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Zhao H, Huang X, Ma B, Jiang B, Jiang Z, Cai J. Productive Poplar Genotypes Exhibited Temporally Stable Low Stem Embolism Resistance and Hydraulic Resistance Segmentation at the Stem-Leaf Transition. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39390757 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Breeding tree genotypes that are both productive and drought-resistant is a primary goal in forestry. However, the relationships between plant hydraulics and yield at the genotype level, and their temporal stabilities, remain unclear. We selected six poplar genotypes from I-101 (Populus alba) × 84 K (P. alba × Popolus tremula var. glandulosa) for experiments in the first and fourth years after planting in a common garden. Measurements included stem embolism resistance, shoot hydraulic resistance and its partitioning between stems and leaves, vessel- and pit-level anatomy, leaf carbon acquisition capacity, carbon allocation to leaves, and aboveground biomass (yield proxy). Significant genetic variations in hydraulic properties and yield were found among genotypes in both years. Productive genotypes had wide vessels, large thin pit membranes, small pit apertures, and shallow pit chambers. Hydraulic resistance was negatively correlated with yield, enabling high stomatal conductance and assimilation rates. Productive genotypes allocated less aboveground carbon and hydraulic resistance to leaves. Temporally stable trade-offs between stem embolism resistance and yield, and between hydraulic segmentation and yield, were identified. These findings highlight the tight link between hydraulic function and yield and suggest that stable trade-offs may challenge breeding poplar genotypes that are both productive and drought-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bolong Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Information Science & Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zaimin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Férriz M, Martin-Benito D, Fernández-de-Simón MB, Conde M, García-Cervigón AI, Aranda I, Gea-Izquierdo G. Functional phenotypic plasticity mediated by water stress and [CO2] explains differences in drought tolerance of two phylogenetically close conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:909-924. [PMID: 36809504 PMCID: PMC10255776 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forests are threatened globally by increased recurrence and intensity of hot droughts. Functionally close coexisting species may exhibit differences in drought vulnerability large enough to cause niche differentiation and affect forest dynamics. The effect of rising atmospheric [CO2], which could partly alleviate the negative effects of drought, may also differ between species. We analysed functional plasticity in seedlings of two taxonomically close pine species (Pinus pinaster Ait., Pinus pinea L.) under different [CO2] and water stress levels. The multidimensional functional trait variability was more influenced by water stress (preferentially xylem traits) and [CO2] (mostly leaf traits) than by differences between species. However, we observed differences between species in the strategies followed to coordinate their hydraulic and structural traits under stress. Leaf 13C discrimination decreased with water stress and increased under elevated [CO2]. Under water stress both species increased their sapwood area to leaf area ratios, tracheid density and xylem cavitation, whereas they reduced tracheid lumen area and xylem conductivity. Pinus pinea was more anisohydric than P. pinaster. Pinus pinaster produced larger conduits under well-watered conditions than P. pinea. Pinus pinea was more tolerant to water stress and more resistant to xylem cavitation under low water potentials. The higher xylem plasticity in P. pinea, particularly in tracheid lumen area, expressed a higher capacity of acclimation to water stress than P. pinaster. In contrast, P. pinaster coped with water stress comparatively more by increasing plasticity of leaf hydraulic traits. Despite the small differences observed in the functional response to water stress and drought tolerance between species, these interspecific differences agreed with ongoing substitution of P. pinaster by P. pinea in forests where both species co-occur. Increased [CO2] had little effect on the species-specific relative performance. Thus, a competitive advantage under moderate water stress of P. pinea compared with P. pinaster is expected to continue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Férriz
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Martin-Benito
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Conde
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A I García-Cervigón
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry Rey Juan Carlos University, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - I Aranda
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G Gea-Izquierdo
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Whole-Plant Water Use and Hydraulics of Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima Seedlings in Adaption to Groundwater Variation. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Riparian phreatophytes in hyperarid areas face selection pressure from limiting groundwater availability and high transpiration demand. We examined whole-plant water use and hydraulic traits in Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima seedlings to understand how they adapt to groundwater variations. These species coexist in the Tarim River floodplain of western China. Measurements were performed on 3-year-old seedlings grown in lysimeters simulating various groundwater depths. P. euphratica had relatively greater leaf area-specific water use due to its comparatively higher sapwood area to leaf area ratio (Hv). A high Hv indicates that its sapwood has a limited capacity to support its leaf area. P. euphratica also showed significantly higher leaf-specific conductivity (ksl) than T. ramosissima but both had similar sapwood-specific conductivities (kss). Therefore, it was Hv rather than kss which accounted for the interspecific difference in ksl. When groundwater was not directly available, ksl and Hv in P. euphratica were increased. This response favors water loss control, but limits plant growth. In contrast, T. ramosissima is more capable of using deep groundwater. Stomatal sensitivity to increasing leaf-to-area vapor pressure deficit was also higher in P. euphratica. Overall, P. euphratica is less effective than T. ramosissima at compensating for transpirational water loss at a whole-plant level. For this reason, P. euphratica is restricted to riverbanks, whereas T. ramosissima occurs over a wide range of groundwater depths.
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Influence of Juvenile Growth on Xylem Safety and Efficiency in Three Temperate Tree Species. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the internal water transport system was a prerequisite for high plant productivity. In times of climate change, understanding the dependency of juvenile growth on xylem hydraulic physiology is therefore of high importance. Here, we explored various wood anatomical, hydraulic, and leaf morphological traits related to hydraulic safety and efficiency in three temperate broadleaved tree species (Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, and Sorbus aucuparia). We took advantage of a severe natural heat wave that resulted in different climatic growing conditions for even-aged plants from the same seed source growing inside a greenhouse and outside. Inside the greenhouse, the daily maximum vapour pressure deficit was on average 36% higher than outside during the growing seasons. Because of the higher atmospheric moisture stress, the biomass production differed up to 5.6-fold between both groups. Except for one species, a high productivity was associated with a high hydraulic efficiency caused by large xylem vessels and a large, supported leaf area. Although no safety-efficiency trade-off was observed, productivity was significantly related to P50 in two of the tree species but without revealing any clear pattern. A considerable plasticity in given traits was observed between both groups, with safety-related traits being more static while efficiency-related traits revealed a higher intra-specific plasticity. This was associated with other wood anatomical and leaf morphological adjustments. We confirm that a high hydraulic efficiency seems to be a prerequisite for a high biomass production, while our controversial results on the growth–xylem safety relationship confirm that safety-efficiency traits are decoupled and that their relationship with juvenile growth and water regime is species-specific.
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Yao GQ, Nie ZF, Zeng YY, Waseem M, Hasan MM, Tian XQ, Liao ZQ, Siddique KHM, Fang XW. A clear trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety in an aridland shrub during regrowth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3347-3357. [PMID: 34327717 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety is related to drought adaptation across species. However, whether leaf hydraulic efficiency is sacrificed for safety during woody resprout regrowth after crown removal is not well understood. We measured leaf water potential (ψleaf ) at predawn (ψpd ) and midday (ψmid ), leaf maximum hydraulic conductance (Kleaf-max ), ψleaf at induction 50% loss of Kleaf-max (Kleaf P50 ), leaf area-specific whole-plant hydraulic conductance (LSC), leaf vein structure and turgor loss point (πtlp ) in 1- to 13-year-old resprouts of the aridland shrub (Caragana korshinskii). ψpd was similar, ψmid and Kleaf P50 became more negative, and Kleaf-max decreased in resprouts with the increasing age; thus, leaf hydraulic efficiency clearly traded off against safety. The difference between ψmid and Kleaf P50 , leaf hydraulic safety margin, increased gradually with increasing resprout age. More negative ψmid and Kleaf P50 were closely related to decreasing LSC and more negative πtlp , respectively, and the decreasing Kleaf-max arose from the lower minor vein density and the narrower midrib xylem vessels. Our results showed that a clear trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety helps C. korshinskii resprouts adapt to increasing water stress as they approach final size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Md Mahadi Hasan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xue-Qian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhong-Qiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiang-Wen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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Limited Phenotypic Variation in Vulnerability to Cavitation and Stomatal Sensitivity to Vapor Pressure Deficit among Clones of Aristotelia chilensis from Different Climatic Origins. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091777. [PMID: 34579309 PMCID: PMC8469263 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz is a promising species in the food industry as it provides 'super fruits' with remarkable antioxidant activity. However, under the predicted climate change scenario, the ongoing domestication of the species must consider selecting the most productive genotypes and be based on traits conferring drought tolerance. We assessed the vulnerability to cavitation and stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in A. chilensis clones originated from provenances with contrasting climates. A nursery experiment was carried out for one growing season on 2-year-old potted plants. Measurements of stomatal conductance (gs) responses to VPD were taken in spring, summer, and autumn, whereas vulnerability to cavitation was evaluated at the end of spring. Overall, the vulnerability to cavitation of the species was moderate (mean P50 of -2.2 MPa). Parameters of the vulnerability curves (Kmax, P50, P88, and S50) showed no differences among clones or when northern and southern clones were compared. Moreover, there were no differences in stomatal sensitivity to VPD at the provenance or the clonal level. However, compared with other studies, the stomatal sensitivity was considered moderately low, especially in the range of 1 to 3 kPa of VPD. The comparable performance of genotypes from contrasting provenance origins suggests low genetic variation for these traits. Further research must consider testing on diverse environmental conditions to assess the phenotypic plasticity of these types of traits.
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Peng X, Zhao M, Liu S, Yan W. Half-leaf width symmetric distribution reveals buffering strategy of Cunninghamia lanceolata. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:222. [PMID: 34001008 PMCID: PMC8127188 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf length and width could be a functioning relationship naturally as plant designs. Single-vein leaves have the simplest symmetrical distribution and structural design, which means that fast-growing single-vein species could interpret the scheme more efficiently. The distribution of leaf length and width can be modulated for better adaptation, providing an informative perspective on the various operational strategies in an emergency, while this mechanism is less clear. Here we selected six age groups of Cunninghamia lanceolata pure forests, including saplings, juveniles, mature, and old-growth trees. We pioneered a tapering model to describe half-leaf symmetric distribution with mathematical approximation based on every measured leaf along developmental sequence, and evaluated the ratio of leaf basal part length to total length (called tipping leaf length ratio). RESULTS The tipping leaf length ratio varied among different tree ages. That means the changes of tipping leaf length ratio and leaf shape are a significant but less-noticed reflection of trees tradeoff strategies at different growth stages. For instance, there exhibited relatively low ratio during sapling and juvenile, then increased with increasing age, showing the highest value in their maturity, and finally decreased on mature to old-growth transition. The tipping leaf length ratio serves as a cost-benefit ratio, thus the subtle changes in the leaf symmetrical distribution within individuals reveal buffering strategy, indicating the selection for efficient design of growth and hydraulic in their developmental sequences. CONCLUSIONS Our model provides a physical explanation of varied signatures for tree operations in hydraulic buffering through growth stages, and the buffering strategy revealed from leaf distribution morphologically provides evidence on the regulation mechanism of leaf biomechanics, hydraulics and physiologies. Our insight contributes greatly to plant trait modeling, policy and management, and will be of interest to some scientists and policy makers who are involved in climate change, ecology and environment protection, as well as forest ecology and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, Huitong, 410015, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Meifang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, Huitong, 410015, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Shuguang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, Huitong, 410015, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Wende Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, Huitong, 410015, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha, 410004, China
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Rodríguez-Gamir J, Xue J, Meason DF, Clearwater M, Clinton PW, Domec JC. Interclonal variation, coordination, and trade-offs between hydraulic conductance and gas exchange in Pinus radiata: consequences on plant growth and wood density. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2419-2433. [PMID: 33337485 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stem growth reflects genetic and phenotypic differences within a tree species. The plant hydraulic system regulates the carbon economy, and therefore variations in growth and wood density. A whole-organism perspective, by partitioning the hydraulic system, is crucial for understanding the physical and physiological processes that coordinately mediate plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine whether the relationships and trade-offs between (i) hydraulic traits and their relative contribution to the whole-plant hydraulic system, (ii) plant water transport, (iii) CO2 assimilation, (iv) plant growth, and (v) wood density are revealed at the interclonal level within a variable population of 10 Pinus radiata (D. Don) clones for these characters. We demonstrated a strong coordination between several plant organs regarding their hydraulic efficiency. Hydraulic efficiency, gas exchange, and plant growth were intimately linked. Small reductions in stem wood density were related to a large increase in sapwood hydraulic efficiency, and thus to plant growth. However, stem growth rate was negatively related to wood density. We discuss insights explaining the relationships and trade-offs of the plant traits examined in this study. These insights provide a better understanding of the existing coordination, likely to be dependent on genetics, between the biophysical structure of wood, plant growth, hydraulic partitioning, and physiological plant functions in P. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Gamir
- Producción Vegetal en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Ctra de El boquerón s/n, 38270 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jianming Xue
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dean F Meason
- Forest Systems, Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Michael Clearwater
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRA ISPA 1391, Gradignan, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Jupa R, Mészáros M, Plavcová L. Linking wood anatomy with growth vigour and susceptibility to alternate bearing in composite apple and pear trees. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:172-183. [PMID: 32939929 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Excess vegetative growth and irregular fruit-bearing are often undesirable in horticultural practice. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these traits in fruit trees are not fully understood. Here, we tested if growth vigour and susceptibility of apple and pear trees to alternate fruit-bearing are associated with vascular anatomy. We examined anatomical traits related to water transport and nutrient storage in young woody shoots and roots of 15 different scion/rootstock cultivars of apple and pear trees. In addition, soil and leaf water potentials were measured across a drought period. We found a positive correlation between the mean vessel diameter of roots and the annual shoot length. Vigorously growing trees also maintained less negative midday leaf water potential during drought. Furthermore, we observed a close negative correlation between the proportions of total parenchyma in the shoots and the alternate bearing index. Based on anatomical proxies, our results suggest that xylem transport efficiency of rootstocks is linked to growth vigour of both apple and pear trees, while limited carbohydrate storage capacity of scions may be associated with increased susceptibility to alternate bearing. These findings can be useful for the breeding of new cultivars of commercially important fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - M Mészáros
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Hořice, Czech Republic
| | - L Plavcová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Jerbi A, Brereton NJB, Sas E, Amiot S, Lachapelle-T X, Comeau Y, Pitre FE, Labrecque M. High biomass yield increases in a primary effluent wastewater phytofiltration are associated to altered leaf morphology and stomatal size in Salix miyabeana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139728. [PMID: 32534285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater treatment using willow 'phyto'-filtration has the potential for reduced environmental impact compared to conventional treatment practices. However, the physiological adaptations underpinning tolerance to high wastewater irrigation in willow are unknown. A one-hectare phytofiltration plantation established using the Salix miyabeana cultivar 'SX67' in Saint-Roch-de-l'Achigan, Quebec, Canada, tested the impact of unirrigated, potable water or two loads of primary effluent wastewater 19 and 30 ML ha-1 yr-1. A nitrogen load of 817 kg N ha-1 from wastewater did not increase soil pore water nitrogen concentrations beyond Quebec drinking water standards. The willow phytofiltration phenotype had increased leaf area (+106-142%) and leaf nitrogen (+94%) which were accompanied by significant increases in chlorophyll a + b content. Wastewater irrigated trees had higher stomatal sizes and a higher stomatal pore index, despite lower stomatal density, resulting in increased stomatal conductance (+42-78%). These developmental responses led to substantial increases in biomass yields of 56-207% and potable water controls revealed the nitrogen load to be necessary for the high productivity of 28-40 t ha-1 yr-1 in wastewater irrigated trees. Collectively, this study suggests phytofiltration plantations could treat primary effluent municipal wastewater at volumes of at least 19 million litres per hectare and benefit from increased yields of sustainable biomass over a two-year coppice cycle. Added-value cultivation practices, such as phytofiltration, have the potential to mitigate negative local and global environmental impact of wastewater treatment while providing valuable services and sustainable bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jerbi
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - N J B Brereton
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - E Sas
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - S Amiot
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - X Lachapelle-T
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Ramea Phytotechnologies, 517 Rang du Ruisseau des Anges Sud, Saint-Roch-de-l'Achigan, Québec J0K 3H0, Canada
| | - Y Comeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - F E Pitre
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - M Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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Toca A, Villar-Salvador P, Oliet JA, Jacobs DF. Normalization criteria determine the interpretation of nitrogen effects on the root hydraulics of pine seedlings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1381-1391. [PMID: 32483620 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant hydraulics is key for plant survival and growth because it is linked to gas exchange and drought resistance. Although the environment influences plant hydraulics, there is no clear consensus on the effect of nitrogen (N) supply, which may be, in part, due to different hydraulic conductance normalization criteria and studied species. The objective of this study was to compare the variation of root hydraulic properties using several normalization criteria in four pine species in response to three contrasting N fertilization regimes. We studied four closely related, yet ecologically distinct species: Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold, Pinus pinaster Ait., Pinus pinea L. and Pinus halepensis Mill. Root hydraulic conductance (Kh) was measured with a high-pressure flow meter, and values were normalized by total leaf area (leaf specific conductance, Kl), xylem cross-section area (xylem specific conductance, Ks), total root area (root specific conductance, Kr) and the area of fine roots (fine root specific conductance, Kfr). Controlling for organ size differences allowed comparison of the hydraulic efficiency of roots to supply or absorb water among fertilization treatments and species. The effect of N on the root hydraulic efficiency depended on the normalization criteria. Increasing N availability reduced Kl and Ks, but increased Kh, Kr and especially Kfr. The positive effect of N on Kr and Kfr was positively related to seedling relative growth rate and was also consistent with published results at the interspecific level, whereby plant hydraulics is positively linked to photosynthesis and transpiration rate and fast growth. In contrast, normalization by leaf area and xylem cross-sectional area (Kl and Ks) reflected opposite responses to Kr and Kfr. This indicates that the normalization criteria determine the interpretation of the effect of N on plant hydraulics, which can limit species and treatment comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Toca
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Pedro Villar-Salvador
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
| | - Juan A Oliet
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglass F Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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12
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Shifts in Growth Responses to Climate and Exceeded Drought-Vulnerability Thresholds Characterize Dieback in Two Mediterranean Deciduous Oaks. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drought stress has induced dieback episodes affecting many forest types and tree species worldwide. However, there is scarce information regarding drought-triggered growth decline and canopy dieback in Mediterranean deciduous oaks. These species face summer drought but have to form new foliage every spring which can make them vulnerable to hotter and drier conditions during that season. Here, we investigated two stands dominated by Quercus frainetto Ten. and Quercus canariensis Willd. and situated in southern Italy and Spain, respectively, showing drought-induced dieback since the 2000s. We analyzed how radial growth and its responses to climate differed between non-declining (ND) and declining (D) trees, showing different crown defoliation and coexisting in each stand by: (i) characterizing growth variability and its responsiveness to climate and drought through time, and (ii) simulating growth responses to soil moisture and temperature thresholds using the Vaganov–Shashkin VS-lite model. Our results show how growth responsiveness to climate and drought was higher in D trees for both oak species. Growth has become increasingly limited by warmer-drier climate and decreasing soil moisture availability since the 1990s. These conditions preceded growth drops in D trees indicating they were more vulnerable to warming and aridification trends. Extremely warm and dry conditions during the early growing season trigger dieback. Changes in the seasonal timing of water limitations caused contrasting effects on long-term growth trends of D trees after the 1980s in Q. frainetto and during the 1990s in Q. canariensis. Using growth models allows identifying early-warning signals of vulnerability, which can be compared with shifts in the growth responses to warmer and drier conditions. Our approach facilitates establishing drought-vulnerability thresholds by combining growth models with field records of dieback.
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13
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Bucci SJ, Carbonell Silletta LM, Garré A, Cavallaro A, Efron ST, Arias NS, Goldstein G, Scholz FG. Functional relationships between hydraulic traits and the timing of diurnal depression of photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1603-1614. [PMID: 30613989 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic coordination along the water transport pathway helps trees provide adequate water supply to the canopy, ensuring that water deficits are minimized and that stomata remain open for CO2 uptake. We evaluated the stem and leaf hydraulic coordination and the linkages between hydraulic traits and the timing of diurnal depression of photosynthesis across seven evergreen tree species in the southern Andes. There was a positive correlation between stem hydraulic conductivity (ks ) and leaf hydraulic conductance (KLeaf ) across species. All species had similar maximum photosynthetic rates (Amax ). The species with higher ks and KLeaf attained Amax in the morning, whereas the species with lower ks and KLeaf exhibited their Amax in the early afternoon concurrently with turgor loss. These latter species had very negative leaf water potentials, but far from the pressure at which the 88% of leaf hydraulic conductance is lost. Our results suggest that diurnal gas exchange dynamics may be determined by leaf hydraulic vulnerability such that a species more vulnerable to drought restrict water loss and carbon assimilation earlier than species less vulnerable. However, under stronger drought, species with earlier CO2 uptake depression may increase the risk of hydraulic failure, as their safety margins are relatively narrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Bucci
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Luisina M Carbonell Silletta
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Analía Garré
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Agustín Cavallaro
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Samanta Thais Efron
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia S Arias
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Fabían G Scholz
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
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14
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Le Gac AL, Lafon-Placette C, Chauveau D, Segura V, Delaunay A, Fichot R, Marron N, Le Jan I, Berthelot A, Bodineau G, Bastien JC, Brignolas F, Maury S. Winter-dormant shoot apical meristem in poplar trees shows environmental epigenetic memory. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4821-4837. [PMID: 30107545 PMCID: PMC6137975 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trees have a long lifespan and must continually adapt to environmental pressures, notably in the context of climate change. Epigenetic mechanisms are doubtless involved in phenotypic plasticity and in stress memory; however, little evidence of the role of epigenetic processes is available for trees growing in fields. Here, we analyzed the possible involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the winter-dormant shoot apical meristem of Populus × euramericana clones in memory of the growing conditions faced during the vegetative period. We aimed to estimate the range of genetic and environmentally induced variations in global DNA methylation and to evaluate their correlation with changes in biomass production, identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs), and characterize common DMRs between experiments. We showed that the variations in global DNA methylation between conditions were genotype dependent and correlated with biomass production capacity. Microarray chip analysis allowed detection of DMRs 6 months after the stressful summer period. The 161 DMRs identified as common to three independent experiments most notably targeted abiotic stress and developmental response genes. Results are consistent with a winter-dormant shoot apical meristem epigenetic memory of stressful environmental conditions that occurred during the preceding summer period. This memory may facilitate tree acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Régis Fichot
- LBLGC, INRA, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Nicolas Marron
- Silva, INRA Grand Est, Nancy, AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, UMR, Nancy, France
| | | | - Alain Berthelot
- FCBA Délégation Territoriale Nord-Est, Charrey-Sur-Saône, France
| | | | | | | | - Stéphane Maury
- LBLGC, INRA, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
- Correspondence:
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15
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Navarro A, Portillo‐Estrada M, Arriga N, Vanbeveren S, Ceulemans R. Genotypic variation in transpiration of coppiced poplar during the third rotation of a short-rotation bio-energy culture. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY. BIOENERGY 2018; 10:592-607. [PMID: 30174726 PMCID: PMC6109959 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The productivity of short-rotation coppice (SRC) plantations with poplar (Populus spp.) strongly depends on soil water availability, which limits the future development of its cultivation, and makes the study of the transpirational water loss particularly timely under the ongoing climate change (more frequent drought and floods). This study assesses the transpiration at different scales (leaf, tree and stand) of four poplar genotypes belonging to different species and from a different genetic background grown under an SRC regime. Measurements were performed for an entire growing season during the third year of the third rotation in a commercial scale multigenotype SRC plantation in Flanders (Belgium). Measurements at leaf level were performed on specific days with a contrasted evaporative demand, temperature and incoming shortwave radiation and included stomatal conductance, stem and leaf water potential. Leaf transpiration and leaf hydraulic conductance were obtained from these measurements. To determine the transpiration at the tree level, single-stem sap flow using the stem heat balance (SHB) method and daily stem diameter variations were measured during the entire growing season. Sap flow-based canopy transpiration (Ec), seasonal dry biomass yield, and water use efficiency (WUE; g aboveground dry matter/kg water transpired) of the four poplar genotypes were also calculated. The genotypes had contrasting physiological responses to environmental drivers and to soil conditions. Sap flow was tightly linked to the phenological stage of the trees and to the environmental variables (photosynthetically active radiation and vapor pressure deficit). The total Ec for the 2016 growing season was of 334, 350, 483 and 618 mm for the four poplar genotypes, Bakan, Koster, Oudenberg and Grimminge, respectively. The differences in physiological traits and in transpiration of the four genotypes resulted in different responses of WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Navarro
- Research Center of Excellence on Plant and Ecosystems (PLECO)Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental CropsPontecagnanoSAItaly
| | - Miguel Portillo‐Estrada
- Research Center of Excellence on Plant and Ecosystems (PLECO)Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Nicola Arriga
- Research Center of Excellence on Plant and Ecosystems (PLECO)Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Stefan P. P. Vanbeveren
- Research Center of Excellence on Plant and Ecosystems (PLECO)Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Research Center of Excellence on Plant and Ecosystems (PLECO)Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
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16
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Zhang WW, Wang M, Wang AY, Yin XH, Feng ZZ, Hao GY. Elevated ozone concentration decreases whole-plant hydraulic conductance and disturbs water use regulation in soybean plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:183-195. [PMID: 29193125 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone (O3 ) concentration has been shown to affect many aspects of plant performance including detrimental effects on leaf photosynthesis and plant growth. However, it is not known whether such changes are accompanied by concomitant responses in plant hydraulic architecture and water relations, which would have great implications for plant growth and survival in face of unfavorable water conditions. A soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar commonly used in Northeast China was exposed to non-filtered air (NF, averaged 24.0 nl l-1 ) and elevated O3 concentrations (eO3 , 40 nl l-1 supplied with NF air) in six open-top chambers for 50 days. The eO3 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in whole-plant hydraulic conductance that is mainly attributable to the reduced hydraulic conductance of the root system and the leaflets, while stem and leaf petiole hydraulic conductance showed no significant response to eO3 . Stomatal conductance of plants grown under eO3 was lower during mid-morning but significantly higher at midday, which resulted in substantially more negative daily minimum water potentials. Moreover, excised leaves from the eO3 treated plants showed significantly higher rates of water loss, suggesting a lower ability to withhold water when water supply is impeded. Our results indicate that, besides the direct detrimental effects of eO3 on photosynthetic carbon assimilation, its influences on hydraulic architecture and water relations may also negatively affect O3 -sensitive crops by deteriorating the detrimental effects of unfavorable water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Miao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ai-Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Han Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao-Zhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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17
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Optimization of Photosynthetic Productivity in Contrasting Environments by Regulons Controlling Plant Form and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030872. [PMID: 29543762 PMCID: PMC5877733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the role of a family of transcription factors and their regulons in maintaining high photosynthetic performance across a range of challenging environments with a focus on extreme temperatures and water availability. Specifically, these transcription factors include CBFs (C-repeat binding factors) and DREBs (dehydration-responsive element-binding), with CBF/DREB1 primarily orchestrating cold adaptation and other DREBs serving in heat, drought, and salinity adaptation. The central role of these modulators in plant performance under challenging environments is based on (i) interweaving of these regulators with other key signaling networks (plant hormones and redox signals) as well as (ii) their function in integrating responses across the whole plant, from light-harvesting and sugar-production in the leaf to foliar sugar export and water import and on to the plant's sugar-consuming sinks (growth, storage, and reproduction). The example of Arabidopsisthaliana ecotypes from geographic origins with contrasting climates is used to describe the links between natural genetic variation in CBF transcription factors and the differential acclimation of plant anatomical and functional features needed to support superior photosynthetic performance in contrasting environments. Emphasis is placed on considering different temperature environments (hot versus cold) and light environments (limiting versus high light), on trade-offs between adaptations to contrasting environments, and on plant lines minimizing such trade-offs.
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18
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Sellin A, Alber M, Kupper P. Increasing air humidity influences hydraulic efficiency but not functional vulnerability of xylem in hybrid aspen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 219:28-36. [PMID: 28985513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate models predict greater increases in the frequency than in the amount of precipitation and a consequent rise in atmospheric humidity at high latitudes by the end of the century. We investigated the responses of hydraulic and relevant anatomical traits of xylem to elevated relative humidity of air on a 1-yr-old coppice of hybrid aspen (Populus×wettsteinii) growing in the experimental stand at the Free Air Humidity Manipulation site in Eastern Estonia. The hydraulic conductivity of stems was measured with a high pressure flow meter; artificial cavitation in the stem segments was induced by the air injection method. Specific conductivity of xylem decreased from 4.42 in the control to 3.94kgm-1s-1MPa-1 in the humidification treatment, while the trend was well correlated with increasing wood density. Humidified trees exhibited smaller leaf area at the same xylem cross-sectional area, resulting in 34% higher average Huber values compared to the control. Control and humidity-treated trees differed by neither native embolism level nor susceptibility to dehydration-induced cavitation. Increasing atmospheric humidity reduces the hydraulic efficiency of hybrid aspen trees expressed on a xylem area basis and causes substantial changes in resource allocation between photosynthetic and water transport tissues. This climate trend does not influence stem vulnerability to cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Meeli Alber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kupper
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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19
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Demmig-Adams B, Stewart JJ, Adams WW. Environmental regulation of intrinsic photosynthetic capacity: an integrated view. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 37:34-41. [PMID: 28410523 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental modulation of photosynthetic capacity is reviewed in the context of its assessment and its regulation, genetic differences among species and ecotypes, and links to plant stress tolerance and productivity. Modulation of intrinsic photosynthetic capacity matches investment in photosynthetic components to opportunity for CO2 uptake and productivity in specific environments, with exceptionally high rates during particularly narrow windows of opportunity. Response varies among species and ecotypes and should be evaluated on multiple reference bases as well as chloroplast, leaf, and whole plant scales. Photosynthetic capacity, total foliar vascular transport capacity, and plant sink strength are modulated in concert. Switching among alternative target sinks and alternative foliar vascular architectures may provide avenues for co-optimization of productivity and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA.
| | - Jared J Stewart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA
| | - William W Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA
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20
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Tabassum MA, Zhu G, Hafeez A, Wahid MA, Shaban M, Li Y. Influence of leaf vein density and thickness on hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) during water stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36894. [PMID: 27848980 PMCID: PMC5111110 DOI: 10.1038/srep36894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf venation architecture is an ideal, highly structured and efficient irrigation system in plant leaves. Leaf vein density (LVD) and vein thickness are the two major properties of this system. Leaf laminae carry out photosynthesis to harvest the maximum biological yield. It is still unknown whether the LVD and/or leaf vein thickness determines the plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant) and leaf photosynthetic rate (A). To investigate this topic, the current study was conducted with two varieties under three PEG-induced water deficit stress (PEG-IWDS) levels. The results showed that PEG-IWDS significantly decreased A, stomatal conductance (gs), and Kplant in both cultivars, though the IR-64 strain showed more severe decreases than the Hanyou-3 strain. PEG-IWDS significantly decreased the major vein thickness, while it had no significant effect on LVD. A, gs and Kplant were positively correlated with each other, and they were negatively correlated with LVD. A, gs and Kplant were positively correlated with the inter-vein distance and major vein thickness. Therefore, the decreased photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance in rice plants under water deficit conditions are related to the decrease in the major vein thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Tabassum
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guanglong Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Cotton Physiology Lab for Efficient Production, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Atif Wahid
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Shaban
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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21
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Petit G, Savi T, Consolini M, Anfodillo T, Nardini A. Interplay of growth rate and xylem plasticity for optimal coordination of carbon and hydraulic economies in Fraxinus ornus trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1310-1319. [PMID: 27587483 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Efficient leaf water supply is fundamental for assimilation processes and tree growth. Renovating the architecture of the xylem transport system requires an increasing carbon investment while growing taller, and any deficiency of carbon availability may result in increasing hydraulic constraints to water flow. Therefore, plants need to coordinate carbon assimilation and biomass allocation to guarantee an efficient and safe long-distance transport system. We tested the hypothesis that reduced branch elongation rates together with carbon-saving adjustments of xylem anatomy hydraulically compensate for the reduction in biomass allocation to xylem. We measured leaf biomass, hydraulic and anatomical properties of wood segments along the main axis of branches in 10 slow growing (SG) and 10 fast growing (FG) Fraxinus ornus L. trees. Branches of SG trees had five times slower branch elongation rate (7 vs 35 cm year-1), and produced a higher leaf biomass (P < 0.0001) and thinner xylem rings with fewer but larger vessels (P < 0.0001). On the contrary, we found no differences between SG and FG trees in terms of leaf-specific conductivity (P > 0.05) and xylem safety (Ψ50 ≈ -3.2 MPa). Slower elongation rate coupled with thinner annual rings and larger vessels allows the reduction of carbon costs associated with growth, while maintaining similar leaf-specific conductivity and xylem safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Consolini
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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22
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Jin Y, Wang C, Zhou Z, Li Z. Co-ordinated performance of leaf hydraulics and economics in 10 Chinese temperate tree species. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:1082-1090. [PMID: 32480528 DOI: 10.1071/fp16097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exploring relationships between leaf hydraulics and economic traits is important in understanding the carbon-water coupling and in extending the leaf economics spectrum. In this study, leaf hydraulics, photosynthesis, structural and nutrient traits and photosynthetic resource use efficiency were measured for 10 temperate tree species in the north-eastern China. Leaf hydraulic conductance was positively correlated with photosynthetic traits, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen concentration, photosynthetic water and nitrogen use efficiencies, suggesting co-ordination between leaf hydraulics and economic traits. Principal component analysis revealed that significant correlations existed among leaf hydraulic, photosynthetic and resource use traits (axis 1), and axis 2 was strongly associated with leaf structural and nutrient traits. The 10 species were distributed along the diagonal line between axis 1 and axis 2. Species displaying the 'fast' strategy tended to have higher photosynthetic rates, leaf hydraulic conductance and photosynthetic water and nutrient use efficiencies; however, they also had lower carbon investment and faced a greater risk of embolism. These findings indicate that leaf hydraulics, economics and resource uses together play an important role in determining species ecological strategies, and provide supports for the 'fast-slow' leaf economics spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chuankuan Wang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhenghu Zhou
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
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23
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Xu X, Medvigy D, Powers JS, Becknell JM, Guan K. Diversity in plant hydraulic traits explains seasonal and inter-annual variations of vegetation dynamics in seasonally dry tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:80-95. [PMID: 27189787 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We assessed whether diversity in plant hydraulic traits can explain the observed diversity in plant responses to water stress in seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs). The Ecosystem Demography model 2 (ED2) was updated with a trait-driven mechanistic plant hydraulic module, as well as novel drought-phenology and plant water stress schemes. Four plant functional types were parameterized on the basis of meta-analysis of plant hydraulic traits. Simulations from both the original and the updated ED2 were evaluated against 5 yr of field data from a Costa Rican SDTF site and remote-sensing data over Central America. The updated model generated realistic plant hydraulic dynamics, such as leaf water potential and stem sap flow. Compared with the original ED2, predictions from our novel trait-driven model matched better with observed growth, phenology and their variations among functional groups. Most notably, the original ED2 produced unrealistically small leaf area index (LAI) and underestimated cumulative leaf litter. Both of these biases were corrected by the updated model. The updated model was also better able to simulate spatial patterns of LAI dynamics in Central America. Plant hydraulic traits are intercorrelated in SDTFs. Mechanistic incorporation of plant hydraulic traits is necessary for the simulation of spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation dynamics in SDTFs in vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior and Plant Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Justin M Becknell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Adams WW, Stewart JJ, Cohu CM, Muller O, Demmig-Adams B. Habitat Temperature and Precipitation of Arabidopsis thaliana Ecotypes Determine the Response of Foliar Vasculature, Photosynthesis, and Transpiration to Growth Temperature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1026. [PMID: 27504111 PMCID: PMC4959142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acclimatory adjustments of foliar vascular architecture, photosynthetic capacity, and transpiration rate in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes (Italian, Polish [Col-0], Swedish) were characterized in the context of habitat of origin. Temperatures of the habitat of origin decreased linearly with increasing habitat latitude, but habitat precipitation was greatest in Italy, lowest in Poland, and intermediate in Sweden. Plants of the three ecotypes raised under three different growth temperature regimes (low, moderate, and high) exhibited highest photosynthetic capacities, greatest leaf thickness, highest chlorophyll a/b ratio and levels of β-carotene, and greatest levels of wall ingrowths in phloem transfer cells, and, in the Col-0 and Swedish ecotypes, of phloem per minor vein in plants grown at the low temperature. In contrast, vein density and minor vein tracheary to sieve element ratio increased with increasing growth temperature - most strongly in Col-0 and least strongly in the Italian ecotype - and transpirational water loss correlated with vein density and number of tracheary elements per minor vein. Plotting of these vascular features as functions of climatic conditions in the habitat of origin suggested that temperatures during the evolutionary history of the ecotypes determined acclimatory responses of the foliar phloem and photosynthesis to temperature in this winter annual that upregulates photosynthesis in response to lower temperature, whereas the precipitation experienced during the evolutionary history of the ecotypes determined adjustment of foliar vein density, xylem, and transpiration to temperature. In particular, whereas photosynthetic capacity, leaf thickness, and foliar minor vein phloem features increased linearly with increasing latitude and decreasing temperature of the habitats of origin in response to experimental growth at low temperature, transpiration rate, foliar vein density, and minor vein tracheary element numbers and cross-sectional areas increased linearly with decreasing precipitation level in the habitats of origin in response to experimental growth at high temperature. This represents a situation where temperature acclimation of the apparent capacity for water flux through the xylem and transpiration rate in a winter annual responded differently from that of photosynthetic capacity, in contrast to previous reports of strong relationships between hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, CO, USA
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25
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Rodríguez-Gamir J, Primo-Millo E, Forner-Giner MÁ. An Integrated View of Whole-Tree Hydraulic Architecture. Does Stomatal or Hydraulic Conductance Determine Whole Tree Transpiration? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155246. [PMID: 27223695 PMCID: PMC4880183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydraulic conductance exerts a strong influence on many aspects of plant physiology, namely: transpiration, CO2 assimilation, growth, productivity or stress response. However we lack full understanding of the contribution of root or shoot water transport capacity to the total water balance, something which is difficult to study in trees. Here we tested the hypothesis that whole plant hydraulic conductance modulates plant transpiration using two different seedlings of citrus rootstocks, Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. and Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan.). The two genotypes presented important differences in their root or shoot hydraulic conductance contribution to whole plant hydraulic conductance but, even so, water balance proved highly dependent on whole plant conductance. Further, we propose there is a possible equilibrium between root and shoot hydraulic conductance, similar to that between shoot and root biomass production, which could be related with xylem anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Gamir
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarias Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Primo-Millo
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarias Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Forner-Giner
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarias Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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26
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Gleason SM, Blackman CJ, Chang Y, Cook AM, Laws CA, Westoby M. Weak coordination among petiole, leaf, vein, and gas-exchange traits across Australian angiosperm species and its possible implications. Ecol Evol 2015; 6:267-78. [PMID: 26811791 PMCID: PMC4716519 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Close coordination between leaf gas exchange and maximal hydraulic supply has been reported across diverse plant life forms. However, it has also been suggested that this relationship may become weak or break down completely within the angiosperms. We examined coordination between hydraulic, leaf vein, and gas‐exchange traits across a diverse group of 35 evergreen Australian angiosperms, spanning a large range in leaf structure and habitat. Leaf‐specific conductance was calculated from petiole vessel anatomy and was also measured directly using the rehydration technique. Leaf vein density (thought to be a determinant of gas exchange rate), maximal stomatal conductance, and net CO2 assimilation rate were also measured for most species (n = 19–35). Vein density was not correlated with leaf‐specific conductance (either calculated or measured), stomatal conductance, nor maximal net CO2 assimilation, with r2 values ranging from 0.00 to 0.11, P values from 0.909 to 0.102, and n values from 19 to 35 in all cases. Leaf‐specific conductance calculated from petiole anatomy was weakly correlated with maximal stomatal conductance (r2 = 0.16; P = 0.022; n = 32), whereas the direct measurement of leaf‐specific conductance was weakly correlated with net maximal CO2 assimilation (r2 = 0.21; P = 0.005; n = 35). Calculated leaf‐specific conductance, xylem ultrastructure, and leaf vein density do not appear to be reliable proxy traits for assessing differences in rates of gas exchange or growth across diverse sets of evergreen angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia; Water Management Research Unit USDA-ARS Fort Collins Colorado 80526
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment University of Western Sydney Richmond NSW 2753 Australia
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia; CSIRO Agriculture LB 59 Narrabri NSW 2390 Australia
| | - Alicia M Cook
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Claire A Laws
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
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Borland AM, Wullschleger SD, Weston DJ, Hartwell J, Tuskan GA, Yang X, Cushman JC. Climate-resilient agroforestry: physiological responses to climate change and engineering of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as a mitigation strategy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1833-49. [PMID: 25366937 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change threatens the sustainability of agriculture and agroforestry worldwide through increased heat, drought, surface evaporation and associated soil drying. Exposure of crops and forests to warmer and drier environments will increase leaf:air water vapour-pressure deficits (VPD), and will result in increased drought susceptibility and reduced productivity, not only in arid regions but also in tropical regions with seasonal dry periods. Fast-growing, short-rotation forestry (SRF) bioenergy crops such as poplar (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) are particularly susceptible to hydraulic failure following drought stress due to their isohydric nature and relatively high stomatal conductance. One approach to sustaining plant productivity is to improve water-use efficiency (WUE) by engineering crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) into C3 crops. CAM improves WUE by shifting stomatal opening and primary CO2 uptake and fixation to the night-time when leaf:air VPD is low. CAM members of the tree genus Clusia exemplify the compatibility of CAM performance within tree species and highlight CAM as a mechanism to conserve water and maintain carbon uptake during drought conditions. The introduction of bioengineered CAM into SRF bioenergy trees is a potentially viable path to sustaining agroforestry production systems in the face of a globally changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Borland
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - James Hartwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MS330, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
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Aspinwall MJ, Loik ME, Resco de Dios V, Tjoelker MG, Payton PR, Tissue DT. Utilizing intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity to bolster agricultural and forest productivity under climate change. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1752-64. [PMID: 25132508 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change threatens the ability of agriculture and forestry to meet growing global demands for food, fibre and wood products. Information gathered from genotype-by-environment interactions (G × E), which demonstrate intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity (the ability of a genotype to alter its phenotype in response to environmental change), may prove important for bolstering agricultural and forest productivity under climate change. Nonetheless, very few studies have explicitly quantified genotype plasticity-productivity relationships in agriculture or forestry. Here, we conceptualize the importance of intraspecific variation in agricultural and forest species plasticity, and discuss the physiological and genetic factors contributing to intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity. Our discussion highlights the need for an integrated understanding of the mechanisms of G × E, more extensive assessments of genotypic responses to climate change under field conditions, and explicit testing of genotype plasticity-productivity relationships. Ultimately, further investigation of intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity in agriculture and forestry may prove important for identifying genotypes capable of increasing or sustaining productivity under more extreme climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Michael E Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California - Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Victor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences - AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, E25198, Spain
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Paxton R Payton
- USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Lubbock, TX, 74915, USA
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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Guet J, Fichot R, Lédée C, Laurans F, Cochard H, Delzon S, Bastien C, Brignolas F. Stem xylem resistance to cavitation is related to xylem structure but not to growth and water-use efficiency at the within-population level in Populus nigra L. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4643-52. [PMID: 25979998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylem resistance to drought-induced cavitation is a key trait of plant water relations. This study assesses the genetic variation expressed for stem cavitation resistance within a population of a riparian species, the European black poplar (Populus nigra L.), and explores its relationships with xylem anatomy, water-use efficiency (WUE), and growth. Sixteen structural and physiological traits related to cavitation resistance, xylem anatomy, growth, bud phenology, and WUE were measured on 33 P. nigra genotypes grown under optimal irrigation in a 2-year-old clonal experiment in a nursery. Significant genetic variation was expressed for the xylem tension inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (Ψ50) within the studied population, as attested by the high value of broad-sense heritability estimated for this trait (H (2) ind = 0.72). Stem cavitation resistance was associated with xylem structure: the more cavitation-resistant genotypes exhibited lower hydraulic efficiency and higher mechanical reinforcement as assessed from stem xylem cross sections. By contrast, Ψ50 was not significantly related to shoot height increment, total above-ground dry mass, or bulk leaf carbon isotope discrimination, a proxy for intrinsic WUE. These findings indicate that the trade-offs between xylem resistance to cavitation, hydraulic efficiency, and mechanical reinforcement can occur at the within-population level. Given that the studied genotypes were exposed to the same environmental conditions and evolutionary drivers in situ, the trade-offs detected at this scale are expected to reflect true functional relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Guet
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Régis Fichot
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France
| | - Camille Lédée
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Françoise Laurans
- INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Catherine Bastien
- INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Franck Brignolas
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France
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30
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Fichot R, Brignolas F, Cochard H, Ceulemans R. Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in poplars: synthesis and future opportunities. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1233-51. [PMID: 25444560 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation is a key trait of plant water relations. Here, we summarize the available literature on vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in poplars (Populus spp.), a genus of agronomic, ecological and scientific importance. Vulnerability curves and vulnerability parameters (including the water potential inducing 50% loss in hydraulic conductivity, P50) were collected from 37 studies published between 1991 and 2014, covering a range of 10 species and 12 interspecific hybrid crosses. Results of our meta-analysis confirm that poplars are among the most vulnerable woody species to drought-induced cavitation (mean P50 = -1.44 and -1.55 MPa across pure species and hybrids, respectively). Yet, significant variation occurs among species (P50 range: 1.43 MPa) and among hybrid crosses (P50 range: 1.12 MPa), within species and hybrid crosses (max. P50 range reported: 0.8 MPa) as well as in response to environmental factors including nitrogen fertilization, irradiance, temperature and drought (max. P50 range reported: 0.75 MPa). Potential implications and gaps in knowledge are discussed in the context of poplar cultivation, species adaptation and climate modifications. We suggest that poplars represent a valuable model for studies on drought-induced cavitation, especially to elucidate the genetic and molecular basis of cavitation resistance in Angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Fichot
- INRA, LBLGC, EA 1207, University of Orléans, Orléans, F-45067, France
| | - Franck Brignolas
- INRA, LBLGC, EA 1207, University of Orléans, Orléans, F-45067, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- UMR547 PIAF, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63100, France
- UMR547 PIAF, Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence, Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
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Verlinden MS, Fichot R, Broeckx LS, Vanholme B, Boerjan W, Ceulemans R. Carbon isotope compositions (δ(13) C) of leaf, wood and holocellulose differ among genotypes of poplar and between previous land uses in a short-rotation biomass plantation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:144-156. [PMID: 24906162 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of water use to produce biomass is a key trait in designing sustainable bioenergy-devoted systems. We characterized variations in the carbon isotope composition (δ(13) C) of leaves, current year wood and holocellulose (as proxies for water use efficiency, WUE) among six poplar genotypes in a short-rotation plantation. Values of δ(13) Cwood and δ(13) Cholocellulose were tightly and positively correlated, but the offset varied significantly among genotypes (0.79-1.01‰). Leaf phenology was strongly correlated with δ(13) C, and genotypes with a longer growing season showed a higher WUE. In contrast, traits related to growth and carbon uptake were poorly linked to δ(13) C. Trees growing on former pasture with higher N-availability displayed higher δ(13) C as compared with trees growing on former cropland. The positive relationships between δ(13) Cleaf and leaf N suggested that spatial variations in WUE over the plantation were mainly driven by an N-related effect on photosynthetic capacities. The very coherent genotype ranking obtained with δ(13) C in the different tree compartments has some practical outreach. Because WUE remains largely uncoupled from growth in poplar plantations, there is potential to identify genotypes with satisfactory growth and higher WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Verlinden
- Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
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32
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Matzner SL, Rettedal DD, Harmon DA, Beukelman MR. Constraints to hydraulic acclimation under reduced light in two contrasting Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4409-4418. [PMID: 24863433 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were grown under three light levels to determine if hydraulic acclimation to light occurs in herbaceous annuals and whether intraspecific trade-offs constrain hydraulic traits. Acclimation occurred in response to reduced light and included decreased stomatal density (SD) and increased specific leaf area (SLA). Reduced light resulted in lower wood density (WD); decreased cavitation resistance, measured as the xylem pressure causing a 50 % reduction in stem conductivity (P50); and increased hydraulic capacity, measured as average leaf mass specific transpiration (E(LM)). Significant or marginally significant trade-offs between P50 and WD, WD and E(LM), and E(LM) and P50 reflected variation due to both genotype and environmental effects. A trade-off between WD and P50 within one cultivar indicated that morphological adjustment was constrained. Coordinated changes in WD, P50, and E(LM) within each cultivar in response to light were consistent with trade-offs constraining plasticity. A water-use efficiency (WUE, measured as δ(13)C) versus hydraulic capacity (E(LM)) trade-off was observed within each cultivar, further indicating that hydraulic trade-offs can constrain acclimation. Larger plants had lower hydraulic capacity (E(LM)) but greater cavitation resistance, WD, and WUE. Distinct hydraulic strategies were observed with the cultivar adapted to irrigated conditions having higher stomatal conductance and stem flow rates. The cultivar adapted to rain-fed conditions had higher leaf area and greater cavitation resistance. Hydraulic trade-offs were observed within the herbaceous P. vulgaris resulting from both genotype and environmental effects. Trade-offs within a cultivar reflected constraints to hydraulic acclimation in response to changing light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Matzner
- Department of Biology, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD 57197, USA
| | - David D Rettedal
- Department of Biology, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD 57197, USA
| | - Derek A Harmon
- Department of Biology, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD 57197, USA
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Broeckx LS, Fichot R, Verlinden MS, Ceulemans R. Seasonal variations in photosynthesis, intrinsic water-use efficiency and stable isotope composition of poplar leaves in a short-rotation plantation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:701-15. [PMID: 25074859 PMCID: PMC4131770 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and transpirational water loss play an important role in the yield and the carbon sequestration potential of bioenergy-devoted cultures of fast-growing trees. For six poplar (Populus) genotypes in a short-rotation plantation, we observed significant seasonal and genotypic variation in photosynthetic parameters, intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) and leaf stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ18O). The poplars maintained high photosynthetic rates (between 17.8 and 26.9 μmol m(-2) s(-1) depending on genotypes) until late in the season, in line with their fast-growth habit. Seasonal fluctuations were mainly explained by variations in soil water availability and by stomatal limitation upon photosynthesis. Stomatal rather than biochemical limitation was confirmed by the constant intrinsic photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax) during the growing season, closely related to leaf nitrogen (N) content. Intrinsic water-use efficiency scaled negatively with carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13Cbl) and positively with the ratio between mesophyll diffusion conductance (gm) and stomatal conductance. The WUEi-Δ13Cbl relationship was partly influenced by gm. There was a trade-off between WUEi and photosynthetic N-use efficiency, but only when soil water availability was limiting. Our results suggest that seasonal fluctuations in relation to soil water availability should be accounted for in future modelling studies assessing the carbon sequestration potential and the water-use efficiency of woody energy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Broeckx
- Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - R Fichot
- University of Orléans, INRA, LBLGC, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - M S Verlinden
- Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - R Ceulemans
- Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Gao Q, Yu M, Zhou C. Detecting the differences in responses of stomatal conductance to moisture stresses between deciduous shrubs and Artemisia subshrubs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84200. [PMID: 24386351 PMCID: PMC3875489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrubs and subshrubs can tolerate wider ranges of moisture stresses in both soil and air than other plant life forms, and thus represent greater nonlinearity and uncertainty in ecosystem physiology. The objectives of this paper are to model shrub/subshrub stomatal conductance by synthesizing the field leaf gas exchanges data of 24 species in China, in order to detect the differences between deciduous shrubs and Artemisia subshrubs in their responses of stomatal conductance to changes in the moisture stresses. We revised a model of stomatal conductance by incorporating the tradeoff between xylem hydraulic efficiency and cavitation loss risk. We then fit the model at the three hierarchical levels: global (pooling all data as a single group), three functional groups (deciduous non-legume shrubs, deciduous legume shrubs, and subshrubs in Artemisia genus), and individual observations (species × sites). Bayesian inference with Markov Chain Monte Carlo method was applied to obtain the model parameters at the three levels. We found that the model at the level of functional groups is a significant improvement over that at the global level, indicating the significant differences in the stomatal behavior among the three functional groups. The differences in tolerance and sensitivities to changes in moisture stresses are the most evident between the shrubs and the subshrubs: The two shrub groups can tolerate much higher soil water stress than the subshrubs. The analysis at the observation level is also a significant improvement over that at the functional group level, indicating great variations within each group. Our analysis offered a clue for the equivocal issue of shrub encroachment into grasslands: While the invasion by the shrubs may be irreversible, the dominance of subshrubs, due to their lower resistance and tolerance to moisture stresses, may be put down by appropriate grassland management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Gao
- Landscape Analysis and Modeling Group, National Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Chan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
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35
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King JS, Ceulemans R, Albaugh JM, Dillen SY, Domec JC, Fichot R, Fischer M, Leggett Z, Sucre E, Trnka M, Zenone T. The Challenge of Lignocellulosic Bioenergy in a Water-Limited World. Bioscience 2013. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Rasheed F, Dreyer E, Richard B, Brignolas F, Montpied P, Le Thiec D. Genotype differences in 13C discrimination between atmosphere and leaf matter match differences in transpiration efficiency at leaf and whole-plant levels in hybrid Populus deltoides x nigra. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:87-102. [PMID: 22687135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
(13) C discrimination between atmosphere and bulk leaf matter (Δ(13) C(lb) ) is frequently used as a proxy for transpiration efficiency (TE). Nevertheless, its relevance is challenged due to: (1) potential deviations from the theoretical discrimination model, and (2) complex time integration and upscaling from leaf to whole plant. Six hybrid genotypes of Populus deltoides×nigra genotypes were grown in climate chambers and tested for whole-plant TE (i.e. accumulated biomass/water transpired). Net CO(2) assimilation rates (A) and stomatal conductance (g(s) ) were recorded in parallel to: (1) (13) C in leaf bulk material (δ(13) C(lb) ) and in soluble sugars (δ(13) C(ss) ) and (2) (18) O in leaf water and bulk leaf material. Genotypic means of δ(13) C(lb) and δ(13) C(ss) were tightly correlated. Discrimination between atmosphere and soluble sugars was correlated with daily intrinsic TE at leaf level (daily mean A/g(s) ), and with whole-plant TE. Finally, g(s) was positively correlated to (18) O enrichment of bulk matter or water of leaves at individual level, but not at genotype level. We conclude that Δ(13) C(lb) captures efficiently the genetic variability of whole-plant TE in poplar. Nevertheless, scaling from leaf level to whole-plant TE requires to take into account water losses and respiration independent of photosynthesis, which remain poorly documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Rasheed
- INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Champenoux, France
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de Silva NDG, Cholewa E, Ryser P. Effects of combined drought and heavy metal stresses on xylem structure and hydraulic conductivity in red maple (Acer rubrum L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5957-66. [PMID: 22966005 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of heavy metal stress, drought stress, and their combination on xylem structure in red maple (Acer rubrum) seedlings were investigated in an outdoor pot experiment. As metal-contaminated substrate, a mixture of 1.5% slag with sand was used, with Ni, Cu, Co, and Cr as the main contaminants. Plants grown on contaminated substrate had increased leaf metal concentrations. The two stresses reduced plant growth in an additive manner. The effects of metal and drought stresses on xylem characteristics were similar to each other, with a reduced proportion of xylem tissue, reduced conduit density in stems, and reduced conduit size in the roots. This resulted, in both stems and roots, in reductions in hydraulic conductance, xylem-specific conductivity, and leaf-specific conductivity. The similarity of the responses to the two stresses suggests that the plants' response to metals was actually a drought response, probably due to the reduced water uptake capacity of the metal-exposed roots. The only plant responses specific to metal stress were decreasing trends of stomatal density and chlorophyll content. In conclusion, the exposure to metals aggravates water stress in an additive manner, making the plants more vulnerable to drought.
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Cao X, Jia JB, Li H, Li MC, Luo J, Liang ZS, Liu TX, Liu WG, Peng CH, Luo ZB. Photosynthesis, water use efficiency and stable carbon isotope composition are associated with anatomical properties of leaf and xylem in six poplar species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:612-20. [PMID: 22188382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although fast-growing Populus species consume a large amount of water for biomass production, there are considerable variations in water use efficiency (WUE) across different poplar species. To compare differences in growth, WUE and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem and to examine the relationship between photosynthesis/WUE and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem, cuttings of six poplar species were grown in a botanical garden. The growth performance, photosynthesis, intrinsic WUE (WUE(i) ), stable carbon isotope composition (δ(13) C) and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem were analysed in these poplar plants. Significant differences were found in growth, photosynthesis, WUE(i) and anatomical properties among the examined species. Populus cathayana was the clone with the fastest growth and the lowest WUE(i) /δ(13) C, whereas P. × euramericana had a considerable growth increment and the highest WUE(i) /δ(13) C. Among the analysed poplar species, the highest total stomatal density in P. cathayana was correlated with its highest stomatal conductance (g(s) ) and lowest WUE(i) /δ(13) C. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between WUE(i) and abaxial stomatal density and stem vessel lumen area. These data suggest that photosynthesis, WUE(i) and δ(13) C are associated with leaf and xylem anatomy and there are tradeoffs between growth and WUE(i) . It is anticipated that some poplar species, e.g. P. × euramericana, are better candidates for water-limited regions and others, e.g. P. cathayana, may be better for water-abundant areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Gea-Izquierdo G, Fonti P, Cherubini P, Martín-Benito D, Chaar H, Cañellas I. Xylem hydraulic adjustment and growth response of Quercus canariensis Willd. to climatic variability. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:401-13. [PMID: 22508730 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Global change challenges forest adaptability at the distributional limit of species. We studied ring-porous Quercus canariensis Willd. xylem traits to analyze how they adjust to spatio-temporal variability in climate. Trees were sampled along altitudinal transects, and annual time series of radial growth (ring width (RW)) and several earlywood vessel (EV) traits were built to analyze their relationships with climate. The trees responded to increasing water constraints with decreasing altitude and changes in climate in the short term but the analyses showed that xylem did not acclimate in response to long-term temperature increase during the past 30 years. The plants' adjustment to climate variability was expressed in a different but complementary manner by the different xylem traits. At low elevations, trees exhibited higher correlations with water stress indices and trees acclimated to more xeric conditions at low elevations by reducing radial growth and hydraulic diameter (D(H)) but increasing the density of vessels (DV). Average potential conductivity (K(H)) was similar for trees at different altitudes. However, inter-tree differences in xylem traits were higher than those between altitudes, suggesting a strong influence of individual genetic features or micro-site conditions. Trees exhibited higher RW those years with larger D(H) and particularly the linear density of vessels (DV(l)), but partly, climatic signals expressed in RW differed from those in EVs. Trees produced larger D(H) after cold winters and wet years. Ring width responded positively to wet and cool weather in fall and spring, whereas the response to climate of DV and K(H) was generally opposite to that of RW. These relationships likely expressed the negative impact of high respiration rates in winter on the carbon pools used to produce the EVs in the next spring and the overall positive influence of water availability for trees. Our results showed that trees at different sites were able to adjust their hydraulic architecture to climatic variability and temperature increase during recent decades coordinating several complementary traits. Nonetheless, it should be monitored whether they will succeed to acclimate to future climatic scenarios of increasing water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gea-Izquierdo
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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Gleason SM, Butler DW, Ziemińska K, Waryszak P, Westoby M. Stem xylem conductivity is key to plant water balance across Australian angiosperm species. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wortemann R, Herbette S, Barigah TS, Fumanal B, Alia R, Ducousso A, Gomory D, Roeckel-Drevet P, Cochard H. Genotypic variability and phenotypic plasticity of cavitation resistance in Fagus sylvatica L. across Europe. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:1175-82. [PMID: 21989814 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylem cavitation resistance is a key physiological trait correlated with species tolerance to extreme drought stresses. Little is known about the genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity of this trait in natural tree populations. Here we measured the cavitation resistance of 17 Fagus sylvatica populations representative of the full range of the species in Europe. The trees were grown in three field trials under contrasting climatic conditions. Our findings suggest that the genotypic variability of cavitation resistance is high between genotypes of a given population. By contrast, no significant differences were found for this trait across populations, the mean population cavitation resistance being remarkably constant in each trial. We found a significant site effect and a significant site × population interaction, suggesting that cavitation resistance has a high phenotypic plasticity and that this plasticity is under genetic control. The implications of our findings for beech forest management in a context of climate change are discussed.
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Fu Q, Cheng L, Guo Y, Turgeon R. Phloem loading strategies and water relations in trees and herbaceous plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1518-27. [PMID: 21873572 PMCID: PMC3252136 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.184820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most herbaceous plants employ thermodynamically active mechanisms of phloem loading, whereas in many trees, the mechanism is passive, by diffusion. Considering the different water transport characteristics of herbs and trees, we hypothesized that water relations play a role in the adoption of phloem loading strategies. We measured whole-plant hydraulic conductance (K(p)), osmolality, concentrations of polar metabolites, and key inorganic ions in recently mature leaves of 45 dicotyledonous species at midafternoon. Trees, and the few herbs that load passively, have low K(p), high osmolality, and high concentrations of transport sugars and total polar metabolites. In contrast, herbs that actively load sucrose alone have high K(p), low osmolality, and low concentrations of sugars and total polar metabolites. Solute levels are higher in sugar alcohol-transporting species, both herbs and trees, allowing them to operate at lower leaf water potentials. Polar metabolites are largely responsible for leaf osmolality above a baseline level (approximately 300 mm) contributed by ions. The results suggest that trees must offset low K(p) with high concentrations of foliar transport sugars, providing the motivating force for sugar diffusion and rendering active phloem loading unnecessary. In contrast, the high K(p) of most herbaceous plants allows them to lower sugar concentrations in leaves. This reduces inventory costs and significantly increases growth potential but necessitates active phloem loading. Viewed from this perspective, the elevation of hydraulic conductance marks a major milestone in the evolution of the herbaceous habit, not only by facilitating water transport but also by maximizing carbon use efficiency and growth.
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Chamaillard S, Fichot R, Vincent-Barbaroux C, Bastien C, Depierreux C, Dreyer E, Villar M, Brignolas F. Variations in bulk leaf carbon isotope discrimination, growth and related leaf traits among three Populus nigra L. populations. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:1076-87. [PMID: 21990023 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing global change could be an additional threat to the establishment and the long-term survival of Populus nigra L., an emblematic European riparian species. With the general aim of gaining insights into the adaptive potential of this species, we (i) quantified variations within and among three French P. nigra populations for key physiological attributes, i.e., water-use efficiency (assessed from bulk leaf carbon isotope discrimination, Δ(13)C), growth performance and related leaf traits, (ii) examined genotype and population by environment interactions, and (iii) explored the relationship between Δ(13)C and growth. Thirty genotypes were sampled in each of three naturally established populations and grown in two different sites, Orléans (ORL) and Guémené-Penfao (GMN). In ORL, two similar plots were established and different watering regimes were applied in order to test for the drought response. Significant variations were observed for all traits within and among populations irrespective of site and watering. Trait variation was larger within than among populations. The effect of drought was neither genotype- nor population-dependent, contrary to the effect of site. The population ranking was maintained in all sites and watering regimes for the two most complex traits: Δ(13)C and growth. Moreover, these two traits were unrelated, which indicates that (i) water-use efficiency and growth are largely uncoupled in this species, and (ii) the environmental factors driving genetic structuration for Δ(13)C and growth act independently. The large variations found within populations combined with the consistent differences among populations suggest a large adaptive potential for P. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Chamaillard
- UFR-Faculté des Sciences, UPRES EA 1207 'Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures' (LBLGC), Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, F-45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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