. In addition, it causes nitrate leaching problem deteriorating ground water quality. The nitrate toxicity has been reported in a number of studies showing the health hazards like methemoglobinemia in infants and is a potent cause of cancer. Despite these evident negative environmental as well as health impacts, consumption of N fertilizer cannot be reduced in view of the food security for the teeming growing world population. Various agronomic and genetic modifications have been practiced to tackle this problem. Some agronomic techniques adopted include split application of N, use of slow-release fertilizers, nitrification inhibitors and encouraging the use of organic manure over chemical fertilizers. As a matter of fact, the use of chemical means to remediate nitrate from the environment is very difficult and costly. Particularly, removal of nitrate from water is difficult task because it is chemically non-reactive in dilute aqueous solutions. Hence, the use of biological means for nitrate remediation offers a promising strategy to minimize the ill effects of nitrates and nitrites. One of the important goals to reduce N-fertilizer application can be effectively achieved by choosing N-efficient genotypes. This will ensure the optimum uptake of applied N in a balanced manner and exploring the molecular mechanisms for their uptake as well as metabolism in assimilatory pathways. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the interrelations which exist in the terrestrial ecosystems between the plant type and characteristics of nutrient uptake and analyze the global consumption and demand for fertilizer nitrogen in relation to cereal production, evaluate the various methods used to determine nitrogen use efficincy (NUE), determine NUE for the major cereals grown across large agroclimatic regions, determine the key factors that control NUE, and finally analyze various strategies available to improve the use efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, UPM 43400, Malaysia.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Sabir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ozturk
- Botany Department & Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mohd Sayeed Akhtar
- Department of Botany, Gandhi Faiz-E-Aam College, Shahjahanpur, 242001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Faridah Hanum Ibrahim
- Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, UPM 43400, Malaysia
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Fancy NN, Bahlmann AK, Loake GJ. Nitric oxide function in plant abiotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:462-472. [PMID: 26754426 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is one of the main threats affecting crop growth and production. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin plant responses against environmental insults will be crucial to help guide the rational design of crop plants to counter these challenges. A key feature during abiotic stress is the production of nitric oxide (NO), an important concentration dependent, redox-related signalling molecule. NO can directly or indirectly interact with a wide range of targets leading to the modulation of protein function and the reprogramming of gene expression. The transfer of NO bioactivity can occur through a variety of potential mechanisms but chief among these is S-nitrosylation, a prototypic, redox-based, post-translational modification. However, little is known about this pivotal molecular amendment in the regulation of abiotic stress signalling. Here, we describe the emerging knowledge concerning the function of NO and S-nitrosylation during plant responses to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurun Nahar Fancy
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK, EH9 3BF
| | - Ann-Kathrin Bahlmann
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK, EH9 3BF
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, D-38106, Germany
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK, EH9 3BF
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Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Izbiańska K. The combined nitrate reductase and nitrite-dependent route of NO synthesis in potato immunity to Phytophthora infestans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:468-477. [PMID: 27588710 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the in-depth knowledge concerning nitric oxide (NO) function, our understanding of NO synthesis in plants is still very limited. In view of the above, this paper provides a step by step presentation of the reductive pathway for endogenous NO generation involving nitrate reductase (NR) activity and nitrite implication in potato defense to Phytophthora infestans. A biphasic character of NO emission, peaking mainly at 3 and then at 24 hpi, was detected during the hypersensitive response (HR). In avr P. infestans potato leaves enhanced NR gene and protein expression was tuned with the depletion of nitrate contents and the increase in nitrite supply at 3 hpi. In the same time period a temporary down-regulation of nitrite reductase (NiR) and activity was found. The study for the link between NO signaling and HR revealed an up-regulation of used markers of effective defense, i.e. Nonexpressor of PR genes (NPR1), thioredoxins (Thx) and PR1, at early time-points (1-3 hpi) upon inoculation. In contrast to the resistant response, in the susceptible one a late overexpression (24-48 hpi) of NPR1 and PR1 mRNA levels was observed. Presented data confirmed the importance of nitrite processed by NR in NO generation in inoculated potato leaves. However, based on the pharmacological approach the potential formation of NO from nitrite bypassing the NR activity during HR response to P. infestans has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karolina Izbiańska
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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Takács Z, Poór P, Tari I. Comparison of polyamine metabolism in tomato plants exposed to different concentrations of salicylic acid under light or dark conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:266-278. [PMID: 27474934 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study the effect of exogenous 0.1 mM and 1 mM salicylic acid (SA) treatments were investigated on polyamine (PA) metabolism in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ailsa Craig) leaves in illuminated or dark environments. The former proved to be sublethal and the latter lethal concentration for tomato leaf tissues. While PA biosynthetic genes, arginine- and ornitine decarboxylases or spermidine- and spermine synthases were highly up-regulated by 1 mM SA, the enzymes participating in PA catabolism, diamine- (DAOs, EC 1.4.3.6) and polyamine oxidases (PAOs, EC 1.5.3.3) displayed higher transcript abundance and enzyme activity at 0.1 mM SA. As a result, putrescine and spermine content but not that of spermidine increased after 1 mM SA application, which proved to be higher in the dark than in the light. H2O2 content produced on the effect of 1 mM SA was significantly higher than at 0.1 mM SA in the light. Since there was no coincidence between H2O2 accumulation and terminal PA catabolism, reactive oxygen species produced by photosynthesis and by other sources had more pronounced effect on H2O2 generation at tissue level than DAOs and PAOs. Accordingly, H2O2 in the absence of NO accumulation contributed to the initiation of defence reactions after 0.1 mM SA treatment, while high SA concentration generated simultaneous increase in H2O2 and NO production in the light, which induced cell death within 24 h in illuminated leaves. However, the appearance of necrotic lesions was delayed in the absence of NO if these plants were kept in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52., Hungary.
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Zerche S, Haensch KT, Druege U, Hajirezaei MR. Nitrogen remobilisation facilitates adventitious root formation on reversible dark-induced carbohydrate depletion in Petunia hybrida. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:219. [PMID: 27724871 PMCID: PMC5056478 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adventitious root (AR) formation in axillary shoot tip cuttings is a crucial physiological process for ornamental propagation that is utilised in global production chains for young plants. In this process, the nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolisms of a cutting are regulated by its total nitrogen content (Nt), dark exposure during transport and irradiance levels at distinct production sites and phases through a specific plasticity to readjust metabolite pools. Here, we examined how elevated Nt contents with a combined dark exposure of cuttings influence their internal N-pools including free amino acids and considered early anatomic events of AR formation as well as further root development in Petunia hybrida cuttings. RESULTS Enhanced Nt contents of unrooted cuttings resulted in elevated total free amino acid levels and in particular glutamate (glu) and glutamine (gln) in leaf and basal stem. N-allocation to mobile N-pools increased whereas the allocation to insoluble protein-N declined. A dark exposure of cuttings conserved initial Nt and nitrate-N, while it reduced insoluble protein-N and increased soluble protein, amino- and amide-N. The increase of amino acids mainly comprised asparagine (asn), aspartate (asp) and arginine (arg) in the leaves, with distinct tissue specific responses to an elevated N supply. Dark exposure induced an early transient rise of asp followed by a temporary increase of glu. A strong positive N effect of high Nt contents of cuttings on AR formation after 384 h was observed. Root meristematic cells developed at 72 h with a negligible difference for two Nt levels. After 168 h, an enhanced Nt accelerated AR formation and gave rise to first obvious fully developed roots while only meristems were formed with a low Nt. However, dark exposure for 168 h promoted AR formation particularly in cuttings with a low Nt to such an extent so that the benefit of the enhanced Nt was almost compensated. Combined dark exposure and low Nt of cuttings strongly reduced shoot growth during AR formation. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that both enhanced Nt content and dark exposure of cuttings reinforced N signals and mobile N resources in the stem base facilitated by senescence-related proteolysis in leaves. Based on our results, a model of N mobilisation concomitant with carbohydrate depletion and its significance for AR formation is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Zerche
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable & Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Kuehnhaeuser Str. 101, 99090 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus-Thomas Haensch
- Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable & Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Kuehnhaeuser Str. 101, 99090 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Uwe Druege
- Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable & Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Kuehnhaeuser Str. 101, 99090 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Molecular Plant Nutrition, Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Sivakumaran A, Akinyemi A, Mandon J, Cristescu SM, Hall MA, Harren FJM, Mur LAJ. ABA Suppresses Botrytis cinerea Elicited NO Production in Tomato to Influence H2O2 Generation and Increase Host Susceptibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:709. [PMID: 27252724 PMCID: PMC4879331 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) production has emerged a susceptibility factor in plant-pathogen interactions. This work examined the interaction of ABA with nitric oxide (NO) in tomato following challenge with the ABA-synthesizing pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Trace gas detection using a quantum cascade laser detected NO production within minutes of challenge with B. cinerea whilst photoacoustic laser detection detected ethylene production - an established mediator of defense against this pathogen - occurring after 6 h. Application of the NO generation inhibitor N-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) suppressed both NO and ethylene production and resistance against B. cinerea. The tomato mutant sitiens fails to accumulate ABA, shows increased resistance to B. cinerea and we noted exhibited elevated NO and ethylene production. Exogenous application of L-NAME or ABA reduced NO production in sitiens and reduced resistance to B. cinerea. Increased resistance to B. cinerea in sitiens have previously been linked to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation but this was reduced in both L-NAME and ABA-treated sitiens. Taken together, our data suggests that ABA can decreases resistance to B. cinerea via reduction of NO production which also suppresses both ROS and ethylene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushen Sivakumaran
- Molecular Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Aderemi Akinyemi
- Molecular Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Julian Mandon
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael A. Hall
- Molecular Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Frans J. M. Harren
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Molecular Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
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Davenport S, Le Lay P, Sanchez-Tamburrrino JP. Nitrate metabolism in tobacco leaves overexpressing Arabidopsis nitrite reductase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:96-107. [PMID: 26447683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary nitrogen assimilation in plants includes the reduction of nitrite to ammonium in the chloroplasts by the enzyme nitrite reductase (NiR EC:1.7.7.1) or in the plastids of non-photosynthetic organs. Here we report on a study overexpressing the Arabidopsis thaliana NiR (AtNiR) gene in tobacco plants under the control of a constitutive promoter (CERV - Carnation Etched Ring Virus). The aim was to overexpress AtNiR in an attempt to alter the level of residual nitrite in the leaf which can act as precursor to the formation of nitrosamines. The impact of increasing the activity of AtNiR produced an increase in leaf protein and a stay-green phenotype in the primary transformed AtNiR population. Investigation of the T1 homozygous population demonstrated elevated nitrate reductase (NR) activity, reductions in leaf nitrite and nitrate and the amino acids proline, glutamine and glutamate. Chlorophyl content of the transgenic lines was increased, as evidenced by the stay-green phenotype. This reveals the importance of NiR in primary nitrogen assimilation and how modification of this key enzyme affects both the nitrogen and carbon metabolism of tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Davenport
- British American Tobacco, R&D Cambridge, 210 The Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0WA, UK.
| | - Pascaline Le Lay
- British American Tobacco, R&D Cambridge, 210 The Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0WA, UK
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Sanz-Luque E, Chamizo-Ampudia A, Llamas A, Galvan A, Fernandez E. Understanding nitrate assimilation and its regulation in microalgae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:899. [PMID: 26579149 PMCID: PMC4620153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate assimilation is a key process for nitrogen (N) acquisition in green microalgae. Among Chlorophyte algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has resulted to be a good model system to unravel important facts of this process, and has provided important insights for agriculturally relevant plants. In this work, the recent findings on nitrate transport, nitrate reduction and the regulation of nitrate assimilation are presented in this and several other algae. Latest data have shown nitric oxide (NO) as an important signal molecule in the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of nitrate reductase and inorganic N transport. Participation of regulatory genes and proteins in positive and negative signaling of the pathway and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of nitrate assimilation, as well as those involved in Molybdenum cofactor synthesis required to nitrate assimilation, are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emilio Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of CordobaCordoba, Spain
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