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Suo J, Liu Y, Yan J, Li Q, Chen W, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Yu W, Yan J, Song L, Wu J. Sucrose promotes cone enlargement via the TgNGA1-TgWRKY47-TgEXPA2 module in Torreya grandis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39005107 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cone enlargement is a crucial process for seed production and reproduction in gymnosperms. Most of our knowledge of cone development is derived from observing anatomical structure during gametophyte development. Therefore, the exact molecular mechanism underlying cone enlargement after fertilization is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that sucrose promotes cone enlargement in Torreya grandis, a gymnosperm species with relatively low rates of cone enlargement, via the TgNGA1-TgWRKY47-TgEXPA2 pathway. Cell expansion plays a significant role in cone enlargement in T. grandis. 13C labeling and sucrose feeding experiments indicated that sucrose-induced changes in cell size and number contribute to cone enlargement in this species. RNA-sequencing analysis, transient overexpression in T. grandis cones, and stable overexpression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) suggested that the expansin gene TgEXPA2 positively regulates cell expansion in T. grandis cones. The WRKY transcription factor TgWRKY47 directly enhances TgEXPA2 expression by binding to its promoter. Additionally, the NGATHA transcription factor TgNGA1 directly interacts with TgWRKY47. This interaction suppresses the DNA-binding ability of TgWRKY47, thereby reducing its transcriptional activation on TgEXPA2 without affecting the transactivation ability of TgWRKY47. Our findings establish a link between sucrose and cone enlargement in T. grandis and elucidate the potential underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Ya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Jiawen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Qianxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Zuying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Weiwu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Jingwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
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Liu L, Zhang J, Xu J, Li Y, Lv H, Wang F, Guo J, Lin T, Zhao B, Li XX, Guo YD, Zhang N. SlMYC2 promotes SlLBD40-mediated cell expansion in tomato fruit development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1872-1888. [PMID: 38481350 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
As a plant-specific transcription factor, lateral organ boundaries domain (LBD) protein was reported to regulate plant growth and stress response, but the functional research of subfamily II genes is limited. SlMYC2, a master regulator of Jasmonic acid response, has been found to exhibit high expression levels in fruit and has been implicated in the regulation of fruit ripening and resistance to Botrytis. However, its role in fruit expansion remains unknown. In this study, we present evidence that a subfamily II member of LBD, namely SlLBD40, collaborates with SlMYC2 in the regulation of fruit expansion. Overexpression of SlLBD40 significantly promoted fruit growth by promoting mesocarp cell expansion, while knockout of SlLBD40 showed the opposite result. Similarly, SlMYC2 knockout resulted in a significant decrease in cell expansion within the fruit. Genetic analysis indicated that SlLBD40-mediated cell expansion depends on the expression of SlMYC2. SlLBD40 bound to the promoter of SlEXPA5, an expansin gene, but did not activate its expression directly. While, the co-expression of SlMYC2 and SlLBD40 significantly stimulated the activation of SlEXPA5, leading to an increase in fruit size. SlLBD40 interacted with SlMYC2 and enhanced the stability and abundance of SlMYC2. Furthermore, SlMYC2 directly targeted and activated the expression of SlLBD40, which is essential for SlLBD40-mediated fruit expansion. In summary, our research elucidates the role of the interaction between SlLBD40 and SlMYC2 in promoting cell expansion in tomato fruits, thus providing novel insights into the molecular genetics underlying fruit growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jialong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junxin Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin-Xu Li
- Beijing Cuihu Agritech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Yang-Dong Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Gong G, Jia H, Tang Y, Pei H, Zhai L, Huang J. Genetic analysis and QTL mapping for pericarp thickness in maize (Zea mays L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:338. [PMID: 38664642 PMCID: PMC11044598 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Proper pericarp thickness protects the maize kernel against pests and diseases, moreover, thinner pericarp improves the eating quality in fresh corn. In this study, we aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in maize pericarp during kernel development and identified the major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for maize pericarp thickness. It was observed that maize pericarp thickness first increased and then decreased. During the growth and formation stages, the pericarp thickness gradually increased and reached the maximum, after which it gradually decreased and reached the minimum during maturity. To identify the QTLs for pericarp thickness, a BC4F4 population was constructed using maize inbred lines B73 (recurrent parent with thick pericarp) and Baimaya (donor parent with thin pericarp). In addition, a high-density genetic map was constructed using maize 10 K SNP microarray. A total of 17 QTLs related to pericarp thickness were identified in combination with the phenotypic data. The results revealed that the heritability of the thickness of upper germinal side of pericarp (UG) was 0.63. The major QTL controlling UG was qPT1-1, which was located on chromosome 1 (212,215,145-212,948,882). The heritability of the thickness of upper abgerminal side of pericarp (UA) was 0.70. The major QTL controlling UA was qPT2-1, which was located on chromosome 2 (2,550,197-14,732,993). In addition, a combination of functional annotation, DNA sequencing analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) screened two candidate genes, Zm00001d001964 and Zm00001d002283, that could potentially control maize pericarp thickness. This study provides valuable insights into the improvement of maize pericarp thickness during breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guantong Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haitao Jia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Yunqi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hu Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lihong Zhai
- Basic School of Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Zang Y, Pei Y, Cong X, Ran F, Liu L, Wang C, Wang D, Min Y. Single-cell RNA-sequencing profiles reveal the developmental landscape of the Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:456-474. [PMID: 37706525 PMCID: PMC10756766 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important crop with a high photosynthetic rate and high yield. It is classified as a C3-C4 plant based on its photosynthetic and structural characteristics. To investigate the structural and photosynthetic characteristics of cassava leaves at the cellular level, we created a single-cell transcriptome atlas of cassava leaves. A total of 11,177 high-quality leaf cells were divided into 15 cell clusters. Based on leaf cell marker genes, we identified 3 major tissues of cassava leaves, which were mesophyll, epidermis, and vascular tissue, and analyzed their distinctive properties and metabolic activity. To supplement the genes for identifying the types of leaf cells, we screened 120 candidate marker genes. We constructed a leaf cell development trajectory map and discovered 6 genes related to cell differentiation fate. The structural and photosynthetic properties of cassava leaves analyzed at the single cellular level provide a theoretical foundation for further enhancing cassava yield and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yechun Pei
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xinli Cong
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Fangfang Ran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Liangwang Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yi Min
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
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Tourdot E, Mauxion JP, Gonzalez N, Chevalier C. Endoreduplication in plant organogenesis: a means to boost fruit growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6269-6284. [PMID: 37343125 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication is the major source of somatic endopolyploidy in higher plants, and leads to variation in cell ploidy levels due to iterative rounds of DNA synthesis in the absence of mitosis. Despite its ubiquitous occurrence in many plant organs, tissues, and cells, the physiological meaning of endoreduplication is not fully understood, although several roles during plant development have been proposed, mostly related to cell growth, differentiation, and specialization via transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. Here, we review recent advances in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and cellular characteristics of endoreduplicated cells, and provide an overview of the multi-scale effects of endoreduplication on supporting growth in plant development. In addition, the effects of endoreduplication in fruit development are discussed, since it is highly prominent during fruit organogenesis where it acts as a morphogenetic factor supporting rapid fruit growth, as illustrated by case of the model fleshy fruit, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Tourdot
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Wang H, Tang X, Liu Y. SlCK2α as a novel substrate for CRL4 E3 ligase regulates fruit size through maintenance of cell division homeostasis in tomato. PLANTA 2023; 257:38. [PMID: 36645501 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study unravels a novel regulatory module (CRL4-CK2α-CDK2) involving fruit size control by mediating cell division homeostasis (SlCK2α and SlCDK2) in tomato. Fruit size is one of the crucial agronomical traits for crop production. UV-damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1), a core component of Cullin4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (CRL4), has been identified as a negative regulator of fruit size in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a SlDDB1-interacting protein putatively involving fruit size control through regulating cell proliferation in tomato. It is a tomato homolog SlCK2α, the catalytic subunit of the casein kinase 2 (CK2), identified by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays. The interaction between SlDDB1 and SlCK2α was demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas9-based mutant analyses showed that lack of SlCK2α resulted in reduction of fruit size with reduced cell number, suggesting it is a positive regulator on fruit size by promoting cell proliferation. We also showed SlDDB1 is required to ubiquitinate SlCK2α and negatively regulate its stability through 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Furthermore, we found that a tomato homolog of cell division protein kinase 2 (SlCDK2) could interact with and specifically be phosphorylated by SlCK2α, resulting in an increase of SlCDK2 protein stability. CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic evidence showed that SlCDK2 is also a positive regulator of fruit size by influencing cell division in tomato. Taken together, our findings, thus, unravel a novel regulatory module CRL4-CK2α-CDK2 in finely modulating cell division homeostasis and the consequences on fruit size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
- School of Horticulture and State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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Zheng Q, Takei-Hoshi R, Okumura H, Ito M, Kawaguchi K, Otagaki S, Matsumoto S, Luo Z, Zhang Q, Shiratake K. Genome editing of SlMYB3R3, a cell cycle transcription factor gene of tomato, induces elongated fruit shape. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7312-7325. [PMID: 36070755 PMCID: PMC9730800 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fruit shape is an important trait that attracts consumers, and the regulation of genes related to cell division is crucial for shaping multicellular organs. In Arabidopsis, MYB3R transcription factors, which harbor three imperfect repeats in the N-terminus, control organ growth by regulating cell division. However, the function of MYB3Rs in tomato remains unknown. Here, we characterized tomato SlMYB3R3, which was preferentially expressed in flowers and placed in a subclade with two Arabidopsis cell cycle suppressors (MYB3R3/5). slmyb3r3 knockout mutants were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Morphological observation of the slmyb3r3 mutants showed that fruits that were elongated and occasionally peanut-like in shape were formed, which was caused by significantly increased cell numbers in the longitudinal direction. Transcriptome and yeast one-hybrid assay results suggested that SlMYB3R3 acted as a suppressor of cell-cycle-related genes by binding to the mitosis-specific activator (MSA) motifs in their promoters. Taken together, knock out of the suppressor SlMYB3R3 leads to elongated fruit, which results from the altered cell division pattern at the ovary stage, by regulating cell-cycle-related genes in an MSA-dependent manner. Our results suggest that SlMYB3R3 and its orthologs have the potential to change fruit shape as part of the molecular breeding of fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyou Zheng
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rie Takei-Hoshi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hitomi Okumura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaki Ito
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shungo Otagaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shogo Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Zhengrong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Rawoof A, Ahmad I, Islam K, Momo J, Kumar A, Jaiswal V, Ramchiary N. Integrated omics analysis identified genes and their splice variants involved in fruit development and metabolites production in Capsicum species. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:1189-1209. [PMID: 36173582 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To date, several transcriptomic studies during fruit development have been reported; however, no comprehensive integrated study on expression diversity, alternative splicing, and metabolomic profiling was reported in Capsicum. This study analyzed RNA-seq data and untargeted metabolomic profiling from early green (EG), mature green (MG), and breaker (Br) fruit stages from two Capsicum species, i.e., C. annuum (Cann) and C. frutescens (Cfrut) from Northeast India. A total of 117,416 and 96,802 alternatively spliced events (AltSpli-events) were identified from Cann and Cfrut, respectively. Among AltSpli-events, intron retention (IR; 32.2% Cann and 25.75% Cfrut) followed by alternative acceptor (AA; 15.4% Cann and 18.9% Cfrut) were the most abundant in Capsicum. Around 7600 genes expressed in at least one fruit stage of Cann and Cfrut were AltSpli. The study identified spliced variants of genes including transcription factors (TFs) potentially involved in fruit development/ripening (Aux/IAA 16-like, ETR, SGR1, ARF, CaGLK2, ETR, CaAGL1, MADS-RIN, FUL1, SEPALLATA1), carotenoid (PDS, CA1, CCD4, NCED3, xanthoxin dehydrogenase, CaERF82, CabHLH100, CaMYB3R-1, SGR1, CaWRKY28, CaWRKY48, CaWRKY54), and capsaicinoids or flavonoid biosynthesis (CaMYB48, CaWRKY51), which were significantly differentially spliced (DS) between consecutive Capsicum fruit stages. Also, this study observed that differentially expressed isoforms (DEiso) from 38 genes with differentially spliced events (DSE) were significantly enriched in various metabolic pathways such as starch and sucrose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cysteine cutin suberin and wax biosynthesis, and carotenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the metabolomic profiling revealed that metabolites from aforementioned pathways such as carbohydrates (mainly sugars such as D-fructose, D-galactose, maltose, and sucrose), organic acids (carboxylic acids), and peptide groups significantly altered during fruit development. Taken together, our findings could help in alternative splicing-based targeted studies of candidate genes involved in fruit development and ripening in Capsicum crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rawoof
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ilyas Ahmad
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Khushbu Islam
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - John Momo
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671316, Kerala, India
| | - Vandana Jaiswal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Yang T, He Y, Niu S, Zhang Y. A YABBY gene CRABS CLAW a (CRCa) negatively regulates flower and fruit sizes in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 320:111285. [PMID: 35643610 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CRABS CLAW (CRC) is a YABBY transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in carpel development and flower meristem determinacy. Here, we characterized a CRC homolog SlCRCa and elucidated its specific roles in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlCRCa is highly expressed in the petals and stamens, and is responsive to gibberellin (GA) treatment. Overexpression of SlCRCa in tomato reduces the sizes of petals, stamens, and fruits, while the inverse phenotypes are induced by knockdown of SlCRCa. Furthermore, histological investigation suggests that the smaller or larger fruits in SlCRCa-overexpressing or SlCRCa-RNAi plants are mainly determined by the decreases or increases in cell layers and cell sizes in pericarp, respectively. Through transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses, we speculate that SlCRCa inhibits cell division by regulating the transcription of cell division-related genes, and also suppresses cell expansion by modulating the expansin genes and GA pathway in tomato fruits. Besides, SlCRCa is involved in the feedback regulation of GA biosynthesis. Our findings reveal that SlCRCa negatively regulates fruit size by affecting cell division and cell expansion, and it is also an inhibitor of floral organ sizes in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongwen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yu He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Shaobo Niu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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10
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Li F, Jia Y, Zhou S, Chen X, Xie Q, Hu Z, Chen G. SlMBP22 overexpression in tomato affects flower morphology and fruit development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 272:153687. [PMID: 35378388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
MADS-domain transcription factors have been identified as key regulators involved in proper flower and fruit development in angiosperms. As members of the MADS-box subfamily, Bsister (Bs) genes have been observed to play an important role during the evolution of the reproductive organs in seed plants. However, their effects on reproductive development in fruit crops, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), remain unclear. Here, we found that SlMBP22 overexpression (SlMBP22-OE) resulted in considerable alterations in floral morphology and affected the expression levels of several floral homeotic genes. Further analysis by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays demonstrated that SlMBP22 forms dimers with class A protein MACROCALYX (MC) and SEPALLATA (SEP) floral homeotic proteins TM5 and TM29, respectively. In addition, pollen viability and cross-fertilization assays suggested that the defect in female reproductive development was responsible for the infertility phenotype observed in the strong overexpression transgenic plants. Transgenic fruits with mild overexpression exhibited reduced size as a result of reduced cell expansion, rather than impaired cell division. Additionally, SlMBP22 overexpression in tomato not only affected proanthocyanidin (PA) accumulation but also altered seed dormancy. Taken together, these findings may provide new insights into the knowledge of Bs MADS-box genes in flower and fruit development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yanhua Jia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Shengen Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
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11
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Gan L, Song M, Wang X, Yang N, Li H, Liu X, Li Y. Cytokinins is involved in regulation of tomato pericarp thickness and fruit size. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab041. [PMID: 35043193 PMCID: PMC8968492 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although cytokinins (CKs) regulate fruit development, no direct genetic evidence supports the role of endogenous CKs in pericarp growth or development or fruit size. Here, we report that the reduction in endogenous active CKs level via overexpression of a CKs-inactivating enzyme gene AtCKX2 specifically in fruit tissues resulted in reduced pericarp thickness and smaller fruit size, compared to wild-type control fruits. The pericarp thickness and single fruit weight in transgenic plants were significantly reduced. Analysis of paraffin sections showed that the reduced pericarp thickness was due largely to a decreased number of cells, and thus decreased cell division. Transcriptome profiling showed that the expression of cell division- and expansion-related genes was reduced in AtCKX2-overexpressing fruits. In addition, the expression of auxin-signaling and gibberellin-biosynthetic genes was repressed, whereas that of gibberellin-inactivating genes was enhanced, in AtCKX2-overexpressing fruits. These results demonstrate that endogenous CKs regulate pericarp cell division and, subsequently, fruit size. They also suggest that CKs interact with auxin and gibberellins in regulating tomato pericarp thickness and fruit size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengying Song
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and the College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuexia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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12
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Zhou Z, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Zhang R, Gao Q, Ding T, Wang H, Yan Z, Yao JL. Transcriptome analysis of transgenic apple fruit overexpressing microRNA172 reveals candidate transcription factors regulating apple fruit development at early stages. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12675. [PMID: 35036153 PMCID: PMC8710058 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA172 (miR172) has been proven to be critical for fruit growth, since elevated miR172 activity blocks the growth of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit. However, it is not clear how overexpression of miR172 affects apple fruit developmental processes. Methods To answer this question, the present study, analyzed global transcriptional changes in miR172-overexpressing (miR172OX) and nongenetically modified wild-type (WT) apple fruit at two developmental stages and in different fruit tissues via RNA-seq. In addition, two cultivars, ‘Hanfu’ and ‘M9’, which have naturally fruit size variation, were included to identify miR172-dependent DEGs. qRT–PCRwas used to verify the reliability of our RNA-seq data. Results Overexpression of miR172 altered the expression levels of many cell proliferation- and cell expansion-related genes. Twenty-four libraries were generated, and 10,338 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between miR172OX and WT fruit tissues. ‘Hanfu’ and ‘M9’ are two common cultivars that bear fruit of different sizes (250 g and 75 g, respectively). Six libraries were generated, and 3,627 DEGs were detected between ‘Hanfu’ and ‘M9’. After merging the two datasets, 6,888 candidate miR172-specific DEGs were identified. The potential networks associated with fruit size triggered traits were defined among genes belonging to the families of hormone synthesis, signaling pathways, and transcription factors. Our comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into transcriptome responses to miR172 overexpression in apple fruit and a valuable database for future studies to validate functional genes and elucidate the fruit developmental mechanisms in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Zhu
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Hengtao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiming Gao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiyu Ding
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenli Yan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Ko HY, Ho LH, Neuhaus HE, Guo WJ. Transporter SlSWEET15 unloads sucrose from phloem and seed coat for fruit and seed development in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2230-2245. [PMID: 34618023 PMCID: PMC8644451 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersium), an important fruit crop worldwide, requires efficient sugar allocation for fruit development. However, molecular mechanisms for sugar import to fruits remain poorly understood. Expression of sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) proteins is closely linked to high fructose/glucose ratios in tomato fruits and may be involved in sugar allocation. Here, we discovered that SlSWEET15 is highly expressed in developing fruits compared to vegetative organs. In situ hybridization and β-glucuronidase fusion analyses revealed SlSWEET15 proteins accumulate in vascular tissues and seed coats, major sites of sucrose unloading in fruits. Localizing SlSWEET15-green fluorescent protein to the plasma membrane supported its putative role in apoplasmic sucrose unloading. The sucrose transport activity of SlSWEET15 was confirmed by complementary growth assays in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant. Elimination of SlSWEET15 function by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)/CRISPR-associated protein gene editing significantly decreased average sizes and weights of fruits, with severe defects in seed filling and embryo development. Altogether, our studies suggest a role of SlSWEET15 in mediating sucrose efflux from the releasing phloem cells to the fruit apoplasm and subsequent import into storage parenchyma cells during fruit development. Furthermore, SlSWEET15-mediated sucrose efflux is likely required for sucrose unloading from the seed coat to the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Ko
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 7013, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 7013, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Woei-Jiun Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 7013, Taiwan
- Author for communication:
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14
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Mauxion JP, Chevalier C, Gonzalez N. Complex cellular and molecular events determining fruit size. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1023-1038. [PMID: 34158228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of plant organ-size determination represents an important challenge, especially because of the significant role of plants as food and renewable energy sources and the increasing need for plant-derived products. Most of the knowledge on the regulation of organ growth and the molecular network controlling cell division and cell expansion, the main drivers of growth, is derived from arabidopsis. The increasing use of crops such as tomato for research is now bringing essential information on the mechanisms underlying size control in agronomically important organs. This review describes our current knowledge, still very scarce, of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing tomato fruit size and proposes future research to better understand the regulation of growth in this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. @inrae.fr
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15
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Over-Expression of the Cell-Cycle Gene LaCDKB1;2 Promotes Cell Proliferation and the Formation of Normal Cotyledonary Embryos during Larix kaempferi Somatic Embryogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091435. [PMID: 34573419 PMCID: PMC8468589 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is an effective tool for the production of forest tree seedlings with desirable characteristics; however, the low initiation frequency and productivity of high-quality mature somatic embryos are still limiting factors for Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch). Here, we analyzed the expression pattern of L. kaempferi cyclin-dependent kinase B 1;2 (LaCDKB1;2) during somatic embryogenesis in L. kaempferi and its relationship with the cell proliferation rate. We also analyzed the effect of LaCDKB1;2 over-expression on somatic embryo quality. The results revealed a positive correlation between LaCDKB1;2 expression and the cell proliferation rate during the proliferation stage. After LaCDKB1;2 over-expression, the proliferation rate of cultures increased, and the number of somatic embryos in transgenic cultures was 2.69 times that in non-transformed cultures. Notably, the number of normal cotyledonary embryos in transgenic cultures was 3 times that in non-transformed cultures, indicating that LaCDKB1;2 not only increases the proliferation of cultures and the number of somatic embryos but also improves the quality of somatic embryos. These results provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis as well as new Larix breeding material.
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16
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Zhao F, Zhang J, Weng L, Li M, Wang Q, Xiao H. Fruit size control by a zinc finger protein regulating pericarp cell size in tomato. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:6. [PMID: 37789485 PMCID: PMC10515234 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Fruit size is largely defined by the number and size of cells in the fruit. Endoreduplication - a specialized cell cycle - is highly associated with cell expansion during tomato fruit growth. However, how endoreduplication coupled with cell size is regulated remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a zinc finger gene SlPZF1 (Solanum lycopersicum PERICARP-ASSOCIATED ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 1) that was highly expressed in the pericarp of developing fruits. Plants with altered SlPZF1 expression produced smaller fruits due to the reduction in cell size associated with weakened endoreduplication. Overexpressing SlPZF1 delayed cell division phase by enhancing early expression of several key cell cycle regulators including SlCYCD3;1 and two plant specific mitotic cyclin-dependent protein kinase (SlCDKB1 and SlCDKB2) in the pericarp tissue. Furthermore, we identified 14 putative SlPZF1 interacting proteins (PZFIs) via yeast two hybrid screening. Several PZFIs, including Pre-mRNA-splicing factor (SlSMP1/PZFI4), PAPA-1-like conserved region family protein (PZFI6), Fanconi anemia complex components (PZFI3 and PZFI10) and bHLH transcription factor LONESOME HIGHWAY (SlLHW/PZFI14), are putatively involved in cell cycle regulation. Our results demonstrate that fruit growth in tomato requires balanced expression of the novel cell size regulator SlPZF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiajing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Life and Environment Science College, Shanghai Normal University, No.100 Guilin Rd, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Lin Weng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Quanhua Wang
- Life and Environment Science College, Shanghai Normal University, No.100 Guilin Rd, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Han Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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17
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Wang S, Lv S, Zhao T, Jiang M, Liu D, Fu S, Hu M, Huang S, Pei Y, Wang X. Modification of Threonine-825 of SlBRI1 Enlarges Cell Size to Enhance Fruit Yield by Regulating the Cooperation of BR-GA Signaling in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147673. [PMID: 34299293 PMCID: PMC8305552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are growth-promoting phytohormones that can efficiently function by exogenous application at micromolar concentrations or by endogenous fine-tuning of BR-related gene expression, thus, precisely controlling BR signal strength is a key factor in exploring the agricultural potential of BRs. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), a BR receptor, is the rate-limiting enzyme in BR signal transduction, and the phosphorylation of each phosphorylation site of SlBRI1 has a distinct effect on BR signal strength and botanic characteristics. We recently demonstrated that modifying the phosphorylation sites of tomato SlBRI1 could improve the agronomic traits of tomato to different extents; however, the associated agronomic potential of SlBRI1 phosphorylation sites in tomato has not been fully exploited. In this research, the biological functions of the phosphorylation site threonine-825 (Thr-825) of SlBRI1 in tomato were investigated. Phenotypic analysis showed that, compared with a tomato line harboring SlBRI1, transgenic tomato lines expressing SlBRI1 with a nonphosphorylated Thr-825 (T825A) exhibited a larger plant size due to a larger cell size and higher yield, including a greater plant height, thicker stems, longer internodal lengths, greater plant expansion, a heavier fruit weight, and larger fruits. Molecular analyses further indicated that the autophosphorylation level of SlBRI1, BR signaling, and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling were elevated when SlBRI1 was dephosphorylated at Thr-825. Taken together, the results demonstrated that dephosphorylation of Thr-825 can enhance the functions of SlBRI1 in BR signaling, which subsequently activates and cooperates with GA signaling to stimulate cell elongation and then leads to larger plants and higher yields per plant. These results also highlight the agricultural potential of SlBRI1 phosphorylation sites for breeding high-yielding tomato varieties through precise control of BR signaling.
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18
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Zhang H, Han W, Wang H, Cong L, Zhai R, Yang C, Wang Z, Xu L. Downstream of GA 4, PbCYP78A6 participates in regulating cell cycle-related genes and parthenogenesis in pear (Pyrus bretshneideri Rehd.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:292. [PMID: 34167472 PMCID: PMC8223387 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parthenocarpy results in traits attractive to both consumers and breeders, and it overcomes the obstacle of self-incompatibility in the fruit set of horticultural crops, including pear (Pyrus bretshneider). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate parthenogenesis. RESULTS Here, in a transcriptional comparison between pollination-dependent fruit and GA4-induced parthenocarpy, PbCYP78A6 was identified and proposed as a candidate gene involved in parthenocarpy. PbCYP78A6 is similar to Arabidopsis thaliana CYP78A6 and highly expressed in pear hypanthia. The increased PbCYP78A6 expression, as assessed by RT-qPCR, was induced by pollination and GA4 exposure. The ectopic overexpression of PbCYP78A6 contributed to parthenocarpic fruit production in tomato. The PbCYP78A6 expression coincided with fertilized and parthenocarpic fruitlets development and the expression of fruit development-related genes as assessed by cytological observations and RT-qPCR, respectively. PbCYP78A6 RNA interference and overexpression in pear calli revealed that the gene is an upstream regulator of specific fruit development-related genes in pear. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that PbCYP78A6 plays a critical role in fruit formation and provide insights into controlling parthenocarpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Huibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Liu Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chengquan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lingfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Chen S, Wang XJ, Tan GF, Zhou WQ, Wang GL. Gibberellin and the plant growth retardant Paclobutrazol altered fruit shape and ripening in tomato. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:853-861. [PMID: 31863170 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruit shape and ripening are major horticultural traits for many fruits and vegetable crops. Changes in fruit shape and ripening are often accomplished by altered cell division or cell expansion patterns. Gibberellic acids (GAs) are essential for tomato fruit development; however, the exact role and the underlying mechanism are still elusive. To elucidate the relationship between gibberellins and fruit shape and ripening in tomato, GA3 and gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) were applied to tomato. Fruit shape index was increased when GA3 was applied, which was mainly attributed to the increased organ elongation. The expression levels of genes involved in cell elongation and expansion were altered at the same time. In addition, GA delayed the ripening time by regulating the transcript levels of ethylene-related genes. By contrast, PAC application decreased fruit shape index and shortened fruit ripening time. These results demonstrate that manipulation of GA levels can simultaneously influence tomato fruit shape and ripening. Further studies aimed to regulate fruit shape and ripening can be achieved by altering GA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Shaanxi XueQian Normal University, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zhou
- Crop Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
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Zhang T, Liang J, Wang M, Li D, Liu Y, Chen THH, Yang X. Genetic engineering of the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine enhances the fruit development and size of tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:355-366. [PMID: 30824015 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycinebetaine has been widely considered as an effective protectant against abiotic stress in plants, and also found to promote plant growth under normal growing conditions, especially during the reproductive stage. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) and choline oxidase (COD) are two key enzymes which have been used to confer glycinebetaine synthesis in plant which normally does not synthesis glycinebetaine. In this study, we used the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, cv 'Moneymaker') plants of wild-type and the transgenic lines codA (L1, L2) and BADH (2, 46), which were transformed with codA and BADH, respectively, to study the impact of glycinebetaine on tomato fruit development. Our results showed that the codA and BADH transgenes induced the formation of enlarged flowers and fruits in transgenic tomato plants. In addition, the transgenic tomato plants had a higher photosynthetic rate, higher assimilates content, and higher leaf chlorophyll content than the wild-type plants. We also found that the enlargement of fruit size was related to the contents of phytohormones, such as auxin, brassinolide, gibberellin, and cytokinin. Additionally, qPCR results indicated that the expressions levels of certain genes related to fruit growth and development were also elevated in transgenic plants. Finally, transcriptome sequencing results revealed that the differences in the levels of gene expression in tomato fruit between the transgenic and wild-type plants were observed in multiple pathways, predominantly those of photosynthesis, DNA replication, plant hormone signal transduction, and biosynthesis. Taken together, our results suggest that glycinebetaine promotes tomato fruit development via multiple pathways. We propose that genetic engineering of glycinebetaine synthesis offers a novel approach to enhance the productivity of tomato and other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jianan Liang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Mengwei Wang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Daxing Li
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Tony H H Chen
- Department of Horticulture, ALS 4017, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Xinghong Yang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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21
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Liu S, Zhang Y, Feng Q, Qin L, Pan C, Lamin-Samu AT, Lu G. Tomato AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5 regulates fruit set and development via the mediation of auxin and gibberellin signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2971. [PMID: 29445121 PMCID: PMC5813154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) encode transcriptional factors that function in the regulation of plant development processes. A tomato ARF gene, SlARF5, was observed to be expressed at high levels in emasculated ovaries but maintained low expression levels in pollinated ovaries. The amiRNA SlARF5 lines exhibited ovary growth and formed seedless fruits following emasculation. These parthenocarpic fruits developed fewer locular tissues, and the fruit size and weight were decreased in transgenic lines compared to those of wild-type fruits. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that several genes involved in the auxin-signaling pathway were downregulated, whereas some genes involved in the gibberellin-signaling pathway were enhanced by the decreased SlARF5 mRNA levels in transgenic plants, indicating that SlARF5 may play an important role in regulating both the auxin- and gibberellin-signaling pathways during fruit set and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiushuo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Qin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Changtian Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Anthony Tumbeh Lamin-Samu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Qi X, Liu C, Song L, Li Y, Li M. PaCYP78A9, a Cytochrome P450, Regulates Fruit Size in Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2076. [PMID: 29259616 PMCID: PMC5723407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is an important fruit crop in which fruit size is strongly associated with commercial value; few genes associated with fruit size have, however, been identified in sweet cherry. Members of the CYP78A subfamily, a group of important cytochrome P450s, have been found to be involved in controlling seed size and development in Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, soybean, and tomato. However, the influence of CYP78A members in controlling organ size and the underlying molecular mechanisms in sweet cherry and other fruit trees remains unclear. Here, we characterized a P. avium CYP78A gene PaCYP78A9 that is thought to be involved in the regulation of fruit size and organ development using overexpression and silencing approaches. PaCYP78A9 was significantly expressed in the flowers and fruit of sweet cherry. RNAi silencing of PaCYP78A9 produced small cherry fruits and PaCYP78A9 was found to affect fruit size by mediating mesocarp cell proliferation and expansion during fruit growth and development. Overexpression of PaCYP78A9 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased silique and seed size and PaCYP78A9 was found to be highly expressed in the inflorescences and siliques of transgenic plants. Genes related to cell cycling and proliferation were downregulated in fruit from sweet cherry TRV::PaCYP78A9-silencing lines, suggesting that PaCYP78A9 is likely to be an important upstream regulator of cell cycle processes. Together, our findings indicate that PaCYP78A9 plays an essential role in the regulation of cherry fruit size and provide insights into the molecular basis of the mechanisms regulating traits such as fruit size in P. avium.
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23
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Cao D, Wang J, Ju Z, Liu Q, Li S, Tian H, Fu D, Zhu H, Luo Y, Zhu B. Regulations on growth and development in tomato cotyledon, flower and fruit via destruction of miR396 with short tandem target mimic. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 247:1-12. [PMID: 27095395 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite many studies about functions of miR396 were concentrated on cotyledon and leaf growth and development, only few researches were focused on flower and fruit, especially for fleshy fruit, for example, tomato fruit. Here, the roles of miR396 throughout the growth and development of tomato plant were explored with combining bioinformatics and transgene-mediated methods. In tomato, miR396 had two mature types (miR396a and miR396b), and miR396a expressed significantly higher than miR396b in cotyledon, flower, sepal and fruit. Generally, plant growth and development were regulated by miR396 via growth-regulating factors (GRFs). In tomato, all 13 SlGRFs were analyzed comprehensively, including phylogeny, domain and expression patterns. To investigate the roles of miR396 further, STTM396a/396a-88 was over-expressed in tomato, which induced miR396a and miR396b both dramatical down-regulation, and the target GRFs general up-regulation. As a result, the flowers, sepals and fruits all obviously became bigger. Most significantly, the sepal length of transgenic lines #3 and #4 at 39 days post-anthesis was separately increased 75% and 81%, and the fruit weight was added 45% and 39%, respectively. Overall, these results revealed novel roles of miR396 in regulating flower and fruit development, and provided a new potential way for improving tomato fruit yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zheng Ju
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qingqing Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shan Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Huiqin Tian
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Daqi Fu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yunbo Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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24
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Nadiminti PP, Rookes JE, Boyd BJ, Cahill DM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy elucidation of the micromorphology of the leaf cuticle and analysis of its chemical composition. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1475-1486. [PMID: 25712592 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been invaluable tools for the study of the micromorphology of plant cuticles. However, for electron microscopy, the preparation techniques required may invariably introduce artefacts in cuticle preservation. Further, there are a limited number of methods available for quantifying the image data obtained through electron microscopy. Therefore, in this study, optical microscopy techniques were coupled with staining procedures and, along with SEM were used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the ultrastructure of plant leaf cuticles. Leaf cryosections of Triticum aestivum (wheat), Zea mays (maize), and Lupinus angustifolius (lupin) were stained with either fat-soluble azo stain Sudan IV or fluorescent, diarylmethane Auramine O and were observed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). For all the plant species tested, the cuticle on the leaf surfaces could be clearly resolved in many cases into cuticular proper (CP), external cuticular layer (ECL), and internal cuticular layer (ICL). Novel image data analysis procedures for quantifying the epicuticular wax micromorphology were developed, and epicuticular waxes of L. angustifolius were described here for the first time. Together, application of a multifaceted approach involving the use of a range of techniques to study the plant cuticle has led to a better understanding of cuticular structure and provides new insights into leaf surface architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavani P Nadiminti
- School of life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - James E Rookes
- School of life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David M Cahill
- School of life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia.
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25
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Okello RCO, Heuvelink E, de Visser PHB, Struik PC, Marcelis LFM. What drives fruit growth? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:817-827. [PMID: 32480724 DOI: 10.1071/fp15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell division, endoreduplication (an increase in nuclear DNA content without cell division) and cell expansion are important processes for growth. It is debatable whether organ growth is driven by all three cellular processes. Alternatively, all could be part of a dominant extracellular growth regulatory mechanism. Cell level processes have been studied extensively and a positive correlation between cell number and fruit size is commonly reported, although few positive correlations between cell size or ploidy level and fruit size have been found. Here, we discuss cell-level growth dynamics in fruits and ask what drives fruit growth and during which development stages. We argue that (1) the widely accepted positive correlation between cell number and fruit size does not imply a causal relationship; (2) fruit growth is regulated by both cell autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms as well as a global coordinator, the target of rapamycin; and (3) increases in fruit size follow the neocellular theory of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C O Okello
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H B de Visser
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Giménez E, Dominguez E, Pineda B, Heredia A, Moreno V, Lozano R, Angosto T. Transcriptional Activity of the MADS Box ARLEQUIN/TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 Gene Is Required for Cuticle Development of Tomato Fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1036-48. [PMID: 26019301 PMCID: PMC4741332 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fruit development and ripening entail key biological and agronomic events, which ensure the appropriate formation and dispersal of seeds and determine productivity and yield quality traits. The MADS box gene Arlequin/tomato Agamous-like1 (hereafter referred to as TAGL1) was reported as a key regulator of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) reproductive development, mainly involved in flower development, early fruit development, and ripening. It is shown here that silencing of the TAGL1 gene (RNA interference lines) promotes significant changes affecting cuticle development, mainly a reduction of thickness and stiffness, as well as a significant decrease in the content of cuticle components (cutin, waxes, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds). Accordingly, overexpression of TAGL1 significantly increased the amount of cuticle and most of its components while rendering a mechanically weak cuticle. Expression of the genes involved in cuticle biosynthesis agreed with the biochemical and biomechanical features of cuticles isolated from transgenic fruits; it also indicated that TAGL1 participates in the transcriptional control of cuticle development mediating the biosynthesis of cuticle components. Furthermore, cell morphology and the arrangement of epidermal cell layers, on whose activity cuticle formation depends, were altered when TAGL1 was either silenced or constitutively expressed, indicating that this transcription factor regulates cuticle development, probably through the biosynthetic activity of epidermal cells. Our results also support cuticle development as an integrated event in the fruit expansion and ripening processes that characterize fleshy-fruited species such as tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Giménez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Eva Dominguez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Benito Pineda
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Vicente Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Trinidad Angosto
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
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27
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de Jong M, Wolters-Arts M, Schimmel BCJ, Stultiens CLM, de Groot PFM, Powers SJ, Tikunov YM, Bovy AG, Mariani C, Vriezen WH, Rieu I. Solanum lycopersicum AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 9 regulates cell division activity during early tomato fruit development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3405-16. [PMID: 25883382 PMCID: PMC4449553 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of the ovary into a fruit after successful completion of pollination and fertilization has been associated with many changes at transcriptomic level. These changes are part of a dynamic and complex regulatory network that is controlled by phytohormones, with a major role for auxin. One of the auxin-related genes differentially expressed upon fruit set and early fruit development in tomato is Solanum lycopersicum AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 9 (SlARF9). Here, the functional analysis of this ARF is described. SlARF9 expression was found to be auxin-responsive and SlARF9 mRNA levels were high in the ovules, placenta, and pericarp of pollinated ovaries, but also in other plant tissues with high cell division activity, such as the axillary meristems and root meristems. Transgenic plants with increased SlARF9 mRNA levels formed fruits that were smaller than wild-type fruits because of reduced cell division activity, whereas transgenic lines in which SlARF9 mRNA levels were reduced showed the opposite phenotype. The expression analysis, together with the phenotype of the transgenic lines, suggests that, in tomato, ARF9 negatively controls cell division during early fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike de Jong
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Wolters-Arts
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernardus C J Schimmel
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina L M Stultiens
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F M de Groot
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Powers
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Yury M Tikunov
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University & Research Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud G Bovy
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University & Research Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Celestina Mariani
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H Vriezen
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Okello RCO, Heuvelink E, de Visser PHB, Lammers M, de Maagd RA, Marcelis LFM, Struik PC. Fruit illumination stimulates cell division but has no detectable effect on fruit size in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:114-127. [PMID: 25220433 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Light affects plant growth through assimilate availability and signals regulating development. The effects of light on growth of tomato fruit were studied using cuvettes with light-emitting diodes providing white, red or blue light to individual tomato trusses for different periods during daytime. Hypotheses tested were as follows: (1) light-grown fruits have stronger assimilate sinks than dark-grown fruits, and (2) responses depend on light treatment provided, and fruit development stage. Seven light treatments [dark, 12-h white, 24-h white, 24-h red and 24-h blue light, dark in the first 24 days after anthesis (DAA) followed by 24-h white light until breaker stage, and its reverse] were applied. Observations were made between anthesis and breaker stage at fruit, cell and gene levels. Fruit size and carbohydrate content did not respond to light treatments while cell division was strongly stimulated at the expense of cell expansion by light. The effects of light on cell number and volume were independent of the combination of light color and intensity. Increased cell division and decreased cell volume when fruits were grown in the presence of light were not clearly corroborated by the expression pattern of promoters and inhibitors of cell division and expansion analyzed in this study, implying a strong effect of posttranscriptional regulation. Results suggest the existence of a complex homeostatic regulatory system for fruit growth in which reduced cell division is compensated by enhanced cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C O Okello
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research center, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research center, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Huysman MJJ, Tanaka A, Bowler C, Vyverman W, De Veylder L. Functional characterization of the diatom cyclin-dependent kinase A2 as a mitotic regulator reveals plant-like properties in a non-green lineage. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:86. [PMID: 25887918 PMCID: PMC4392632 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are crucial regulators of cell cycle progression in eukaryotes. The diatom CDKA2 was originally assigned to the classical A-type CDKs, but its cell cycle phase-specific transcription at the G2-to-M phase transition is typical for plant-specific B-type CDKs. RESULTS Here, we report the functional characterization of CDKA2 from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Through a yeast two-hybrid library screen, CDKA2 was found to interact with the G2/M-specific CDK scaffolding factor CKS1. Localization of CDKA2 was found to be nuclear in interphase cells, while in cells undergoing cytokinesis, the signal extended to the cell division plane. In addition, overexpression of CDKA2 induced an overall reduction in the cell growth rate. Expression analysis of cell cycle marker genes in the overexpression lines indicates that this growth reduction is primarily due to a prolongation of the mitotic phase. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a role for CDKA2 during cell division in diatoms. The functional characterization of a CDK with clear CDKB properties in a non-green organism questions whether the current definition of B-type CDKs being plant-specific might need revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J J Huysman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8186, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230, Paris, Cedex 05, France.
| | - Atsuko Tanaka
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8186, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230, Paris, Cedex 05, France.
- Current address: Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, Hokkaido, 051-0013, Japan.
| | - Chris Bowler
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8186, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230, Paris, Cedex 05, France.
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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30
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Okello RCO, de Visser PHB, Heuvelink E, Lammers M, de Maagd RA, Struik PC, Marcelis LFM. A multilevel analysis of fruit growth of two tomato cultivars in response to fruit temperature. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:403-418. [PMID: 24957883 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruit phenotype is a resultant of inherent genetic potential in interaction with impact of environment experienced during crop and fruit growth. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic and physiological basis for the difference in fruit size between a small ('Brioso') and intermediate ('Cappricia') sized tomato cultivar exposed to different fruit temperatures. It was hypothesized that fruit heating enhances expression of cell cycle and expansion genes, rates of carbon import, cell division and expansion, and shortens growth duration, whereas increase in cell number intensifies competition for assimilates among cells. Unlike previous studies in which whole-plant and fruit responses cannot be separated, we investigated the temperature response by varying fruit temperature using climate-controlled cuvettes, while keeping plant temperature the same. Fruit phenotype was assessed at different levels of aggregation (whole fruit, cell and gene) between anthesis and breaker stage. We showed that: (1) final fruit fresh weight was larger in 'Cappricia' owing to more and larger pericarp cells, (2) heated fruits were smaller because their mesocarp cells were smaller than those of control fruits and (3) no significant differences in pericarp carbohydrate concentration were detected between heated and control fruits nor between cultivars at breaker stage. At the gene level, expression of cell division promoters (CDKB2, CycA1 and E2Fe-like) was higher while that of the inhibitory fw2.2 was lower in 'Cappricia'. Fruit heating increased expression of fw2.2 and three cell division promoters (CDKB1, CDKB2 and CycA1). Expression of cell expansion genes did not corroborate cell size observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C O Okello
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen UR, PO Box 644, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Horticultural Supply Chains Group, Wageningen UR, PO Box 630, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen UR, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Czerednik A, Busscher M, Angenent GC, de Maagd RA. The cell size distribution of tomato fruit can be changed by overexpression of CDKA1. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:259-268. [PMID: 25283700 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most cultivated vegetables in the world and an important ingredient of the human diet. Tomato breeders and growers face a continuous challenge of combining high quantity (production volume) with high quality (appearance, taste and perception for the consumers, processing quality for the processing industry). To improve the quality of tomato, it is important to understand the regulation of fruit development and of fruit cellular structure, which is in part determined by the sizes and numbers of cells within a tissue. The role of the cell cycle therein is poorly understood. Plant cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are homologues of yeast cdc2, an important cell cycle regulator conserved throughout all eukaryotes. CDKA1 is constitutively expressed during the cell cycle and has dual functions in S- and M-phase progression. We have produced transgenic tomato plants with increased expression of CDKA1 under the control of the fruit-specific TPRP promoter, which despite a reduced number of seeds and diminished amount of jelly, developed fruits with weight and shape comparable to that of wild-type fruits. However, the phenotypic changes with regard to the pericarp thickness and placenta area were remarkable. Fruits of tomato plants with the highest expression of CDKA1 had larger septa and columella (placenta), compared with wild-type fruits. Our data demonstrate the possibility of manipulating the ratio between cell division and expansion by changing the expression of a key cell cycle regulator and probably its activity with substantial effects on structural traits of the harvested fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czerednik
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Azzi L, Deluche C, Gévaudant F, Frangne N, Delmas F, Hernould M, Chevalier C. Fruit growth-related genes in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1075-86. [PMID: 25573859 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) represents a model species for all fleshy fruits due to its biological cycle and the availability of numerous genetic and molecular resources. Its importance in human nutrition has made it one of the most valuable worldwide commodities. Tomato fruit size results from the combination of cell number and cell size, which are determined by both cell division and expansion. As fruit growth is mainly driven by cell expansion, cells from the (fleshy) pericarp tissue become highly polyploid according to the endoreduplication process, reaching a DNA content rarely encountered in other plant species (between 2C and 512C). Both cell division and cell expansion are under the control of complex interactions between hormone signalling and carbon partitioning, which establish crucial determinants of the quality of ripe fruit, such as the final size, weight, and shape, and organoleptic and nutritional traits. This review describes the genes known to contribute to fruit growth in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Azzi
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Cynthia Deluche
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Frangne
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Delmas
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Michel Hernould
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- INRA, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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Chevalier C, Bourdon M, Pirrello J, Cheniclet C, Gévaudant F, Frangne N. Endoreduplication and fruit growth in tomato: evidence in favour of the karyoplasmic ratio theory. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2731-46. [PMID: 24187421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth of a plant organ depends upon the developmental processes of cell division and cell expansion. The activity of cell divisions sets the number of cells that will make up the organ; the cell expansion activity then determines its final size. Among the various mechanisms that may influence the determination of cell size, endopolyploidy by means of endoreduplication appears to be of great importance in plants. Endoreduplication is widespread in plants and supports the process of differentiation of cells and organs. Its functional role in plant cells is not fully understood, although it is commonly associated with ploidy-dependent cell expansion. During the development of tomato fruit, cells from the (fleshy) pericarp tissue become highly polyploid, reaching a DNA content barely encountered in other plant species (between 2C and 512C). Recent investigations using tomato fruit development as a model provided new data in favour of the long-standing karyoplasmic ratio theory, stating that cells tend to adjust their cytoplasmic volume to the nuclear DNA content. By establishing a highly structured cellular system where multiple physiological functions are integrated, endoreduplication does act as a morphogenetic factor supporting cell growth during tomato fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chevalier
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Pirrello
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Cheniclet
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France CNRS, Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Frangne
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Petit J, Bres C, Just D, Garcia V, Mauxion JP, Marion D, Bakan B, Joubès J, Domergue F, Rothan C. Analyses of tomato fruit brightness mutants uncover both cutin-deficient and cutin-abundant mutants and a new hypomorphic allele of GDSL lipase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:888-906. [PMID: 24357602 PMCID: PMC3912114 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a protective layer synthesized by epidermal cells of the plants and consisting of cutin covered and filled by waxes. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit, the thick cuticle embedding epidermal cells has crucial roles in the control of pathogens, water loss, cracking, postharvest shelf-life, and brightness. To identify tomato mutants with modified cuticle composition and architecture and to further decipher the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle in tomato, we screened an ethyl methanesulfonate mutant collection in the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for mutants with altered fruit brightness. Our screen resulted in the isolation of 16 glossy and 8 dull mutants displaying changes in the amount and/or composition of wax and cutin, cuticle thickness, and surface aspect of the fruit as characterized by optical and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The main conclusions on the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle features were as follows: (1) screening for fruit brightness is an effective way to identify tomato cuticle mutants; (2) fruit brightness is independent from wax load variations; (3) glossy mutants show either reduced or increased cutin load; and (4) dull mutants display alterations in epidermal cell number and shape. Cuticle composition analyses further allowed the identification of groups of mutants displaying remarkable cuticle changes, such as mutants with increased dicarboxylic acids in cutin. Using genetic mapping of a strong cutin-deficient mutation, we discovered a novel hypomorphic allele of GDSL lipase carrying a splice junction mutation, thus highlighting the potential of tomato brightness mutants for advancing our understanding of cuticle formation in plants.
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Apri M, Kromdijk J, de Visser PHB, de Gee M, Molenaar J. Modelling cell division and endoreduplication in tomato fruit pericarp. J Theor Biol 2014; 349:32-43. [PMID: 24486251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In many developing plant tissues and organs, differentiating cells switch from the classical cell cycle to an alternative partial cycle. This partial cycle bypasses mitosis and allows for multiple rounds of genome duplication without cell division, giving rise to cells with high ploidy numbers. This partial cycle is referred to as endoreduplication. Cell division and endoreduplication are important processes for biomass allocation and yield in tomato. Quantitative trait loci for tomato fruit size or weight are frequently associated with variations in the pericarp cell number, and due to the tight connection between endoreduplication and cell expansion and the prevalence of polyploidy in storage tissues, a functional correlation between nuclear ploidy number and cell growth has also been implicated (karyoplasmic ratio theory). In this paper, we assess the applicability of putative mechanisms for the onset of endoreduplication in tomato pericarp cells via development of a mathematical model for the cell cycle gene regulatory network. We focus on targets for regulation of the transition to endoreduplication by the phytohormone auxin, which is known to play a vital role in the onset of cell expansion and differentiation in developing tomato fruit. We show that several putative mechanisms are capable of inducing the onset of endoreduplication. This redundancy in explanatory mechanisms is explained by analysing system behaviour as a function of their combined action. Namely, when all these routes to endoreduplication are used in a combined fashion, robustness of the regulation of the transition to endoreduplication is greatly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad Apri
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Center, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Industrial and Financial Mathematics Group, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research Center, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H B de Visser
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research Center, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten de Gee
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Center, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Molenaar
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Center, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pesaresi P, Mizzotti C, Colombo M, Masiero S. Genetic regulation and structural changes during tomato fruit development and ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:124. [PMID: 24795731 PMCID: PMC4006027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruits are an important evolutionary acquisition of angiosperms, which afford protection for seeds and ensure their optimal dispersal in the environment. Fruits can be divided into dry or fleshy. Dry fruits are the more ancient and provide for mechanical seed dispersal. In contrast, fleshy fruits develop soft tissues in which flavor compounds and pigments accumulate during the ripening process. These serve to attract animals that eat them and disseminate the indigestible seeds. Fruit maturation is accompanied by several striking cytological modifications. In particular, plastids undergo significant structural alterations, including the dedifferentiation of chloroplasts into chromoplasts. Chloroplast biogenesis, their remodeling in response to environmental constraints and their conversion into alternative plastid types are known to require communication between plastids and the nucleus in order to coordinate the expression of their respective genomes. In this review, we discuss the role of plastid modifications in the context of fruit maturation and ripening, and consider the possible involvement of organelle-nucleus crosstalk via retrograde (plastid to nucleus) and anterograde (nucleus to plastid) signaling in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Monica Colombo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige (Trento), Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simona Masiero, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy e-mail:
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Wang SK, Wang TT, Huang GL, Shi RF, Yang LG, Sun GJ. Stimulation of the proliferation of human normal esophageal epithelial cells by fumonisin B 1 and its mechanism. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:55-60. [PMID: 24348764 PMCID: PMC3860871 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a correlation between fumonisin B1 (FB1) and human esophageal cancer in China, Iran and South Africa. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of FB1 on the proliferation, cell-cycle and apoptosis of normal human esophageal epithelial cells (HEECs) and to explore the molecular mechanisms of these effects. The proliferation of HEECs treated with FB1 was assessed using a colorimetric assay, while analyses of the cell cycle and apoptosis were performed using flow cytometry and the measurement of the protein expressions of genes associated with the cell cycle was conducted using western blotting. The results showed that FB1 stimulated the proliferation of HEECs, decreased the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase and reduced apoptosis. The western blotting results showed that FB1 significantly increased the protein expression of cyclin D1 and significantly decreased the protein expression of cyclin E, p21 and p27. The results indicated that FB1 stimulated the proliferation of HEECs by affecting the cell cycle and apoptosis. This mechanism was associated with changes in cyclin D1, cyclin E, p21 and p27 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China ; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China ; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Ling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China ; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Fu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China ; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Li-Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China ; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Ju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China ; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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WANG SHAOKANG, LIU SHA, YANG LIGANG, SHI RUOFU, SUN GUIJU. Effect of fumonisin B1 on the cell cycle of normal human liver cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1970-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Carrera E, Ruiz-Rivero O, Peres LEP, Atares A, Garcia-Martinez JL. Characterization of the procera tomato mutant shows novel functions of the SlDELLA protein in the control of flower morphology, cell division and expansion, and the auxin-signaling pathway during fruit-set and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1581-96. [PMID: 22942390 PMCID: PMC3490602 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
procera (pro) is a tall tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant carrying a point mutation in the GRAS region of the gene encoding SlDELLA, a repressor in the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Consistent with the SlDELLA loss of function, pro plants display a GA-constitutive response phenotype, mimicking wild-type plants treated with GA₃. The ovaries from both nonemasculated and emasculated pro flowers had very strong parthenocarpic capacity, associated with enhanced growth of preanthesis ovaries due to more and larger cells. pro parthenocarpy is facultative because seeded fruits were obtained by manual pollination. Most pro pistils had exserted stigmas, thus preventing self-pollination, similar to wild-type pistils treated with GA₃ or auxins. However, Style2.1, a gene responsible for long styles in noncultivated tomato, may not control the enhanced style elongation of pro pistils, because its expression was not higher in pro styles and did not increase upon GA₃ application. Interestingly, a high percentage of pro flowers had meristic alterations, with one additional petal, sepal, stamen, and carpel at each of the four whorls, respectively, thus unveiling a role of SlDELLA in flower organ development. Microarray analysis showed significant changes in the transcriptome of preanthesis pro ovaries compared with the wild type, indicating that the molecular mechanism underlying the parthenocarpic capacity of pro is complex and that it is mainly associated with changes in the expression of genes involved in GA and auxin pathways. Interestingly, it was found that GA activity modulates the expression of cell division and expansion genes and an auxin signaling gene (tomato AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7) during fruit-set.
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