1
|
Singh R, Širić I, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Al-Shahari EA, Alsudays IM, Bachheti A, Goala M, Abou Fayssal S, Kumar P, Eid EM. Impact of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticle and liquid leachate of mushroom compost on agronomic and biochemical response of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) under saline stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43731-43742. [PMID: 38907815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The cultivation of ornamental horticultural crops under salinity stress has been a challenge for growers all over the world. In this study, an attempt was made for pot cultivation of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. var. Pusa Basanti Gainda) in salt-stressed (SS) soil (150 mM) with the combined use of mushroom compost leachate (CL) and foliar application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). For this purpose, a total of six pot treatments, i.e., borewell water (BW; control), T1 (BW with SS), T2 (BW with SS and TiO2-NPs), T3 (CL supplemented), T4 (CL with SS), and T5 (CL with SS and TiO2-NPs) were conducted in triplicate. The results of this study showed that CL supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) improved the physicochemical i.e., pH (14.5%), electrical conductivity (32.9%), total nitrogen (27.4%), total phosphorus (247.6%)), and nutrient (organic matter: 119.6%) profiles of soil which later helped in higher growth (30-35%) and yield (5.4-40.7%) of T. erecta. In CL-based treatments, the biochemical constituents were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in BW-irrigated ones. Also, the levels of selected stress defense enzymes were significantly increased under SS treatment but reduced under TiO2-NP application. Overall, it was observed that the combined application of CL and TiO2-NPs (T5 treatment) was the most helpful treatment for enhanced germination, growth, yield, biochemical parameters, and better plant enzymatic activities to cope with saline stress. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of T. erecta plants under saline stress which is crucial for the development of targeted interventions aimed at improving plant tolerance to saline conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rattan Singh
- Department of Food Technology, Uttaranchal University, 248007, Dehradun, India
| | - Ivan Širić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sadeq K Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, 61913, Muhayl Asser, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila A Al-Shuraym
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A Al-Shahari
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, 61321, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtisam M Alsudays
- Biology Department, College of Science, Qassim University, 52571, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Archana Bachheti
- Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, India
| | - Madhumita Goala
- Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, India
| | - Sami Abou Fayssal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, Sofia, 1797, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Lebanese University, Beirut, 1302, Lebanon
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, 249404, India.
- Research and Development Division, Society for AgroEnvironmental Sustainability, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Ebrahem M Eid
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moreno-Pérez A, Martínez-Ferri E, van den Berg N, Pliego C. Effects of Exogenous Application of Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid on the Physiological and Molecular Response of 'Dusa' Avocado to Rosellinia necatrix. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2111-2121. [PMID: 38530233 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-23-2316-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) are important in mediating plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. MeJA and SA can act as elicitors by triggering plant defense responses similar to those induced by pathogens and may even provide long-term protection against them. Thus, exogenous application of MeJA and SA could protect susceptible avocado plants against white root rot (WRR) disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rosellinia necatrix, one of the main diseases affecting avocado orchards. This work evaluates the effects of MeJA or SA on the physiological and molecular response of susceptible 'Dusa' avocado rootstock and their ability to provide some protection against WRR. The application of MeJA and SA in avocado increased photoprotective mechanisms (nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching) and upregulated the glutathione S-transferase, suggesting the triggering of mechanisms closely related to oxidative stress relief and reactive oxygen species scavenging. In contrast to SA, MeJA's effects were more pronounced at the morphoanatomical level, including functional traits such as high leaf mass area, high stomatal density, and high root/shoot ratio, closely related to strategies to cope with water scarcity and WRR disease. Moreover, MeJA upregulated a greater number of defense-related genes than SA, including a glu protease inhibitor, a key gene in avocado defense against R. necatrix. The overall effects of MeJA increased 'Dusa' avocado tolerance to R. necatrix by inducing a primed state that delayed WRR disease symptoms. These findings point toward the use of MeJA application as an environmentally friendly strategy to mitigate the impact of this disease on susceptible avocado orchards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology (IFAPA Centro de Málaga), Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, IFAPA, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Crop Ecophysiology (IFAPA Centro de Málaga), Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, IFAPA, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
- Program of Advanced Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elsa Martínez-Ferri
- Department of Crop Ecophysiology (IFAPA Centro de Málaga), Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, IFAPA, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Clara Pliego
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology (IFAPA Centro de Málaga), Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, IFAPA, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva IDO, Bessa LA, Reis MNO, Augusto DSS, Roweder C, Souchie EL, Vitorino LC. Endophytic Fungi Inoculation Reduces Ramulosis Severity in Gossypium hirsutum Plants. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1124. [PMID: 38930506 PMCID: PMC11205734 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biotic stress in cotton plants caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides triggers symptoms of ramulosis, a disease characterized by necrotic spots on young leaves, followed by death of the affected branch's apical meristem, plant growth paralysis, and stimulation of lateral bud production. Severe cases of ramulosis can cause up to 85% yield losses in cotton plantations. Currently, this disease is controlled exclusively by using fungicides. However, few studies have focused on biological alternatives for mitigating the effects of contamination by C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides on cotton plants. Thus, the hypothesis raised is that endophytic fungi isolated from an Arecaceae species (Butia purpurascens), endemic to the Cerrado biome, have the potential to reduce physiological damage caused by ramulosis, decreasing its severity in these plants. This hypothesis was tested using plants grown from seeds contaminated with the pathogen and inoculated with strains of Gibberella moniliformis (BP10EF), Hamigera insecticola (BP33EF), Codinaeopsis sp. (BP328EF), G. moniliformis (BP335EF), and Aspergillus sp. (BP340EF). C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides is a leaf pathogen; thus, the evaluations were focused on leaf parameters: gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and oxidative metabolism. The hypothesis that inoculation with endophytic strains can mitigate physiological and photochemical damage caused by ramulosis in cotton was confirmed, as the fungi improved plant growth and stomatal index and density, increased net photosynthetic rate (A) and carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci), and decreased photochemical stress (ABS/RC and DI0/RC) and oxidative stress by reducing enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, and APX) and the synthesis of malondialdehyde (MDA). Control plants developed leaves with a low adaxial stomatal index and density to reduce colonization of leaf tissues by C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides due to the absence of fungal antagonism. The Codinaeopsis sp. strain BP328EF can efficiently inhibit C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides in vitro (81.11% relative inhibition), improve gas exchange parameters, reduce photochemical stress of chlorophyll-a, and decrease lipid peroxidation in attacked leaves. Thus, BP328EF should be further evaluated for its potential effect as a biological alternative for enhancing the resistance of G. hirsutum plants and minimizing yield losses caused by C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella de Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil; (I.d.O.S.); (E.L.S.)
- Simple Agro Corporation, 400 Parque General Borges Forte St., Jardim Goiás, Rio Verde 75903-421, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (D.S.S.A.)
| | - Layara Alexandre Bessa
- Simple Agro Corporation, 400 Parque General Borges Forte St., Jardim Goiás, Rio Verde 75903-421, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (D.S.S.A.)
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Genetics of Biodiversity, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil;
| | - Mateus Neri Oliveira Reis
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Genetics of Biodiversity, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil;
| | - Damiana Souza Santos Augusto
- Simple Agro Corporation, 400 Parque General Borges Forte St., Jardim Goiás, Rio Verde 75903-421, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (D.S.S.A.)
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Genetics of Biodiversity, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil;
| | - Charlys Roweder
- Laboratory of Silviculture and Forestry Production, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil;
| | - Edson Luiz Souchie
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil; (I.d.O.S.); (E.L.S.)
| | - Luciana Cristina Vitorino
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil; (I.d.O.S.); (E.L.S.)
- Simple Agro Corporation, 400 Parque General Borges Forte St., Jardim Goiás, Rio Verde 75903-421, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (D.S.S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Woodford L, Fellows R, White HL, Ormsby MJ, Quilliam RS. Salmonella Typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae can be transferred from plastic mulch to basil and spinach salad leaves. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31343. [PMID: 38818200 PMCID: PMC11137414 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is increasingly found in agricultural environments, where it contaminates soil and crops. Microbial biofilms rapidly colonise environmental plastics, such as the plastic mulches used in agricultural systems, which provide a unique environment for microbial plastisphere communities. Human pathogens can also persist in the plastisphere, and enter agricultural environments via flooding or irrigation with contaminated water. In this study we examined whether Salmonella Typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae can be transferred from the plastisphere on plastic mulch to the surface of ready-to-eat crop plants, and subsequently persist on the leaf surface. Both S. Typhimurium and V. cholerae were able to persist for 14 days on fragments of plastic mulch adhering to the surface of leaves of both basil and spinach. Importantly, within 24 h both pathogens were capable of dissociating from the surface of the plastic and were transferred onto the surface of both basil and spinach leaves. This poses a further risk to food safety and human health, as even removal of adhering plastics and washing of these ready-to-eat crops would not completely remove these pathogens. As the need for more intensive food production increases, so too does the use of plastic mulches in agronomic systems. Therefore, there is now an urgent need to understand the unquantified co-pollutant pathogen risk of contaminating agricultural and food production systems with plastic pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Woodford
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Rosie Fellows
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Hannah L. White
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Michael J. Ormsby
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Richard S. Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oerke EC, Steiner U. Hyperspectral imaging reveals small-scale water gradients in apple leaves due to minimal cuticle perforation by Venturia inaequalis conidiophores. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3125-3140. [PMID: 38386894 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Effects of Venturia inaequalis on water relations of apple leaves were studied under controlled conditions without limitation of water supply to elucidate their impact on the non-haustorial biotrophy of this pathogen. Leaf water relations, namely leaf water content and transpiration, were spatially resolved by hyperspectral imaging and thermography; non-imaging techniques-gravimetry, a pressure chamber, and porometry-were used for calibration and validation. Reduced stomatal transpiration 3-4 d after inoculation coincided with a transient increase of water potential. Perforation of the plant cuticle by protruding conidiophores subsequently increased cuticular transpiration even before visible symptoms occurred. With sufficient water supply, cuticular transpiration remained at elevated levels for several weeks. Infections did not affect the leaf water content before scab lesions became visible. Only hyperspectral imaging was suitable to demonstrate that a decreased leaf water content was strictly limited to sites of emerging conidiophores and that cuticle porosity increased with sporulation. Microscopy confirmed marginal cuticle injury; although perforated, it tightly surrounded the base of conidiophores throughout sporulation and restricted water loss. The role of sustained redirection of water flow to the pathogen's hyphae in the subcuticular space above epidermal cells, to facilitate the acquisition and uptake of nutrients by V. inaequalis, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erich-Christian Oerke
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, INRES-Plant Pathology, Nussallee 9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steiner
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, INRES-Plant Pathology, Nussallee 9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roussin-Léveillée C, Rossi CAM, Castroverde CDM, Moffett P. The plant disease triangle facing climate change: a molecular perspective. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00060-8. [PMID: 38580544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Variations in climate conditions can dramatically affect plant health and the generation of climate-resilient crops is imperative to food security. In addition to directly affecting plants, it is predicted that more severe climate conditions will also result in greater biotic stresses. Recent studies have identified climate-sensitive molecular pathways that can result in plants being more susceptible to infection under unfavorable conditions. Here, we review how expected changes in climate will impact plant-pathogen interactions, with a focus on mechanisms regulating plant immunity and microbial virulence strategies. We highlight the complex interactions between abiotic and biotic stresses with the goal of identifying components and/or pathways that are promising targets for genetic engineering to enhance adaptation and strengthen resilience in dynamically changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina A M Rossi
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | | | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Das D, Chowdhury N, Sharma M, Suma R, Saikia B, Velmurugan N, Chikkaputtaiah C. Screening for brown-spot disease and drought stress response and identification of dual-stress responsive genes in rice cultivars of Northeast India. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:647-663. [PMID: 38737323 PMCID: PMC11087401 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Rice cultivation in Northeast India (NEI) primarily relies on rainfed conditions, making it susceptible to severe drought spells that promote the onset of brown spot disease (BSD) caused by Bipolaris oryzae. This study investigates the response of prevalent rice cultivars of NEI to the combined stress of drought and B. oryzae infection. Morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes were recorded post-stress imposition. Qualitative assessment of reactive oxygen species through DAB (3,3-diaminobenzidine) assay confirmed the elicitation of plant defense responses. Based on drought scoring system and biochemical analyses, the cultivars were categorized into susceptible (Shasharang and Bahadur), moderately susceptible (Gitesh and Ranjit), and moderately tolerant (Kapilee and Mahsuri) groups. Antioxidant enzyme accumulation (catalase, guaiacol peroxidase) and osmolyte (proline) levels increased in all stressed plants, with drought-tolerant cultivars exhibiting higher enzyme activities, indicating stress mitigation efforts. Nevertheless, electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation rates increased in all stressed conditions, though variations were observed among stress types. Based on findings from a previous transcriptomic study, a total of nine genes were chosen for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Among these, OsEBP89 appeared as a potential negative regulatory gene, demonstrating substantial upregulation in the susceptible cultivars at both 48 and 72 h post-treatment (hpt). This finding suggests that OsEBP89 may play a role in conferring drought-induced susceptibility to BSD in the rice cultivars being investigated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01447-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Das
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006 India
| | - Naimisha Chowdhury
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006 India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Remya Suma
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006 India
| | - Banashree Saikia
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Natarajan Velmurugan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
- Branch Laboratory-Itanagar, Biological Sciences Division, CSIR-NEIST, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh 791110 India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Navarro BL, Streit S, Nogueira Júnior AF, von Tiedemann A. Photosynthetic Costs and Impact on Epidemiological Parameters Associated with Ht Resistance Genes in Maize Lines Infected with Exserohilum turcicum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:760-769. [PMID: 37889164 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-23-0247-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Northern corn leaf blight, caused by Exserohilum turcicum, is mainly controlled by the use of resistant cultivars. Maize lines carrying individual resistance genes B37Ht1, B37Ht2, B37Ht3, and B37Htn1 express different defense symptoms having an impact on the photosynthetic activity, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and epidemiological parameters. Plants were inoculated with a race 0 isolate of E. turcicum conferring a compatible interaction with B37 and incompatible interactions with plants carrying resistance genes. Five days postinoculation (dpi), the resistant lines displayed a reduction in leaf CO2 assimilation of 30 to 80% compared with healthy plants. At 14 dpi, inoculated plants of B37Ht1 showed a significant decrease in leaf CO2 assimilation, similar to B37 (up to 94%). The instantaneous carboxylation efficiency was significantly reduced on inoculated plants of the lines B37Ht2, B37Ht3, and B37Htn1 (54 to 81%) at 5 dpi. Curiously, the reduction in carboxylation efficiency for B37 and B37Ht1 (up to 95%) was higher at 14 dpi than at 5 dpi (up to 81%). At 6 dpi, low levels of H2O2 were detected in B37Ht1, in contrast to B37Htn1, where a high H2O2 level and peroxidase activity were observed. The sporulation rate on B37Ht1, B37Ht3, and B37Htn1 decreased by 92% compared with the susceptible control, whereas strong sporulation occurred in lesions on line B37Ht2. The resistance in maize to E. turcicum conferred by Ht resistance genes is associated with photosynthetic costs and may have quite contrasting effects on host physiology and major epidemiological parameters, such as sporulation, which contributes inoculum for secondary infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ludwig Navarro
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Streit
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Monteiro P, Valledor L, Osorio S, Camisón Á, Vallarino JG, Gómez-Cadenas A, Díez JJ, Pinto G. Physiological, metabolic and hormonal responses of two Pinus spp. with contrasting susceptibility to brown-spot needle blight disease. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae003. [PMID: 38195942 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Needle blights are serious fungal diseases affecting European natural and planted pine forests. Brown-spot needle blight (BSNB) disease, caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, causes canopy defoliation and severe productivity losses, with consequences depending on host susceptibility. To gain new insights into BSNB plant-pathogen interactions, constitutive and pathogen-induced traits were assessed in two host species with differential disease susceptibility. Six-month-old Pinus radiata D. Don (susceptible) and Pinus pinea L. (more resistant) seedlings were needle inoculated with L. acicola under controlled conditions. Eighty days after inoculation, healthy-looking needles from symptomatic plants were assessed for physiological parameters and sampled for biochemical analysis. Disease progression, plant growth, leaf gas-exchanges and biochemical parameters were complemented with hormonal and untargeted primary metabolism analysis and integrated for a holistic analysis. Constitutive differences between pine species were observed. Pinus pinea presented higher stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and higher amino and organic acids, abscisic acid as well as putrescine content than P. radiata. Symptoms from BSNB disease were observed in 54.54% of P. radiata and 45.45% of P. pinea seedlings, being more pronounced and generalized in P. radiata. For both species, plant height, sub-stomatal CO2 concentration and water-use efficiency were impacted by infection. In P. radiata, total soluble sugars, starch and total flavonoids content increased after infection. No differences in hormone content after infection were observed. However, secondary metabolism was induced in P. pinea visible through total phenolics, flavonoids and putrescine accumulation. Overall, the observed results suggest that P. pinea constitutive and induced traits may function as two layers of a defence strategy which contributed to an increased BSNB resistance in comparison with P. radiata. This is the first integrative study linking plant physiological and molecular traits in Pinus-Lecanosticta acicola pathosystem, contributing to a better understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms to BSNB disease in pines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Monteiro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Luis Valledor
- Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Campus de El Cristo, Calle Catedrático Rodrigo Uría, 33071 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM), University of Málaga-Superior Council of Scientific Research, Campus de Teatinos, Avenida Louis Pasteur 49, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Álvaro Camisón
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, Instituto de Investigación de la Dehesa (INDEHESA), Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura. Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, Plasencia 10600, Spain
| | - José Gabriel Vallarino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM), University of Málaga-Superior Council of Scientific Research, Campus de Teatinos, Avenida Louis Pasteur 49, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, Avenida Vicent Sos Baynat, Castelló de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - Julio Javier Díez
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, Palencia 34071, Spain
| | - Glória Pinto
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sulaiman HY, Runno-Paurson E, Niinemets Ü. The same boat, different storm: stress volatile emissions in response to biotrophic fungal infections in primary and alternate hosts. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2217030. [PMID: 37232366 PMCID: PMC10730184 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2217030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rust infection results in stress volatile emissions, but due to the complexity of host-pathogen interaction and variations in innate defense and capacity to induce defense, biochemical responses can vary among host species. Fungal-dependent modifications in volatile emissions have been well documented in numerous host species, but how emission responses vary among host species is poorly understood. Our recent experiments demonstrated that the obligate biotrophic crown rust fungus (P. coronata) differently activated primary and secondary metabolic pathways in its primary host Avena sativa and alternate host Rhamnus frangula. In A. sativa, emissions of methyl jasmonate, short-chained lipoxygenase products, long-chained saturated fatty acid derivatives, mono- and sesquiterpenes, carotenoid breakdown products, and benzenoids were initially elicited in an infection severity-dependent manner, but the emissions decreased under severe infection and photosynthesis was almost completely inhibited. In R. frangula, infection resulted in low-level induction of stress volatile emissions, but surprisingly, in enhanced constitutive isoprene emissions, and even severely-infected leaves maintained a certain photosynthesis rate. Thus, the same pathogen elicited a much stronger response in the primary than in the alternate host. We argue that future work should focus on resolving mechanisms of different fungal tolerance and resilience among primary and secondary hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yusuf Sulaiman
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Runno-Paurson
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leisner CP, Potnis N, Sanz-Saez A. Crosstalk and trade-offs: Plant responses to climate change-associated abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2946-2963. [PMID: 36585762 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are constantly challenged by a dynamic growing environment. This includes fluctuations in temperature, water availability, light levels, and changes in atmospheric constituents such as carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and ozone (O3 ). In concert with changes in abiotic conditions, plants experience changes in biotic stress pressures, including plant pathogens and herbivores. Human-induced increases in atmospheric CO2 levels have led to alterations in plant growth environments that impact their productivity and nutritional quality. Additionally, it is predicted that climate change will alter the prevalence and virulence of plant pathogens, further challenging plant growth. A knowledge gap exists in the complex interplay between plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Closing this gap is crucial for developing climate resilient crops in the future. Here, we briefly review the physiological responses of plants to elevated CO2 , temperature, tropospheric O3 , and drought conditions, as well as the interaction of these abiotic stress factors with plant pathogen pressure. Additionally, we describe the crosstalk and trade-offs involved in plant responses to both abiotic and biotic stress, and outline targets for future work to develop a more sustainable future food supply considering future climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P Leisner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Alvaro Sanz-Saez
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang X, Yan S, Li Y, Li G, Sun S, Li J, Cui Z, Huo J, Sun Y, Wang X, Liu F. Comparison of Transcriptome between Tolerant and Susceptible Rice Cultivar Reveals Positive and Negative Regulators of Response to Rhizoctonia solani in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14310. [PMID: 37762614 PMCID: PMC10532033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the world's most crucial food crops, as it currently supports more than half of the world's population. However, the presence of sheath blight (SB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani has become a significant issue for rice agriculture. This disease is responsible for causing severe yield losses each year and is a threat to global food security. The breeding of SB-resistant rice varieties requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved and the exploration of immune genes in rice. To this end, we conducted a screening of rice cultivars for resistance to SB and compared the transcriptome based on RNA-seq between the most tolerant and susceptible cultivars. Our study revealed significant transcriptomic differences between the tolerant cultivar ZhengDao 22 (ZD) and the most susceptible cultivar XinZhi No.1 (XZ) in response to R. solani invasion. Specifically, the tolerant cultivar showed 7066 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), while the susceptible cultivar showed only 60 DEGs. In further analysis, we observed clear differences in gene category between up- and down-regulated expression of genes (uDEGs and dDEGs) based on Gene Ontology (GO) classes in response to infection in the tolerant cultivar ZD, and then identified uDEGs related to cell surface pattern recognition receptors, the Ca2+ ion signaling pathway, and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade that play a positive role against R. solani. In addition, DEGs of the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were mainly positively regulated, whereas DEGs of the auxin signaling pathway were mainly negatively regulated. Transcription factors were involved in the immune response as either positive or negative regulators of the response to this pathogen. Furthermore, our results showed that chloroplasts play a crucial role and that reduced photosynthetic capacity is a critical feature of this response. The results of this research have important implications for better characterization of the molecular mechanism of SB resistance and for the development of resistant cultivars through molecular breeding methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Shuangyong Yan
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Guangsheng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Shuqin Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Junling Li
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Zhongqiu Cui
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jianfei Huo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Fangzhou Liu
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Soliman SA, Abdelhameed RE, Metwally RA. In vivo and In vitro evaluation of the antifungal activity of the PGPR Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 (MZ945930) against Alternaria alternata with growth promotion influences on Capsicum annuum L. plants. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:70. [PMID: 37055827 PMCID: PMC10103514 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata that threatens pepper production and causes major economic harm is responsible for the leaf spot/blight disease. Chemical fungicides have been widely employed; unfortunately, fungicidal resistance is a current concern. Therefore, finding new environmentally friendly biocontrol agents is a future challenge. One of these friendly solutions is the use of bacterial endophytes that have been identified as a source of bioactive compounds. The current study investigates the in vivo and in vitro fungicidal potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 (MZ945930) against pathogenic A. alternata. In vitro, the results revealed that RaSh1 exhibited strong antagonistic activity against A. alternata. In addition to this, we inoculated pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants with B. amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 and infected them with A. alternata. As a result of A. alternata infection, which generated the highest leaf spot disease incidence (DI), the plant's growth indices and physio-biochemical characteristics significantly decreased, according to our findings. Our results also showed the abnormal and deformed cell structure using light and electron microscopy of A. alternata-infected leaves compared with other treatments. However, DI was greatly reduced with B. amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 application (40%) compared to pepper plants infected with A. alternata (80%), and this led to the largest increases in all identified physio-biochemical parameters, including the activity of the defense-related enzymes. Moreover, inoculation of pepper plants with B. amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 decreased electrolyte leakage by 19.53% and MDA content by 38.60% as compared to A. alternata infected ones. Our results show that the endophyte B. amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 has excellent potential as a biocontrol agent and positively affects pepper plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shereen A Soliman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Reda E Abdelhameed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Rabab A Metwally
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ghiasi Noei F, Imami M, Didaran F, Ghanbari MA, Zamani E, Ebrahimi A, Aliniaeifard S, Farzaneh M, Javan-Nikkhah M, Feechan A, Mirzadi Gohari A. Stb6 mediates stomatal immunity, photosynthetic functionality, and the antioxidant system during the Zymoseptoria tritici-wheat interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1004691. [PMID: 36388590 PMCID: PMC9645118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1004691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study offers new perspectives on the biochemical and physiological changes that occur in wheat following a gene-for-gene interaction with the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The Z. tritici isolate IPO323, carries AvrStb6, while ΔAvrStb6#33, lacks AvrStb6. The wheat cultivar (cv.) Shafir, bears the corresponding resistance gene Stb6. Inoculation of cv. Shafir with these isolates results in two contrasted phenotypes, offering a unique opportunity to study the immune response caused by the recognition of AvrStb6 by Stb6. We employed a variety of methodologies to dissect the physiological and biochemical events altered in cv. Shafir, as a result of the AvrStb6-Stb6 interaction. Comparative analysis of stomatal conductance demonstrated that AvrStb6-Stb6 mediates transient stomatal closures to restrict the penetration of Zymoseptoria tritici. Tracking photosynthetic functionality through chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis demonstrated that AvrStb6-Stb6 retains the functionality of photosynthesis apparatus by promoting Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ). Furthermore, the PlantCV image analysis tool was used to compare the H2O2 accumulation and incidence of cell death (2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 21 dpi), over Z. tritici infection. Finally, our research shows that the AvrStb6-Stb6 interaction coordinates the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, to counteract oxidative stress. In conclusion, the Stb6-AvrStb6 interaction in the Z. tritici-wheat pathosystem triggers transient stomatal closure and maintains photosynthesis while regulating oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Ghiasi Noei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Imami
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fardad Didaran
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Ghanbari
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Zamani
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amin Ebrahimi
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Farzaneh
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Angela Feechan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amir Mirzadi Gohari
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Physiological and Structural Responses of Olive Leaves Related to Tolerance/Susceptibility to Verticillium dahliae. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172302. [PMID: 36079682 PMCID: PMC9459789 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by the soil borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most relevant diseases affecting this crop worldwide. One of the best VWO management strategies is the use of tolerant cultivars. Scarce information is available about physiological and structural responses in the leaves of olive cultivars displaying different levels of tolerance to VWO. To identify links between this phenotype and variations in functional characteristics of the leaves, this study examined the structural and physiological traits and the correlations among them in different olive varieties. This evaluation was conducted in the presence/absence of V. dahliae. On the one hand, no leaf trait but the area was related to VWO tolerance in the absence of the pathogen. On the other hand, after inoculation, susceptible cultivars showed lower leaf area and higher leaf mass per area and dry matter content. Furthermore, at the physiological level, these plants showed severe symptoms resembling water stress. Analyzing the relationships among physiological and structural traits revealed differences between tolerant and susceptible cultivars both in the absence and in the presence of V. dahliae. These results showed that olive leaves of VWO-tolerant and VWO-susceptible cultivars adopt different strategies to cope with the pathogen.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gonçalves MP, Nogueira Júnior AF, Ribeiro RV, Amorim L. Monocyclic Components and Photosynthetic Damage Caused by Myrtle Rust in Guava Leaves. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1467-1475. [PMID: 35050681 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-21-0480-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Austropuccinia psidii, the causal agent of myrtle rust, was, for many years, restricted to the Americas, but since reaching Hawaii in 2005, the pathogen has expanded its global range exponentially. In Brazil, myrtle rust is the main fungal disease in guava plants. Despite this, there are few studies on guava rust epidemiology. The objectives of this study were to quantify the monocyclic components of rust and to evaluate the photosynthetic damage caused by A. psidii in young and old leaves of 'Paluma' guava. The monocyclic components of guava rust and gas exchange in healthy or inoculated (105 ml-1 urediniospores of A. psidii) leaves were quantified over time. Additionally, young leaves were inoculated with varying concentrations of A. psidii inoculum, and leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at 25 days postinoculation. The relationship between the relative CO2 assimilation of a diseased leaf (Px) and a healthy leaf (Po) is related to disease severity (x) by Px/Po = (1 - x)β. The density of lesions, disease severity, and urediniospore production were high in young leaves, averaging 58 lesions cm-2, 50% leaf area diseased, and 2.5 × 104 urediniospores per lesion, respectively. Rust symptoms were not observed in old leaves, and resistance to infection did not cause any photosynthetic cost to these leaves. On young leaves, β was 2.13, indicating a reduction on CO2 assimilation at green tissues from symptomatic leaves. Our data revealed that photosynthesis reduction in diseased guava leaves was caused by biochemical and photochemical damage rather than by stomatal limitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Penachio Gonçalves
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Fernandes Nogueira Júnior
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vasconcelos Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Lilian Amorim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Binama B, Behrendt M, Müller C. Responses of Bunias orientalis to Short-term Fungal Infection and Insect Herbivory are Independent of Nutrient Supply. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:827-840. [PMID: 36401688 PMCID: PMC9840571 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants have to allocate their resources in both growth and defense under different environmental challenges. Several plant species have become invasive particularly in disturbed fertile habitats, which may influence their resource allocation. We studied the effects of nitrate fertilization (low versus high) on various plant responses towards a pathogenic fungus, Alternaria brassicae, and a herbivorous insect species, Mamestra brassicae, in a population of Bunias orientalis, which is invasive in parts of central Europe. Aboveground biomass and leaf trichome density were enhanced in plants under high fertilization. In contrast, the short-term fungal infection and herbivory had no effect on aboveground biomass. Leaf water, nitrogen content and glucosinolate concentrations were neither affected by fertilization nor in response to antagonist attack. The total soluble sugar content, especially fructose, as well as leaf peroxidase activity increased significantly in leaves upon fungal infection, but independent of fertilization. Larval biomass gain and herbivore survival were likewise unaffected by fertilization. Our findings highlight that under conditions of high fertilization, B. orientalis plants allocate more resources into growth and morphological defenses than chemical defenses. In contrast, induced responses to short-term antagonist attack seem independent of nitrate availability in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Binama
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Miriam Behrendt
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Battache M, Lebrun MH, Sakai K, Soudière O, Cambon F, Langin T, Saintenac C. Blocked at the Stomatal Gate, a Key Step of Wheat Stb16q-Mediated Resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:921074. [PMID: 35832231 PMCID: PMC9271956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.921074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is among the most threatening wheat diseases in Europe. Genetic resistance remains one of the main environmentally sustainable strategies to efficiently control STB. However, the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying resistance are still unknown, limiting the implementation of knowledge-driven management strategies. Among the 22 known major resistance genes (Stb), the recently cloned Stb16q gene encodes a cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase conferring a full broad-spectrum resistance against Z. tritici. Here, we showed that an avirulent Z. tritici inoculated on Stb16q quasi near isogenic lines (NILs) either by infiltration into leaf tissues or by brush inoculation of wounded tissues partially bypasses Stb16q-mediated resistance. To understand this bypass, we monitored the infection of GFP-labeled avirulent and virulent isolates on Stb16q NILs, from germination to pycnidia formation. This quantitative cytological analysis revealed that 95% of the penetration attempts were unsuccessful in the Stb16q incompatible interaction, while almost all succeeded in compatible interactions. Infectious hyphae resulting from the few successful penetration events in the Stb16q incompatible interaction were arrested in the sub-stomatal cavity of the primary-infected stomata. These results indicate that Stb16q-mediated resistance mainly blocks the avirulent isolate during its stomatal penetration into wheat tissue. Analyses of stomatal aperture of the Stb16q NILs during infection revealed that Stb16q triggers a temporary stomatal closure in response to an avirulent isolate. Finally, we showed that infiltrating avirulent isolates into leaves of the Stb6 and Stb9 NILs also partially bypasses resistances, suggesting that arrest during stomatal penetration might be a common major mechanism for Stb-mediated resistances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Battache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Kaori Sakai
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Olivier Soudière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Cambon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille Saintenac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Cyrille Saintenac,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Z, Zhong Z, Zhao Z. Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activities of cyclic substituted chitosan derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:474-480. [PMID: 34699895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Six cyclic substituted chitosan derivatives were synthesized, and their structures were characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. Additionally, their antimicrobial properties were studied. The synthesized derivatives showed significantly greater zones of inhibition compared with chitosan. The zone of inhibition values produced by C2-2-naphthylamine formamide-C6-2-naphthylamine formyl ester-polymer chitosan against Sarcina sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 24 mm, 21 mm and 21 mm, respectively, whereas those of C2-cyclohexylamine formamide-C6-cyclohexylamine formyl ester-low chitosan against Fusarium equiseti and Verticillium dahliae were 14 mm and 15 mm, respectively. The antibacterial abilities of chitosan and its derivatives against the Gram-positive bacteria Sarcina sp. and Staphylococcus aureus were stronger than those against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, all of the high and low molecular weight chitosan derivatives showed greater bacteriostatic activities than antifungal activities. The results provided a useful reference for the development of chitosan and its derivatives used as new pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Zhang
- College of Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| | - Zhimei Zhong
- College of Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- College of Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rahman A, Sinha KV, Sopory SK, Sanan-Mishra N. Influence of virus-host interactions on plant response to abiotic stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2225-2245. [PMID: 34050797 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors play a significant role in controlling growth, development and defense responses of plants. Changes in the abiotic environment not only significantly alter the physiological and molecular pathways in plants, but also result in attracting the insect pests that carry a payload of viruses. Invasion of plants by viruses triggers the RNA silencing based defense mechanism in plants. In counter defense the viruses have gained the ability to suppress the host RNA silencing activities. A new paradigm has emerged, with the recognition that plant viruses also have the intrinsic capacity to modulate host plant response to environmental cues, in an attempt to favour their own survival. Thus, plant-virus interactions provide an excellent system to understand the signals in crosstalk between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses. In this review, we have summarized the basal plant defense responses to pathogen invasion while emphasizing on the role of RNA silencing as a front line of defense response to virus infection. The emerging knowledge indicates overlap between RNA silencing with the innate immune responses during antiviral defense. The suppressors of RNA silencing serve as Avr proteins, which can be recognized by the host R proteins. The defense signals also function in concert with the phytohormones to influence plant responses to abiotic stresses. The current evidence on the role of virus induced host tolerance to abiotic stresses is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Rahman
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kumari Veena Sinha
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gallé Á, Czékus Z, Tóth L, Galgóczy L, Poór P. Pest and disease management by red light. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3197-3210. [PMID: 34191305 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Light is essential for plant life. It provides a source of energy through photosynthesis and regulates plant growth and development and other cellular processes, such as by controlling the endogenous circadian clock. Light intensity, quality, duration and timing are all important determinants of plant responses, especially to biotic stress. Red light can positively influence plant defence mechanisms against different pathogens, but the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon is not fully understood. Therefore, we reviewed the impact of red light on plant biotic stress responses against viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes, with a focus on the physiological effects of red light treatment and hormonal crosstalk under biotic stress in plants. We found evidence suggesting that exposing plants to red light increases levels of salicylic acid (SA) and induces SA signalling mediating the production of reactive oxygen species, with substantial differences between species and plant organs. Such changes in SA levels could be vital for plants to survive infections. Therefore, the application of red light provides a multidimensional aspect to developing innovative and environmentally friendly approaches to plant and crop disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Gallé
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Liliána Tóth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Leitão ST, Santos C, Araújo SDS, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Shared and tailored common bean transcriptomic responses to combined fusarium wilt and water deficit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:149. [PMID: 34193847 PMCID: PMC8245569 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), one of the most consumed food legumes worldwide, is threatened by two main constraints that are found frequently together in nature, water deficit (WD) and fusarium wilt (Fop). To understand the shared and unique responses of common bean to Fop and WD, we analyzed the transcriptomic changes and phenotypic responses in two accessions, one resistant and one susceptible to both stresses, exposed to single and combined stresses. Physiological responses (photosynthetic performance and pigments quantification) and disease progression were also assessed. The combined FopWD imposition negatively affected the photosynthetic performance and increased the susceptible accession disease symptoms. The susceptible accession revealed a higher level of transcriptional changes than the resistant one, and WD single stress triggered the highest transcriptional changes. While 89 differentially expressed genes were identified exclusively in combined stresses for the susceptible accession, 35 were identified in the resistant one. These genes belong mainly to "stress", "signaling", "cell wall", "hormone metabolism", and "secondary metabolism" functional categories. Among the up-regulated genes with higher expression in the resistant accession, the cysteine-rich secretory, antigen 5 and Pr-1 (CAP) superfamily protein, a ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase family protein, and a chitinase A seem promising targets for multiple stress breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana T Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Carmen Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susana de Sousa Araújo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Association BLC3 - Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Lagares da Beira, Portugal
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Manacorda CA, Gudesblat G, Sutka M, Alemano S, Peluso F, Oricchio P, Baroli I, Asurmendi S. TuMV triggers stomatal closure but reduces drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1399-1416. [PMID: 33554358 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compatible plant viral infections are a common cause of agricultural losses worldwide. Characterization of the physiological responses controlling plant water management under combined stresses is of great interest in the current climate change scenario. We studied the outcome of TuMV infection on stomatal closure and water balance, hormonal balance and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. TuMV infection reduced stomatal aperture concomitantly with diminished gas exchange rate, daily water consumption and rosette initial dehydration rate. Infected plants overaccumulated salicylic acid and abscisic acid and showed altered expression levels of key ABA homeostasis genes including biosynthesis and catabolism. Also the expression of ABA signalling gene ABI2 was induced and ABCG40 (which imports ABA into guard cells) was highly induced upon infection. Hypermorfic abi2-1 mutant plants, but no other ABA or SA biosynthetic, signalling or degradation mutants tested abolished both stomatal closure and low stomatal conductance phenotypes caused by TuMV. Notwithstanding lower relative water loss during infection, plants simultaneously subjected to drought and viral stresses showed higher mortality rates than mock-inoculated drought stressed controls, alongside downregulation of drought-responsive gene RD29A. Our findings indicate that despite stomatal closure triggered by TuMV, additional phenomena diminish drought tolerance upon infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Manacorda
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Gudesblat
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Profesor Héctor Maldonado"- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Translacional (IB3), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Moira Sutka
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Instituto de Biodiversidad, Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Alemano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Franco Peluso
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, CIRN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Patricio Oricchio
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, CIRN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Irene Baroli
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Instituto de Biodiversidad, Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gahir S, Bharath P, Raghavendra AS. Stomatal Closure Sets in Motion Long-Term Strategies of Plant Defense Against Microbial Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761952. [PMID: 34646293 PMCID: PMC8502850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
|
25
|
Abstract
In the last few years, large efforts have been made to develop new methods to optimize stress detection in crop fields. Thus, plant phenotyping based on imaging techniques has become an essential tool in agriculture. In particular, leaf temperature is a valuable indicator of the physiological status of plants, responding to both biotic and abiotic stressors. Often combined with other imaging sensors and data-mining techniques, thermography is crucial in the implementation of a more automatized, precise and sustainable agriculture. However, thermal data need some corrections related to the environmental and measuring conditions in order to achieve a correct interpretation of the data. This review focuses on the state of the art of thermography applied to the detection of biotic stress. The work will also revise the most important abiotic stress factors affecting the measurements as well as practical issues that need to be considered in order to implement this technique, particularly at the field scale.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kuźniak E, Kopczewski T. The Chloroplast Reactive Oxygen Species-Redox System in Plant Immunity and Disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572686. [PMID: 33281842 PMCID: PMC7688986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infections limit plant growth and productivity, thus contributing to crop losses. As the site of photosynthesis, the chloroplast is vital for plant productivity. This organelle, communicating with other cellular compartments challenged by infection (e.g., apoplast, mitochondria, and peroxisomes), is also a key battlefield in the plant-pathogen interaction. Here, we focus on the relation between reactive oxygen species (ROS)-redox signaling, photosynthesis which is governed by redox control, and biotic stress response. We also discuss the pathogen strategies to weaken the chloroplast-mediated defense responses and to promote pathogenesis. As in the next decades crop yield increase may depend on the improvement of photosynthetic efficiency, a comprehensive understanding of the integration between photosynthesis and plant immunity is required to meet the future food demand.
Collapse
|
27
|
Savary S, Willocquet L. Modeling the Impact of Crop Diseases on Global Food Security. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:313-341. [PMID: 32511041 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathology must contribute to improving food security in a safe operating space, which is shrinking as a result of declining natural resources, climate change, and the growing world population. This review analyzes the position of plant pathology in a nexus of relationships, which is mapped and where the coupled dynamics of crop growth, disease, and yield losses are modeled. We derive a hierarchy of pathogens, whereby pathogens reducing radiation interception (RI), radiation use efficiency (RUE), and harvest index increasingly impact crop yields in the approximate proportions: 1:4.5:4,700. Since the dawn of agriculture, plant breeding has targeted the harvest index as a main objective for domesticated plants. Surprisingly, the literature suggests that pathogens that reduce yields by directly damaging harvestable plant tissues have received much less attention than those that reduce RI or RUE. Ecological disease management needs to target diverse production situations and therefore must consider variation in attainable yields; this can be achieved through the reengineering of agrosystems to incorporate built-in dynamic diversity of genes, plants, and crop stands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Savary
- INRAE, Université de Toulouse, UMR AGIR, F-31320, Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ye W, Munemasa S, Shinya T, Wu W, Ma T, Lu J, Kinoshita T, Kaku H, Shibuya N, Murata Y. Stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only chitin-induced stomatal closure but also chitosan-induced guard cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20932-20942. [PMID: 32778594 PMCID: PMC7456093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922319117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic fungi exploit stomata as invasion routes, causing destructive diseases of major cereal crops. Intensive interaction is expected to occur between guard cells and fungi. In the present study, we took advantage of well-conserved molecules derived from the fungal cell wall, chitin oligosaccharide (CTOS), and chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) to study how guard cells respond to fungal invasion. In Arabidopsis, CTOS induced stomatal closure through a signaling mediated by its receptor CERK1, Ca2+, and a major S-type anion channel, SLAC1. CSOS, which is converted from CTOS by chitin deacetylases from invading fungi, did not induce stomatal closure, suggesting that this conversion is a fungal strategy to evade stomatal closure. At higher concentrations, CSOS but not CTOS induced guard cell death in a manner dependent on Ca2+ but not CERK1. These results suggest that stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only CTOS-induced stomatal closure but also CSOS-induced guard cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Ye
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, 200240 Shanghai, China;
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, 700-8530 Okayama, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, 700-8530 Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Okayama, Japan
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, 700-8530 Okayama, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fanourakis D, Nikoloudakis N, Pappi P, Markakis E, Doupis G, Charova SN, Delis C, Tsaniklidis G. The Role of Proteases in Determining Stomatal Development and Tuning Pore Aperture: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E340. [PMID: 32182645 PMCID: PMC7154916 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant proteases, the proteolytic enzymes that catalyze protein breakdown and recycling, play an essential role in a variety of biological processes including stomatal development and distribution, as well as, systemic stress responses. In this review, we summarize what is known about the participation of proteases in both stomatal organogenesis and on the stomatal pore aperture tuning, with particular emphasis on their involvement in numerous signaling pathways triggered by abiotic and biotic stressors. There is a compelling body of evidence demonstrating that several proteases are directly or indirectly implicated in the process of stomatal development, affecting stomatal index, density, spacing, as well as, size. In addition, proteases are reported to be involved in a transient adjustment of stomatal aperture, thus orchestrating gas exchange. Consequently, the proteases-mediated regulation of stomatal movements considerably affects plants' ability to cope not only with abiotic stressors, but also to perceive and respond to biotic stimuli. Even though the determining role of proteases on stomatal development and functioning is just beginning to unfold, our understanding of the underlying processes and cellular mechanisms still remains far from being completed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece;
- Giannakakis SA, Export Fruits and Vegetables, Tympaki, 70200 Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus;
| | - Polyxeni Pappi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Emmanouil Markakis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Georgios Doupis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Spyridoula N. Charova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Development, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece;
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Georgios Tsaniklidis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Encabo JR, Macalalad-Cabral RJA, Matres JMK, Coronejo SCTP, Jonson GB, Kishima Y, Henry A, Choi IR. Infection with an asymptomatic virus in rice results in a delayed drought response. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:239-249. [PMID: 32045562 DOI: 10.1071/fp19241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Infection of viruses in plants often modifies plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study we examined the effects of Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) infection on drought response in rice. RTSV infection delayed the onset of leaf rolling by 1-2 days. During the delay in drought response, plants infected with RTSV showed higher stomatal conductance and less negative leaf water potential under drought than those of uninfected plants, indicating that RTSV-infected leaves were more hydrated. Other growth and physiological traits of plants under drought were not altered by infection with RTSV. An expression analysis of genes for drought response-related transcription factors showed that the expression of OsNAC6 and OsDREB2a was less activated by drought in RTSV-infected plants than in uninfected plants, further suggesting improved water status of the plants due to RTSV infection. RTSV accumulated more in plants under drought than in well-watered plants, indicating the increased susceptibility of rice plants to RTSV infection by drought. Collectively, these results indicated that infection with RTSV can transiently mitigate the influence of drought stress on rice plants by increasing leaf hydration, while drought increased the susceptibility of rice plants to RTSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaymee R Encabo
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Pili Drive, Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines; and Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan; and Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | | | - Jerlie Mhay K Matres
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Pili Drive, Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | | | - Gilda B Jonson
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Pili Drive, Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | - Yuji Kishima
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Amelia Henry
- Strategic Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Pili Drive, Los Baños, Laguna, 4031, Philippines; and Corresponding authors. ;
| | - Il-Ryong Choi
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Pili Drive, Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines; and Corresponding authors. ;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang L, Poque S, Valkonen JPT. Phenotyping viral infection in sweetpotato using a high-throughput chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal imaging platform. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:116. [PMID: 31649744 PMCID: PMC6805361 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus diseases caused by co-infection with Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) are a severe problem in the production of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Traditional molecular virus detection methods include nucleic acid-based and serological tests. In this study, we aimed to validate the use of a non-destructive imaging-based plant phenotype platform to study plant-virus synergism in sweetpotato by comparing four virus treatments with two healthy controls. RESULTS By monitoring physiological and morphological effects of viral infection in sweetpotato over 29 days, we quantified photosynthetic performance from chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) imaging and leaf thermography from thermal infrared (TIR) imaging among sweetpotatoes. Moreover, the differences among different treatments observed from ChlF and TIR imaging were related to virus accumulation and distribution in sweetpotato. These findings were further validated at the molecular level by related gene expression in both photosynthesis and carbon fixation pathways. CONCLUSION Our study validated for the first time the use of ChlF- and TIR-based imaging systems to distinguish the severity of virus diseases related to SPFMV and SPCSV in sweetpotato. In addition, we demonstrated that the operating efficiency of PSII and photochemical quenching were the most sensitive parameters for the quantification of virus effects compared with maximum quantum efficiency, non-photochemical quenching, and leaf temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Poque
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari P. T. Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu Y, Maierhofer T, Rybak K, Sklenar J, Breakspear A, Johnston MG, Fliegmann J, Huang S, Roelfsema MRG, Felix G, Faulkner C, Menke FL, Geiger D, Hedrich R, Robatzek S. Anion channel SLAH3 is a regulatory target of chitin receptor-associated kinase PBL27 in microbial stomatal closure. eLife 2019; 8:44474. [PMID: 31524595 PMCID: PMC6776436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, antimicrobial immune responses involve the cellular release of anions and are responsible for the closure of stomatal pores. Detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induces currents mediated via slow-type (S-type) anion channels by a yet not understood mechanism. Here, we show that stomatal closure to fungal chitin is conferred by the major PRRs for chitin recognition, LYK5 and CERK1, the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27, and the SLAH3 anion channel. PBL27 has the capacity to phosphorylate SLAH3, of which S127 and S189 are required to activate SLAH3. Full activation of the channel entails CERK1, depending on PBL27. Importantly, both S127 and S189 residues of SLAH3 are required for chitin-induced stomatal closure and anti-fungal immunity at the whole leaf level. Our results demonstrate a short signal transduction module from MAMP recognition to anion channel activation, and independent of ABA-induced SLAH3 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Maierhofer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Judith Fliegmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Dietmar Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom.,LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Giraldo JP, Wu H, Newkirk GM, Kruss S. Nanobiotechnology approaches for engineering smart plant sensors. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:541-553. [PMID: 31168083 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology has the potential to enable smart plant sensors that communicate with and actuate electronic devices for improving plant productivity, optimize and automate water and agrochemical allocation, and enable high-throughput plant chemical phenotyping. Reducing crop loss due to environmental and pathogen-related stresses, improving resource use efficiency and selecting optimal plant traits are major challenges in plant agriculture industries worldwide. New technologies are required to accurately monitor, in real time and with high spatial and temporal resolution, plant physiological and developmental responses to their microenvironment. Nanomaterials are allowing the translation of plant chemical signals into digital information that can be monitored by standoff electronic devices. Herein, we discuss the design and interfacing of smart nanobiotechnology-based sensors that report plant signalling molecules associated with health status to agricultural and phenotyping devices via optical, wireless or electrical signals. We describe how nanomaterial-mediated delivery of genetically encoded sensors can act as tools for research and development of smart plant sensors. We assess performance parameters of smart nanobiotechnology-based sensors in plants (for example, resolution, sensitivity, accuracy and durability) including in vivo optical nanosensors and wearable nanoelectronic sensors. To conclude, we present an integrated and prospective vision on how nanotechnology could enable smart plant sensors that communicate with and actuate electronic devices for monitoring and optimizing individual plant productivity and resource use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Honghong Wu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vemanna RS, Bakade R, Bharti P, Kumar MKP, Sreeman SM, Senthil-Kumar M, Makarla U. Cross-Talk Signaling in Rice During Combined Drought and Bacterial Blight Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:193. [PMID: 30894866 PMCID: PMC6415615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to climatic changes, rice crop is affected by moisture deficit stress and pathogens. Tissue water limitation besides reducing growth rates, also renders the crop susceptible to the infection by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) that causes bacterial leaf blight. Independently, both drought adaptation and Xoo resistance have been extensively studied. Though the cross-talk between drought and Xoo stress responses have been explored from individual stress studies, examining the combinatorial stress response is limited in rice. Recently published combined stress studies showed that under the combined stress, maintenance of carbon assimilation is hindered and such response is regulated by overlapping cellular mechanisms that are different from either of the individual stresses. Several receptors, MAP kinases, transcription factors, and ribosomal proteins, are predicted for playing a role in cellular homeostasis and protects cells from combined stress effects. Here we provide a critical analysis of these aspects using information from the recently published combined stress literature. This review is useful for researchers to comprehend combinatorial stress response of rice plants to drought and Xoo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramu S. Vemanna
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Sciences, Bengaluru, India
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
- *Correspondence: Ramu S. Vemanna, ;
| | - Rahul Bakade
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pooja Bharti
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - M. K. Prasanna Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Udayakumar Makarla
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Couture JJ, Singh A, Charkowski AO, Groves RL, Gray SM, Bethke PC, Townsend PA. Integrating Spectroscopy with Potato Disease Management. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:2233-2240. [PMID: 30145947 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0054-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spectral phenotyping is an efficient method for the nondestructive characterization of plant biochemical and physiological status. We examined the ability of a full range (350 to 2,500 nm) of foliar spectral data to (i) detect Potato virus Y (PVY) and physiological effects of the disease in visually asymptomatic leaves, (ii) classify different strains of PVY, and (iii) identify specific potato cultivars. Across cultivars, foliar spectral profiles of PVY-infected leaves were statistically different (F = 96.1, P ≤ 0.001) from noninfected leaves. Partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) accurately classified leaves as PVY infected (validation κ = 0.73) and the shortwave infrared spectral regions displayed the strongest correlations with infection status. Although spectral profiles of different PVY strains were statistically different (F = 6.4, P ≤ 0.001), PLS-DA did not classify different strains well (validation κ = 0.12). Spectroscopic retrievals revealed that PVY infection decreased photosynthetic capacity and increased leaf lignin content. Spectral profiles of potato cultivars also differed (F = 9.2, P ≤ 0.001); whereas average spectral classification was high (validation κ = 0.76), the accuracy of classification varied among cultivars. Our study expands the current knowledge base by (i) identifying disease presence before the onset of visual symptoms, (ii) providing specific biochemical and physiological responses to disease infection, and (iii) discriminating between multiple cultivars within a single plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Singh
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology
| | | | - R L Groves
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - S M Gray
- Emerging Pest and Pathogen Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), and Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - P C Bethke
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, and Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - P A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Matsuda R, Ueno A, Nakaigawa H, Fujiwara K. Gas Exchange Rates Decrease and Leaf Temperature Increases in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves Transiently Overexpressing Hemagglutinin in an Agrobacterium-Assisted Viral Vector System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1315. [PMID: 30233635 PMCID: PMC6131640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, gas exchange characteristics and temperature of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently overexpressing hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza vaccine antigen, with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-assisted viral vector were investigated. Inoculation of leaves with an empty viral vector not containing the HA gene decreased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (T) from 2 to 3 days post-infiltration (DPI) in the A. tumefaciens suspension. Expression of HA with the vector decreased Pn and T to much lower levels until 4 DPI. Such significant decreases were not observed in leaves infiltrated with suspension of A. tumefaciens not carrying the viral vector or in uninfiltrated leaves. Thus, viral vector inoculation itself decreased Pn and T to a certain extent and the HA expression further decreased them. The decreases in Pn and T in empty vector-inoculated and HA expression vector-inoculated leaves were associated with decreases in stomatal conductance, suggesting that the reduction of gas exchange rates was caused at least in part by stomatal closure. More detailed gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence analyses revealed that in HA vector-inoculated leaves, the capacity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase to assimilate CO2 and the capacity of photosynthetic electron transport in planta were downregulated, which contributed also to the decrease in Pn. Leaf temperature (LT) increased in viral vector-inoculated leaves, which was associated with the decrease in T. When HA vector-inoculated leaves were grown at air temperatures (ATs) of 21, 23, and 26°C post-infiltration, HA accumulated earlier in leaves and the days required for HA content to attain its peak became shorter, as AT was higher. The highest LT was found 1-2 days earlier than the highest leaf HA content under all post-infiltration AT conditions. This phenomenon could be applicable in a non-destructive technique to detect the optimum harvesting date for individual plants to determine the day when leaf HA content reaches its maximum level, irrespective of spatiotemporal variation of AT, in a plant growth facility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsuda
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ueno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tani E, Kizis D, Markellou E, Papadakis I, Tsamadia D, Leventis G, Makrogianni D, Karapanos I. Cultivar-Dependent Responses of Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) to Simultaneous Verticillium dahliae Infection and Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1181. [PMID: 30150998 PMCID: PMC6099113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several studies regarding the imposition of stresses simultaneously in plants have shown that plant responses are different under individual and combined stress. Pathogen infection in combination with drought can act both additively and antagonistically, suggesting a tailored-made plant response to these stresses. The aforementioned combination of stresses can be considered as one of the most important factors affecting global crop production. In the present research we studied eggplant responses to simultaneous Verticillium dahliae infection and drought with respect to the application of the individual stresses alone and investigated the extent to which these responses were cultivar dependent. Two eggplant cultivars (Skoutari and EMI) with intermediate resistance to V. dahliae were subjected to combined stress for a 3-week period. Significant differences in plant growth, several physiological and biochemical parameters (photosynthesis rate, leaf gas exchanges, Malondialdehyde, Proline) and gene expression, were found between plants subjected to combined and individual stresses. Furthermore, plant growth and molecular (lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, gene expression levels) changes highlight a clear discrimination between the two cultivars in response to simultaneous V. dahliae infection and drought. Our results showed that combined stress affects significantly plants responses compared to the application of individual stresses alone and that these responses are cultivar dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tani
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Kizis
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Emilia Markellou
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papadakis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tsamadia
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Leventis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Makrogianni
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karapanos
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Endophyte-Mediated Modulation of Defense-Related Genes and Systemic Resistance in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal under Alternaria alternata Stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02845-17. [PMID: 29453255 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02845-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytes have been explored and found to perform an important role in plant health. However, their effects on the host physiological function and disease management remain elusive. The present study aimed to assess the potential effects of endophytes, singly as well as in combination, in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, on various physiological parameters and systemic defense mechanisms against Alternaria alternata Seeds primed with the endophytic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Pseudomonas fluorescens individually and in combination demonstrated an enhanced vigor index and germination rate. Interestingly, plants treated with the two-microbe combination showed the lowest plant mortality rate (28%) under A. alternata stress. Physiological profiling of treated plants showed improved photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and stomatal conductance under pathogenic stress. Additionally, these endophytes not only augmented defense enzymes and antioxidant activity in treated plants but also enhanced the expression of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-responsive genes in the stressed plants. Reductions in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) along with enhanced callose deposition in host plant leaves corroborated well with the above findings. Altogether, the study provides novel insights into the underlying mechanisms behind the tripartite interaction of endophyte-A. alternata-W. somnifera and underscores their ability to boost plant health under pathogen stress.IMPORTANCEW. somnifera is well known for producing several medicinally important secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites are required by various pharmaceutical sectors to produce life-saving drugs. However, the cultivation of W. somnifera faces severe challenge from leaf spot disease caused by A. alternata To keep pace with the rising demand for this plant and considering its capacity for cultivation under field conditions, the present study was undertaken to develop approaches to enhance production of W. somnifera through intervention using endophytes. Application of bacterial endophytes not only suppresses the pathogenicity of A. alternata but also mitigates excessive ROS/RNS generation via enhanced physiological processes and antioxidant machinery. Expression profiling of plant defense-related genes further validates the efficacy of bacterial endophytes against leaf spot disease.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kuznetsov D, Cazenave AB, Rambach O, Camblin P, Nina M, Leipner J. Foliar application of benzovindiflupyr shows non-fungicidal effects in wheat plants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:665-671. [PMID: 28984411 PMCID: PMC5814889 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungicide benzovindiflupyr belongs to the class of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). Certain SDHIs have shown plant physiological effects, so-called secondary effects, that appeared to be related to the plant water status. Therefore, the effect of benzovindiflupyr on transpiration of leaves and whole wheat plants was studied under controlled conditions. Furthermore, wheat yield trials under controlled and natural drought stress in the field were conducted. RESULTS Transpiration of detached wheat leaves was reduced by benzovindiflupyr in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, whole-plant transpiration decreased for several days following application of this fungicide. In 16 field trials under drought stress conditions that were classified as disease-free, treatment of wheat plants at the flag leaf stage or at heading with benzovindiflupyr showed a grain yield increase (+5.2%; P ≤ 0.01) that was partially attributed to an increased thousand-grain weight. CONCLUSIONS Water saving during pre-anthesis as a result of benzovindiflupyr application may be associated with better seed setting and filling under dry field conditions in wheat. The results of this research provide new insights into secondary effects of SDHIs that lead directly to yield improvements. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Odile Rambach
- Product BiologySyngenta Crop Protection AGBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Mafalda Nina
- Biology ResearchSyngenta Crop Protection AGSteinAGSwitzerland
| | - Jörg Leipner
- Biology ResearchSyngenta Crop Protection AGSteinAGSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
López-Gresa MP, Payá C, Ozáez M, Rodrigo I, Conejero V, Klee H, Bellés JM, Lisón P. A New Role For Green Leaf Volatile Esters in Tomato Stomatal Defense Against Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1855. [PMID: 30619420 PMCID: PMC6305539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The volatile esters of (Z)-3-hexenol with acetic, propionic, isobutyric, or butyric acids are synthesized by alcohol acyltransferases (AAT) in plants. These compounds are differentially emitted when tomato plants are efficiently resisting an infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. We have studied the defensive role of these green leaf volatile (GLV) esters in the tomato response to bacterial infection, by analyzing the induction of resistance mediated by these GLVs and the phenotype upon bacterial infection of tomato plants impaired in their biosynthesis. We observed that treatments of plants with (Z)-3-hexenyl propionate (HP) and, to a greater extent with (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate (HB), resulted in stomatal closure, PR gene induction and enhanced resistance to the bacteria. HB-mediated stomatal closure was also effective in several plant species belonging to Nicotiana, Arabidopsis, Medicago, Zea and Citrus genus, and both stomatal closure and resistance were induced in HB-treated NahG tomato plants, which are deficient in salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. Transgenic antisense AAT1 tomato plants, which displayed a reduction of ester emissions upon bacterial infection in leaves, exhibited a lower ratio of stomatal closure and were hyper-susceptible to bacterial infection. Our results confirm the role of GLV esters in plant immunity, uncovering a SA-independent effect of HB in stomatal defense. Moreover, we identified HB as a natural stomatal closure compound with potential agricultural applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Payá
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ozáez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Conejero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Harry Klee
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - José María Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Purificación Lisón
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maoela MA, Esler KJ, Roets F, Jacobs SM. Physiological responses to folivory and phytopathogens in a riparian tree, Brabejum stellatifolium
, native to the fynbos biome of South Africa. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malebajoa A. Maoela
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - Karen J. Esler
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- Water Institute; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB); Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI); University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Shayne M. Jacobs
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- Water Institute; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
El Aou-Ouad H, Pou A, Tomás M, Montero R, Ribas-Carbo M, Medrano H, Bota J. Combined effect of virus infection and water stress on water flow and water economy in grapevines. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:171-184. [PMID: 28044321 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water limitation is one of the major threats affecting grapevine production. Thus, improving water-use efficiency (WUE) is crucial for a sustainable viticulture industry in Mediterranean regions. Under field conditions, water stress (WS) is often combined with viral infections as those are present in major grape-growing areas worldwide. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is one of the most important viruses affecting grapevines. Indeed, the optimization of water use in a real context of virus infection is an important topic that needs to be understood. In this work, we have focused our attention on determining the interaction of biotic and abiotic stresses on WUE and hydraulic conductance (Kh ) parameters in two white grapevine cultivars (Malvasia de Banyalbufar and Giró Ros). Under well-watered (WW) conditions, virus infection provokes a strong reduction (P < 0.001) in Kpetiole in both cultivars; however, Kleaf was only reduced in Malvasia de Banyalbufar. Moreover, the presence of virus also reduced whole-plant hydraulic conductance (Khplant ) in 2013 and 2014 for Malvasia de Banyalbufar and in 2014 for Giró Ros. Thus, the effect of virus infection on water flow might explain the imposed stomatal limitation. Under WS conditions, the virus effect on Kplant was negligible, because of the bigger effect of WS than virus infection. Whole-plant WUE (WUEWP ) was not affected by the presence of virus neither under WW nor under WS conditions, indicating that plants may adjust their physiology to counteract the virus infection by maintaining a tight stomatal control and by sustaining a balanced carbon change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan El Aou-Ouad
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Alicia Pou
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Magdalena Tomás
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Rafael Montero
- Institut de Recerca i Formació Agrària i Pesquera (IRFAP), Conselleria d'Agricultura, Medi Ambient i Territori, Govern de les Illes Balears, C/Eusebio Estada no. 145, 07009, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbo
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Hipólito Medrano
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| | - Josefina Bota
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang H, Sonnewald U. Differences and commonalities of plant responses to single and combined stresses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:839-855. [PMID: 28370754 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In natural or agricultural environments, plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Given the forecasted global climate changes, plants will cope with heat waves, drought periods and pathogens at the same time or consecutively. Heat and drought cause opposing physiological responses, while pathogens may or may not profit from climate changes depending on their lifestyle. Several studies have been conducted to find stress-specific signatures or stress-independent commonalities. Previously this has been done by comparing different single stress treatments. This approach has been proven difficult since most studies, comparing single and combined stress conditions, have come to the conclusion that each stress treatment results in specific transcriptional changes. Although transcriptional changes at the level of individual genes are highly variable and stress-specific, central metabolic and signaling responses seem to be common, often leading to an overall reduced plant growth. Understanding how specific transcriptional changes are linked to stress adaptations and identifying central hubs controlling this interaction will be the challenge for the coming years. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on plant responses to different individual and combined stresses and try to find a common thread potentially underlying these responses. We will begin with a brief summary of known physiological, metabolic, transcriptional and hormonal responses to individual stresses, elucidate potential commonalities and conflicts and finally we will describe results obtained during combined stress experiments. Here we will concentrate on simultaneous application of stress conditions but we will also touch consequences of sequential stress treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haina Zhang
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Poór P, Takács Z, Bela K, Czékus Z, Szalai G, Tari I. Prolonged dark period modulates the oxidative burst and enzymatic antioxidant systems in the leaves of salicylic acid-treated tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:216-226. [PMID: 28423344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant growth regulator playing a role in the hypersensitive reaction (HR) and the induction of systemic acquired resistance. Since the SA-mediated signalling pathways and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are light-dependent, the time- and concentration-specific induction of oxidative stress was investigated in leaves of tomato plants kept under light and dark conditions after treatments with 0.1mM and 1mM SA. The application of exogenous SA induced early superoxide- and H2O2 production in the leaves, which was different in the absence or presence of light and showed time- and concentration-dependent changes. 1mM SA, which induced HR-like cell death resulted in two peaks in the H2O2 production in the light but the first, priming peak was not detected in the dark. Unlike 0.1mM SA, 1mM SA application induced NADPH oxidase activity leading to increased superoxide production in the first hours of SA treatments in the light. Moreover, SA treatments inhibited catalase (CAT) activity and caused a transient decline in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), the two main enzymes responsible for H2O2 degradation, which led to a fast H2O2 burst in the light. Their activity as well as the expression of some isoenzymes of SOD and APX increased only from the 12th h in the illuminated samples. The activity of NADPH oxidase and expression SlRBOH1 gene encoding a NADPH oxidase subunit was much lower in the dark. In spite of low CAT and APX activity after SA treatments in the dark, the activation of guaiacol-dependent peroxidase (POD) could partially substitute H2O2 scavenging activity of these enzymes in the dark, which reduced the ROS burst and development of lesion formation in the leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bela
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2., H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhou Y, Vroegop-Vos I, Schuurink RC, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Atmospheric CO 2 Alters Resistance of Arabidopsis to Pseudomonas syringae by Affecting Abscisic Acid Accumulation and Stomatal Responsiveness to Coronatine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:700. [PMID: 28559899 PMCID: PMC5432532 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 influences plant growth and stomatal aperture. Effects of high or low CO2 levels on plant disease resistance are less well understood. Here, resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against the foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) was investigated at three different CO2 levels: high (800 ppm), ambient (450 ppm), and low (150 ppm). Under all conditions tested, infection by Pst resulted in stomatal closure within 1 h after inoculation. However, subsequent stomatal reopening at 4 h, triggered by the virulence factor coronatine (COR), occurred only at ambient and high CO2, but not at low CO2. Moreover, infection by Pst was reduced at low CO2 to the same extent as infection by mutant Pst cor- . Under all CO2 conditions, the ABA mutants aba2-1 and abi1-1 were as resistant to Pst as wild-type plants under low CO2, which contained less ABA. Moreover, stomatal reopening mediated by COR was dependent on ABA. Our results suggest that reduced ABA levels at low CO2 contribute to the observed enhanced resistance to Pst by deregulation of virulence responses. This implies that enhanced ABA levels at increasing CO2 levels may have a role in weakening plant defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeling Zhou
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Irene Vroegop-Vos
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Corné M. J. Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shaffer JP, U'Ren JM, Gallery RE, Baltrus DA, Arnold AE. An Endohyphal Bacterium ( Chitinophaga, Bacteroidetes) Alters Carbon Source Use by Fusarium keratoplasticum ( F. solani Species Complex, Nectriaceae). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:350. [PMID: 28382021 PMCID: PMC5361657 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts occur in diverse fungi, including members of many lineages of Ascomycota that inhabit living plants. These endosymbiotic bacteria (endohyphal bacteria, EHB) often can be removed from living fungi by antibiotic treatment, providing an opportunity to assess their effects on functional traits of their fungal hosts. We examined the effects of an endohyphal bacterium (Chitinophaga sp., Bacteroidetes) on substrate use by its host, a seed-associated strain of the fungus Fusarium keratoplasticum, by comparing growth between naturally infected and cured fungal strains across 95 carbon sources with a Biolog® phenotypic microarray. Across the majority of substrates (62%), the strain harboring the bacterium significantly outperformed the cured strain as measured by respiration and hyphal density. These substrates included many that are important for plant- and seed-fungus interactions, such as D-trehalose, myo-inositol, and sucrose, highlighting the potential influence of EHB on the breadth and efficiency of substrate use by an important Fusarium species. Cases in which the cured strain outperformed the strain harboring the bacterium were observed in only 5% of substrates. We propose that additive or synergistic substrate use by the fungus-bacterium pair enhances fungal growth in this association. More generally, alteration of the breadth or efficiency of substrate use by dispensable EHB may change fungal niches in short timeframes, potentially shaping fungal ecology and the outcomes of fungal-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana M U'Ren
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel E Gallery
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - David A Baltrus
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shaffer JP, Sarmiento C, Zalamea PC, Gallery RE, Davis AS, Baltrus DA, Arnold AE. Diversity, Specificity, and Phylogenetic Relationships of Endohyphal Bacteria in Fungi That Inhabit Tropical Seeds and Leaves. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
48
|
Murray RR, Emblow MSM, Hetherington AM, Foster GD. Plant virus infections control stomatal development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34507. [PMID: 27687773 PMCID: PMC5043284 DOI: 10.1038/srep34507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomata are important regulators of carbon dioxide uptake and transpirational water loss. They also represent points of vulnerability as bacterial and fungal pathogens utilise this natural opening as an entry portal, and thus have an increasingly complex relationship. Unlike the situation with bacterial and fungal pathogens, we know very little about the role of stomata in viral infection. Here we report findings showing that viral infection influences stomatal development in two susceptible host systems (Nicotiana tabacum with TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus), and Arabidopsis thaliana with TVCV (Turnip vein-clearing virus)), but not in resistant host systems (Nicotiana glutinosa and Chenopodium quinoa with TMV). Virus infected plants had significantly lower stomatal indices in systemic leaves of susceptible systems; N. tabacum 9.8% reduction and A. thaliana 12.3% reduction, but not in the resistant hosts. Stomatal density in systemic leaves was also significantly reduced in virus infected A. thaliana by 19.6% but not in N. tabacum or the resistant systems. In addition, transpiration rate was significantly reduced in TMV infected N. tabacum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose R Murray
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mark S M Emblow
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Gary D Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Patel JS, Sarma BK, Singh HB, Upadhyay RS, Kharwar RN, Ahmed M. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma asperellum Enhance Expression of Gα Subunits of the Pea Heterotrimeric G-protein during Erysiphe pisi Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1206. [PMID: 26779236 PMCID: PMC4704021 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the transcript accumulation patterns of all three subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins (Gα1 and 2, Gβ, and Gγ) in pea under stimulation of two soil-inhabiting rhizosphere microbes Pseudomonas fluorescens OKC and Trichoderma asperellum T42. The microbes were either applied individually or co-inoculated and the transcript accumulation patterns were also investigated after challenging the same plants with a fungal biotrophic pathogen Erysiphe pisi. We observed that mostly the transcripts of Gα 1 and 2 subunits were accumulated when the plants were treated with the microbes (OKC and T42) either individually or co-inoculated. However, transcript accumulations of Gα subunits were highest in the T42 treatment particularly under the challenge of the biotroph. Transcript accumulations of the other two subunits Gβ and Gγ were either basal or even lower than the basal level. There was an indication for involvement of JA-mediated pathway in the same situations as activation of LOX1 and COI1 were relatively enhanced in the microbe co-inoculated treatments. Non-increment of SA content as well as transcripts of SA-dependent PR1 suggested non-activation of the SA-mediated signal transduction in the interaction of pea with E. pisi under the stimuli of OKC and T42. Gα1 and 2 transcript accumulations were further correlated with peroxidases activities, H2O2 generation and accumulation in ABA in pea leaves under OKC and T42 stimulations and all these activities were positively correlated with stomata closure at early stage of the biotroph challenge. The microbe-induced physiological responses in pea leaves finally led to reduced E. pisi development particularly in OKC and T42 co-inoculated plants. We conclude that OKC and T42 pretreatment stimulate transcript accumulations of the Gα1 and Gα2 subunits of the heterotrimeric G protein, peroxidases activities and phenol accumulation in pea during infection by E. pisi. The signal transduction was possibly mediated through JA in pea under the stimulus of the microbes and the cumulative effect of the co-inoculated microbes had a suppressive effect on E. pisi conidial development on pea leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai S. Patel
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Birinchi K. Sarma
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Harikesh B. Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Ram S. Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | | | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Martínez-Ferri E, Zumaquero A, Ariza MT, Barceló A, Pliego C. Nondestructive Detection of White Root Rot Disease in Avocado Rootstocks by Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:49-58. [PMID: 30688585 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-15-0062-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
White root rot (WRR) disease caused by Rosellinia necatrix is one of the most important threats affecting avocado orchards in temperate regions. In this study, we monitored the progression of WRR disease at the leaf and root levels by the combination of nondestructive chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and confocal laser-scanning microscopy on avocado genotypes susceptible to R. necatrix. Leaf photochemistry was affected at early stages of disease development prior to the appearance of aboveground symptoms, made evident as significant decreases in the trapping efficiency of photosystem-II (Fv'/Fm') and in the steady-state of chlorophyll fluorescence yield (Fs) normalized to the minimal fluorescence yield (F0) (Fs/F0). Decreases in Fv'/Fm' and Fs/F0 were associated with different degrees of fungal penetration, primarily in the lateral roots but not in areas next to the main root collar. Aboveground symptoms were observed only when the fungus reached the root collar. Leaf physiology was also tracked in a tolerant genotype where no changes were observed during disease progression despite the presence of the fungus in the root system. These results highlight the usefulness of this technique for the early detection of fungal infection and the rapid removal of highly susceptible genotypes in rootstock avocado-breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Martínez-Ferri
- IFAPA, Centro de Churriana, Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - A Zumaquero
- IFAPA, Centro de Churriana, Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - M T Ariza
- IFAPA, Centro de Churriana, Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - A Barceló
- IFAPA, Centro de Churriana, Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - C Pliego
- IFAPA, Centro de Churriana, Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|