1
|
Ma M, Zhu T, Cheng X, Li M, Yuan G, Li C, Zhang A, Lu C, Fang Y, Zhang Y. Sucrose phosphate synthase 8 is required for the remobilization of carbon reserves in rice stems during grain filling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:137-151. [PMID: 37738583 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon reserve remobilization in stems is closely related to rice grain filling. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is highly associated with carbon reserve remobilization. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of SPS genes in various rice tissues, and found that SPS8 is the major SPS isoform in rice stems during the grain-filling stage. We then constructed sps8 mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The SPS activity of the sps8 mutants was markedly reduced in the stems. In addition, the sps8 mutants exhibited significant starch accumulation in stems. 14C-labelling experiments revealed that the remobilization of non-structural carbohydrates from rice stems to grains was impaired in the sps8 mutants. In the sps8 mutants, grain filling was delayed and yield decreased by 15% due to a reduced percentage of ripened grains. RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses indicated that the genes involved in starch synthesis and degradation were up-regulated in the sps8 mutant stems. In addition, the activity of the enzymes involved in starch synthesis and degradation was increased in the sps8 stems. These results demonstrate that SPS8 is required for carbon reserve remobilization from rice stems to grains, and that its absence may enhance 'futile cycles' of starch synthesis and degradation in rice stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiuyue Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Changbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Aihong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Congming Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ying Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu G, Mou Y, Shoaib N, He X, Liu L, Di R, Mughal N, Zhang N, Huang Y. Serine 31 Phosphorylation-Driven Regulation of AGPase Activity: Potential Implications for Enhanced Starch Yields in Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15283. [PMID: 37894964 PMCID: PMC10607544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), which catalyzes the transformation of ATP and glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) into adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADP-Glc), acts as a rate-limiting enzyme in crop starch biosynthesis. Prior research has hinted at the regulation of AGPase by phosphorylation in maize. However, the identification and functional implications of these sites remain to be elucidated. In this study, we identified the phosphorylation site (serine at the 31st position of the linear amino acid sequence) of the AGPase large subunit (Sh2) using iTRAQTM. Subsequently, to ascertain the impact of Sh2 phosphorylation on AGPase, we carried out site-directed mutations creating Sh2-S31A (serine residue replaced with alanine) to mimic dephosphorylation and Sh2-S31D (serine residue replaced with aspartic acid) or Sh2-S31E (serine residue replaced with glutamic acid) to mimic phosphorylation. Preliminary investigations were performed to determine Sh2 subcellular localization, its interaction with Bt2, and the resultant AGPase enzymatic activity. Our findings indicate that phosphorylation exerts no impact on the stability or localization of Sh2. Furthermore, none of these mutations at the S31 site of Sh2 seem to affect its interaction with Bt2 (smaller subunit). Intriguingly, all S31 mutations in Sh2 appear to enhance AGPase activity when co-transfected with Bt2, with Sh2-S31E demonstrating a substantial five-fold increase in AGPase activity compared to Sh2. These novel insights lay a foundational groundwork for targeted improvements in AGPase activity, thus potentially accelerating the production of ADP-Glc (the primary substrate for starch synthesis), promising implications for improved starch biosynthesis, and holding the potential to significantly impact agricultural practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuewei Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Noman Shoaib
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewu He
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
| | - Lun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Runze Di
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Nishbah Mughal
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yubi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu S, Zenda T, Tian Z, Huang Z. Metabolic pathways engineering for drought or/and heat tolerance in cereals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1111875. [PMID: 37810398 PMCID: PMC10557149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought (D) and heat (H) are the two major abiotic stresses hindering cereal crop growth and productivity, either singly or in combination (D/+H), by imposing various negative impacts on plant physiological and biochemical processes. Consequently, this decreases overall cereal crop production and impacts global food availability and human nutrition. To achieve global food and nutrition security vis-a-vis global climate change, deployment of new strategies for enhancing crop D/+H stress tolerance and higher nutritive value in cereals is imperative. This depends on first gaining a mechanistic understanding of the mechanisms underlying D/+H stress response. Meanwhile, functional genomics has revealed several stress-related genes that have been successfully used in target-gene approach to generate stress-tolerant cultivars and sustain crop productivity over the past decades. However, the fast-changing climate, coupled with the complexity and multigenic nature of D/+H tolerance suggest that single-gene/trait targeting may not suffice in improving such traits. Hence, in this review-cum-perspective, we advance that targeted multiple-gene or metabolic pathway manipulation could represent the most effective approach for improving D/+H stress tolerance. First, we highlight the impact of D/+H stress on cereal crops, and the elaborate plant physiological and molecular responses. We then discuss how key primary metabolism- and secondary metabolism-related metabolic pathways, including carbon metabolism, starch metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis, and phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling can be modified using modern molecular biotechnology approaches such as CRISPR-Cas9 system and synthetic biology (Synbio) to enhance D/+H tolerance in cereal crops. Understandably, several bottlenecks hinder metabolic pathway modification, including those related to feedback regulation, gene functional annotation, complex crosstalk between pathways, and metabolomics data and spatiotemporal gene expressions analyses. Nonetheless, recent advances in molecular biotechnology, genome-editing, single-cell metabolomics, and data annotation and analysis approaches, when integrated, offer unprecedented opportunities for pathway engineering for enhancing crop D/+H stress tolerance and improved yield. Especially, Synbio-based strategies will accelerate the development of climate resilient and nutrient-dense cereals, critical for achieving global food security and combating malnutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Tinashe Zenda
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zaimin Tian
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Wang M, Zhang C, Dai C, Guan H, Zhang R. Genetic dissection of QTLs for starch content in four maize DH populations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:950664. [PMID: 36275573 PMCID: PMC9583244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the principal carbohydrate source in maize kernels. Understanding the genetic basis of starch content (SC) benefits greatly in improving maize yield and optimizing end-use quality. Here, four double haploid (DH) populations were generated and were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with SC. The phenotype of SC exhibited continuous and approximate normal distribution in each population. A total of 13 QTLs for SC in maize kernels was detected in a range of 3.65-16.18% of phenotypic variation explained (PVE). Among those, only some partly overlapped with QTLs previously known to be related to SC. Meanwhile, 12 genes involved in starch synthesis and metabolism located within QTLs were identified in this study. These QTLs will lay the foundation to explore candidate genes regulating SC in maize kernel and facilitate the application of molecular marker-assisted selection for a breeding program to cultivate maize varieties with a deal of grain quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Technology, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Changjun Dai
- Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haitao Guan
- Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Ruiying Zhang
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo G, Shen L, Song Y, Yu K, Ji J, Zhang C, Yang W, Li X, Sun J, Zhan K, Cui D, Wang Y, Gao C, Liu D, Zhang A. The MYB family transcription factor TuODORANT1 from Triticum urartu and the homolog TaODORANT1 from Triticum aestivum inhibit seed storage protein synthesis in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1863-1877. [PMID: 33949074 PMCID: PMC8428827 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed storage proteins (SSPs) are determinants of wheat end-product quality. SSP synthesis is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level. Few transcriptional regulators of SSP synthesis have been identified in wheat and this study aims to identify novel SSP gene regulators. Here, the R2R3 MYB transcription factor TuODORANT1 from Triticum urartu was found to be preferentially expressed in the developing endosperm during grain filling. In common wheat (Triticum aestivum) overexpressing TuODORANT1, the transcription levels of all the SSP genes tested by RNA-Seq analysis were reduced by 49.71% throughout grain filling, which contributed to 13.38%-35.60% declines in the total SSP levels of mature grains. In in vitro assays, TuODORANT1 inhibited both the promoter activities and the transcription of SSP genes by 1- to 13-fold. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and ChIP-qPCR analysis demonstrated that TuODORANT1 bound to the cis-elements 5'-T/CAACCA-3' and 5'-T/CAACT/AG-3' in SSP gene promoters both in vitro and in vivo. Similarly, the homolog TaODORANT1 in common wheat hindered both the promoter activities and the transcription of SSP genes by 1- to 112-fold in vitro. Knockdown of TaODORANT1 in common wheat led to 14.73%-232.78% increases in the transcription of the tested SSP genes, which contributed to 11.43%-19.35% elevation in the total SSP levels. Our data show that both TuODORANT1 and TaODORANT1 are repressors of SSP synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringNational Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lisha Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringNational Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringNational Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- BGI GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Kang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringNational Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jingjing Ji
- Institute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationCollege of AgronomyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringNational Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiazhu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringNational Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | | | - Yanpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringNational Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Caixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringNational Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- College of Agronomy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Aimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringNational Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou G, Zhu Q, Mao Y, Chen G, Xue L, Lu H, Shi M, Zhang Z, Song X, Zhang H, Hao D. Multi-Locus Genome-Wide Association Study and Genomic Selection of Kernel Moisture Content at the Harvest Stage in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697688. [PMID: 34305987 PMCID: PMC8299107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Kernel moisture content at the harvest stage (KMC) is an important trait that affects the mechanical harvesting of maize grain, and the identification of genetic loci for KMC is beneficial for maize molecular breeding. In this study, we performed a multi-locus genome-wide association study (ML-GWAS) to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for KMC using an association mapping panel of 251 maize inbred lines that were genotyped with an Affymetrix CGMB56K SNP Array and phenotypically evaluated in three environments. Ninety-eight QTNs for KMC were detected using six ML-GWAS models (mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA, PLARmEB, PKWmEB, and ISIS EM-BLASSO). Eleven of these QTNs were considered to be stable, as they were detected by at least four ML-GWAS models under a uniformed environment or in at least two environments and BLUP using the same ML-GWAS model. With qKMC5.6 removed, the remaining 10 stable QTNs explained <10% of the phenotypic variation, suggesting that KMC is mainly controlled by multiple minor-effect genetic loci. A total of 63 candidate genes were predicted from the 11 stable QTNs, and 10 candidate genes were highly expressed in the kernel at different time points after pollination. High prediction accuracy was achieved when the KMC-associated QTNs were included as fixed effects in genomic selection, and the best strategy was to integrate all KMC QTNs identified by all six ML-GWAS models. These results further our understanding of the genetic architecture of KMC and highlight the potential of genomic selection for KMC in maize breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Zhou
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuli Zhu
- Jiangsu Nantong Crop Cultivation Technique Direction Station, Nantong, China
| | - Yuxiang Mao
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xue
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Huhua Lu
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Mingliang Shi
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Zhenliang Zhang
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Xudong Song
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Derong Hao
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adegoke TV, Wang Y, Chen L, Wang H, Liu W, Liu X, Cheng YC, Tong X, Ying J, Zhang J. Posttranslational Modification of Waxy to Genetically Improve Starch Quality in Rice Grain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4845. [PMID: 34063649 PMCID: PMC8124582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The waxy (Wx) gene, encoding the granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), is responsible for amylose biosynthesis and plays a crucial role in defining eating and cooking quality. The waxy locus controls both the non-waxy and waxy rice phenotypes. Rice starch can be altered into various forms by either reducing or increasing the amylose content, depending on consumer preference and region. Low-amylose rice is preferred by consumers because of its softness and sticky appearance. A better way of improving crops other than downregulation and overexpression of a gene or genes may be achieved through the posttranslational modification of sites or regulatory enzymes that regulate them because of their significance. The impact of posttranslational GBSSI modifications on extra-long unit chains (ELCs) remains largely unknown. Numerous studies have been reported on different crops, such as wheat, maize, and barley, but the rice starch granule proteome remains largely unknown. There is a need to improve the yield of low-amylose rice by employing posttranslational modification of Wx, since the market demand is increasing every day in order to meet the market demand for low-amylose rice in the regional area that prefers low-amylose rice, particularly in China. In this review, we have conducted an in-depth review of waxy rice, starch properties, starch biosynthesis, and posttranslational modification of waxy protein to genetically improve starch quality in rice grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Victor Adegoke
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Huimei Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wanning Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xingyong Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yi-Chen Cheng
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiezheng Ying
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim MS, Yang JY, Yu JK, Lee Y, Park YJ, Kang KK, Cho YG. Breeding of High Cooking and Eating Quality in Rice by Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MABc) Using KASP Markers. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040804. [PMID: 33921910 PMCID: PMC8073074 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The primary goals of rice breeding programs are grain quality and yield potential improvement. With the high demand for rice varieties of premium cooking and eating quality, we developed low-amylose content breeding lines crossed with Samgwang and Milkyqueen through the marker-assisted backcross (MABc) breeding program. Trait markers of the SSIIIa gene referring to low-amylose content were identified through an SNP mapping activity, and the markers were applied to select favorable lines for a foreground selection. To rapidly recover the genetic background of Samgwang (recurrent parent genome, RPG), 386 genome-wide markers were used to select BC1F1 and BC2F1 individuals. Seven BC2F1 lines with targeted traits were selected, and the genetic background recovery range varied within 97.4–99.1% of RPG. The amylose content of the selected BC2F2 grains ranged from 12.4–16.8%. We demonstrated the MABc using a trait and genome-wide markers, allowing us to efficiently select lines of a target trait and reduce the breeding cycle effectively. In addition, the BC2F2 lines confirmed by molecular markers in this study can be utilized as parental lines for subsequent breeding programs of high-quality rice for cooking and eating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Me-Sun Kim
- College of Agriculture and Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (M.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ju-Young Yang
- College of Agriculture and Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (M.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ju-Kyung Yu
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Seeds Research, 9 Davis Dr. Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Yi Lee
- College of Agriculture and Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (M.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong-Jin Park
- College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea;
| | - Kwon-Kyoo Kang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-K.K.); (Y.-G.C.)
| | - Yong-Gu Cho
- College of Agriculture and Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (M.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.-K.K.); (Y.-G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun H, Li J, Song H, Yang D, Deng X, Liu J, Wang Y, Ma J, Xiong Y, Liu Y, Yang M. Comprehensive analysis of AGPase genes uncovers their potential roles in starch biosynthesis in lotus seed. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:457. [PMID: 33023477 PMCID: PMC7541243 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch in the lotus seed contains a high proportion of amylose, which endows lotus seed a promising property in the development of hypoglycemic and low-glycemic index functional food. Currently, improving starch content is one of the major goals for seed-lotus breeding. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) plays an essential role in regulating starch biosynthesis in plants, but little is known about its characterization in lotus. RESULTS We describe the nutritional compositions of lotus seed among 30 varieties with starch as a major component. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that AGPase genes were differentially expressed in two varieties (CA and JX) with significant different starch content. Seven putative AGPase genes were identified in the lotus genome (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), which could be grouped into two subfamilies. Selective pressure analysis indicated that purifying selection acted as a vital force in the evolution of AGPase genes. Expression analysis revealed that lotus AGPase genes have varying expression patterns, with NnAGPL2a and NnAGPS1a as the most predominantly expressed, especially in seed and rhizome. NnAGPL2a and NnAGPS1a were co-expressed with a number of starch and sucrose metabolism pathway related genes, and their expressions were accompanied by increased AGPase activity and starch content in lotus seed. CONCLUSIONS Seven AGPase genes were characterized in lotus, with NnAGPL2a and NnAGPS1a, as the key genes involved in starch biosynthesis in lotus seed. These results considerably extend our understanding on lotus AGPase genes and provide theoretical basis for breeding new lotus varieties with high-starch content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000 Hubei China
| | - Heyun Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Xianbao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yunmeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Junyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yaqian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Characterization of In Vivo Function(s) of Members of the Plant Mitochondrial Carrier Family. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091226. [PMID: 32846873 PMCID: PMC7565455 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although structurally related, mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) proteins catalyze the specific transport of a range of diverse substrates including nucleotides, amino acids, dicarboxylates, tricarboxylates, cofactors, vitamins, phosphate and H+. Despite their name, they do not, however, always localize to the mitochondria, with plasma membrane, peroxisomal, chloroplast and thylakoid and endoplasmic reticulum localizations also being reported. The existence of plastid-specific MCF proteins is suggestive that the evolution of these proteins occurred after the separation of the green lineage. That said, plant-specific MCF proteins are not all plastid-localized, with members also situated at the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. While by no means yet comprehensive, the in vivo function of a wide range of these transporters is carried out here, and we discuss the employment of genetic variants of the MCF as a means to provide insight into their in vivo function complementary to that obtained from studies following their reconstitution into liposomes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen MX, Zhang KL, Gao B, Yang JF, Tian Y, Das D, Fan T, Dai L, Hao GF, Yang GF, Zhang J, Zhu FY, Fang YM. Phylogenetic comparison of 5' splice site determination in central spliceosomal proteins of the U1-70K gene family, in response to developmental cues and stress conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:357-378. [PMID: 32133712 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Intron-containing genes have the ability to generate multiple transcript isoforms by splicing, thereby greatly expanding the eukaryotic transcriptome and proteome. In eukaryotic cells, precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing is performed by a mega-macromolecular complex defined as a spliceosome. Among its splicing components, U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U1 snRNP) is the smallest subcomplex involved in early spliceosome assembly and 5'-splice site recognition. Its central component, named U1-70K, has been extensively characterized in animals and yeast. Very few investigations on U1-70K genes have been conducted in plants, however. To this end, we performed a comprehensive study to systematically identify 115 U1-70K genes from 67 plant species, ranging from algae to angiosperms. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the expansion of the plant U1-70K gene family was likely to have been driven by whole-genome duplications. Subsequent comparisons of gene structures, protein domains, promoter regions and conserved splicing patterns indicated that plant U1-70Ks are likely to preserve their conserved molecular function across plant lineages and play an important functional role in response to environmental stresses. Furthermore, genetic analysis using T-DNA insertion mutants suggested that Arabidopsis U1-70K may be involved in response to osmotic stress. Our results provide a general overview of this gene family in Viridiplantae and will act as a reference source for future mechanistic studies on this U1 snRNP-specific splicing factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Xian Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518063, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai-Lu Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bei Gao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Debatosh Das
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Dai
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518063, China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shatin, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yan-Ming Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dong MY, Fan XW, Li YZ. Cassava AGPase genes and their encoded proteins are different from those of other plants. PLANTA 2019; 250:1621-1635. [PMID: 31399791 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cassava AGPase and AGPase genes have some unique characteristics. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a rate-limiting enzyme for starch synthesis. In this study, cassava AGPase genes (MeAGP) were analyzed based on six cultivars and one wild species. A total of seven MeAGPs was identified, including four encoding AGPase large subunits (MeAGPLs 1, 2, 3 and 4) and three encoding AGPase small subunits (MeAGPSs 1, 2 and 3). The copy number of MeAGPs varied in cassava germplasm materials. There were 14 introns for MeAGPLs 1, 2 and 3, 13 introns for MeAGPL4, and 8 introns for other three MeAGPSs. Multiple conservative amino acid sequence motifs were found in the MeAGPs. There were differences in amino acids at binding sites of substrates and regulators among different MeAGP subunits and between MeAGPs and a potato AGPase small subunit (1YP2:B). MeAGPs were all located in chloroplasts. MeAGP expression was not only associated with gene copy number and types/combinations, regions and levels of the DNA methylation but was also affected by environmental factors with the involvement of various transcription factors in multiple regulation networks and in various cis-elements in the gene promoter regions. The MeAGP activity also changed with environmental conditions and had potential differences among the subunits. Taken together, MeAGPs differ in number from those of Arabidopsis, potato, maize, banana, sweet potato, and tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-You Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - You-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Harris KF. An introductory review of resistant starch type 2 from high-amylose cereal grains and its effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:748-764. [PMID: 31343688 PMCID: PMC6786898 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Refined carbohydrates result from milling techniques that remove the outer layers of a cereal grain and grind the endosperm into a flour ingredient that is devoid of dietary fiber. Technologies have been developed to produce high-amylose cereal grains that have a significantly higher resistant starch type 2 and thus dietary fiber content in the endosperm of the cereal grain, which has positive implications for human health. A review of the literature was conducted to study the effects of resistant starch type 2 derived from high-amylose grains on glucose and insulin response. While thousands of articles have been published on resistant starch, only 30 articles have focused on how resistant starch type 2 from high-amylose grains affects acute and long-term responses of glucose and insulin control. The findings showed that resistant starch has the ability to attenuate acute postprandial responses when replacing rapidly digestible carbohydrate sources, but there is insufficient evidence to conclude that resistant starch can improve insulin resistance and/or sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn F Harris
- Research and Development Department, Bay State Milling Company, Quincy, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fernández J, Ledesma E, Monte J, Millán E, Costa P, de la Fuente VG, García MTF, Martínez-Camblor P, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Traditional Processed Meat Products Re-designed Towards Inulin-rich Functional Foods Reduce Polyps in Two Colorectal Cancer Animal Models. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14783. [PMID: 31616028 PMCID: PMC6794276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin-rich foods exert a prebiotic effect, as this polysaccharide is able to enhance beneficial colon microbiota populations, giving rise to the in situ production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as propionic and butyric acids. These SCFAs are potent preventive agents against colorectal cancer due to their histone deacetylases inhibitory properties, which induce apoptosis in tumor colonocytes. As colorectal cancer is the fourth most common neoplasia in Europe with 28.2 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants, a cost-effective preventive strategy has been tested in this work by redesigning common porcine meat products (chorizo sausages and cooked ham) consumed by a substantial proportion of the population towards potential colorectal cancer preventive functional foods. In order to test the preventive effect of these inulin-rich meat products against colorectal cancer, an animal model (Rattus norvegicus F344) was used, involving two doses of azoxymethane (10 mg/kg) and two treatments with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) during a 20-week assay period. Control feed, control sausages, functional sausages (15.7% inulin), control cooked ham and functional cooked ham (10% inulin) were used to feed the corresponding animal cohorts. Then, the animals were sacrificed and their digestive tract tissues were analyzed. The results showed a statistically significant 49% reduction in the number of colon polyps in the functional meat products cohorts with respect to the control meat products animals, as well as an increase in the cecum weight (an indicator of a diet rich in prebiotic fiber), a 51.8% increase in colon propionate production, a 39.1% increase in colon butyrate concentrations, and a reduction in the number of hyperplastic Peyer's patches. Metagenomics studies also demonstrated colon microbiota differences, revealing a significant increase in Bacteroidetes populations in the functional meat products (mainly due to an increase in Bacteroidaceae and Prevotellaceae families, which include prominent propionate producers), together with a reduction in Firmicutes (especially due to lower Lachnospiraceae populations). However, functional meat products showed a remarkable increase in the anti-inflammatory and fiber-fermentative Blautia genus, which belongs to this Lachnospiraceae family. The functional meat products cohorts also presented a reduction in important pro-inflammatory bacterial populations, such as those of the genus Desulfovibrio and Bilophila. These results were corroborated in a genetic animal model of CRC (F344/NSlc-Apc1588/kyo) that produced similar results. Therefore, processed meat products can be redesigned towards functional prebiotic foods of interest as a cost-effective dietary strategy for preventing colorectal cancer in human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo. Avda. Julián Clavería, 7, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estefanía Ledesma
- El Hórreo Healthy Foods SL. Polígono de Granda 17, 33199, Siero, Spain
| | - Joaquín Monte
- El Hórreo Healthy Foods SL. Polígono de Granda 17, 33199, Siero, Spain
| | - Enric Millán
- COSFER SA, C/Isaac Peral 2, Can Castells, 08420, Canovelles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Costa
- COSFER SA, C/Isaac Peral 2, Can Castells, 08420, Canovelles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa García de la Fuente
- Molecular Histopathology Unit in Animal Models for Cancer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Teresa Fernández García
- Molecular Histopathology Unit in Animal Models for Cancer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Camblor
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hannover, NH, 03755, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Claudio J Villar
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo. Avda. Julián Clavería, 7, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo. Avda. Julián Clavería, 7, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain.
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mizuno S, Kamiyoshihara Y, Shiba H, Shinmachi F, Watanabe K, Tateishi A. Plastidial starch phosphorylase is highly associated with starch accumulation process in developing squash (Cucurbita sp.) fruit. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:264-275. [PMID: 30474293 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated changes in starch content and starch metabolic enzyme activities in developing and postharvest squash of distinct species, Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata, which accumulate high and low levels of starch, respectively. The total activity of starch phosphorylase in developing fruits significantly correlated (r = 0.99) to the amount of starch among Cucurbita species (C. maxima, C. moschata and C. pepo). Separable activity of a plastidial L-form phosphorylase in C. maxima fruit markedly increased corresponding with starch accumulation. We isolated two genes (CmPhoL1 and CmPhoH1) encoding an L-form and a cytosolic H-form phosphorylase from C. maxima fruit. The expression of CmPhoL1 in the fruit dramatically increased at the beginning of starch accumulation. Recombinant CmPhoL1 enzyme showed similar kinetic parameters in both glucan synthesis and phosphorolysis: this enzyme can catalyze the invertible reaction in vitro depending on the concentration of substrates. These results suggest that CmPhoL1 plays a role in the starch accumulation process during squash development, but the aid of other starch synthetic enzymes may be required for in vivo glucan synthesis reaction by CmPhoL1. An importance of plastidial starch phosphorylase in the starch accumulation in the fruit organ was indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Mizuno
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamiyoshihara
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hajime Shiba
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Fumie Shinmachi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Keiichi Watanabe
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Akira Tateishi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
López-González C, Juárez-Colunga S, Morales-Elías NC, Tiessen A. Exploring regulatory networks in plants: transcription factors of starch metabolism. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6841. [PMID: 31328026 PMCID: PMC6625501 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological networks are complex (non-linear), redundant (cyclic) and compartmentalized at the subcellular level. Rational manipulation of plant metabolism may have failed due to inherent difficulties of a comprehensive understanding of regulatory loops. We first need to identify key factors controlling the regulatory loops of primary metabolism. The paradigms of plant networks are revised in order to highlight the differences between metabolic and transcriptional networks. Comparison between animal and plant transcription factors (TFs) reveal some important differences. Plant transcriptional networks function at a lower hierarchy compared to animal regulatory networks. Plant genomes contain more TFs than animal genomes, but plant proteins are smaller and have less domains as animal proteins which are often multifunctional. We briefly summarize mutant analysis and co-expression results pinpointing some TFs regulating starch enzymes in plants. Detailed information is provided about biochemical reactions, TFs and cis regulatory motifs involved in sucrose-starch metabolism, in both source and sink tissues. Examples about coordinated responses to hormones and environmental cues in different tissues and species are listed. Further advancements require combined data from single-cell transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches. Cell fractionation and subcellular inspection may provide valuable insights. We propose that shuffling of promoter elements might be a promising strategy to improve in the near future starch content, crop yield or food quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Axel Tiessen
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, México.,Laboratorio Nacional PlanTECC, Irapuato, México
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tappiban P, Smith DR, Triwitayakorn K, Bao J. Recent understanding of starch biosynthesis in cassava for quality improvement: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
18
|
Zavala-García LE, Sánchez-Segura L, Avila de Dios E, Pérez-López A, Simpson J. Starch accumulation is associated with active growth in A. tequilana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:623-632. [PMID: 30125759 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis of different tissues and developmental stages of A. tequilana plants led to the identification of full length cDNAs and the corresponding amino acid sequences for enzymes involved in starch metabolism in this species. Comparison with sequences from other species confirmed the identities of putative A. tequilana starch metabolism genes and uncovered differences in the evolutionary patterns of these genes between gramineous and non-gramineous monocotyledons. In silico expression patterns showed high levels of expression of starch metabolism genes in shoot apical meristem tissue and histological studies showed the presence of starch in leaf primordia surrounding the shoot apical meristem and in the primary thickening meristem of the stem. Starch was also found to accumulate significantly in developing floral organs and immature embryos. Low levels of starch were observed overall in leaf tissue with the exception of stomatal guard cells where starch was abundant. In root tissue, starch was only observed in statoliths at the root tip. A. tequilana starch grains were found to be small in comparison to other species and have an almost spherical form. The data for gene expression and histological localization are consistent with a role for starch as a transient carbohydrate store for actively growing tissues in A. tequilana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Zavala-García
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apdo. Postal 629, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Lino Sánchez-Segura
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apdo. Postal 629, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Emmanuel Avila de Dios
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apdo. Postal 629, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Arely Pérez-López
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apdo. Postal 629, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - June Simpson
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apdo. Postal 629, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li C, Huang Y, Huang R, Wu Y, Wang W. The genetic architecture of amylose biosynthesis in maize kernel. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:688-695. [PMID: 28796926 PMCID: PMC5787843 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the most abundant storage carbohydrate in maize kernel. The content of amylose and amylopectin confers unique properties in food processing and industrial application. Thus, the resurgent interest has been switched to the study of individual amylose or amylopectin rather than total starch, whereas the enzymatic machinery for amylose synthesis remains elusive. We took advantage of the phenotype of amylose content and the genotype of 9,007,194 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 464 inbred maize lines. The genome-wide association study identified 27 associated loci involving 39 candidate genes that were linked to amylose content including transcription factors, glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, as well as hydrolases. Except the waxy gene that encodes the granule-bound starch synthase, the remaining candidate genes were located in the upstream pathway of amylose synthesis, while the downstream members were already known from prior studies. The linked candidate genes could be transferred to manipulate amylose content and thus add value to maize kernel in the breeding programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Li
- College of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of AgronomyShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology & EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yongcai Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology & EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruidong Huang
- College of AgronomyShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology & EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Wenqin Wang
- College of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Linder HP, Lehmann CER, Archibald S, Osborne CP, Richardson DM. Global grass (Poaceae) success underpinned by traits facilitating colonization, persistence and habitat transformation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:1125-1144. [PMID: 29230921 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poaceae (the grasses) is arguably the most successful plant family, in terms of its global occurrence in (almost) all ecosystems with angiosperms, its ecological dominance in many ecosystems, and high species richness. We suggest that the success of grasses is best understood in context of their capacity to colonize, persist, and transform environments (the "Viking syndrome"). This results from combining effective long-distance dispersal, efficacious establishment biology, ecological flexibility, resilience to disturbance and the capacity to modify environments by changing the nature of fire and mammalian herbivory. We identify a diverse set of functional traits linked to dispersal, establishment and competitive abilities. Enhanced long-distance dispersal is determined by anemochory, epizoochory and endozoochory and is facilitated via the spikelet (and especially the awned lemma) which functions as the dispersal unit. Establishment success could be a consequence of the precocious embryo and large starch reserves, which may underpin the extremely short generation times in grasses. Post-establishment genetic bottlenecks may be mitigated by wind pollination and the widespread occurrence of polyploidy, in combination with gametic self-incompatibility. The ecological competitiveness of grasses is corroborated by their dominance across the range of environmental extremes tolerated by angiosperms, facilitated by both C3 and C4 photosynthesis, well-developed frost tolerance in several clades, and a sympodial growth form that enabled the evolution of both annual and long-lived life forms. Finally, absence of investment in wood (except in bamboos), and the presence of persistent buds at or below ground level, provides tolerance of repeated defoliation (whether by fire, frost, drought or herbivores). Biotic modification of environments via feedbacks with herbivory or fire reinforce grass dominance leading to open ecosystems. Grasses can be both palatable and productive, fostering high biomass and diversity of mammalian herbivores. Many grasses have a suite of architectural and functional traits that facilitate frequent fire, including a tufted growth form, and tannin-like substances in leaves which slow decomposition. We mapped these traits over the phylogeny of the Poales, spanning the grasses and their relatives, and demonstrated the accumulation of traits since monocots originated in the mid-Cretaceous. Although the sympodial growth form is a monocot trait, tillering resulting in the tufted growth form most likely evolved within the grasses. Similarly, although an ovary apparently constructed of a single carpel evolved in the most recent grass ancestor, spikelets and the awned lemma dispersal units evolved within the grasses. Frost tolerance and C4 photosynthesis evolved relatively late (late Palaeogene), and the last significant trait to evolve was probably the production of tannins, associated with pyrophytic savannas. This fits palaeobotanical data, suggesting several phases in the grass success story: from a late Cretaceous origin, to occasional tropical grassland patches in the later Palaeogene, to extensive C3 grassy woodlands in the early-middle Miocene, to the dramatic expansion of the tropical C4 grass savannas and grasslands in the Pliocene, and the C3 steppe grasslands during the Pleistocene glacial periods. Modern grasslands depend heavily on strongly seasonal climates, making them sensitive to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H P Linder
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline E R Lehmann
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK.,Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag X3, WITS, 2050, South Africa
| | - Sally Archibald
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag X3, WITS, 2050, South Africa
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - David M Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hou J, Li T, Wang Y, Hao C, Liu H, Zhang X. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase genes, associated with kernel weight, underwent selection during wheat domestication and breeding. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1533-1543. [PMID: 28371241 PMCID: PMC5698054 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, comprising two small subunits and two large subunits, is considered a key enzyme in the endosperm starch synthesis pathway in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two genes, TaAGP-S1-7A and TaAGP-L-1B, were investigated in this study. Haplotypes of these genes were associated with thousand kernel weight (TKW) in different populations. Mean TKWs of favoured haplotypes were significantly higher than those of nonfavoured ones. Two molecular markers developed to distinguish these haplotypes could be used in molecular breeding. Frequencies of favoured haplotypes were dramatically increased in cultivars released in China after the 1940s. These favoured haplotypes were also positively selected in six major wheat production regions globally. Selection of AGP-S1 and AGP-L-1B in wheat mainly occurred during and after hexaploidization. Strong additive effects of the favoured haplotypes of with other genes for starch synthesis were also detected in different populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hou
- Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tian Li
- Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yamei Wang
- Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chenyang Hao
- Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The starch-rich endosperms of the Poaceae, which includes wild grasses and their domesticated descendents the cereals, have provided humankind and their livestock with the bulk of their daily calories since the dawn of civilization up to the present day. There are currently unprecedented pressures on global food supplies, largely resulting from population growth, loss of agricultural land that is linked to increased urbanization, and climate change. Since cereal yields essentially underpin world food and feed supply, it is critical that we understand the biological factors contributing to crop yields. In particular, it is important to understand the biochemical pathway that is involved in starch biosynthesis, since this pathway is the major yield determinant in the seeds of six out of the top seven crops grown worldwide. This review outlines the critical stages of growth and development of the endosperm tissue in the Poaceae, including discussion of carbon provision to the growing sink tissue. The main body of the review presents a current view of our understanding of storage starch biosynthesis, which occurs inside the amyloplasts of developing endosperms.
Collapse
|
23
|
Yao Y, Geng MT, Wu XH, Sun C, Wang YL, Chen X, Shang L, Lu XH, Li Z, Li RM, Fu SP, Duan RJ, Liu J, Hu XW, Guo JC. Identification, Expression, and Functional Analysis of the Fructokinase Gene Family in Cassava. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2398. [PMID: 29137155 PMCID: PMC5713366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructokinase (FRK) proteins play important roles in catalyzing fructose phosphorylation and participate in the carbohydrate metabolism of storage organs in plants. To investigate the roles of FRKs in cassava tuber root development, seven FRK genes (MeFRK1-7) were identified, and MeFRK1-6 were isolated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MeFRK family genes can be divided into α (MeFRK1, 2, 6, 7) and β (MeFRK3, 4, 5) groups. All the MeFRK proteins have typical conserved regions and substrate binding residues similar to those of the FRKs. The overall predicted three-dimensional structures of MeFRK1-6 were similar, folding into a catalytic domain and a β-sheet ''lid" region, forming a substrate binding cleft, which contains many residues involved in the binding to fructose. The gene and the predicted three-dimensional structures of MeFRK3 and MeFRK4 were the most similar. MeFRK1-6 displayed different expression patterns across different tissues, including leaves, stems, tuber roots, flowers, and fruits. In tuber roots, the expressions of MeFRK3 and MeFRK4 were much higher compared to those of the other genes. Notably, the expression of MeFRK3 and MeFRK4 as well as the enzymatic activity of FRK were higher at the initial and early expanding tuber stages and were lower at the later expanding and mature tuber stages. The FRK activity of MeFRK3 and MeFRK4 was identified by the functional complementation of triple mutant yeast cells that were unable to phosphorylate either glucose or fructose. The gene expression and enzymatic activity of MeFRK3 and MeFRK4 suggest that they might be the main enzymes in fructose phosphorylation for regulating the formation of tuber roots and starch accumulation at the tuber root initial and expanding stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Meng-Ting Geng
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Wu
- Prisys Biotechnologies Company Limited, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chong Sun
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Yun-Lin Wang
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xia Chen
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Lu Shang
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xiao-Hua Lu
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Zhan Li
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Rui-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Rui-Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Xin-Wen Hu
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Jian-Chun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lamont KC, Mudge SR, Liu G, Godwin ID. Expression patterns of the native Shrunken-2 promoter in Sorghum bicolor visualised through use of the GFP reporter gene. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1689-1700. [PMID: 28721521 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The AGPase large subunit (shrunken-2) promoter was demonstrated to be active in the placentochalaza and endosperm of developing grain as well as the root tips in transgenic sorghum. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of the Sorghum bicolor Shrunken-2 (Sh2) promoter were evaluated using the green fluorescence protein reporter gene (gfp) in transgenic sorghum, within the context of upregulating starch biosynthesis in the developing grain. GFP fluorescence was analysed throughout development in various tissue types using confocal laser scanning microscopy techniques. Sh2 promoter activity was first detected in the placentochalaza region of the developing caryopsis and apoplasm adjacent to the nucellar epidermis at 7 days post anthesis (dpa) where fluorescence remained relatively constant until 17 dpa. Fluorescence in this region weakened by 20 dpa and disappeared by 25 dpa. Expression was also detected in the developing endosperm, but not until 12 dpa, continuing until 25 dpa. Whilst the endosperm expression was expected, the fluorescence detected in the placentochalaza was completely unexpected. Although transcript presence does not mean the resulting biochemistry is also present, these preliminary findings may suggest alternate spatial activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase prior to uptake by the developing grain. Sh2 promoter activity was also unexpectedly detected in the root tips at all developmental time points. Sh2 promoter activity was not detected in any reproductive floral tissue (both pre and post anthesis) or in pollen. Similarly, no expression was detected in leaf tissue at any stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Lamont
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Level 3, John Hines Building 62#, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Stephen R Mudge
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Level 3, John Hines Building 62#, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guoquan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Level 3, John Hines Building 62#, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian D Godwin
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Level 3, John Hines Building 62#, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li C, Powell PO, Gilbert RG. Recent progress toward understanding the role of starch biosynthetic enzymes in the cereal endosperm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/amylase-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStarch from cereal endosperm is a major energy source for many mammals. The synthesis of this starch involves a number of different enzymes whose mode of action is still not completely understood. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase is involved in the synthesis of starch monomer (ADP-glucose), a process, which almost exclusively takes place in the cytosol. ADPglucose is then transported into the amyloplast and incorporated into starch granules by starch synthase, starch-branching enzyme and debranching enzyme. Additional enzymes, including starch phosphorylase and disproportionating enzyme, may be also involved in the formation of starch granules, although their exact functions are still obscure. Interactions between these enzymes in the form of functional complexes have been proposed and investigated, resulting more complicated starch biosynthetic pathways. An overall picture and recent advances in understanding of the functions of these enzymes is summarized in this review to provide insights into how starch granules are synthesized in cereal endosperm.
Collapse
|
26
|
Hayashi M, Tanaka M, Yamamoto S, Nakagawa T, Kanai M, Anegawa A, Ohnishi M, Mimura T, Nishimura M. Plastidial Folate Prevents Starch Biosynthesis Triggered by Sugar Influx into Non-Photosynthetic Plastids of Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1328-1338. [PMID: 28586467 PMCID: PMC5921527 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of sucrose-starch interconversion in plants is important to maintain energy supplies necessary for viability and growth. Arabidopsis mutants were screened for aberrant responses to sucrose to identify candidates with a defect in the regulation of starch biosynthesis. One such mutant, fpgs1-4, accumulated substantial amounts of starch in non-photosynthetic cells. Dark-grown mutant seedlings exhibited shortened hypocotyls and accumulated starch in etioplasts when supplied with exogenous sucrose/glucose. Similar starch accumulation from exogenous sucrose was observed in mutant chloroplasts, when photosynthesis was prevented by organ culture in darkness. Molecular genetic analyses revealed that the mutant was defective in plastidial folylpolyglutamate synthetase, one of the enzymes engaged in folate biosynthesis. Active folate derivatives are important biomolecules that function as cofactors for a variety of enzymes. Exogenously supplied 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate abrogated the mutant phenotypes, indicating that the fpgs1-4 mutant produced insufficient folate derivative levels. In addition, the antifolate agents methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil induced starch accumulation from exogenously supplied sucrose in dark-grown seedlings of wild-type Arabidopsis. These results indicate that plastidial folate suppresses starch biosynthesis triggered by sugar influx into non-photosynthetic cells, demonstrating a hitherto unsuspected link between plastidial folate and starch metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail,: ; Fax, +81-749-64-8101
| | - Mina Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Saki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Taro Nakagawa
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Aya Anegawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Miwa Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pirone C, Gurrieri L, Gaiba I, Adamiano A, Valle F, Trost P, Sparla F. The analysis of the different functions of starch-phosphorylating enzymes during the development of Arabidopsis thaliana plants discloses an unexpected role for the cytosolic isoform GWD2. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:447-457. [PMID: 28303594 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes three glucan, water dikinases. Glucan, water dikinase 1 (GWD1; EC 2.7.9.4) and phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD; EC 2.7.9.5) are chloroplastic enzymes, while glucan, water dikinase 2 (GWD2) is cytosolic. Both GWDs and PWD catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to amylopectin chains at the surface of starch granules, changing its physicochemical properties. As a result, GWD1 and PWD have a positive effect on transitory starch degradation at night. Because of its cytosolic localization, GWD2 does not have the same effect. Single T-DNA mutants of either GWD1 or PWD or GWD2 have been analyzed during the entire life cycle of A. thaliana. We report that the three dikinases are all important for proper seed development. Seeds from gwd2 mutants are shrunken, with the epidermal cells of the seed coat irregularly shaped. Moreover, gwd2 seeds contain a lower lipid to protein ratio and are impaired in germination. Similar seed phenotypes were observed in pwd and gwd1 mutants, except for the normal morphology of epidermal cells in gwd1 seed coats. The gwd1, pwd and gwd2 mutants were also very similar in growth and flowering time when grown under continuous light and all three behaved differently from wild-type plants. Besides pinpointing a novel role of GWD2 and PWD in seed development, this analysis suggests that the phenotypic features of the dikinase mutants in A. thaliana cannot be explained solely in terms of defects in leaf starch degradation at night.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pirone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Libero Gurrieri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Ivan Gaiba
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Alessio Adamiano
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Faenza, 48018, Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISNM), National Research Council (CNR), Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hill BL, Figueroa CM, Asencion Diez MD, Lunn JE, Iglesias AA, Ballicora MA. On the stability of nucleoside diphosphate glucose metabolites: implications for studies of plant carbohydrate metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3331-3337. [PMID: 28859372 PMCID: PMC5853320 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate sugars (NDP-sugars) are the substrates for biosynthesis of oligo- and polysaccharides, such as starch and cellulose, and are also required for biosynthesis of nucleotides, ascorbic acid, several cofactors, glycoproteins and many secondary metabolites. A controversial study that questions the generally accepted pathway of ADP-glucose and starch synthesis in plants is based, in part, on claims that NDP-sugars are unstable at alkaline pH in the presence of Mg2+ and that this instability can lead to unreliable results from in vitro assays of enzyme activities. If substantiated, this claim would have far-reaching implications for many published studies that report on the activities of NDP-sugar metabolizing enzymes. To resolve this controversy, we investigated the stability of UDP- and ADP-glucose using biophysical, namely nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and highly specific enzymatic methods. Results obtained with both techniques indicate that NDP-sugars are not as unstable as previously suggested. Moreover, their calculated in vitro half-lives are significantly higher than estimates of their in planta turnover times. This indicates that the physico-chemical stability of NDP-sugars has little impact on their concentrations in vivo and that NDP-sugar levels are determined primarily by the relative rates of enzymatic synthesis and consumption. Our results refute one of the main arguments for the controversial pathway of starch synthesis from imported ADP-glucose produced by sucrose synthase in the cytosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlos M Figueroa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D Asencion Diez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Amylopectin small chain glucans form structure fingerprint that determines botanical origin of starch. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 158:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
30
|
Identification and Characterization of a Plastidic Adenine Nucleotide Uniporter (OsBT1-3) Required for Chloroplast Development in the Early Leaf Stage of Rice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41355. [PMID: 28134341 PMCID: PMC5278347 DOI: 10.1038/srep41355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast development is an important subject in botany. In this study, a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant exhibiting impairment in early chloroplast development (seedling leaf albino (sla)) was isolated from a filial generation via hybridization breeding. The sla mutant seedlings have an aberrant form of chloroplasts, which resulted in albinism at the first and second leaves; however, the leaf sheath was green. The mutant gradually turned green after the two-leaf stage, and the third leaf was a normal shade of green. Map-based cloning indicated that the gene OsBT1-3, which belongs to the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF), is responsible for the sla mutant phenotype. OsBT1-3 expression was high in the young leaves, decreased after the two-leaf stage, and was low in the sheath, and these findings are consistent with the recovery of a number of chloroplasts in the third leaf of sla mutant seedlings. The results also showed that OsBT1-3-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was targeted to the chloroplast, and a Western blot assay using a peptide-specific antibody indicated that OsBT1-3 localizes to the chloroplast envelope. We also demonstrated that OsBT1-3 functions as a unidirectional transporter of adenine nucleotides. Based on these findings, OsBT1-3 likely acts as a plastid nucleotide uniporter and is essential for chloroplast development in rice leaves at the young seedling stage.
Collapse
|
31
|
Chang H, Huang HE, Cheng CF, Ho MH, Ger MJ. Constitutive expression of a plant ferredoxin-like protein (pflp) enhances capacity of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in rice (Oryza sativa). Transgenic Res 2017; 26:279-289. [PMID: 28054169 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) gene, cloned from sweet peppers predicted as an electron carrier in photosynthesis, shows high homology to the Fd-I sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana, Lycopersicon esculentum, Oryza sativa and Spinacia oleracea. Most of pflp related studies focused on anti-pathogenic effects, while less understanding for the effects in photosynthesis with physiological aspects, such as photosynthesis rate, and levels of carbohydrate metabolites. This project focuses on the effects of pflp overexpression on photosynthesis by physiological evaluations of carbon assimilation with significant higher levels of carbohydrates with higher photosynthesis efficiency. In this report, two independent transgenic lines of rice plants (designated as pflp-1 and pflp-2) were generated from non-transgenic TNG67 rice plant (WT). Both transgenic pflp rice plants exhibited enhanced photosynthesis efficiency, and gas exchange rates of photosynthesis were 1.3- and 1.2-fold higher for pflp-1 and pflp-2 than WT respectively. Significantly higher electron transport rates of pflp rice plants were observed. Moreover, photosynthetic products, such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and starch contents of pflp transgenic lines were increased accordingly. Molecular evidences of carbohydrate metabolism related genes activities (osHXK5, osHXK6, osAGPL3, osAGPS2α, osSPS, ospFBPase, oscFBPase, and osSBPase) in transgenic lines were higher than those of WT. For performance of crop production, 1000-grain weight for pflp-1 and pflp-2 rice plants were 52.9 and 41.1 g that were both significantly higher than 31.6 g for WT, and panicles weights were 1.4- and 1.2-fold higher than WT. Panicle number, tiller number per plants for pflp rice plants were all significantly higher compared with those of WT where there was no significant difference observed between two pflp rice plants. Taken altogether; this study demonstrated that constitutive pflp expression can improve rice production by enhancing the capacity of photosynthetic carbon assimilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 30015, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiang-En Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taitung University, Taitung, 95092, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Fu Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Mang-Jye Ger
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xing S, Meng X, Zhou L, Mujahid H, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Peng Z. Proteome Profile of Starch Granules Purified from Rice (Oryza sativa) Endosperm. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168467. [PMID: 27992503 PMCID: PMC5167393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most important food energy source in cereals. Many of the known enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis are partially or entirely granule-associated in the endosperm. Studying the proteome of rice starch granules is critical for us to further understand the mechanisms underlying starch biosynthesis and packaging of starch granules in rice amyloplasts, consequently for the improvement of rice grain quality. In this article, we developed a protocol to purify starch granules from mature rice endosperm and verified the quality of purified starch granules by microscopy observations, I2 staining, and Western blot analyses. In addition, we found the phenol extraction method was superior to Tris-HCl buffer extraction method with respect to the efficiency in recovery of starch granule associated proteins. LC-MS/MS analysis showed identification of already known starch granule associated proteins with high confidence. Several proteins reported to be involved in starch synthesis in prior genetic studies in plants were also shown to be enriched with starch granules, either directly or indirectly, in our studies. In addition, our results suggested that a few additional candidate proteins may also be involved in starch synthesis. Furthermore, our results indicated that some starch synthesis pathway proteins are subject to protein acetylation modification. GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the identified proteins were mainly located in plastids and involved in carbohydrate metabolism. This study substantially advances the understanding of the starch granule associated proteome in rice and post translational regulation of some starch granule associated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Xing
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxi Meng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hana Mujahid
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Cailin Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohua Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jourda C, Cardi C, Gibert O, Giraldo Toro A, Ricci J, Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié D, Yahiaoui N. Lineage-Specific Evolutionary Histories and Regulation of Major Starch Metabolism Genes during Banana Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1778. [PMID: 27994606 PMCID: PMC5133247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the most widespread and abundant storage carbohydrate in plants. It is also a major feature of cultivated bananas as it accumulates to large amounts during banana fruit development before almost complete conversion to soluble sugars during ripening. Little is known about the structure of major gene families involved in banana starch metabolism and their evolution compared to other species. To identify genes involved in banana starch metabolism and investigate their evolutionary history, we analyzed six gene families playing a crucial role in plant starch biosynthesis and degradation: the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (AGPases), starch synthases (SS), starch branching enzymes (SBE), debranching enzymes (DBE), α-amylases (AMY) and β-amylases (BAM). Using comparative genomics and phylogenetic approaches, these genes were classified into families and sub-families and orthology relationships with functional genes in Eudicots and in grasses were identified. In addition to known ancestral duplications shaping starch metabolism gene families, independent evolution in banana and grasses also occurred through lineage-specific whole genome duplications for specific sub-families of AGPase, SS, SBE, and BAM genes; and through gene-scale duplications for AMY genes. In particular, banana lineage duplications yielded a set of AGPase, SBE and BAM genes that were highly or specifically expressed in banana fruits. Gene expression analysis highlighted a complex transcriptional reprogramming of starch metabolism genes during ripening of banana fruits. A differential regulation of expression between banana gene duplicates was identified for SBE and BAM genes, suggesting that part of starch metabolism regulation in the fruit evolved in the banana lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jourda
- CIRAD, UMR AGAPMontpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMTSaint-Pierre, France
| | | | - Olivier Gibert
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUDMontpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUDJakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
The earliest maize from San Marcos Tehuacán is a partial domesticate with genomic evidence of inbreeding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14151-14156. [PMID: 27872313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609701113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioneering archaeological expeditions lead by Richard MacNeish in the 1960s identified the valley of Tehuacán as an important center of early Mesoamerican agriculture, providing by far the widest collection of ancient crop remains, including maize. In 2012, a new exploration of San Marcos cave (Tehuacán, Mexico) yielded nonmanipulated maize specimens dating at a similar age of 5,300-4,970 calibrated y B.P. On the basis of shotgun sequencing and genomic comparisons to Balsas teosinte and modern maize, we show herein that the earliest maize from San Marcos cave was a partial domesticate diverging from the landraces and containing ancestral allelic variants that are absent from extant maize populations. Whereas some domestication loci, such as teosinte branched1 (tb1) and brittle endosperm2 (bt2), had already lost most of the nucleotide variability present in Balsas teosinte, others, such as teosinte glume architecture1 (tga1) and sugary1 (su1), conserved partial levels of nucleotide variability that are absent from extant maize. Genetic comparisons among three temporally convergent samples revealed that they were homozygous and identical by descent across their genome. Our results indicate that the earliest maize from San Marcos was already inbred, opening the possibility for Tehuacán maize cultivation evolving from reduced founder populations of isolated and perhaps self-pollinated individuals.
Collapse
|
35
|
Guan H, Xu X, He C, Liu C, Liu Q, Dong R, Liu T, Wang L. Fine Mapping and Candidate Gene Analysis of the Leaf-Color Gene ygl-1 in Maize. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153962. [PMID: 27100184 PMCID: PMC4839758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel yellow-green leaf mutant yellow-green leaf-1 (ygl-1) was isolated in self-pollinated progenies from the cross of maize inbred lines Ye478 and Yuanwu02. The mutant spontaneously showed yellow-green character throughout the lifespan. Meanwhile, the mutant reduced contents of chlorophyll and Car, arrested chloroplast development and lowered the capacity of photosynthesis compared with the wild-type Lx7226. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. The ygl-1 locus was initially mapped to an interval of about 0.86 Mb in bin 1.01 on the short arm of chromosome 1 using 231 yellow-green leaf individuals of an F2 segregating population from ygl-1/Lx7226. Utilizing four new polymorphic SSR markers, the ygl-1 locus was narrowed down to a region of about 48 kb using 2930 and 2247 individuals of F2 and F3 mapping populations, respectively. Among the three predicted genes annotated within this 48 kb region, GRMZM2G007441, which was predicted to encode a cpSRP43 protein, had a 1-bp nucleotide deletion in the coding region of ygl-1 resulting in a frame shift mutation. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that YGL-1 was constitutively expressed in all tested tissues and its expression level was not significantly affected in the ygl-1 mutant from early to mature stages, while light intensity regulated its expression both in the ygl-1 mutant and wild type seedlings. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of some genes involved in chloroplast development were affected in the six-week old ygl-1 plants. These findings suggested that YGL-1 plays an important role in chloroplast development of maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Guan
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of North Summer Maize, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
- National Maize Improvement Sub-Center, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangbo Xu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of North Summer Maize, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
- National Maize Improvement Sub-Center, Jinan, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of North Summer Maize, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
- National Maize Improvement Sub-Center, Jinan, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of North Summer Maize, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
- National Maize Improvement Sub-Center, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of North Summer Maize, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
- National Maize Improvement Sub-Center, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of North Summer Maize, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
- National Maize Improvement Sub-Center, Jinan, China
| | - Tieshan Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of North Summer Maize, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
- National Maize Improvement Sub-Center, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (TSL); (LMW)
| | - Liming Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of North Summer Maize, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
- National Maize Improvement Sub-Center, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (TSL); (LMW)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
McKain MR, Tang H, McNeal JR, Ayyampalayam S, Davis JI, dePamphilis CW, Givnish TJ, Pires JC, Stevenson DW, Leebens-Mack JH. A Phylogenomic Assessment of Ancient Polyploidy and Genome Evolution across the Poales. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1150-64. [PMID: 26988252 PMCID: PMC4860692 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparisons of flowering plant genomes reveal multiple rounds of ancient polyploidy characterized by large intragenomic syntenic blocks. Three such whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, designated as rho (ρ), sigma (σ), and tau (τ), have been identified in the genomes of cereal grasses. Precise dating of these WGD events is necessary to investigate how they have influenced diversification rates, evolutionary innovations, and genomic characteristics such as the GC profile of protein-coding sequences. The timing of these events has remained uncertain due to the paucity of monocot genome sequence data outside the grass family (Poaceae). Phylogenomic analysis of protein-coding genes from sequenced genomes and transcriptome assemblies from 35 species, including representatives of all families within the Poales, has resolved the timing of rho and sigma relative to speciation events and placed tau prior to divergence of Asparagales and the commelinids but after divergence with eudicots. Examination of gene family phylogenies indicates that rho occurred just prior to the diversification of Poaceae and sigma occurred before early diversification of Poales lineages but after the Poales-commelinid split. Additional lineage-specific WGD events were identified on the basis of the transcriptome data. Gene families exhibiting high GC content are underrepresented among those with duplicate genes that persisted following these genome duplications. However, genome duplications had little overall influence on lineage-specific changes in the GC content of coding genes. Improved resolution of the timing of WGD events in monocot history provides evidence for the influence of polyploidization on functional evolution and species diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R McKain
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia
| | - Haibao Tang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China School of Plant Sciences, iPlant Collaborative, University of Arizona
| | - Joel R McNeal
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Kennesaw State University Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia
| | | | - Jerrold I Davis
- L. H. Bailey Hortorium and Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University
| | - Claude W dePamphilis
- Department of Biology and Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | | | - J Chris Pires
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Iminosugar inhibitors of carbohydrate-active enzymes that underpin cereal grain germination and endosperm metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:159-65. [PMID: 26862201 PMCID: PMC4747157 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Starch is a major energy store in plants. It provides most of the calories in the human diet and, as a bulk commodity, it is used across broad industry sectors. Starch synthesis and degradation are not fully understood, owing to challenging biochemistry at the liquid/solid interface and relatively limited knowledge about the nature and control of starch degradation in plants. Increased societal and commercial demand for enhanced yield and quality in starch crops requires a better understanding of starch metabolism as a whole. Here we review recent advances in understanding the roles of carbohydrate-active enzymes in starch degradation in cereal grains through complementary chemical and molecular genetics. These approaches have allowed us to start dissecting aspects of starch degradation and the interplay with cell-wall polysaccharide hydrolysis during germination. With a view to improving and diversifying the properties and uses of cereal grains, it is possible that starch degradation may be amenable to manipulation through genetic or chemical intervention at the level of cell wall metabolism, rather than simply in the starch degradation pathway per se.
Collapse
|
38
|
Saripalli G, Gupta PK. AGPase: its role in crop productivity with emphasis on heat tolerance in cereals. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1893-916. [PMID: 26152573 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
AGPase, a key enzyme of starch biosynthetic pathway, has a significant role in crop productivity. Thermotolerant variants of AGPase in cereals may be used for developing cultivars, which may enhance productivity under heat stress. Improvement of crop productivity has always been the major goal of plant breeders to meet the global demand for food. However, crop productivity itself is influenced in a large measure by a number of abiotic stresses including heat, which causes major losses in crop productivity. In cereals, crop productivity in terms of grain yield mainly depends upon the seed starch content so that starch biosynthesis and the enzymes involved in this process have been a major area of investigation for plant physiologists and plant breeders alike. Considerable work has been done on AGPase and its role in crop productivity, particularly under heat stress, because this enzyme is one of the major enzymes, which catalyses the rate-limiting first committed key enzymatic step of starch biosynthesis. Keeping the above in view, this review focuses on the basic features of AGPase including its structure, regulatory mechanisms involving allosteric regulators, its sub-cellular localization and its genetics. Major emphasis, however, has been laid on the genetics of AGPases and its manipulation for developing high yielding cultivars that will have comparable productivity under heat stress. Some important thermotolerant variants of AGPase, which mainly involve specific amino acid substitutions, have been highlighted, and the prospects of using these thermotolerant variants of AGPase in developing cultivars for heat prone areas have been discussed. The review also includes a brief account on transgenics for AGPase, which have been developed for basic studies and crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Saripalli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu J, Wang J, Yao X, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang X, Xu Z, Chen W. Characterization and fine mapping of thermo-sensitive chlorophyll deficit mutant1 in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BREEDING SCIENCE 2015; 65:161-9. [PMID: 26069446 PMCID: PMC4430508 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll content is one of the most important traits controlling crop biomass and economic yield in rice. Here, we isolated a spontaneous rice mutant named thermo-sensitive chlorophyll deficit 1 (tscd1) derived from a backcross recombinant inbred line population. tscd1 plants grown normally from the seedling to tiller stages showed yellow leaves with reduced chlorophyll content, but showed no significant differences after the booting stage. At temperatures below 22°C, the tscd1 mutant showed the most obvious yellowish phenotype. With increasing temperature, the yellowish leaves gradually turned green and approached a normal wild type color. Wild type and tscd1 mutant plants had obviously different chloroplast structures and photosynthetic pigment precursor contents, which resulted in underdevelopment of chloroplasts and a yellowish phenotype in tscd1. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant character was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. Through map-based cloning, we located the tscd1 gene in a 34.95 kb region on the long arm of chromosome 2, containing two BAC clones and eight predicted candidate genes. Further characterization of the tscd1 gene is underway. Because it has a chlorophyll deficit phenotype before the tiller stage and little influence on growth vigor, it may play a role in ensuring the purity of hybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University,
110866 Shenyang,
China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University,
110866 Shenyang,
China
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Xiaoyun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University,
110866 Shenyang,
China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University,
110866 Shenyang,
China
| | - Jinquan Li
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research,
Kǒln,
Germany
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University,
110866 Shenyang,
China
| | - Zhengjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University,
110866 Shenyang,
China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University,
110866 Shenyang,
China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fernández J, Redondo-Blanco S, M. Miguélez E, J. Villar C, Clemente A, Lombó F. Healthy effects of prebiotics and their metabolites against intestinal diseases and colorectal cancer. AIMS Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2015.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
41
|
|
42
|
Tanackovic V, Svensson JT, Jensen SL, Buléon A, Blennow A. The deposition and characterization of starch in Brachypodium distachyon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5179-92. [PMID: 25056772 PMCID: PMC4157704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a non-domesticated cereal. Nonetheless, Brachypodium was recently introduced as a model plant for temperate cereals. This study compares grain starch metabolism in Brachypodium and barley (Hordeum vulgare). In Brachypodium, we identified and annotated 28 genes involved in starch metabolism and identified important motifs including transit peptides and putative carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) of the families CBM20, CBM45, CBM48, and CBM53. Starch content was markedly lower in Brachypodium grains (12%) compared to barley grains (47%). Brachypodium starch granules were doughnut shaped and bimodally distributed into distinct small B-type (2.5-10 µm) and very small C-type (0.5-2.5 µm) granules. Large A-type granules, typical of cereals, were absent. Starch-bound phosphate, important for starch degradation, was 2-fold lower in Brachypodium compared with barley indicating different requirements for starch mobilization. The amylopectin branch profiles were similar and the amylose content was only slightly higher compared with barley cv. Golden Promise. The crystallinity of Brachypodium starch granules was low (10%) compared to barley (20%) as determined by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and molecular disorder was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The expression profiles in grain for most genes were distinctly different for Brachypodium compared to barley, typically showing earlier decline during the course of development, which can explain the low starch content and differences in starch molecular structure and granule characteristics. High transitory starch levels were observed in leaves of Brachypodium (2.8% after 14h of light) compared to barley (1.9% after 14h of light). The data suggest important pre-domesticated features of cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Tanackovic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Jan T Svensson
- Nordic Genetic Resource Centre, P.O. Box 41, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Susanne L Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Alain Buléon
- UR1268 Biopolymeres Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang M, Ma CY, Lv DW, Zhen SM, Li XH, Yan YM. Comparative phosphoproteome analysis of the developing grains in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4281-97. [PMID: 25145454 DOI: 10.1021/pr500400t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum), one of the most important cereal crops, is often threatened by drought. In this study, water deficit significantly reduced the height of plants and yield of grains. To explore further the effect of drought stress on the development and yield of grains, we first performed a large scale phosphoproteome analysis of developing grains in wheat. A total of 590 unique phosphopeptides, representing 471 phosphoproteins, were identified under well-watered conditions. Motif-X analysis showed that four motifs were enriched, including [sP], [Rxxs], [sDxE], and [sxD]. Through comparative phosphoproteome analysis between well-watered and water-deficit conditions, we found that 63 unique phosphopeptides, corresponding to 61 phosphoproteins, showed significant changes in phosphorylation level (≥2-fold intensities). Functional analysis suggested that some of these proteins may be involved in signal transduction, embryo and endosperm development of grains, and drought response and defense under water-deficit conditions. Moreover, we also found that some chaperones may play important roles in protein refolding or degradation when the plant is subjected to water stress. These results provide a detailed insight into the stress response and defense mechanisms of developmental grains at the phosphoproteome level. They also suggested some potential candidates for further study of transgenosis and drought stress as well as incorporation into molecular breeding for drought resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University , 100048 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kourmpetli S, Drea S. The fruit, the whole fruit, and everything about the fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4491-503. [PMID: 24723396 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruits come in an impressive array of shapes, sizes, and consistencies, and also display a huge diversity in biochemical/metabolite profiles, wherein lies their value as rich sources of food, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals. This is in addition to their fundamental function in supporting and dispersing the developing and mature seeds for the next generation. Understanding developmental processes such as fruit development and ripening, particularly at the genetic level, was once largely restricted to model and crop systems for practical and commercial reasons, but with the expansion of developmental genetic and evo-devo tools/analyses we can now investigate and compare aspects of fruit development in species spanning the angiosperms. We can superimpose recent genetic discoveries onto the detailed characterization of fruit development and ripening conducted with primary considerations such as yield and harvesting efficiency in mind, as well as on the detailed description of taxonomically relevant characters. Based on our own experience we focus on two very morphologically distinct and evolutionary distant fruits: the capsule of opium poppy, and the grain or caryopsis of cereals. Both are of massive economic value, but because of very different constituents; alkaloids of varied pharmaceutical value derived from secondary metabolism in opium poppy capsules, and calorific energy fuel derived from primary metabolism in cereal grains. Through comparative analyses in these and other fruit types, interesting patterns of regulatory gene function diversification and conservation are beginning to emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kourmpetli
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sinéad Drea
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nougué O, Corbi J, Ball SG, Manicacci D, Tenaillon MI. Molecular evolution accompanying functional divergence of duplicated genes along the plant starch biosynthesis pathway. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:103. [PMID: 24884572 PMCID: PMC4041918 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Starch is the main source of carbon storage in the Archaeplastida. The starch biosynthesis pathway (sbp) emerged from cytosolic glycogen metabolism shortly after plastid endosymbiosis and was redirected to the plastid stroma during the green lineage divergence. The SBP is a complex network of genes, most of which are members of large multigene families. While some gene duplications occurred in the Archaeplastida ancestor, most were generated during the sbp redirection process, and the remaining few paralogs were generated through compartmentalization or tissue specialization during the evolution of the land plants. In the present study, we tested models of duplicated gene evolution in order to understand the evolutionary forces that have led to the development of SBP in angiosperms. We combined phylogenetic analyses and tests on the rates of evolution along branches emerging from major duplication events in six gene families encoding sbp enzymes. Results We found evidence of positive selection along branches following cytosolic or plastidial specialization in two starch phosphorylases and identified numerous residues that exhibited changes in volume, polarity or charge. Starch synthases, branching and debranching enzymes functional specializations were also accompanied by accelerated evolution. However, none of the sites targeted by selection corresponded to known functional domains, catalytic or regulatory. Interestingly, among the 13 duplications tested, 7 exhibited evidence of positive selection in both branches emerging from the duplication, 2 in only one branch, and 4 in none of the branches. Conclusions The majority of duplications were followed by accelerated evolution targeting specific residues along both branches. This pattern was consistent with the optimization of the two sub-functions originally fulfilled by the ancestral gene before duplication. Our results thereby provide strong support to the so-called “Escape from Adaptive Conflict” (EAC) model. Because none of the residues targeted by selection occurred in characterized functional domains, we propose that enzyme specialization has occurred through subtle changes in affinity, activity or interaction with other enzymes in complex formation, while the basic function defined by the catalytic domain has been maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Domenica Manicacci
- University Paris-Sud, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Huang B, Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Myers AM. Functions of multiple genes encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase subunits in maize endosperm, embryo, and leaf. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:596-611. [PMID: 24381067 PMCID: PMC3912092 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.231605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) provides the nucleotide sugar ADP-glucose and thus constitutes the first step in starch biosynthesis. The majority of cereal endosperm AGPase is located in the cytosol with a minor portion in amyloplasts, in contrast to its strictly plastidial location in other species and tissues. To investigate the potential functions of plastidial AGPase in maize (Zea mays) endosperm, six genes encoding AGPase large or small subunits were characterized for gene expression as well as subcellular location and biochemical activity of the encoded proteins. Seven transcripts from these genes accumulate in endosperm, including those from shrunken2 and brittle2 that encode cytosolic AGPase and five candidates that could encode subunits of the plastidial enzyme. The amino termini of these five polypeptides directed the transport of a reporter protein into chloroplasts of leaf protoplasts. All seven proteins exhibited AGPase activity when coexpressed in Escherichia coli with partner subunits. Null mutations were identified in the genes agpsemzm and agpllzm and shown to cause reduced AGPase activity in specific tissues. The functioning of these two genes was necessary for the accumulation of normal starch levels in embryo and leaf, respectively. Remnant starch was observed in both instances, indicating that additional genes encode AGPase large and small subunits in embryo and leaf. Endosperm starch was decreased by approximately 7% in agpsemzm- or agpllzm- mutants, demonstrating that plastidial AGPase activity contributes to starch production in this tissue even when the major cytosolic activity is present.
Collapse
|
47
|
Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF, Martín M, Barchiesi J, Grisolía MJ, Hedín N, Carrillo JB. Starch Metabolism in Green Plants. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_78-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
48
|
Burrieza HP, López-Fernández MP, Maldonado S. Analogous reserve distribution and tissue characteristics in quinoa and grass seeds suggest convergent evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:546. [PMID: 25360139 PMCID: PMC4199267 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa seeds are highly nutritious due to the quality of their proteins and lipids and the wide range of minerals and vitamins they store. Three compartments can be distinguished within the mature seed: embryo, endosperm, and perisperm. The distribution of main storage reserves is clearly different in those areas: the embryo and endosperm store proteins, lipids, and minerals, and the perisperm stores starch. Tissues equivalent (but not homologous) to those found in grasses can be identified in quinoa, suggesting the effectiveness of this seed reserve distribution strategy; as in cells of grass starchy endosperm, the cells of the quinoa perisperm endoreduplicate, increase in size, synthesize starch, and die during development. In addition, both systems present an extra-embryonic tissue that stores proteins, lipids and minerals: in gramineae, the aleurone layer(s) of the endosperm; in quinoa, the micropylar endosperm; in both cases, the tissues are living. Moreover, the quinoa micropylar endosperm and the coleorhiza in grasses play similar roles, protecting the root in the quiescent seed and controlling dormancy during germination. This investigation is just the beginning of a broader and comparative study of the development of quinoa and grass seeds. Several questions arise from this study, such as: how are synthesis and activation of seed proteins and enzymes regulated during development and germination, what are the genes involved in these processes, and lastly, what is the genetic foundation justifying the analogy to grasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hernán P. Burrieza
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - María P. López-Fernández
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Sara Maldonado
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
- *Correspondence: Sara Maldonado, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Reconstruction of protein networks from an atlas of maize seed proteotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4808-17. [PMID: 24248366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive knowledge of proteomic states is essential for understanding biological systems. Using mass spectrometry, we mapped an atlas of developing maize seed proteotypes comprising 14,165 proteins and 18,405 phosphopeptides (from 4,511 proteins), quantified across eight tissues. We found that many of the most abundant proteins are not associated with detectable levels of their mRNAs, and we provide evidence for three potential explanations: transport of proteins between tissues; diurnal, out-of-phase accumulation of mRNAs and cognate proteins; and differential lifetimes of mRNAs compared with proteins. Likewise, many of the most abundant mRNAs were not associated with detectable levels of their proteins. Across the entire dataset, protein abundance was poorly correlated with mRNA levels and was largely independent of phosphorylation status. Comparisons between proteotypes revealed the quantitative contribution of specific proteins and phosphorylation events to the spatially and temporally regulated starch and oil biosynthetic pathways. Reconstruction of signaling networks established associations of proteins and phosphoproteins with distinct biological processes acting during seed development. Additionally, a protein kinase substrate network was reconstructed, enabling the identification of 762 potential substrates of specific protein kinases. Finally, examination of 694 transcription factors revealed remarkable constraints on patterns of expression and phosphorylation within transcription factor families. These results provide a resource for understanding seed development in a crop that is the foundation of modern agriculture.
Collapse
|
50
|
Trafford K, Haleux P, Henderson M, Parker M, Shirley NJ, Tucker MR, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Grain development in Brachypodium and other grasses: possible interactions between cell expansion, starch deposition, and cell-wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5033-5047. [PMID: 24052531 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To explain the low levels of starch, high levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, and thick cell walls in grains of Brachypodium distachyon L. relative to those in other Pooideae, aspects of grain development were compared between B. distachyon and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Cell proliferation, cell expansion, and endoreduplication were reduced in B. distachyon relative to barley and, consistent with these changes, transcriptional downregulation of the cell-cycle genes CDKB1 and cyclin A3 was observed. Similarly, reduced transcription of starch synthase I and starch-branching enzyme I was observed as well as reduced activity of starch synthase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, which are consistent with the lowered starch content in B. distachyon grains. No change was detected in transcription of the major gene involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, cellulose synthase-like F6. These results suggest that, while low starch content results from a reduced capacity for starch synthesis, the unusually thick cell walls in B. distachyon endosperm probably result from continuing (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan deposition in endosperm cells that fail to expand. This raises the possibility that endosperm expansion is linked to starch deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Trafford
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|