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Wang G, Mao J, Ji M, Wang W, Fu J. A comprehensive assessment of photosynthetic acclimation to shade in C4 grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:591. [PMID: 38902617 PMCID: PMC11191358 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light deficit in shaded environment critically impacts the growth and development of turf plants. Despite this fact, past research has predominantly concentrated on shade avoidance rather than shade tolerance. To address this, our study examined the photosynthetic adjustments of Bermudagrass when exposed to varying intensities of shade to gain an integrative understanding of the shade response of C4 turfgrass. RESULTS We observed alterations in photosynthetic pigment-proteins, electron transport and its associated carbon and nitrogen assimilation, along with ROS-scavenging enzyme activity in shaded conditions. Mild shade enriched Chl b and LHC transcripts, while severe shade promoted Chl a, carotenoids and photosynthetic electron transfer beyond QA- (ET0/RC, φE0, Ψ0). The study also highlighted differential effects of shade on leaf and root components. For example, Soluble sugar content varied between leaves and roots as shade diminished SPS, SUT1 but upregulated BAM. Furthermore, we observed that shading decreased the transcriptional level of genes involving in nitrogen assimilation (e.g. NR) and SOD, POD, CAT enzyme activities in leaves, even though it increased in roots. CONCLUSIONS As shade intensity increased, considerable changes were noted in light energy conversion and photosynthetic metabolism processes along the electron transport chain axis. Our study thus provides valuable theoretical groundwork for understanding how C4 grass acclimates to shade tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Jinyan Mao
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxia Ji
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmin Fu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China.
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2
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Bellasio C, Lundgren MR. The operation of PEPCK increases light harvesting plasticity in C 4 NAD-ME and NADP-ME photosynthetic subtypes: A theoretical study. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2288-2309. [PMID: 38494958 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The repeated emergence of NADP-malic enzyme (ME), NAD-ME and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) subtypes of C4 photosynthesis are iconic examples of convergent evolution, which suggests that these biochemistries do not randomly assemble, but are instead specific adaptations resulting from unknown evolutionary drivers. Theoretical studies that are based on the classic biochemical understanding have repeatedly proposed light-use efficiency as a possible benefit of the PEPCK subtype. However, quantum yield measurements do not support this idea. We explore this inconsistency here via an analytical model that features explicit descriptions across a seamless gradient between C4 biochemistries to analyse light harvesting and dark photosynthetic metabolism. Our simulations show that the NADP-ME subtype, operated by the most productive crops, is the most efficient. The NAD-ME subtype has lower efficiency, but has greater light harvesting plasticity (the capacity to assimilate CO2 in the broadest combination of light intensity and spectral qualities). In both NADP-ME and NAD-ME backgrounds, increasing PEPCK activity corresponds to greater light harvesting plasticity but likely imposed a reduction in photosynthetic efficiency. We draw the first mechanistic links between light harvesting and C4 subtypes, providing the theoretical basis for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bellasio
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Crop Ecophysiology, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Biology ond Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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3
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Simpson CJC, Singh P, Sogbohossou DEO, Eric Schranz M, Hibberd JM. A rapid method to quantify vein density in C 4 plants using starch staining. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2928-2938. [PMID: 37350263 PMCID: PMC10947256 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis has evolved multiple times in the angiosperms and typically involves alterations to the biochemistry, cell biology and development of leaves. One common modification found in C4 plants compared with the ancestral C3 state is an increase in vein density such that the leaf contains a larger proportion of bundle sheath cells. Recent findings indicate that there may be significant intraspecific variation in traits such as vein density in C4 plants but to use such natural variation for trait-mapping, rapid phenotyping would be required. Here we report a high-throughput method to quantify vein density that leverages the bundle sheath-specific accumulation of starch found in C4 species. Starch staining allowed high-contrast images to be acquired permitting image analysis with MATLAB- and Python-based programmes. The method works for dicotyledons and monocotolydons. We applied this method to Gynandropsis gynandra where significant variation in vein density was detected between natural accessions, and Zea mays where no variation was apparent in the genotypically diverse lines assessed. We anticipate this approach will be useful to map genes controlling vein density in C4 species demonstrating natural variation for this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - M. Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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4
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Li G, Li W, Liang Y, Lu W, Lu D. Spraying exogenous hormones alleviate impact of weak-light on yield by improving leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolism in fresh waxy maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1220827. [PMID: 37409291 PMCID: PMC10319006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient light during the growth periods has become one of the main factors restricting maize yield with global climate change. Exogenous hormones application is a feasible measure to alleviate abiotic stresses on crop productivity. In this study, a field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of spraying exogenous hormones on yield, dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation, leaf carbon and N metabolism of fresh waxy maize under weak-light stress in 2021 and 2022. Five treatments including natural light (CK), weak-light after pollination (Z), spraying water (ZP1), exogenous Phytase Q9 (ZP2) and 6-benzyladenine (ZP3) under weak-light after pollination were set up using two hybrids suyunuo5 (SYN5) and jingkenuo2000 (JKN2000). Results showed that weak-light stress significantly reduced the average fresh ear yield (49.8%), fresh grain yield (47.9%), DM (53.3%) and N accumulation (59.9%), and increased grain moisture content. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) of ear leaf after pollination decreased under Z. Furthermore, weak-light decreased the activities of RuBPCase and PEPCase, nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in ear leaves, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. And the decrease was greater on JKN2000. While ZP2 and ZP3 treatments increased the fresh ear yield (17.8%, 25.3%), fresh grain yield (17.2%, 29.5%), DM (35.8%, 44.6%) and N (42.5%, 52.4%) accumulation, and decreased grain moisture content compared with Z. The Pn, Tr increased under ZP2 and ZP3. Moreover, the ZP2 and ZP3 treatments improved the activities of RuBPCase, PEPCase; NR, GS, GOGAT; SOD, CAT, POD in ear leaves, and decreased MDA content during grain filling stage. The results also showed the mitigative effect of ZP3 was greater than ZP2, and the improvement effect was more significant on JKN2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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5
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Sun H, Li W, Liang Y, Li G. Shading Stress at Different Grain Filling Stages Affects Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation and Remobilization in Fresh Waxy Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091742. [PMID: 37176801 PMCID: PMC10180541 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Shading stress caused by plum rain season, which overlapped with grain filling process of fresh waxy maize in Southern China, significantly affected crop productivity. In order to investigate the effects of shading at different stages after pollination on the yield, accumulation, and remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen (N) in fresh waxy maize, field experiments were conducted, including shading at 1-7 (Z1), 8-14 (Z2), 15-21 (Z3), and 1-21 (Z4) days after pollination in 2020 and 2021. The results showed that shading reduced the fresh ear and grain yield and increased moisture content in Suyunuo5 (SYN5) and Jingkenuo2000 (JKN2000) compared to natural lighting treatment (CK). The ear yield decrease was more severe in Z4 (43.5%), followed by Z1 (29.7%). Post-silking dry matter and N accumulation and remobilization were decreased under shading stress, and those were lowest in Z4, followed by Z1. The remobilization of pre-silking dry matter and N were increased by shading stress, and the increase was highest in Z4, followed by Z1. The harvest index of dry matter and N was lowest in Z4 and second-lowest in Z1. In conclusion, shading decreased yield by affecting accumulation and remobilization of post-silking dry matter and N, and the impact was more serious when it introduced early during grain filling stage in fresh waxy maize production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuwen Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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6
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Zhou H, Akçay E, Helliker B. Optimal coordination and reorganization of photosynthetic properties in C 4 grasses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:796-811. [PMID: 36478594 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Each of >20 independent evolutions of C4 photosynthesis in grasses required reorganization of the Calvin-Benson-cycle (CB-cycle) within the leaf, along with coordination of C4 -cycle enzymes with the CB-cycle to maximize CO2 assimilation. Considering the vast amount of time over which C4 evolved, we hypothesized (i) trait divergences exist within and across lineages with both C4 and closely related C3 grasses, (ii) trends in traits after C4 evolution yield the optimization of C4 through time, and (iii) the presence/absence of trends in coordination between the CB-cycle and C4 -cycle provides information on the strength of selection. To address these hypotheses, we used a combination of optimality modelling, physiological measurements and phylogenetic-comparative-analysis. Photosynthesis was optimized after the evolution of C4 causing diversification in maximal assimilation, electron transport, Rubisco carboxylation, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and chlorophyll within C4 lineages. Both theory and measurements indicated a higher light-reaction to CB-cycle ratio (Jatpmax /Vcmax ) in C4 than C3 . There were no evolutionary trends with photosynthetic coordination between the CB-cycle, light reactions and the C4 -cycle, suggesting strong initial selection for coordination. The coordination of CB-C4 -cycles (Vpmax /Vcmax ) was optimal for CO2 of 200 ppm, not to current conditions. Our model indicated that a higher than optimal Vpmax /Vcmax affects assimilation minimally, thus lessening recent selection to decrease Vpmax /Vcmax .
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhou
- School of Earth System Science, Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erol Akçay
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brent Helliker
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Capó-Bauçà S, Whitney S, Iñiguez C, Serrano O, Rhodes T, Galmés J. The trajectory in catalytic evolution of Rubisco in Posidonia seagrass species differs from terrestrial plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:946-956. [PMID: 36315095 PMCID: PMC9922400 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The CO2-fixing enzyme Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) links the inorganic and organic phases of the global carbon cycle. In aquatic systems, the catalytic adaptation of algae Rubiscos has been more expansive and followed an evolutionary pathway that appears distinct to terrestrial plant Rubisco. Here, we extend this survey to differing seagrass species of the genus Posidonia to reveal how their disjunctive geographical distribution and diverged phylogeny, along with their CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) effectiveness, have impacted their Rubisco kinetic properties. The Rubisco from Posidonia species showed lower carboxylation efficiencies and lower sensitivity to O2 inhibition than those measured for terrestrial C3 and C4-plant Rubiscos. Compared with the Australian Posidonia species, Rubisco from the Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica had 1.5-2-fold lower carboxylation and oxygenation efficiencies, coinciding with effective CCMs and five Rubisco large subunit amino acid substitutions. Among the Australian Posidonia species, CCM effectiveness was higher in Posidonia sinuosa and lower in the deep-living Posidonia angustifolia, likely related to the 20%-35% lower Rubisco carboxylation efficiency in P. sinuosa and the two-fold higher Rubisco content in P. angustifolia. Our results suggest that the catalytic evolution of Posidonia Rubisco has been impacted by the low CO2 availability and gas exchange properties of marine environments, but with contrasting Rubisco kinetics according to the time of diversification among the species. As a result, the relationships between maximum carboxylation rate and CO2- and O2-affinities of Posidonia Rubiscos follow an alternative path to that characteristic of terrestrial angiosperm Rubiscos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastià Capó-Bauçà
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions. Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma 07122, Spain
| | - Spencer Whitney
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Concepción Iñiguez
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions. Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma 07122, Spain
| | - Oscar Serrano
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CEAB-CISC), Blanes 17300, Spain
- School of Science, Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Timothy Rhodes
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions. Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma 07122, Spain
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8
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Gao ZF, Yang X, Mei Y, Zhang J, Chao Q, Wang BC. A dynamic phosphoproteomic analysis provides insight into the C4 plant maize (Zea mays L.) response to natural diurnal changes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:291-307. [PMID: 36440987 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants need to respond to rapid changes in numerous environmental factors, mainly diurnal changes of light, temperature, and humidity. Maize is the world's most grown crop, and as a C4 plant it exhibits high photosynthesis capacity, reaching the highest rate of net photosynthesis at midday; that is, there is no "midday depression." Revealing the physiological responses to diurnal changes and underlying mechanisms will be of great significance for guiding maize improvement efforts. In this study, we collected maize leaf samples and analyzed the proteome and phosphoproteome at nine time points during a single day/night cycle, quantifying 7424 proteins and 5361 phosphosites. The new phosphosites identified in our study increased the total maize phosphoproteome coverage by 8.5%. Kinase-substrate network analysis indicated that 997 potential substrates were phosphorylated by 20 activated kinases. Through analysis of proteins with significant changes in abundance and phosphorylation, we found that the response to a heat stimulus involves a change in the abundance of numerous proteins. By contrast, the high light at noon and rapidly changing light conditions induced changes in the phosphorylation level of proteins involved in processes such as chloroplast movement, photosynthesis, and C4 pathways. Phosphorylation is involved in regulating the activity of large number of enzymes; for example, phosphorylation of S55 significantly enhanced the activity of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase1 (ZmPEPCK1). Overall, the database of dynamic protein abundance and phosphorylation we have generated provides a resource for the improvement of C4 crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingchang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bai-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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9
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Sagun JV, Chow WS, Ghannoum O. Leaf pigments and photosystems stoichiometry underpin photosynthetic efficiency of related C 3 , C-C 4 and C 4 grasses under shade. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13819. [PMID: 36344438 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The quantum yield of photosynthesis (QY, CO2 fixed per light absorbed) depends on the efficiency of light absorption, the coupling between light absorption and electron transport, and the coupling between electron transport and carbon metabolism. QY is generally lower in C3 relative to C4 plants at warm temperatures and differs among the C4 subtypes. We investigated the acclimation to shade of light absorption and electron transport in six representative grasses with C3 , C3 -C4 and C4 photosynthesis. Plants were grown under full (control) or 25% (shade) sunlight. We measured the in vivo activity and stoichiometry of PSI and PSII, leaf spectral properties and pigment contents, and photosynthetic enzyme activities. Under control growth-light conditions, C4 species had higher CO2 assimilation rates, which declined to a greater extent relative to the C3 species. Whole leaf PSII/PSI ratios were highest in the C3 species, while QY and cyclic electron flow (CEF) were highest in the C4 , NADP-ME species. Shade significantly reduced leaf PSII/PSI, linear electron flow (LEF) and CEF of most species. Overall, shade reduced leaf absorptance, especially in the green region, as well as carotenoid and chlorophyll contents in C4 more than non-C4 species. The NAD-ME species underwent the greatest reduction in leaf absorptance and pigments under shade. In conclusion, shade compromised QY the least in the C3 and the most in the C4 -NAD-ME species. Different sensitivity to shade was associated with the ability to maintain leaf absorptance and pigments. This is important for maximising light absorption and minimising photoprotection under low light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Ver Sagun
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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10
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Bellasio C, Ermakova M. Reduction of bundle sheath size boosts cyclic electron flow in C 4 Setaria viridis acclimated to low light. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1223-1237. [PMID: 35866447 PMCID: PMC9545969 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
When C4 leaves are exposed to low light, the CO2 concentration in the bundle sheath (BS) cells decreases, causing an increase in photorespiration relative to assimilation, and a consequent reduction in biochemical efficiency. These effects can be mitigated by complex acclimation syndromes, which are of primary importance for crop productivity but are not well studied. We unveil an acclimation strategy involving the coordination of electron transport processes. First, we characterize the anatomy, gas exchange and electron transport of C4 Setaria viridis grown under low light. Through a purposely developed biochemical model, we resolve the photon fluxes and reaction rates to explain how the concerted acclimation strategies sustain photosynthetic efficiency. Our results show that a smaller BS in low-light-grown plants limited leakiness (the ratio of CO2 leak rate out of the BS over the rate of supply via C4 acid decarboxylation) but sacrificed light harvesting and ATP production. To counter ATP shortage and maintain high assimilation rates, plants facilitated light penetration through the mesophyll and upregulated cyclic electron flow in the BS. This shade tolerance mechanism, based on the optimization of light reactions, is possibly more efficient than the known mechanisms involving the rearrangement of carbon metabolism, and could potentially lead to innovative strategies for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bellasio
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the Balearic Islands07122PalmaIlles BalearsSpain
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
| | - Maria Ermakova
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
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11
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Simpson CJC, Reeves G, Tripathi A, Singh P, Hibberd JM. Using breeding and quantitative genetics to understand the C4 pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3072-3084. [PMID: 34747993 PMCID: PMC9126733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Reducing photorespiration in C3 crops could significantly increase rates of photosynthesis and yield. One method to achieve this would be to integrate C4 photosynthesis into C3 species. This objective is challenging as it involves engineering incompletely understood traits into C3 leaves, including complex changes to their biochemistry, cell biology, and anatomy. Quantitative genetics and selective breeding offer underexplored routes to identify regulators of these processes. We first review examples of natural intraspecific variation in C4 photosynthesis as well as the potential for hybridization between C3 and C4 species. We then discuss how quantitative genetic approaches including artificial selection and genome-wide association could be used to better understand the C4 syndrome and in so doing guide the engineering of the C4 pathway into C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J C Simpson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregory Reeves
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anoop Tripathi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Correspondence:
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12
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Israel WK, Watson-Lazowski A, Chen ZH, Ghannoum O. High intrinsic water use efficiency is underpinned by high stomatal aperture and guard cell potassium flux in C3 and C4 grasses grown at glacial CO2 and low light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1546-1565. [PMID: 34718533 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We compared how stomatal morphology and physiology control intrinsic leaf water use efficiency (iWUE) in two C3 and six C4 grasses grown at ambient (400 µmol mol-1) or glacial CO2 (180 µmol mol-1) and high (1000 µmol m-2 s-1) or low light intensity (200 µmol m-2 s-1). C4 grasses tended to have higher iWUE and CO2 assimilation rates, and lower stomatal conductance (gs), operational stomatal aperture (aop), and guard cell K+ influx rate relative to C3 grasses, while stomatal size (SS) and stomatal density (SD) did not vary according to the photosynthetic type. Overall, iWUE and gs depended most on aop and density of open stomata. In turn, aop correlated with K+ influx, stomatal opening speed on transition to high light, and SS. Species with higher SD had smaller and faster-opening stomata. Although C4 grasses operated with lower gs and aop at ambient CO2, they showed a greater potential to open stomata relative to maximal stomatal conductance (gmax), indicating heightened stomatal sensitivity and control. We uncovered promising links between aop, gs, iWUE, and K+ influx among C4 grasses, and differential K+ influx responses of C4 guard cells to low light, revealing molecular targets for improving iWUE in C4 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Krystler Israel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
| | - Alexander Watson-Lazowski
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
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13
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Washburn JD, Strable J, Dickinson P, Kothapalli SS, Brose JM, Covshoff S, Conant GC, Hibberd JM, Pires JC. Distinct C 4 sub-types and C 3 bundle sheath isolation in the Paniceae grasses. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e373. [PMID: 34988355 PMCID: PMC8711749 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In C4 plants, the enzymatic machinery underpinning photosynthesis can vary, with, for example, three distinct C4 acid decarboxylases being used to release CO2 in the vicinity of RuBisCO. For decades, these decarboxylases have been used to classify C4 species into three biochemical sub-types. However, more recently, the notion that C4 species mix and match C4 acid decarboxylases has increased in popularity, and as a consequence, the validity of specific biochemical sub-types has been questioned. Using five species from the grass tribe Paniceae, we show that, although in some species transcripts and enzymes involved in multiple C4 acid decarboxylases accumulate, in others, transcript abundance and enzyme activity is almost entirely from one decarboxylase. In addition, the development of a bundle sheath isolation procedure for a close C3 species in the Paniceae enables the preliminary exploration of C4 sub-type evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Washburn
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA‐ARSUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Josh Strable
- Department of Molecular and Structural BiochemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | | | | | - Julia M. Brose
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Gavin C. Conant
- Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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14
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Wu HY, Liu LA, Shi L, Zhang WF, Jiang CD. Photosynthetic acclimation during low-light-induced leaf senescence in post-anthesis maize plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:313-326. [PMID: 34086146 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low light conditions not only induce leaf senescence, but also photosynthetic acclimation. This study aimed to determine whether plants exhibit photosynthetic acclimation during low-light-induced leaf senescence. The influences of shading on leaf senescence and photosynthetic acclimation were explored in post-anthesis maize plants. The results showed that whole shading (WS) of maize plants accelerated leaf senescence, whereas partial shading (PS) slowed leaf senescence. WS led to larger decreases in the photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) compared to those of the PS treatment. Interestingly, chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) demonstrated that the absorption flux (ABS/CSo) and trapped energy flux (TRo/CSo) per cross section in leaves remained relatively stable under WS, whereas significant decreases in the active PSII reaction centers (RC/CSo) resulted in considerable increases in absorption (ABS/RC) and trapped energy flux (TRo/RC) per reaction center. ABS/CSo, TRo/CSo, ABS/RC, and TRo/RC increased markedly under PS, whereas there were slight decreases in RC/CSo and electron transport activity. These results suggest that the PS treatment resulted in obvious improvements in the absorption and capture of light energy in shaded leaves. Further analysis demonstrated that both the WS and PS treatments resulted in a greater decrease in the activity of Rubisco compared to that of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). Moreover, PEPC activity in PS was maintained at a high level. Consequently, the current study proposed that the improvement of the absorption and capture of light energy and the maintenance of PEPC activity of mesophyll cells were due to photosynthetic acclimation of low-light-induced leaf senescence in maize plants. In addition, the rate of senescence of vascular bundle cells in maize leaves exceeded that of mesophyll cells under low light, showing obvious tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Li-An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wang-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| | - Chuang-Dao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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15
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Urban A, Rogowski P, Wasilewska-Dębowska W, Romanowska E. Understanding Maize Response to Nitrogen Limitation in Different Light Conditions for the Improvement of Photosynthesis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091932. [PMID: 34579465 PMCID: PMC8471034 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The photosynthetic capacity of leaves is determined by their content of nitrogen (N). Nitrogen involved in photosynthesis is divided between soluble proteins and thylakoid membrane proteins. In C4 plants, the photosynthetic apparatus is partitioned between two cell types: mesophyll cells and bundle sheath. The enzymes involved in the C4 carbon cycle and assimilation of nitrogen are localized in a cell-specific manner. Although intracellular distribution of enzymes of N and carbon assimilation is variable, little is known about the physiological consequences of this distribution caused by light changes. Light intensity and nitrogen concentration influence content of nitrates in leaves and can induce activity of the main enzymes involved in N metabolism, and changes that reduce the photosynthesis rate also reduce photosynthetic N use efficiency. In this review, we wish to highlight and discuss how/whether light intensity can improve photosynthesis in maize during nitrogen limitation. We described the general regulation of changes in the main photosynthetic and nitrogen metabolism enzymes, their quantity and localization, thylakoid protein abundance, intracellular transport of organic acids as well as specific features connected with C4 photosynthesis, and addressed the major open questions related to N metabolism and effects of light on photosynthesis in C4 plants.
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16
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Crop Biomass Mapping Based on Ecosystem Modeling at Regional Scale Using High Resolution Sentinel-2 Data. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the potential of using a process-based ecosystem model (BEPS) for crop biomass mapping at 20 m resolution over the research site in Manitoba, western Canada driven by spatially explicit leaf area index (LAI) retrieved from Sentinel-2 spectral reflectance throughout the entire growing season. We find that overall, the BEPS-simulated crop gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), and LAI time-series can explain 82%, 83%, and 85%, respectively, of the variation in the above-ground biomass (AGB) for six selected annual crops, while an application of individual crop LAI explains only 50% of the variation in AGB. The linear relationships between the AGB and these three indicators (GPP, NPP and LAI time-series) are rather high for the six crops, while the slopes of the regression models vary for individual crop type, indicating the need for calibration of key photosynthetic parameters and carbon allocation coefficients. This study demonstrates that accumulated GPP and NPP derived from an ecosystem model, driven by Sentinel-2 LAI data and abiotic data, can be effectively used for crop AGB mapping; the temporal information from LAI is also effective in AGB mapping for some crop types.
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17
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Pignon CP, Long SP. Retrospective analysis of biochemical limitations to photosynthesis in 49 species: C 4 crops appear still adapted to pre-industrial atmospheric [CO 2 ]. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2606-2622. [PMID: 32743797 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf CO2 uptake (A) in C4 photosynthesis is limited by the maximum apparent rate of PEPc carboxylation (Vpmax ) at low intercellular [CO2 ] (ci ) with a sharp transition to a ci -saturated rate (Vmax ) due to co-limitation by ribulose-1:5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and regeneration of PEP. The response of A to ci has been widely used to determine these two parameters. Vmax and Vpmax depend on different enzymes but draw on a shared pool of leaf resources, such that resource distribution is optimized, and A maximized, when Vmax and Vpmax are co-limiting. We collected published A/ci curves in 49 C4 species and assessed variation in photosynthetic traits between phylogenetic groups, and as a function of atmospheric [CO2 ]. The balance of Vmax -Vpmax varied among evolutionary lineages and C4 subtypes. Operating A was strongly Vmax -limited, such that re-allocation of resources from Vpmax towards Vmax was predicted to improve A by 12% in C4 crops. This would not require additional inputs but rather altered partitioning of existing leaf nutrients, resulting in increased water and nutrient-use efficiency. Optimal partitioning was achieved only in plants grown at pre-industrial atmospheric [CO2 ], suggesting C4 crops have not adjusted to the rapid increase in atmospheric [CO2 ] of the past few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Pignon
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, UK
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18
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Sonawane BV, Cousins AB. Mesophyll CO 2 conductance and leakiness are not responsive to short- and long-term soil water limitations in the C 4 plant Sorghum bicolor. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1590-1602. [PMID: 32438487 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Breeding economically important C4 crops for enhanced whole-plant water-use efficiency (WUEplant ) is needed for sustainable agriculture. WUEplant is a complex trait and an efficient phenotyping method that reports on components of WUEplant , such as intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi , the rate of leaf CO2 assimilation relative to water loss via stomatal conductance), is needed. In C4 plants, theoretical models suggest that leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13 C), when the efficiency of the CO2 -concentrating mechanism (leakiness, ϕ) remains constant, can be used to screen for WUEi . The limited information about how ϕ responds to water limitations confines the application of δ13 C for WUEi screening of C4 crops. The current research aimed to test the response of ϕ to short- or long-term moderate water limitations, and the relationship of δ13 C with WUEi and WUEplant , by addressing potential mesophyll CO2 conductance (gm ) and biochemical limitations in the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor. We demonstrate that gm and ϕ are not responsive to short- or long-term water limitations. Additionally, δ13 C was not correlated with gas-exchange estimates of WUEi under short- and long-term water limitations, but showed a significant negative relationship with WUEplant . The observed association between the δ13 C and WUEplant suggests an intrinsic link of δ13 C with WUEi in this C4 plant, and can potentially be used as a screening tool for WUEplant in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb V Sonawane
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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19
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Ellsworth PZ, Feldman MJ, Baxter I, Cousins AB. A genetic link between leaf carbon isotope composition and whole-plant water use efficiency in the C 4 grass Setaria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1234-1248. [PMID: 31968138 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic selection for whole-plant water use efficiency (yield per transpiration; WUEplant ) in any crop-breeding programme requires high-throughput phenotyping of component traits of WUEplant such as intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi ; CO2 assimilation rate per stomatal conductance). Measuring WUEi by gas exchange measurements is laborious and time consuming and may not reflect an integrated WUEi over the life of the leaf. Alternatively, leaf carbon stable isotope composition (δ13 Cleaf ) has been suggested as a potential time-integrated proxy for WUEi that may provide a tool to screen for WUEplant . However, a genetic link between δ13 Cleaf and WUEplant in a C4 species has not been well established. Therefore, to determine if there is a genetic relationship in a C4 plant between δ13 Cleaf and WUEplant under well watered and water-limited growth conditions, a high-throughput phenotyping facility was used to measure WUEplant in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population created between the C4 grasses Setaria viridis and S. italica. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for δ13 Cleaf were found and co-localized with transpiration, biomass accumulation, and WUEplant . Additionally, WUEplant for each of the δ13 Cleaf QTL allele classes was negatively correlated with δ13 Cleaf , as would be predicted when WUEi influences WUEplant . These results demonstrate that δ13 Cleaf is genetically linked to WUEplant , likely to be through their relationship with WUEi , and can be used as a high-throughput proxy to screen for WUEplant in these C4 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Z Ellsworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Max J Feldman
- Donald Danforth Plant Sciences Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ivan Baxter
- Donald Danforth Plant Sciences Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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20
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Hendron RW, Kelly S. Subdivision of Light Signaling Networks Contributes to Partitioning of C 4 Photosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1297-1309. [PMID: 31862840 PMCID: PMC7054874 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants coordinate the expression of photosynthesis-related genes in response to growth and environmental changes. In species that conduct two-cell C4 photosynthesis, expression of photosynthesis genes is partitioned such that leaf mesophyll and bundle sheath cells accumulate different components of the photosynthetic pathway. The identities of the regulatory networks that facilitate this partitioning are unknown. Here, we show that differences in light perception between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells facilitate differential regulation and accumulation of photosynthesis gene transcripts in the C4 crop maize (Zea mays). Key components of the photosynthesis gene regulatory network differentially accumulated between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, indicative of differential network activity across cell types. We further show that blue (but not red) light is necessary and sufficient to activate photosystem II assembly in mesophyll cells in etiolated maize. Finally, we demonstrate that 61% of all light-induced mesophyll and bundle sheath genes were induced only by blue light or only by red light, but not both. These findings provide evidence that subdivision of light signaling networks is a component of cellular partitioning of C4 photosynthesis in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross-W Hendron
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
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21
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Post-Silking Shading Stress Affects Leaf Nitrogen Metabolism of Spring Maize in Southern China. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020210. [PMID: 32041314 PMCID: PMC7076639 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lower sunlight caused by overcast skies from June to July in Southern China is one of the main environmental stresses that frequently occur and affect the post-silking growth and grain development of spring maize. In this study, a field trial involving four maize hybrids as materials was conducted to investigate the effects of post-silking shading stress (30% and 50% light deprivation) on leaf nitrogen metabolism and biomass accumulation during maize growing seasons in 2016 and 2017. Results indicated that 30% and 50% shading stress caused the grain yield to decrease by 47.3% and 69.6%, respectively. Plant post-silking biomass accumulation was decreased by shading, whereas the translocation from pre-silking assimilates in the vegetative organs was increased by shading. This change was sharply observed when the plants were deprived of more sunlight intensity. The leaf relative chlorophyll (soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value) and soluble protein contents were considerably decreased by shading under 50% light deprivation condition. The activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase that are involved in nitrogen metabolism were downregulated by shading stresses. In conclusion, nitrogen metabolism was disturbed by shading, which induced the decrease in post-silking dry matter accumulation, ultimately resulting in grain yield loss.
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22
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Yabiku T, Ueno O. Structural and photosynthetic re-acclimation to low light in C4 maize leaves that developed under high light. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:437-445. [PMID: 31127287 PMCID: PMC6798838 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS C4 plants have higher photosynthetic capacity than C3 plants, but this advantage comes at an energetic cost that is problematic under low light. In the crop canopy, lower leaves first develop under high light but later experience low light because of mutual shading. To explore the re-acclimation of C4 leaves to low light, we investigated the structural and physiological changes of the leaves of maize plants grown in shaded pots. METHODS Plants were first grown under high light, and then some of them were shaded (20 % of sunlight) for 3 weeks. Four types of leaves were examined: new leaves that developed under low light during shading (L), new leaves that developed under high light (H), mature leaves that developed under high light before shading and were then subjected to low light (H-L) and mature leaves that always experienced high light (H-H). KEY RESULTS The leaf mass per area, nitrogen and chlorophyll contents per unit leaf area, chlorophyll a/b ratio and activities of C3 and C4 photosynthetic enzymes were lower in H-L than in H-H leaves and in L than in H leaves. Unlike L leaves, H-L leaves maintained the thickness and framework of the Kranz anatomy of H leaves, but chloroplast contents in H-L leaves were reduced. This reduction of chloroplast contents was achieved mainly by reducing the size of chloroplasts. Although grana of mesophyll chloroplasts were more developed in L leaves than in H leaves, there were no differences between H-L and H-H leaves. The light curves of photosynthesis in H-L and L leaves were very similar and showed traits of shade leaves. CONCLUSIONS Mature maize leaves that developed under high light re-acclimate to low-light environments by adjusting their biochemical traits and chloroplast contents to resemble shade leaves but maintain the anatomical framework of sun leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yabiku
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Osamu Ueno
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Severe Water Deficiency during the Mid-Vegetative and Reproductive Phase has Little Effect on Proso Millet Performance. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Climate change can result in extreme droughts, significantly affecting crop production. C4 crop proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) has the lowest water consumption among all of the cereal crops. Understanding its survival mechanisms is thus crucial for agriculture. Furthermore, yield reduction does not only occur directly due to water shortage, but is also a consequence of an impaired element uptake during drought. This study aimed to examine the effect of water deficiency on proso millet leaf traits, plant biomass partition, and yield. In addition, leaf element contents were analysed, including silicon, which is an important multifunctional element for grasses. The majority of the measured parameters showed little change from the control to the moderate and severe water shortage treatments, even though the soil moisture levels differed significantly. The most pronounced reduction in comparison to the control was for leaf biomass, leaf stomatal conductance, and leaf silicon, phosphorus, calcium, and sulphur contents. Conversely, an increase was obtained for leaf potassium and chlorine contents. Panicle biomass was the same for all plant groups. Leaf silicon was positively correlated to reflectance in the UV region, while leaf calcium was negatively correlated to reflectance in the visible regions, which might prevent damage due to short-wave UV radiation and provide sufficient visible light for photosynthesis. The efficient light and water management, reduction of leaf biomass, and same-sized root system may be the mechanisms that mitigate the negative effects of water shortage in proso millet.
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He L, Chen JM, Liu J, Zheng T, Wang R, Joiner J, Chou S, Chen B, Liu Y, Liu R, Rogers C. Diverse photosynthetic capacity of global ecosystems mapped by satellite chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2019; 232:111344. [PMID: 33149371 PMCID: PMC7608051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2019.111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic capacity is often quantified by the Rubisco-limited photosynthetic capacity (i.e. maximum carboxylation rate, Vcmax). It is a key plant functional trait that is widely used in Earth System Models for simulation of the global carbon and water cycles. Measuring Vcmax is time-consuming and laborious; therefore, the spatiotemporal distribution of Vcmax is still poorly understood due to limited measurements of Vcmax. In this study, we used a data assimilation approach to map the spatial variation of Vcmax for global terrestrial ecosystems from a 11-year-long satellite-observed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) record. In this SIF-derived Vcmax map, the mean Vcmax value for each plant function type (PFT) is found to be comparable to a widely used N-derived Vcmax dataset by Kattge et al. (2009). The gradient of Vcmax along PFTs is clearly revealed even without land cover information as an input. Large seasonal and spatial variations of Vcmax are found within each PFT, especially for diverse crop rotation systems. The distribution of major crop belts, characterized with high Vcmax values, is highlighted in this Vcmax map. Legume plants are characterized with high Vcmax values. This Vcmax map also clearly illustrates the emerging soybean revolution in South America where Vcmax is the highest among the world. The gradient of Vcmax in Amazon is found to follow the transition of soil types with different soil N and P contents. This study suggests that satellite-observed SIF is powerful in deriving the important plant functional trait, i.e. Vcmax, for global climate change studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming He
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- Laboratory of Environmental Model and Data Optima, Laurel, MD 20707, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. (L. He)
| | - Jing M. Chen
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Jane Liu
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Joanna Joiner
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Shuren Chou
- Space Engineering University, Beijing 101419, China
| | - Bin Chen
- China State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Liu
- China State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ronggao Liu
- China State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cheryl Rogers
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
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Bovdilova A, Alexandre BM, Höppner A, Luís IM, Alvarez CE, Bickel D, Gohlke H, Decker C, Nagel-Steger L, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Drincovich MF, Abreu IA, Maurino VG. Posttranslational Modification of the NADP-Malic Enzyme Involved in C 4 Photosynthesis Modulates the Enzymatic Activity during the Day. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2525-2539. [PMID: 31363039 PMCID: PMC6790091 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of the C4 photosynthetic pathway involved in some cases recruitment of housekeeping proteins through gene duplication and their further neofunctionalization. NADP-malic enzyme (ME), the most widespread C4 decarboxylase, has increased its catalytic efficiency and acquired regulatory properties that allowed it to participate in the C4 pathway. Here, we show that regulation of maize (Zea mays) C4-NADP-ME activity is much more elaborate than previously thought. Using mass spectrometry, we identified phosphorylation of the Ser419 residue of C4-NADP-ME in protein extracts of maize leaves. The phosphorylation event increases in the light, with a peak at Zeitgeber time 2. Phosphorylation of ZmC4-NADP-ME drastically decreases its activity as shown by the low residual activity of the recombinant phosphomimetic mutant. Analysis of the crystal structure of C4-NADP-ME indicated that Ser419 is involved in the binding of NADP at the active site. Molecular dynamics simulations and effective binding energy computations indicate a less favorable binding of the cofactor NADP in the phosphomimetic and the phosphorylated variants. We propose that phosphorylation of ZmC4-NADP-ME at Ser419 during the first hours in the light is a cellular mechanism that fine tunes the enzymatic activity to coordinate the carbon concentration mechanism with the CO2 fixation rate, probably to avoid CO2 leakiness from bundle sheath cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Bovdilova
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bruno M Alexandre
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Astrid Höppner
- Center for Structural Studies (CSS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Inês Matias Luís
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Clarisa E Alvarez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, University of Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - David Bickel
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) and Institute for Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS 6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Decker
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Luitgard Nagel-Steger
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maria F Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, University of Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Isabel A Abreu
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Turk H. Chitosan-induced enhanced expression and activation of alternative oxidase confer tolerance to salt stress in maize seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:415-422. [PMID: 31229926 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible alleviating effect of chitosan on salt-induced growth retardation and oxidative stress and to elucidate whether this effect is linked to activation of mitochondrial respiration on the basis of alternative respiration in maize seedlings. Salt stress significantly reduced root length and plant height in comparison to the control, whereas foliar application of chitosan ameliorated the adverse effect of salinity to a certain degree. Moreover, chitosan resulted in plant growth promotion as compared to unstressed seedlings. The separate applications of chitosan and salt had a stimulatory effect on the activities of antioxidant enzymes; however, combined application of chitosan and salt were more effective than that of chitosan or salt alone. Similarly, mitochondrial total respiration rate (Vt) and alternative respiration capacity (Valt) were increased by separate applications of chitosan and salt; however, the combination of chitosan and salt gave the highest values for these parameters. The highest values of Valt/Vt was recorded at seedlings treated with salt plus chitosan. Similarly, cytochrome respiration capacity was also increased by chitosan in both stress-free and stressed conditions. In addition, AOX1, encoding alternative oxidase, was significantly upregulated by chitosan and/or salt. The maximum transcript level was recorded at seedlings treated with salt plus chitosan. Chitosan also significantly decreased superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide contents and lipid peroxidation level under normal and the stressed conditions. These results suggest that the mitigating effect of chitosan on salt stress is linked to activation of alternative respiration at biochemical and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Turk
- East Anatolian High Technology Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Danila FR, Quick WP, White RG, von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT. Response of plasmodesmata formation in leaves of C 4 grasses to growth irradiance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2482-2494. [PMID: 30965390 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid metabolite diffusion across the mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cell interface in C4 leaves is a key requirement for C4 photosynthesis and occurs via plasmodesmata (PD). Here, we investigated how growth irradiance affects PD density between M and BS cells and between M cells in two C4 species using our PD quantification method, which combines three-dimensional laser confocal fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The response of leaf anatomy and physiology of NADP-ME species, Setaria viridis and Zea mays to growth under different irradiances, low light (100 μmol m-2 s-1 ), and high light (1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 ), was observed both at seedling and established growth stages. We found that the effect of growth irradiance on C4 leaf PD density depended on plant age and species. The high light treatment resulted in two to four-fold greater PD density per unit leaf area than at low light, due to greater area of PD clusters and greater PD size in high light plants. These results along with our finding that the effect of light on M-BS PD density was not tightly linked to photosynthetic capacity suggest a complex mechanism underlying the dynamic response of C4 leaf PD formation to growth irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence R Danila
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - William Paul Quick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, 4030, Philippines
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rosemary G White
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
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28
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Shi Q, Kong F, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Heng S, Liang R, Ma L, Liu J, Lu X, Li P, Li G. Molecular mechanisms governing shade responses in maize. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:112-119. [PMID: 31200955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light is one of the most important environmental factors affecting plant growth and development. Plants use shade avoidance or tolerance strategies to adjust their growth and development thus increase their success in the competition for incoming light. To investigate the mechanism of shade responses in maize (Zea mays), we examined the anatomical and transcriptional dynamics of the early shade response in seedlings of the B73 inbred line. Transcriptome analysis identified 912 differentially expressed genes, including genes involved in light signaling, auxin responses, and cell elongation pathways. Grouping transcription factor family genes and performing enrichment analysis identified multiple types of transcription factors that are differentially regulated by shade and predicted putative core genes responsible for regulating shade avoidance syndrome. For functional analyses, we ectopically over-expressed ZmHB53, a type II HD-ZIP transcription factor gene significantly induced by shade, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing ZmHB53 exhibited narrower leaves, earlier flowering, and enhanced expression of shade-responsive genes, suggesting that ZmHB53 might participates in the regulation of shade responses in maize. This study increases our understanding of the regulatory network of the shade response in maize and provides a useful resource for maize genetics and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbiao Shi
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Fanying Kong
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Haisen Zhang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yu'e Jiang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Siqi Heng
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ran Liang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Lin Ma
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jisheng Liu
- College of Life Science, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- College of Life Science, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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29
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Wen Z, Shi K, Lu W, Lu D. Effects of postsilking weak‐light stress on the flour quality of spring maize. Cereal Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrong Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Agricultural College of Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Kai Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Agricultural College of Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Agricultural College of Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Agricultural College of Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
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30
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Hernández-Prieto MA, Foster C, Watson-Lazowski A, Ghannoum O, Chen M. Comparative analysis of thylakoid protein complexes in the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells from C 3 , C 4 and C 3 -C 4 Paniceae grasses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:134-147. [PMID: 30838662 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the coordination between dark and light reactions during the transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis, we optimized a method for separating thylakoids from mesophyll (MC) and bundle sheath cells (BSCs) across different plant species. We grew six Paniceae grasses including representatives from the C3 , C3 -C4 and C4 photosynthetic types and all three C4 biochemical subtypes [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent malic enzyme (NAD-ME) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)] in addition to Zea mays under control conditions (1000 μmol quanta m-2 s-1 and 400 ppm of CO2 ). Proteomics analysis of thylakoids under native conditions, using blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), demonstrated the presence of subunits of all light-reaction-related complexes in all species and cell types. C4 NADP-ME species showed a higher photosystems I/II ratio and a clear accumulation of the NADH dehydrogenase-like complexes in BSCs, while Cytb6 f was more abundant in BSCs of C4 NAD-ME species. The C4 PEPCK species showed no clear differences between cell types. Our study presents, for the first time, a good separation between BSC and MC for a C3 -C4 intermediate grass which did not show noticeable differences in the distribution of the thylakoid complexes. For the NADP-ME species Panicum antidotale, growth at glacial CO2 (180 ppm of CO2 ) had no effect on the distribution of the light-reaction complexes, while growth at low light (200 μmol quanta m-2 s-1 ) promoted the accumulation of light-harvesting proteins in both cell types. These results add to our understanding of thylakoid distribution across photosynthetic types and subtypes, and introduce thylakoid distribution between the MC and BSC of a C3 -C4 intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Hernández-Prieto
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Christie Foster
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, 2751, Australia
| | - Alexander Watson-Lazowski
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, 2751, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, 2751, Australia
| | - Min Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
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31
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Avramova V, Meziane A, Bauer E, Blankenagel S, Eggels S, Gresset S, Grill E, Niculaes C, Ouzunova M, Poppenberger B, Presterl T, Rozhon W, Welcker C, Yang Z, Tardieu F, Schön CC. Carbon isotope composition, water use efficiency, and drought sensitivity are controlled by a common genomic segment in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:53-63. [PMID: 30244394 PMCID: PMC6320357 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A genomic segment on maize chromosome 7 influences carbon isotope composition, water use efficiency, and leaf growth sensitivity to drought, possibly by affecting stomatal properties. Climate change is expected to decrease water availability in many agricultural production areas around the globe. Therefore, plants with improved ability to grow under water deficit are urgently needed. We combined genetic, phenomic, and physiological approaches to understand the relationship between growth, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and carbon isotope composition in maize (Zea mays L.). Using near-isogenic lines derived from a maize introgression library, we analysed the effects of a genomic region previously identified as affecting carbon isotope composition. We show stability of trait expression over several years of field trials and demonstrate in the phenotyping platform Phenodyn that the same genomic region also influences the sensitivity of leaf growth to evaporative demand and soil water potential. Our results suggest that the studied genomic region affecting carbon isotope discrimination also harbours quantitative trait loci playing a role in maize drought sensitivity possibly via stomatal behaviour and development. We propose that the observed phenotypes collectively originate from altered stomatal conductance, presumably via abscisic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Avramova
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Adel Meziane
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Bauer
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sonja Blankenagel
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Stella Eggels
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gresset
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Erwin Grill
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudiu Niculaes
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Claude Welcker
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - François Tardieu
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Chris-Carolin Schön
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Watson-Lazowski A, Papanicolaou A, Sharwood R, Ghannoum O. Investigating the NAD-ME biochemical pathway within C 4 grasses using transcript and amino acid variation in C 4 photosynthetic genes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 138:233-248. [PMID: 30078073 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Expanding knowledge of the C4 photosynthetic pathway can provide key information to aid biological improvements to crop photosynthesis and yield. While the C4 NADP-ME pathway is well characterised, there is increasing agricultural and bioengineering interest in the comparably understudied NAD-ME and PEPCK pathways. Within this study, a systematic identification of key differences across species has allowed us to investigate the evolution of C4-recruited genes in one C3 and eleven C4 grasses (Poaceae) spanning two independent origins of C4 photosynthesis. We present evidence for C4-specific paralogs of NAD-malic enzyme 2, MPC1 and MPC2 (mitochondrial pyruvate carriers) via increased transcript abundance and associated rates of evolution, implicating them as genes recruited to perform C4 photosynthesis within NAD-ME and PEPCK subtypes. We then investigate the localisation of AspAT across subtypes, using novel and published evidence to place AspAT3 in both the cytosol and peroxisome. Finally, these findings are integrated with transcript abundance of previously identified C4 genes to provide an updated model for C4 grass NAD-ME and PEPCK photosynthesis. This updated model allows us to develop on the current understanding of NAD-ME and PEPCK photosynthesis in grasses, bolstering our efforts to understand the evolutionary 'path to C4' and improve C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Watson-Lazowski
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Robert Sharwood
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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33
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Salesse-Smith CE, Sharwood RE, Busch FA, Kromdijk J, Bardal V, Stern DB. Overexpression of Rubisco subunits with RAF1 increases Rubisco content in maize. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:802-810. [PMID: 30287949 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco catalyses a rate-limiting step in photosynthesis and has long been a target for improvement due to its slow turnover rate. An alternative to modifying catalytic properties of Rubisco is to increase its abundance within C4 plant chloroplasts, which might increase activity and confer a higher carbon assimilation rate. Here, we overexpress the Rubisco large (LS) and small (SS) subunits with the Rubisco assembly chaperone RUBISCO ASSEMBLY FACTOR 1 (RAF1). While overexpression of LS and/or SS had no discernable impact on Rubisco content, addition of RAF1 overexpression resulted in a >30% increase in Rubisco content. Gas exchange showed a 15% increase in CO2 assimilation (ASAT) in UBI-LSSS-RAF1 transgenic plants, which correlated with increased fresh weight and in vitro Vcmax calculations. The divergence of Rubisco content and assimilation could be accounted for by the Rubisco activation state, which decreased up to 23%, suggesting that Rubisco activase may be limiting Vcmax, and impinging on the realization of photosynthetic potential from increased Rubisco content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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34
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Sonawane BV, Sharwood RE, Whitney S, Ghannoum O. Shade compromises the photosynthetic efficiency of NADP-ME less than that of PEP-CK and NAD-ME C4 grasses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3053-3068. [PMID: 29659931 PMCID: PMC5972597 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The high energy cost and apparently low plasticity of C4 photosynthesis compared with C3 photosynthesis may limit the productivity and distribution of C4 plants in low light (LL) environments. C4 photosynthesis evolved numerous times, but it remains unclear how different biochemical subtypes perform under LL. We grew eight C4 grasses belonging to three biochemical subtypes [NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP-CK)] under shade (16% sunlight) or control (full sunlight) conditions and measured their photosynthetic characteristics at both low and high light. We show for the first time that LL (during measurement or growth) compromised the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) to a greater extent in NAD-ME than in PEP-CK or NADP-ME C4 grasses by virtue of a greater increase in carbon isotope discrimination (∆P) and bundle sheath CO2 leakiness (ϕ), and a greater reduction in photosynthetic quantum yield (Φmax). These responses were partly explained by changes in the ratios of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)/initial Rubisco activity and dark respiration/photosynthesis (Rd/A). Shade induced a greater photosynthetic acclimation in NAD-ME than in NADP-ME and PEP-CK species due to a greater Rubisco deactivation. Shade also reduced plant dry mass to a greater extent in NAD-ME and PEP-CK relative to NADP-ME grasses. In conclusion, LL compromised the co-ordination of the C4 and C3 cycles and, hence, the efficiency of the CCM to a greater extent in NAD-ME than in PEP-CK species, while CCM efficiency was less impacted by LL in NADP-ME species. Consequently, NADP-ME species are more efficient at LL, which could explain their agronomic and ecological dominance relative to other C4 grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb V Sonawane
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Spencer Whitney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
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Kolbe AR, Studer AJ, Cousins AB. Biochemical and transcriptomic analysis of maize diversity to elucidate drivers of leaf carbon isotope composition. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:489-500. [PMID: 32290988 DOI: 10.1071/fp17265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope discrimination is used to study CO2 diffusion, substrate availability for photosynthesis, and leaf biochemistry, but the intraspecific drivers of leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in C4 species are not well understood. In this study, the role of photosynthetic enzymes and post-photosynthetic fractionation on δ13C (‰) was explored across diverse maize inbred lines. A significant 1.3‰ difference in δ13C was observed between lines but δ13C did not correlate with in vitro leaf carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity. RNA-sequencing was used to identify potential differences in post-photosynthetic metabolism that would influence δ13C; however, no correlations were identified that would indicate significant differences in post-photosynthetic fractionation between lines. Variation in δ13C has been observed between C4 subtypes, but differential expression of NADP-ME and PEP-CK pathways within these lines did not correlate with δ13C. However, co-expression network analysis provided novel evidence for isoforms of C4 enzymes and putative transporters. Together, these data indicate that diversity in maize δ13C cannot be fully explained by variation in CA, PEPC, or Rubisco activity or gene expression. The findings further emphasise the need for future work exploring the influence of stomatal sensitivity and mesophyll conductance on δ13C in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Kolbe
- School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 644236, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Anthony J Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Edward R. Madigan Laboratory 289, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 644236, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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36
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Salesse C, Sharwood R, Sakamoto W, Stern D. The Rubisco Chaperone BSD2 May Regulate Chloroplast Coverage in Maize Bundle Sheath Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1624-1633. [PMID: 29089394 PMCID: PMC5717744 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In maize (Zea mays), Bundle Sheath Defective2 (BSD2) plays an essential role in Rubisco biogenesis and is required for correct bundle sheath (BS) cell differentiation. Yet, BSD2 RNA and protein levels are similar in mesophyll (M) and BS chloroplasts, although Rubisco accumulates only in BS chloroplasts. This raises the possibility of additional BSD2 roles in cell development. To test this hypothesis, transgenic lines were created that overexpress and underexpress BSD2 in both BS and M cells, driven by the cell type-specific Rubisco Small Subunit (RBCS) or Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC) promoters or the ubiquitin promoter. Genetic crosses showed that each of the transgenes could complement Rubisco deficiency and seedling lethality conferred by the bsd2 mutation. This was unexpected, as RBCS-BSD2 lines lacked BSD2 in M chloroplasts and PEPC-BSD2 lines expressed half the wild-type BSD2 level in BS chloroplasts. We conclude that BSD2 does not play a vital role in M cells and that BS BSD2 is in excess of requirements for Rubisco accumulation. BSD2 levels did affect chloroplast coverage in BS cells. In PEPC-BSD2 lines, chloroplast coverage decreased 30% to 50%, whereas lines with increased BSD2 content exhibited a 25% increase. This suggests that BSD2 has an ancillary role in BS cells related to chloroplast size. Gas exchange showed decreased photosynthetic rates in PEPC-BSD2 lines despite restored Rubisco function, correlating with reduced chloroplast coverage and pointing to CO2 diffusion changes. Conversely, increased chloroplast coverage did not result in increased Rubisco abundance or photosynthetic rates. This suggests another limitation beyond chloroplast volume, most likely Rubisco biogenesis and/or turnover rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Salesse
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Robert Sharwood
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - David Stern
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Salesse C, Sharwood R, Sakamoto W, Stern D. The Rubisco Chaperone BSD2 May Regulate Chloroplast Coverage in Maize Bundle Sheath Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29089394 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In maize (Zea mays), Bundle Sheath Defective2 (BSD2) plays an essential role in Rubisco biogenesis and is required for correct bundle sheath (BS) cell differentiation. Yet, BSD2 RNA and protein levels are similar in mesophyll (M) and BS chloroplasts, although Rubisco accumulates only in BS chloroplasts. This raises the possibility of additional BSD2 roles in cell development. To test this hypothesis, transgenic lines were created that overexpress and underexpress BSD2 in both BS and M cells, driven by the cell type-specific Rubisco Small Subunit (RBCS) or Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC) promoters or the ubiquitin promoter. Genetic crosses showed that each of the transgenes could complement Rubisco deficiency and seedling lethality conferred by the bsd2 mutation. This was unexpected, as RBCS-BSD2 lines lacked BSD2 in M chloroplasts and PEPC-BSD2 lines expressed half the wild-type BSD2 level in BS chloroplasts. We conclude that BSD2 does not play a vital role in M cells and that BS BSD2 is in excess of requirements for Rubisco accumulation. BSD2 levels did affect chloroplast coverage in BS cells. In PEPC-BSD2 lines, chloroplast coverage decreased 30% to 50%, whereas lines with increased BSD2 content exhibited a 25% increase. This suggests that BSD2 has an ancillary role in BS cells related to chloroplast size. Gas exchange showed decreased photosynthetic rates in PEPC-BSD2 lines despite restored Rubisco function, correlating with reduced chloroplast coverage and pointing to CO2 diffusion changes. Conversely, increased chloroplast coverage did not result in increased Rubisco abundance or photosynthetic rates. This suggests another limitation beyond chloroplast volume, most likely Rubisco biogenesis and/or turnover rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Salesse
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Robert Sharwood
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - David Stern
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Sonawane BV, Sharwood RE, von Caemmerer S, Whitney SM, Ghannoum O. Short-term thermal photosynthetic responses of C4 grasses are independent of the biochemical subtype. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5583-5597. [PMID: 29045727 PMCID: PMC5853683 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis evolved independently many times, resulting in multiple biochemical pathways; however, little is known about how these different pathways respond to temperature. We investigated the photosynthetic responses of eight C4 grasses belonging to three biochemical subtypes (NADP-ME, PEP-CK, and NAD-ME) to four leaf temperatures (18, 25, 32, and 40 °C). We also explored whether the biochemical subtype influences the thermal responses of (i) in vitro PEPC (Vpmax) and Rubisco (Vcmax) maximal activities, (ii) initial slope (IS) and CO2-saturated rate (CSR) derived from the A-Ci curves, and (iii) CO2 leakage out of the bundle sheath estimated from carbon isotope discrimination. We focussed on leakiness and the two carboxylases because they determine the coordination of the CO2-concentrating mechanism and are important for parameterizing the semi-mechanistic C4 photosynthesis model. We found that the thermal responses of Vpmax and Vcmax, IS, CSR, and leakiness varied among the C4 species independently of the biochemical subtype. No correlation was observed between Vpmax and IS or between Vcmax and CSR; while the ratios Vpmax/Vcmax and IS/CSR did not correlate with leakiness among the C4 grasses. Determining mesophyll and bundle sheath conductances in diverse C4 grasses is required to further elucidate how C4 photosynthesis responds to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb V Sonawane
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond NSW, Australia
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Spencer M Whitney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond NSW, Australia
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39
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Identification of the abiotic stress-related transcription in little Neptune grass Cymodocea nodosa with RNA-seq. Mar Genomics 2017; 34:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Wang C, Alidoust D, Isoda A, Li M. Suppressive effects of thermal-treated oyster shells on cadmium and copper translocation in maize plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19347-19356. [PMID: 28669096 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of varied concentrations of thermal-treated oyster shells (TOS) on the suppression of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) uptake and translocation into the shoots of maize plants was examined. Maize plants were grown in Cd- and Cu-contaminated Andosol for 70 days. The concentration of mobile Cd (extracted with 1 M NH4NO3) decreased with increasing TOS applications, whereas an increase in the concentration of mobile Cu in soil resulted from cumulative TOS additions. The addition of 2% TOS had no prohibitive effects on Cd uptake in maize shoots, but the 4 and 8% TOS treatments decreased Cd accumulation in shoots by 41 and 59%, respectively. The possible mechanisms underlying Cd suppression in maize shoots were the enhanced Cd adsorption caused by pH-induced increases in the negative charge of the soil and the antagonistic effects of Ca resulting from competition for exchange sites at the root surface. Cu accumulation in maize shoots increased by 34, 51, and 53% with the addition of 2, 4, and 8% TOS, respectively, but this increase was not observed for Cd accumulation. These results suggested that, in multi-metal-contaminated soils, attention should be paid to the potential mobility of target metals and the pH of the contaminated soil. From a plant physiological perspective, contaminated soils slightly reduced photosynthetic performance. However, the addition of TOS to the soil at levels higher than 4% substantially decreased photosynthetic performance, indicating that CaO-based suppressants at critical loads might damage the net photosynthetic rates of sensitive maize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Darioush Alidoust
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China.
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Division of Bioresource Science, Laboratory of Crop Science, Chiba University, Matsudo 648, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Isoda
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Division of Bioresource Science, Laboratory of Crop Science, Chiba University, Matsudo 648, Japan
| | - Maosong Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
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41
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Yang H, Yu Q, Sheng WP, Li SG, Tian J. Determination of leaf carbon isotope discrimination in C4 plants under variable N and water supply. Sci Rep 2017; 7:351. [PMID: 28336951 PMCID: PMC5428480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying variations in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in C4 plants is critical for predicting the C3/C4 ratio in C3/C4 mixed grassland. The value of Δ is determined by bundle sheath leakiness (Ф) and the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration (C i /C a ). Leaf nitrogen concentration (N leaf ) is considered a driver of Δ in C4 plants. However, little is known about how N leaf affects Ф and C i /C a , and subsequently Δ. Here leaf carbon isotope composition, N leaf , Ф, and leaf gas exchange were measured in Cleistogenes squarrosa, a dominant C4 species in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Δ remained relatively stable under variable N and water supply. Higher N supply and lower water supply increased N leaf , stimulated photosynthesis and further decreased C i /C a . High N supply increased Ф, which responded weakly to water supply. N leaf exerted similar effects on C i /C a and on Ф in the field and pot experiments. Pooling all the data, N leaf explained 73% of the variation in C i /C a . Overall, both Ф and C i /C a determined Δ; however, the contribution of Ф was stronger. N leaf influenced Δ primarily though C i /C a , rather than Ф. Ф should be considered in estimating Δ of C4 endmember.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wen-Ping Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sheng-Gong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Sharwood RE, Sonawane BV, Ghannoum O, Whitney SM. Improved analysis of C4 and C3 photosynthesis via refined in vitro assays of their carbon fixation biochemistry. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3137-48. [PMID: 27122573 PMCID: PMC4867899 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants operating C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways exhibit differences in leaf anatomy and photosynthetic carbon fixation biochemistry. Fully understanding this underpinning biochemical variation is requisite to identifying solutions for improving photosynthetic efficiency and growth. Here we refine assay methods for accurately measuring the carboxylase and decarboxylase activities in C3 and C4 plant soluble protein. We show that differences in plant extract preparation and assay conditions are required to measure NADP-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pH 8, Mg(2+), 22 °C) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pH 7, >2mM Mn(2+), no Mg(2+)) maximal activities accurately. We validate how the omission of MgCl2 during leaf protein extraction, lengthy (>1min) centrifugation times, and the use of non-pure ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) significantly underestimate Rubisco activation status. We show how Rubisco activation status varies with leaf ontogeny and is generally lower in mature C4 monocot leaves (45-60% activation) relative to C3 monocots (55-90% activation). Consistent with their >3-fold lower Rubisco contents, full Rubisco activation in soluble protein from C4 leaves (<5min) was faster than in C3 plant samples (<10min), with addition of Rubisco activase not required for full activation. We conclude that Rubisco inactivation in illuminated leaves primarily stems from RuBP binding to non-carbamylated enzyme, a state readily reversible by dilution during cellular protein extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Sharwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Balasaheb V Sonawane
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Spencer M Whitney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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43
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Pinto H, Powell JR, Sharwood RE, Tissue DT, Ghannoum O. Variations in nitrogen use efficiency reflect the biochemical subtype while variations in water use efficiency reflect the evolutionary lineage of C4 grasses at inter-glacial CO2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:514-26. [PMID: 26381794 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis evolved multiple times in diverse lineages. Most physiological studies comparing C4 plants were not conducted at the low atmospheric CO2 prevailing during their evolution. Here, 24 C4 grasses belonging to three biochemical subtypes [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide malic enzyme (NAD-ME), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate malic enzyme (NADP-ME)] and six major evolutionary lineages were grown under ambient (400 μL L(-1) ) and inter-glacial (280 μL L(-1) ) CO2 . We hypothesized that nitrogen-related and water-related physiological traits are associated with subtypes and lineages, respectively. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were constrained by the shared lineage, while variation in leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf N per area, plant dry mass and plant water use efficiency were influenced by the subtype. Subtype and lineage were equally important for explaining variations in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and photosynthetic water use efficiency (PWUE). CO2 treatment impacted most parameters. Overall, higher LMA and leaf N distinguished the Chloridoideae/NAD-ME group, while NADP-ME and PCK grasses were distinguished by higher PNUE regardless of lineage. Plants were characterized by high photosynthesis and PWUE when grown at ambient CO2 and by high conductance at inter-glacial CO2 . In conclusion, the evolutionary and biochemical diversity among C4 grasses was aligned with discernible leaf physiology, but it remains unknown whether these traits represent ecophysiological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Pinto
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Ludwig M. The Roles of Organic Acids in C4 Photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:647. [PMID: 27242848 PMCID: PMC4868847 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are involved in numerous metabolic pathways in all plants. The finding that some plants, known as C4 plants, have four-carbon dicarboxylic acids as the first product of carbon fixation showed these organic acids play essential roles as photosynthetic intermediates. Oxaloacetate (OAA), malate, and aspartate (Asp) are substrates for the C4 acid cycle that underpins the CO2 concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis. In this cycle, OAA is the immediate, short-lived, product of the initial CO2 fixation step in C4 leaf mesophyll cells. The malate and Asp, resulting from the rapid conversion of OAA, are the organic acids delivered to the sites of carbon reduction in the bundle-sheath cells of the leaf, where they are decarboxylated, with the released CO2 used to make carbohydrates. The three-carbon organic acids resulting from the decarboxylation reactions are returned to the mesophyll cells where they are used to regenerate the CO2 acceptor pool. NADP-malic enzyme-type, NAD-malic enzyme-type, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-type C4 plants were identified, based on the most abundant decarboxylating enzyme in the leaf tissue. The genes encoding these C4 pathway-associated decarboxylases were co-opted from ancestral C3 plant genes during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Malate was recognized as the major organic acid transferred in NADP-malic enzyme-type C4 species, while Asp fills this role in NAD-malic enzyme-type and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-type plants. However, accumulating evidence indicates that many C4 plants use a combination of organic acids and decarboxylases during CO2 fixation, and the C4-type categories are not rigid. The ability to transfer multiple organic acid species and utilize different decarboxylases has been suggested to give C4 plants advantages in changing and stressful environments, as well as during development, by facilitating the balance of energy between the two cell types involved in the C4 pathway of CO2 assimilation. The results of recent empirical and modeling studies support this suggestion and indicate that a combination of transferred organic acids and decarboxylases is beneficial to C4 plants in different light environments.
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45
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Christin PA, Osborne CP. The evolutionary ecology of C4 plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:765-81. [PMID: 25263843 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is a physiological syndrome resulting from multiple anatomical and biochemical components, which function together to increase the CO2 concentration around Rubisco and reduce photorespiration. It evolved independently multiple times and C4 plants now dominate many biomes, especially in the tropics and subtropics. The C4 syndrome comes in many flavours, with numerous phenotypic realizations of C4 physiology and diverse ecological strategies. In this work, we analyse the events that happened in a C3 context and enabled C4 physiology in the descendants, those that generated the C4 physiology, and those that happened in a C4 background and opened novel ecological niches. Throughout the manuscript, we evaluate the biochemical and physiological evidence in a phylogenetic context, which demonstrates the importance of contingency in evolutionary trajectories and shows how these constrained the realized phenotype. We then discuss the physiological innovations that allowed C4 plants to escape these constraints for two important dimensions of the ecological niche--growth rates and distribution along climatic gradients. This review shows that a comprehensive understanding of C4 plant ecology can be achieved by accounting for evolutionary processes spread over millions of years, including the ancestral condition, functional convergence via independent evolutionary trajectories, and physiological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal-Antoine Christin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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