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Zhang L, Ambrose C. Beauty is more than epidermis deep: How cell division and expansion sculpt the leaf spongy mesophyll. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 79:102542. [PMID: 38688201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
As the main location of photosynthesis, leaf mesophyll cells are one of the most abundant and essential cell types on earth. Forming the bulk of the internal tissues of the leaf, their size, shape, and patterns of interconnectivity define the internal structure and surface area of the leaf, which in turn determines the efficiency of light capture and carbon fixation. Understanding how these cellular traits are controlled and translated into tissue- and organ-scale traits, and how they influence photosynthetic performance will be key to our ability to improve crop plants in the face of a changing climate. In contrast to the extensive literature on the anatomical and physiological aspects of mesophyll function, our understanding of the cell-level morphogenetic processes underpinning mesophyll cell growth and differentiation is scant. In this review, we focus on how cell division, expansion, and separation are coordinated to create the intricate architecture of the spongy mesophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N0X2, Canada
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Wang Y, Qin M, Zhang G, Lu J, Zhang C, Ma N, Sun X, Gao J. Transcription factor RhRAP2.4L orchestrates cell proliferation and expansion to control petal size in rose. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2338-2353. [PMID: 38084893 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining proper flower size is vital for plant reproduction and adaption to the environment. Petal size is determined by spatiotemporally regulated cell proliferation and expansion. However, the mechanisms underlying the orchestration of cell proliferation and expansion during petal growth remains elusive. Here, we determined that the transition from cell proliferation to expansion involves a series of distinct and overlapping processes during rose (Rosa hybrida) petal growth. Changes in cytokinin content were associated with the transition from cell proliferation to expansion during petal growth. RNA sequencing identified the AP2/ERF transcription factor gene RELATED TO AP2 4-LIKE (RhRAP2.4L), whose expression pattern positively associated with cytokinin levels during rose petal development. Silencing RhRAP2.4L promoted the transition from cell proliferation to expansion and decreased petal size. RhRAP2.4L regulates cell proliferation by directly repressing the expression of KIP RELATED PROTEIN 2 (RhKRP2), encoding a cell cycle inhibitor. In addition, we also identified BIG PETALub (RhBPEub) as another direct target gene of RhRAP2.4L. Silencing RhBPEub decreased cell size, leading to reduced petal size. Furthermore, the cytokinin signaling protein ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 14 (RhARR14) activated RhRAP2.4L expression to inhibit the transition from cell proliferation to expansion, thereby regulating petal size. Our results demonstrate that RhRAP2.4L performs dual functions in orchestrating cell proliferation and expansion during petal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meizhu Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guifang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyun Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengkun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Wang H, Ren J, Zhou S, Duan Y, Zhu C, Chen C, Liu Z, Zheng Q, Xiang S, Xie Z, Wang X, Chai L, Ye J, Xu Q, Guo W, Deng X, Zhang F. Molecular regulation of oil gland development and biosynthesis of essential oils in Citrus spp. Science 2024; 383:659-666. [PMID: 38330135 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Secretory structures in terrestrial plants serve as reservoirs for a variety of secondary metabolites. Among these, the secretory cavity of the Rutaceae family is notable for containing essential oils with a wide range of applications. However, the molecular basis underlying secretory cavity development is unknown. Here, we reveal a molecular framework for Citrus oil gland formation. Using genetic mapping and genome editing, we demonstrated that this process requires LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (LMI1), a key regulator of leaf serration. A conserved GCC box element of the LMI1 promoter recruits DORNROSCHEN-like (DRNL) for transcriptional activation. This DRNL-LMI1 cascade triggers MYC5 activation, facilitating the development of oil glands and the biosynthesis of essential oils. Our findings spotlight cis-regulatory divergence within leaf shape genes, propelling novel functional tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Ren
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shiyun Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaoyuan Duan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenqiao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Specialty Commercial Crops in North Guangxi, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ziyan Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyou Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shu Xiang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xia Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenwu Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zhao W, Lv Z, Zhang H, Yue J, Zhang X, Li L, Huang F, Lin S. Anatomical Mechanisms of Leaf Blade Morphogenesis in Sasaella kogasensis 'Aureostriatus'. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:332. [PMID: 38337866 PMCID: PMC10857177 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
There are limited studies on the cytology of bamboo leaf development from primordium to maturity. This study delves into the leaf morphological characteristics and growth patterns of Sasaella kogasensis 'Aureostriatus' and provides a three-dimensional anatomical analysis of cell division, expansion, and degradation. Leaves on the same branch develop bottom-up, while individual leaves develop the other way around. Like bamboo shoots and culms, the leaves follow a "slow-fast-slow" growth pattern, with longitudinal growth being predominant during their development. The growth zones of individual leaves included division, elongation, and maturation zones based on the distribution of growth space. By measuring 13,303 epidermal long cells and 3293 mesophyll cells in longitudinal sections of rapidly elongating leaves, we observed that in the rapid elongation phase (S4-S5), the division zone was located in the 1-2 cm segment at the bottom of the leaf blade and maintained a constant size, continuously providing new cells for leaf elongation, whereas in the late rapid elongation phase (S6), when the length of the leaf blade was approaching that of a mature leaf, its cells at the bottom of the blade no longer divided and were replaced by the ability to elongate. Furthermore, to gain an insight into the dynamic changes in the growth of the S. kogasensis 'Aureostriatus' leaves in the lateral and periclinal directions, the width and thickness of 1459 epidermal and 2719 mesophyll cells were counted in the mid-cross section of leaves at different developmental stages. The results showed that during the early stages of development (S1-S3), young leaves maintained vigorous division in the lateral direction, while periplasmic division gradually expanded from the bottom to the top of the leaf blade and the number of cell layers stabilized at S4. The meristematic tissues on both sides of the leaf were still able to divide at S4 but the frequency of the division gradually decreased, while cell division and expansion occurred simultaneously between the veins. At S6, the cells at the leaf margins and between the veins were completely differentiated and the width of the leaf blade no longer expanded. These findings revealed changes in cell growth anisotropically during the leaf development of S. kogasensis 'Aureostriatus' and demonstrated that leaf elongation was closely related to the longitudinal expansion of epidermal cells and proliferative growth of mesophyll cells, whereas the cell division of meristematic tissues and expansion of post-divisional cells contributed to the increases in blade width and thickness. The presented framework will facilitate a further exploration of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of leaf development in S. kogasensis 'Aureostriatus' and provide relevant information for developmental and taxonomic studies of bamboo plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Z.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhuo Lv
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Z.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hanjiao Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Z.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiahui Yue
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Z.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Z.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Long Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Z.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Feiyi Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Z.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Z.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Jeon J, Rahman MM, Yang HW, Kim J, Gam HJ, Song JY, Jeong SW, Kim JI, Choi MG, Shin DH, Choi G, Shim D, Jung JH, Lee IJ, Jeon JS, Park YI. Modulation of warm temperature-sensitive growth using a phytochrome B dark reversion variant, phyB[G515E], in Arabidopsis and rice. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00324-7. [PMID: 37926145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ambient temperature-induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis seedlings is sensed by the epidermis-localized phytochrome B (phyB) and transduced into auxin biosynthesis via a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (PIF4). Once synthesized, auxin travels down from the cotyledons to the hypocotyl, triggering hypocotyl cell elongation. Thus, the phyB-PIF4 module involved in thermosensing and signal transduction is a potential genetic target for engineering warm temperature-insensitive plants. OBJECTIVES This study aims to manipulate warm temperature-induced elongation of plants at the post-translational level using phyB variants with dark reversion, the expression of which is subjected to heat stress. METHODS The thermosensitive growth response of Arabidopsis was manipulated by expressing the single amino acid substitution variant of phyB (phyB[G515E]), which exhibited a lower dark reversion rate than wild-type phyB. Other variants with slow (phyB[G564E]) or rapid (phyB[S584F]) dark reversion or light insensitivity (phyB[G767R]) were also included in this study for comparison. Warming-induced transient expression of phyB variants was achieved using heat shock-inducible promoters. Arabidopsis PHYB[G515E] and PHYB[G564E] were also constitutively expressed in rice in an attempt to manipulate the heat sensitivity of a monocotyledonous plant species. RESULTS At an elevated temperature, Arabidopsis seedlings transiently expressing PHYB[G515E] under the control of a heat shock-inducible promoter exhibited shorter hypocotyls than those expressing PHYB and other PHYB variant genes. This warm temperature-insensitive growth was related to the lowered PIF4 and auxin responses. In addition, transgenic rice seedlings expressing Arabidopsis PHYB[G515E] and PHYB[G564E] showed warm temperature-insensitive shoot growth. CONCLUSION Transient expression of phyB variants with altered dark reversion rates could serve as an effective optogenetic technique for manipulating PIF4-auxin-mediated thermomorphogenic responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Mizanor Rahman
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Wook Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jun Gam
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Won Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Goo Choi
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn-Il Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Miao C, Yang S, Xu J, Wang H, Zhang Y, Cui J, Zhang H, Jin H, Lu P, He L, Yu J, Zhou Q, Ding X. Effects of Light Intensity on Growth and Quality of Lettuce and Spinach Cultivars in a Plant Factory. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3337. [PMID: 37765503 PMCID: PMC10534974 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The decreased quality of leafy vegetables and tipburn caused by inappropriate light intensity are serious problems faced in plant factories, greatly reducing the economic benefits. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively understand the impact of light intensity on the growth and quality of different crops and to develop precise lighting schemes for specific cultivars. Two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars-Crunchy and Deangelia-and one spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivar-Shawen-were grown in a plant factory using a light-emitting diode (LED) under intensities of 300, 240, 180, and 120 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. Cultivation in a solar greenhouse using only natural light (NL) served as the control. The plant height, number of leaves, and leaf width exhibited the highest values under a light intensity of 300 μmol m-2 s-1 for Crunchy. The plant width and leaf length of Deangelia exhibited the smallest values under a light intensity of 300 μmol m-2 s-1. The fresh weight of shoot and root, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and ascorbic acid contents in the three cultivars increased with the increasing light intensity. However, tipburn was observed in Crunchy under 300 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensity, and in Deangelia under both 300 and 240 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensities. Shawen spinach exhibited leaf curling under all four light intensities. The light intensities of 240 and 180 μmol m-2 s-1 were observed to be the most optimum for Crunchy and Deangelia (semi-heading lettuce variety), respectively, which would exhibit relative balance growth and morphogenesis. The lack of healthy leaves in Shawen spinach under all light intensities indicated the need to comprehensively optimize cultivation for Shawen in plant factories to achieve successful cultivation. The results indicated that light intensity is an important factor and should be optimized for specific crop species and cultivars to achieve healthy growth in plant factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Miao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Shaojun Yang
- Shanghai Youyou Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Yuanqu South Road No. 1000, Chongming District, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Haiquan Road No. 100, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jiawei Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Haijun Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Panling Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Lizhong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jizhu Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiaotao Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinqi Road No. 1000, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
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Yao XC, Meng LF, Zhao WL, Mao GL. Changes in the morphology traits, anatomical structure of the leaves and transcriptome in Lycium barbarum L. under salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1090366. [PMID: 36890891 PMCID: PMC9987590 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1090366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress directly affects the growth of plants. The limitation of leaf grow is among the earliest visible effects of salt stress. However, the regulation mechanism of salt treatments on leaf shape has not been fully elucidated. We measured the morphological traits and anatomical structure. In combination with transcriptome analysis, we analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and verified the RNA-seq data by qRT-PCR. Finally, we analyzed correlation between leaf microstructure parameters and expansin genes. We show that the leaf thickness, the width, and the leaf length significantly increased at elevated salt concentrations after salt stress for 7 days. Low salt mainly promoted the increase in leaves length and width, but high salt concentration accelerated the leaf thickness. The anatomical structure results indicated that palisade mesophyll tissues contribute more to leaf thickness than spongy mesophyll tissues, which possibly contributed to the increase in leaf expansion and thickness. Moreover, a total of 3,572 DEGs were identified by RNA-seq. Notably, six of the DEGs among 92 identified genes concentrated on cell wall synthesis or modification were involved in cell wall loosening proteins. More importantly, we demonstrated that there was a strong positive correlation between the upregulated EXLA2 gene and the thickness of the palisade tissue in L. barbarum leaves. These results suggested that salt stress possibly induced the expression of EXLA2 gene, which in turn increased the thickness of L. barbarum leaves by promoting the longitudinal expansion of cells of the palisade tissue. This study lays a solid knowledge for revealing the underlying molecular mechanisms of leaf thickening in L. barbarum in response to salt stresses.
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Khan R, Ma X, Hussain Q, Chen K, Farooq S, Asim M, Ren X, Shah S, Shi Y. Transcriptome and anatomical studies reveal alterations in leaf thickness under long-term drought stress in tobacco. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 281:153920. [PMID: 36680840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the foremost environmental factors that limit the growth of plants. Leaf thickness (LT) is an important quantitative trait in plant physiology. The experiment was carried out in a growth room and the plants were divided into two groups such as well-watered and drought-stressed. This work investigated leaf growth in terms of leaf surface growth and expansion rate, leaf stomata traits, LT, anticlinal growth, and leaf cell layers. The results showed that the leaf area and leaf surface expansion rate were decreased by drought stress (DS). Similarly, LT, anticlinal expansion rate, palisade and spongy tissue thickness, and their related expansion rates were also decreased at different days' time points (DTP) of DS. However, a steady increase was observed in the aforementioned parameters after 12 DTP of DS. The stomatal density increased while stomata size decreased at 3 DTP and 12 DTP (low leaf water potential and relative leaf water content at these time points) and vice versa at 24 DTP compared with the well-watered plants indicating adaptations in these traits in response to DS, and thus the leaf water status played a role in the regulation of leaf stomata traits. The cell length decreased in the upper epidermis, palisade and spongy tissues by DS up to 12 DTP led to lower LT while an increase was observed after 12 DTP that resulted in higher LT. The increase in the LT was supported by the upregulation of starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways at 18 DTP along with the differentially expressed genes induced that were related to cell wall remodeling (cellulose, expansin, xyloglucans) and cell expansion (auxin response factors and aquaporin). The results explain the response of leaf thickness to drought stress and show alterations in LT and leaf stomatal traits. This study might serve as a valuable source of gene information for functional studies and provide a theoretical basis to understand leaf growth in terms of leaf anatomy and leaf stomatal traits under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xinghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Quaid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Keling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Saqib Farooq
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiaochun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Shahen Shah
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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9
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Meena SK, Heidecker M, Engelmann S, Jaber A, de Vries T, Triller S, Baumann-Kaschig K, Abel S, Behrens SE, Gago-Zachert S. Altered expression levels of long non-coding natural antisense transcripts overlapping the UGT73C6 gene affect rosette size in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:460-477. [PMID: 36495314 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural antisense long non-coding RNAs (lncNATs) are involved in the regulation of gene expression in plants, modulating different relevant developmental processes and responses to various stimuli. We have identified and characterized two lncNATs (NAT1UGT73C6 and NAT2UGT73C6 , collectively NATsUGT73C6 ) from Arabidopsis thaliana that are transcribed from a gene fully overlapping UGT73C6, a member of the UGT73C subfamily of genes encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Expression of both NATsUGT73C6 is developmentally controlled and occurs independently of the transcription of UGT73C6 in cis. Downregulation of NATsUGT73C6 levels through artificial microRNAs results in a reduction of the rosette area, while constitutive overexpression of NAT1UGT73C6 or NAT2UGT73C6 leads to the opposite phenotype, an increase in rosette size. This activity of NATsUGT73C6 relies on its RNA sequence and, although modulation of UGT73C6 in cis cannot be excluded, the observed phenotypes are not a consequence of the regulation of UGT73C6 in trans. The NATsUGT73C6 levels were shown to affect cell proliferation and thus individual leaf size. Consistent with this concept, our data suggest that the NATsUGT73C6 influence the expression levels of key transcription factors involved in regulating leaf growth by modulating cell proliferation. These findings thus reveal an additional regulatory layer on the process of leaf growth. In this work, we characterized at the molecular level two long non-coding RNAs (NATsUGT73C6 ) that are transcribed in the opposite direction to UGT73C6, a gene encoding a glucosyltransferase involved in brassinosteroid homeostasis in A. thaliana. Our results indicate that NATsUGT73C6 expression influences leaf growth by acting in trans and by modulating the levels of transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar Meena
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Michel Heidecker
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Susanne Engelmann
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Ammar Jaber
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Tebbe de Vries
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Saskia Triller
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Katja Baumann-Kaschig
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Sven-Erik Behrens
- Section Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Selma Gago-Zachert
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
- Section Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
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10
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Wang K, Zhao C, Xiang S, Duan K, Chen X, Guo X, Sahu SK. An optimized FACS-free single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) method for plant science research. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111535. [PMID: 36400127 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides unprecedented power for accurately understanding gene expression regulatory mechanisms. However, scRNA-seq studies have limitations in plants, due to difficulty in protoplast isolation that requires enzymatic digestion of the cell walls from various plant tissues. Therefore, to overcome this problem, we developed a nuclei isolation approach that does not rely on Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). We validated the robustness of the FACS-free single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) methodology in mature Arabidopsis plant tissue by comparing it to scRNA-seq results based on protoplasts extracted from the same batch of leaf materials. Sequencing results demonstrated the high quality of snRNA-seq data, as well as its utility in cell type classification and marker gene identification. This approach also showed several advantages, including the ability to use frozen samples, taking less suspension preparation time, and reducing biased cellular coverage and dissociation-induced transcriptional artifacts. Surprisingly, snRNA-seq detected two epidermal pavement cell clusters, while scRNA-seq only had one. Furthermore, we hypothesized that these two epidermal cells represent the top and lower epidermis based on differences in expression patterns of cluster-specific expressed genes. In summary, this study has advanced the application of snRNA-seq in Arabidopsis leaves and confirmed the advantages of snRNA-seq in plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caiyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Sunhuan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
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11
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Treado JD, Roddy AB, Théroux-Rancourt G, Zhang L, Ambrose C, Brodersen CR, Shattuck MD, O’Hern CS. Localized growth and remodelling drives spongy mesophyll morphogenesis. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220602. [PMID: 36475391 PMCID: PMC9727661 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spongy mesophyll is a complex, porous tissue found in plant leaves that enables carbon capture and provides mechanical stability. Unlike many other biological tissues, which remain confluent throughout development, the spongy mesophyll must develop from an initially confluent tissue into a tortuous network of cells with a large proportion of intercellular airspace. How the airspace in the spongy mesophyll develops while the tissue remains mechanically stable is unknown. Here, we use computer simulations of deformable polygons to develop a purely mechanical model for the development of the spongy mesophyll tissue. By stipulating that cell wall growth and remodelling occurs only near void space, our computational model is able to recapitulate spongy mesophyll development observed in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. We find that robust generation of pore space in the spongy mesophyll requires a balance of cell growth, adhesion, stiffness and tissue pressure to ensure cell networks become porous yet maintain mechanical stability. The success of this mechanical model of morphogenesis suggests that simple physical principles can coordinate and drive the development of complex plant tissues like the spongy mesophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Treado
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam B. Roddy
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Guillaume Théroux-Rancourt
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Liyong Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E2
| | | | - Mark D. Shattuck
- Department of Physics and Benjamin Levich Institute, City College of New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Corey S. O’Hern
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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12
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Tan B, Li Y, Deng D, Pan H, Zeng Y, Tan X, Zhuang W, Li Z. Rhizosphere inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana with Trichoderma harzianum TRA1-16 in controlled environment agriculture: Effects of varying light intensities on the mutualism-parasitism interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:989155. [PMID: 36340354 PMCID: PMC9630631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.989155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp., a genus of fast-growing and highly adaptable fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, rendering them ideal for practical use in controlled environment agriculture. Herein, this paper aims to understand how the Nicotiana benthamiana with inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum strain TRA1-16 responds to light intensity variation. Pot experiments were conducted under low and high light intensities (50 and 150 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively) and microbial treatments. Plant growth, physio-biochemical attributes, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and phytohormones regulation were investigated. The results showed that for non-inoculated plants, the reduction in light intensity inhibited plant growth, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake, chlorophyll a/b, and carotenoid content. Trichoderma inoculation resulted in 1.17 to 1.51 times higher concentrations of available N and P in the soil than the non-inoculated group, with higher concentrations at high light intensity. Plant height, dry weight, nutrient uptake, and antioxidant activity were significantly increased after inoculation (p<0.05). However, the growth-promoting effect was less effective under low light conditions, with lower plant height and P content in plants. We suggested that when the light was attenuated, the mutualism of the Trichoderma turned into parasitism, slowing the growth of the host plant. The application of fungal inoculation techniques for plant growth promotion required coordination with appropriate light complementation. The mechanisms of coordination and interaction were proposed to be incorporated into the biological market theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Development Guorun Water Investment Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | | | - Hongli Pan
- Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhua Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas in Southern China of Sichuan Province, Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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13
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Hu W, Lu Z, Gu H, Ye X, Li X, Cong R, Ren T, Lu J. Potassium availability influences the mesophyll structure to coordinate the conductance of CO 2 and H 2 O during leaf expansion. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2987-3000. [PMID: 35864569 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf growth relies on photosynthesis and hydraulics to provide carbohydrates and expansion power; in turn, leaves intercept light and construct organism systems for functioning. Under potassium (K) deficiency stress, leaf area, photosynthesis and hydraulics are all affected by alterations in leaf structure. However, the connection between changes in leaf growth and function caused by the structure under K regulation is unclear. Consequently, the leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) and photosynthetic rate (A) combined with leaf anatomical characteristics of Brassica napus were continuously observed during leaf growth under different K supply levels. The results showed that Kleaf and A decreased simultaneously after leaf area with the increasing K deficiency stress. K deficiency significantly increased longitudinal mesophyll cell investment, leading to a reduced volume fraction of intercellular air-space (fias ) and decreased leaf expansion rate. Furthermore, reduced fias decreased mesophyll and chloroplast surfaces exposed to intercellular airspace and gas phase H2 O transport, which induced coordinated changes in CO2 mesophyll conductance and hydraulic conductance in extra-xylem pathways. Adequate K supply facilitated higher fias through smaller palisade tissue cell density (loose mesophyll cell arrangement) and smaller spongy tissue cell size, which coordinated CO2 and H2 O conductance and promoted leaf area expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Hu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Hehe Gu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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14
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Zhou Z, Feng S, Gai S, Gao P, Xu C, Xia M, Tang W, Lu X. Affordable phosphor-converted LEDs with specific light quality facilitate the tobacco seedling growth with low energy consumption in Industrial Seedling Raising. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 235:112564. [PMID: 36116228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Industrial Seedling Raising (ISR) is increasingly becoming an important part of Modern Agriculture because of its efficient utilization of land, water, and fertilizer as well as its advantages of being not easily affected by the weather. However, the high cost and high energy consumption of light sources for plant growth is limiting the popularization of ISR technology. Phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) make use of relatively affordable red phosphor and blue light chips, providing an adjustable spectrum to optimize plant growth. To identify the energy-saving light quality of pc-LEDs, we investigated the effects of a variety of light qualities on the growth of tobacco seedlings. Y3Al5O12:Ce3+, CaAlSiN3:Eu2+, KAl11O17:Eu2+ phosphors were combined with the blue light chip according to different proportions to produce the following light sources: CK (white light), T1 (blue light), T2 (red light), T3 (red: blue light ratio = 1:4), T4 (red: blue light ratio = 4:1). The tobacco variety Xiangyan7 grown continuously under T1, T2, T3, and T4 significantly increased the leaf area, stem length, biomass, root area and main root length compared with those grown under white light. Among the five kinds of light qualities tested, T4 treatment exerted the best effect on leaf development and biomass increase, while T2 exerted the best effect on stem elongation. The cytological analysis demonstrated that the promotion of the cell size and cell number of leaf epidermal cells by T1-T4 might contribute to the leaf expansion. Further analysis at the molecular level suggested that the light quality affected the RNA levels of the genes involved in cell division and expansion. When tobacco seedlings reached the same biomass, T1-T4 light sources saved 71%, 86%, 80% and 89% of electric energy respectively compared with white light. Therefore, the application of specific pc-LEDs not only reduces the cost of light source production, but also saves energy consumption, offering great potential for ISR technology to cut costs and increase efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, Changsha 410128, PR China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Shuqing Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Shujie Gai
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, Changsha 410128, PR China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Peixin Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Mao Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Wenbang Tang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, 410125, PR China.
| | - Xuedan Lu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
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15
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Khoshravesh R, Hoffmann N, Hanson DT. Leaf microscopy applications in photosynthesis research: identifying the gaps. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1868-1893. [PMID: 34986250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf imaging via microscopy has provided critical insights into research on photosynthesis at multiple junctures, from the early understanding of the role of stomata, through elucidating C4 photosynthesis via Kranz anatomy and chloroplast arrangement in single cells, to detailed explorations of diffusion pathways and light utilization gradients within leaves. In recent decades, the original two-dimensional (2D) explorations have begun to be visualized in three-dimensional (3D) space, revising our understanding of structure-function relationships between internal leaf anatomy and photosynthesis. In particular, advancing new technologies and analyses are providing fresh insight into the relationship between leaf cellular components and improving the ability to model net carbon fixation, water use efficiency, and metabolite turnover rate in leaves. While ground-breaking developments in imaging tools and techniques have expanded our knowledge of leaf 3D structure via high-resolution 3D and time-series images, there is a growing need for more in vivo imaging as well as metabolite imaging. However, these advances necessitate further improvement in microscopy sciences to overcome the unique challenges a green leaf poses. In this review, we discuss the available tools, techniques, challenges, and gaps for efficient in vivo leaf 3D imaging, as well as innovations to overcome these difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David T Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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16
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Simkin AJ, Kapoor L, Doss CGP, Hofmann TA, Lawson T, Ramamoorthy S. The role of photosynthesis related pigments in light harvesting, photoprotection and enhancement of photosynthetic yield in planta. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:23-42. [PMID: 35064531 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic pigments are an integral and vital part of all photosynthetic machinery and are present in different types and abundances throughout the photosynthetic apparatus. Chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins are the prime photosynthetic pigments which facilitate efficient light absorption in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. The chlorophyll family plays a vital role in light harvesting by absorbing light at different wavelengths and allowing photosynthetic organisms to adapt to different environments, either in the long-term or during transient changes in light. Carotenoids play diverse roles in photosynthesis, including light capture and as crucial antioxidants to reduce photodamage and photoinhibition. In the marine habitat, phycobilins capture a wide spectrum of light and have allowed cyanobacteria and red algae to colonise deep waters where other frequencies of light are attenuated by the water column. In this review, we discuss the potential strategies that photosynthetic pigments provide, coupled with development of molecular biological techniques, to improve crop yields through enhanced light harvesting, increased photoprotection and improved photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Leepica Kapoor
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanja A Hofmann
- OSFC, Scrivener Drive, Pinewood, Ipswich, IP8 3SU, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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17
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He S, Ma R, Liu Z, Zhang D, Wang S, Guo Y, Chen M. Overexpression of BnaAGL11, a MADS-Box Transcription Factor, Regulates Leaf Morphogenesis and Senescence in Brassica napus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3420-3434. [PMID: 35261232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that SEEDSTICK/AGAMOUS-LIKE 11 (AtSTK/AtAGL11), a MADS-box transcription factor, plays important roles in many biological processes in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the function of BnaAGL11, an AtAGL11 homologous gene from Brassica napus, in leaf development remains unknown. Here, we found that the ectopic expression of any copy of Bna.C09.AGL11, Bna.A03.AGL11, and Bna.A09.AGL11 in A. thaliana led to smaller and curly leaves and promoted leaf senescence. Consistently, the overexpression of Bna.C09.AGL11 in B. napus also caused smaller and curly leaves and accelerated leaf senescence. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Bna.C09.AGL11 controlled leaf morphogenesis by indirectly downregulating the genes of Bna.A01.DWF4 and Bna.C07.PGX3 and promoted leaf senescence by indirectly upregulating the genes of Bna.A04.ABI5, Bna.A05.ABI5, Bna.C04.ABI5-1, and Bna.C01.SEN4 and directly activating the transcription of Bna.C04.ABI5-2 and Bna.C03.SEN4 genes. Our results provide new insights into the underlying regulatory mechanism of BnaAGL11 during leaf development in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Da Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingxun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Lighting from Top and Side Enhances Photosynthesis and Plant Performance by Improving Light Usage Efficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052448. [PMID: 35269590 PMCID: PMC8910434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is a critical environmental factor that influences plant growth and development, ranging from seed germination to flowering and fruiting. This study was carried out to explore how the optimal combination of various lighting directions increases the light usage efficiency and influences the plant morphophysiology, by investigating the plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, epidermal morphology, stomatal properties, chlorophyll content, key physiological changes, and correlated gene expressions. In closed-type plant growth chambers, rooted cuttings of two chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivars, “Pearl Egg” and “Gaya Glory”, were subjected to a 10-h photoperiod with 600 μmol∙m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in each light-direction combination (top (1/1) (T), top (1/2) + side (1/2) (TS), top (1/2) + bottom (1/2) (TB), side (1/2) + bottom (1/2) (SB), and top (1/3) + side (1/3) + bottom (1/3) (TSB)). The TS lighting significantly enhanced the morphophysiological performance, compared to the other lighting direction combinations. Notably, the excellent branch formation and earlier flowering were induced by the TS lighting in both “Pearl Egg” and “Gaya Glory” plants.
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Morphological Characterization and Transcriptome Analysis of New Dwarf and Narrow-Leaf ( dnl2) Mutant in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020795. [PMID: 35054982 PMCID: PMC8775757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lodging is the primary factor limiting high yield under a high plant density. However, an optimal plant height and leaf shape can effectively decrease the lodging risk. Here we studied an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced dwarf and a narrow-leaf mutant, dnl2. Gene mapping indicated that the mutant was controlled by a gene located on chromosome nine. Phenotypic and cytological observations revealed that dnl2 showed inhibited cell growth, altered vascular bundle patterning, and disrupted secondary cell wall structure when compared with the wild-type, which could be the direct cause of the dwarf and narrow-leaf phenotype. The phytohormone levels, especially auxin and gibberellin, were significantly decreased in dnl2 compared to the wild-type plants. Transcriptome profiling of the internodes of the dnl2 mutant and wild-type revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes enriched in the cell wall biosynthesis, remodeling, and hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Therefore, we suggest that crosstalk between hormones (the altered vascular bundle and secondary cell wall structure) may contribute to the dwarf and narrow-leaf phenotype by influencing cell growth. These results provide a foundation for DNL2 gene cloning and further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of the regulation of plant height and leaf shape in maize.
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20
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Gong X, Liu C, Dang K, Wang H, Du W, Qi H, Jiang Y, Feng B. Mung Bean ( Vigna radiata L.) Source Leaf Adaptation to Shading Stress Affects Not Only Photosynthetic Physiology Metabolism but Also Control of Key Gene Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:753264. [PMID: 35185974 PMCID: PMC8854224 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.753264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Shading stress strongly limits the effective growth of plants. Understanding how plant morphogenesis and physiological adaptation are generated in response to the reduced low light conditions is important for food crop development. In this study, two mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars, namely, Xilv 1 and Yulv 1, were grown in the field to explore the effects of shading stress on their growth. The results of morphology, physiology, and biochemistry analyses showed that the shading stress significantly weakened the leaf photosynthetic capacity as measured by the decreased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate and increased intercellular CO2 concentration. These responses resulted in plant morphological characteristics that increased the light energy absorption in low light conditions. Such variations occurred due to the leaf anatomical structure with destroyed palisade tissues and spongy tissues. Under shading stress, Yulv 1 showed higher physiological metabolic intensity than Xilv 1, which was related to changes in chlorophyll (Chl), such as Chl a and b, and Chl a/b ratio. Compared with normal light conditions, the Chl fluorescence values, photosynthetic assimilation substances, and enzyme activities in mung bean plants under shading stress were reduced to different extent. In addition, the relative expression levels of VrGA2ox, VrGA20ox1, VrGA3ox1, VrROT3, and VrBZR1, which are related to endogenous hormone in mung bean leaves, were upregulated by shading stress, further leading to the improvements in the concentrations of auxin, gibberellins (GAs), and brassinolide (BR). Combined with the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses, Yulv 1 has stronger tolerance and ecological adaptability to shading stress than Xilv 1. Therefore, our study provides insights into the agronomic traits and gene expressions of mung bean cultivars to enhance their adaptability to the shading stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Gong
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chunjuan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Honglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wanli Du
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Qi
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Jiang,
| | - Baili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Baili Feng,
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21
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Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112019. [PMID: 34769450 PMCID: PMC8584406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the most important factors that influence plant growth and development. This study was conducted to examine how lighting direction affects plant morphophysiology by investigating plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, epidermal cell elongation, stomatal properties, chloroplast arrangement, and physiological changes. In closed-type plant factory units, the rooted cuttings of two chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivars, ‘Gaya Glory’ and ‘Pearl Egg’, were subjected to a 10 h photoperiod with a 300 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from three directions relative to the plant including the top, side, and bottom. Compared to the top or bottom lighting, the side lighting greatly enhanced the plant growth, improved the leaf internal structure and chloroplast arrangement, induced small stomata with a higher density, and promoted stomatal opening, which is associated with an increased stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency. It is worth noting that the side lighting significantly enhanced the induction of branching and flowering for both cultivars., The plants grown with side lighting consistently exhibited the greatest physiological performance. We conclude that the lighting direction had a profound effect on the morphophysiological characteristics of chrysanthemum, and that side lighting dramatically promoted their growth and development, especially in their branching and flowering.
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22
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Nascimento VL, Pereira AM, Pereira AS, Silva VF, Costa LC, Bastos CEA, Ribeiro DM, Caldana C, Sulpice R, Nunes-Nesi A, Zsögön A, Araújo WL. Physiological and metabolic bases of increased growth in the tomato ethylene-insensitive mutant Never ripe: extending ethylene signaling functions. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1377-1393. [PMID: 33074436 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tomato mutant Never ripe (Nr), a loss-of-function for the ethylene receptor SlETR3, shows enhanced growth, associated with increased carbon assimilation and a rewiring of the central metabolism. Compelling evidence has demonstrated the importance of ethylene during tomato fruit development, yet its role on leaf central metabolism and plant growth remains elusive. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of Never ripe (Nr) tomato, a loss-of-function mutant for the ethylene receptor SlETR3, known for its fruits which never ripe. However, besides fruits, the Nr gene is also constitutively expressed in vegetative tissues. Nr mutant showed a growth enhancement during both the vegetative and reproductive stage, without an earlier onset of leaf senescence, with Nr plants exhibiting a higher number of leaves and an increased dry weight of leaves, stems, roots, and fruits. At metabolic level, Nr also plays a significant role with the mutant showing changes in carbon assimilation, carbohydrates turnover, and an exquisite reprogramming of a large number of metabolite levels. Notably, the expression of genes related to ethylene signaling and biosynthesis are not altered in Nr. We assess our results in the context of those previously published for tomato fruits and of current models of ethylene signal transduction, and conclude that ethylene insensitivity mediated by Nr impacts the whole central metabolism at vegetative stage, leading to increased growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor L Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Auderlan M Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Aurelio S Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Victor F Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Carla E A Bastos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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23
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Zhang L, McEvoy D, Le Y, Ambrose C. Live imaging of microtubule organization, cell expansion, and intercellular space formation in Arabidopsis leaf spongy mesophyll cells. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:623-641. [PMID: 33955495 PMCID: PMC8136880 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Leaf spongy mesophyll cells form an interconnected network of branched cells and intercellular spaces to maximize the surface area available for light capture and photosynthetic gas exchange. To investigate the morphogenetic events leading to cell separation and branching in Arabidopsis thaliana, we used mesophyll-specific promoters to facilitate imaging of mesophyll cell shape and microtubule (MT) organization over multiple spatiotemporal scales without interference from the overlying epidermal cells. We show that cells enlarge by selective expansion of cell wall regions in contact with intercellular spaces. Cell-cell contacts remain relatively fixed in size, forming the termini of interconnecting branches. Surprisingly, classic schizogeny (de-adhesion of neighboring cells) is relatively infrequent, being related to the local topology of cell junctions during early expansion. Intercellular spaces cue the position of stable MT bundles, which in turn promote efficient dilation of intercellular spaces and cell branching. Our data provide insights into mesophyll morphogenesis and MT organization and lay the groundwork for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Delanie McEvoy
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yen Le
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Khan R, Wu X, Zhou L, Xu N, Du S, Ma X. Exogenous application of brassinosteroids regulates tobacco leaf size and expansion via modulation of endogenous hormones content and gene expression. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:847-860. [PMID: 33967467 PMCID: PMC8055801 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brassinosteroids (BR) play diverse roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. BR promotes plant growth by triggering cell division and expansion. However, the effect of exogenous BR application on the leaf size and expansion of tobacco is unknown. Tobacco seedlings are treated with different concentrations of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBL) [control (CK, 0 mol L-1), T1 (0.5 × 10-7 mol L-1), and T2 (0.5 × 10-4 mol L-1)]. The results show that T1 has 17.29% and T2 has 25.99% more leaf area than control. The epidermal cell area is increased by 24.40% and 17.13% while the number of epidermal cells is 7.06% and 21.06% higher in T1 and T2, respectively, relative to control. So the exogenous EBL application improves the leaf area by increasing cell numbers and cell area. The endogenous BR (7.5 times and 68.4 times), auxin (IAA) (4.03% and 25.29%), and gibberellin (GA3) contents (84.42% and 91.76%) are higher in T1 and T2, respectively, in comparison with control. Additionally, NtBRI1, NtBIN2, and NtBES1 are upregulated showing that the brassinosteroid signaling pathway is activated. Furthermore, the expression of the key biosynthesis-related genes of BR (NtDWF4), IAA (NtYUCCA6), and GA3 (NtGA3ox-2) are all upregulated under EBL application. Finally, the exogenous EBL application also upregulated the expression of cell growth-related genes (NtCYCD3;1, NtARGOS, NtGRF5, NtGRF8, and NtXTH). The results reveal that the EBL application increases the leaf size and expansion by promoting the cell expansion and division through higher BR, IAA, and GA3 contents along with the upregulation of cell growth-related genes. The results of the study provide a scientific basis for the effect of EBL on tobacco leaf growth at morphological, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular levels. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Rayyan Khan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Na Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Shasha Du
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xinghua Ma
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
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25
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Liu PC, Peacock WJ, Wang L, Furbank R, Larkum A, Dennis ES. Leaf growth in early development is key to biomass heterosis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2439-2450. [PMID: 31960925 PMCID: PMC7178430 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana hybrids have similar properties to hybrid crops, with greater biomass relative to the parents. We asked whether the greater biomass was due to increased photosynthetic efficiency per unit leaf area or to overall increased leaf area and increased total photosynthate per plant. We found that photosynthetic parameters (electron transport rate, CO2 assimilation rate, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast number) were unchanged on a leaf unit area and unit fresh weight basis between parents and hybrids, indicating that heterosis is not a result of increased photosynthetic efficiency. To investigate the possibility of increased leaf area producing more photosynthate per plant, we studied C24×Landsberg erecta (Ler) hybrids in detail. These hybrids have earlier germination and leaf growth than the parents, leading to a larger leaf area at any point in development of the plant. The developing leaves of the hybrids are significantly larger than those of the parents, with consequent greater production of photosynthate and an increased contribution to heterosis. The set of leaves contributing to heterosis changes as the plant develops; the four most recently emerged leaves make the greatest contribution. As a leaf matures, its contribution to heterosis attenuates. While photosynthesis per unit leaf area is unchanged at any stage of development in the hybrid, leaf area is greater and the amount of photosynthate per plant is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chuan Liu
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industry Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - W James Peacock
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industry Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Wang
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Furbank
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anthony Larkum
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Dennis
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industry Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Kinematic methods for studying root growth are powerful but underutilized. To carry out kinematic analysis, the Baskin laboratory, in collaboration with computer scientists, developed software called Stripflow that quantifies the velocity of motion of points in the root, a quantification that is required for subsequent kinematic analysis. The first half of this chapter overviews concepts that underlie kinematic analysis of root growth; the second half provides a step-by-step guide for using Stripflow.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ye D, Xing J, Duan L, Li Z, Zhang M. Ethephon-regulated maize internode elongation associated with modulating auxin and gibberellin signal to alter cell wall biosynthesis and modification. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110196. [PMID: 31779899 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethephon efficiently regulates plant growth to modulate the maize (Zea mays L.) stalk strength and yield potential, yet there is little information on how ethylene governs a specific cellular response for altering internode elongation. Here, the internode elongation kinetics, cell morphological and physiological properties and transcript expression patterns were investigated in the ethephon-treated elongating internode. Ethephon decreased the internode elongation rate, shortened the effective elongation duration, and advanced the growth process. Ethephon regulated the expression patterns of expansin and secondary cell wall-associated cellulose synthase genes to alter cell size. Moreover, ethephon increased the activities and transcripts level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase, which contributed to lignin accumulation. Otherwise, ethephon-boosted ethylene evolution activated ethylene signal and increased ZmGA2ox3 and ZmGA2ox10 transcript levels while down-regulating ZmPIN1a, ZmPIN4 and ZmGA3ox1 transcript levels, which led to lower accumulation of gibberellins and auxin. In addition, transcriptome profiles confirmed previous results and identified several transcription factors that are involved in the ethephon-modulated transcriptional regulation of cell wall biosynthesis and modification and responses to ethylene, gibberellins and auxin. These results indicated that ethylene-modulated auxin and gibberellins signaling mediated the transcriptional operation of cell wall modification to regulate cell elongation in the ethephon-treated maize internode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yubin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Delian Ye
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jiapeng Xing
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Sprangers K, Thys S, van Dusschoten D, Beemster GTS. Gibberellin Enhances the Anisotropy of Cell Expansion in the Growth Zone of the Maize Leaf. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1163. [PMID: 32849718 PMCID: PMC7417610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although plant organ shapes are defined by spatio-temporal variations of directional tissue expansion, this is a little characterized aspect of organ growth regulation. Although it is well known that the plant hormone gibberellin increases the leaf length/with ratio, its effects on cell expansion in the growing leaf are largely unknown. To understand how variations in rate and anisotropy of growth establish the typical monocotelydonous leaf shape, we studied the leaf growth zone of maize (Zea mays) with a kinematic analysis of cell expansion in the three directions of growth: proximo-distal, medio-lateral, and dorso-ventral. To determine the effect of gibberellin, we compared a gibberellin-deficient dwarf3 mutant and the overproducing UBI::GA20OX-1 line with their wild types. We found that, as expected, longitudinal growth was dominant throughout the growth zone. The highest degree of anisotropy occurred in the division zone, where relative growth rates in width and thickness were almost zero. Growth anisotropy was smaller in the elongation zone, due to higher lateral and dorso-ventral growth rates. Growth in all directions stopped at the same position. Gibberellin increased the size of the growth zone and the degree of growth anisotropy by stimulating longitudinal growth rates. Inversely, the duration of expansion was negatively affected, so that mature cell length was unaffected, while width and height of cells were reduced. Our study provides a detailed insight in the dynamics of growth anisotropy in the maize leaf and demonstrates that gibberellin specifically stimulates longitudinal growth rates throughout the growth zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Sprangers
- Research Group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sofie Thys, ; Gerrit T. S. Beemster,
| | - Dagmar van Dusschoten
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Research Group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sofie Thys, ; Gerrit T. S. Beemster,
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29
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Hoshino R, Yoshida Y, Tsukaya H. Multiple steps of leaf thickening during sun-leaf formation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:738-753. [PMID: 31350790 PMCID: PMC6900135 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphological and physiological traits exhibit plasticity in response to light intensity. Leaf thickness is enhanced under high light (HL) conditions compared with low light (LL) conditions through increases in both cell number and size in the dorsoventral direction; however, the regulation of such phenotypic plasticity in leaf thickness (namely, sun- or shade-leaf formation) during the developmental process remains largely unclear. By modifying observation techniques for tiny leaf primordia in Arabidopsis thaliana, we analysed sun- and shade-leaf development in a time-course manner and found that the process of leaf thickening can be divided into early and late phases. In the early phase, anisotropic cell elongation and periclinal cell division on the adaxial side of mesophyll tissue occurred under the HL conditions used, which resulted in the dorsoventral growth of sun leaves. Anisotropic cell elongation in the palisade tissue is triggered by blue-light irradiation. We discovered that anisotropic cell elongation processes before or after periclinal cell division were differentially regulated independent of or dependent upon signalling through blue-light receptors. In contrast, during the late phase, isotropic cell expansion associated with the endocycle, which determined the final leaf thickness, occurred irrespective of the light conditions. Sucrose production was high under HL conditions, and we found that sucrose promoted isotropic cell expansion and the endocycle even under LL conditions. Our analyses based on this method of time-course observation addressed the developmental framework of sun- and shade-leaf formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Hoshino
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living SystemsNational Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazakiAichi444‐8787Japan
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Solanki M, Sinha A, Shukla LI. Optimization of in vitro culture media for improvement in yield of Navara ancient Indian medicinal rice. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:270. [DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Feng L, Raza MA, Li Z, Chen Y, Khalid MHB, Du J, Liu W, Wu X, Song C, Yu L, Zhang Z, Yuan S, Yang W, Yang F. The Influence of Light Intensity and Leaf Movement on Photosynthesis Characteristics and Carbon Balance of Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1952. [PMID: 30687355 PMCID: PMC6338029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In intercropping systems shading conditions significantly impair the seed yield and quality of soybean, and rarely someone investigated the minimum amount of light requirement for soybean growth and development. Therefore, it is an urgent need to determine the threshold light intensity to ensure sustainable soybean production under these systems. An integrated approach combining morphology, physiology, biochemistry and genetic analysis was undertaken to study the light intensity effects on soybean growth and development. A pot experiment was set up in a growth chamber under increasing light intensity treatments of 100 (L100), 200 (L200), 300 (L300), 400 (L400), and 500 (L500) μmol m-2 s-1. Compared with L100, plant height, hypocotyl length, and abaxial leaf petiole angle were decreased, biomass, root:shoot ratio, and stem diameter were increased, extremum was almost observed in L400 and L500. Leaf petiole movement and leaf hyponasty in each treatment has presented a tendency to decrease the leaf angle from L500 to L100. In addition, the cytochrome content (Chl a, Chl b, Car), net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence values of F v/F m, F v ' / F m ' , ETR, ΦPSII, and qP were increased as the light intensity increased, and higher values were noted under L400. Leaf microstructure and chloroplast ultrastructure positively improved with increasing light intensity, and leaf-thickness, palisade, and spongy tissues-thickness were increased by 105, 90, and 370%, under L500 than L100. Moreover, the cross-sectional area of chloroplast (C) outer membrane and starch grains (S), and sectional area ratio (S:C) was highest under L400 and L500, respectively. Compared to L100, the content of starch granules increased by 35.5, 122.0, 157.6, and 145.5%, respectively in L400. The same trends were observed in the enzyme activity of sucrose-synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase, starch synthase, rubisco, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase, and phosphoenol pyruvate phosphatase. Furthermore, sucrose synthesis-related genes were also up-regulated by increasing light intensity, and the highest seed yield and yield related parameters were recorded in the L400. Overall, these results suggested that 400 and 500 μmol m-2 s-1 is the optimum light intensity which positively changed the leaf orientation and adjusts leaf angle to perpendicular to coming light, consequently, soybean plants grow well under prevailing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongchuan Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuankai Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Hayder Bin Khalid
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun Song
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- China Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
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Demidov D, Heckmann S, Weiss O, Rutten T, Dvořák Tomaštíková E, Kuhlmann M, Scholl P, Municio CM, Lermontova I, Houben A. Deregulated Phosphorylation of CENH3 at Ser65 Affects the Development of Floral Meristems in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:928. [PMID: 31404279 PMCID: PMC6671561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Several histone variants are posttranslationally phosphorylated. Little is known about phosphorylation of the centromere-specific histone 3 (CENH3) variant in plants. We show that CENH3 of Arabidopsis thaliana is phosphorylated in vitro by Aurora3, predominantly at serine 65. Interaction of Aurora3 and CENH3 was found by immunoprecipitation (IP) in A. thaliana and by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Western blotting with an anti-CENH3 pS65 antibody showed that CENH3 pS65 is more abundant in flower buds than elsewhere in the plant. Substitution of serine 65 by either alanine or aspartic acid resulted in a range of phenotypic abnormalities, especially in reproductive tissues. We conclude that Aurora3 phosphorylates CENH3 at S65 and that this post-translational modification is required for the proper development of the floral meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Demidov
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dmitri Demidov,
| | - Stefan Heckmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Oda Weiss
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eva Dvořák Tomaštíková
- Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Kuhlmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick Scholl
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
- Independent Researcher, Plankstadt, Germany
| | - Celia Maria Municio
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Inna Lermontova
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Andreas Houben
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
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Cardoso AA, Randall JM, Jordan GJ, McAdam SAM. Extended differentiation of veins and stomata is essential for the expansion of large leaves in Rheum rhabarbarum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1967-1974. [PMID: 30475383 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The densities of veins and stomata govern leaf water supply and gas exchange. They are coordinated to avoid overproduction of either veins or stomata. In many species, where leaf area is greater at low light, this coordination is primarily achieved through differential cell expansion, resulting in lower stomatal and vein density in larger leaves. This mechanism would, however, create highly inefficient leaves in species in which leaf area is greater at high light. Here we investigate the role of cell expansion and differentiation as regulators of vein and stomatal density in Rheum rhabarbarum, which produces large leaves under high light. METHODS Rheum rhabarbarum plants were grown under full sunlight and 7% of full sunlight. Leaf area, stomatal density, and vein density were measured from leaves harvested at different intervals. KEY RESULTS Leaves of R. rhabarbarum expanded at high light were six times larger than leaves expanded at low light, yet vein and stomatal densities were similar. In high light-expanded leaves, minor veins were continuously initiated as the leaves expanded, while an extended period of stomatal initiation, compared to leaves expanded at low light, occurred early in leaf development. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that R. rhabarbarum adjusts the initiation of stomata and minor veins at high light, allowing for the production of larger leaves uncoupled from lower vein and stomatal densities. We also present evidence for an independent control of vein and stomatal initiation, suggesting that this adjustment must involve some unknown developmental mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cardoso
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Joshua M Randall
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Carabelli M, Possenti M, Sessa G, Ruzza V, Morelli G, Ruberti I. Arabidopsis HD-Zip II proteins regulate the exit from proliferation during leaf development in canopy shade. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5419-5431. [PMID: 30239874 PMCID: PMC6255710 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance response is mainly evident as increased plant elongation at the expense of leaf and root expansion. Despite the advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying shade-induced hypocotyl elongation, little is known about the responses to simulated shade in organs other than the hypocotyl. In Arabidopsis, there is evidence that shade rapidly and transiently reduces the frequency of cell division in young first and second leaf primordia through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. However, the effects of canopy shade on leaf development are likely to be complex and need to be further investigated. Using combined methods of genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, we uncovered an effect of prolonged canopy shade on leaf development. We show that persistent shade determines early exit from proliferation in the first and second leaves of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the early exit from proliferation in the first and second leaves under simulated shade depends at least in part on the action of the Homeodomain-leucine zipper II (HD-Zip II) transcription factors ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX2 (ATHB2) and ATHB4. Finally, we provide evidence that the ATHB2 and ATHB4 proteins work in concert. Together the data contribute new insights on the mechanisms controlling leaf development under canopy shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Carabelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Possenti
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sessa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentino Ruzza
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Morelli
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Ruberti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Qin SW, Jiang RJ, Zhang N, Liu ZW, Li CL, Guo ZZ, Bao LH, Zhao LF. Genome-wide analysis of RNAs associated with Populus euphratica Oliv. heterophyll morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17248. [PMID: 30467318 PMCID: PMC6250686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The desert plant Populus euphratica Oliv. has typical heterophylly; linear (Li), lanceolate (La), ovate (Ov) and broad-ovate (Bo) leaves grow in turn as trees develop to maturity. P. euphratica is therefore a potential model organism for leaf development. To investigate the roles of RNAs (including mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs) in the morphogenesis of P. euphratica heterophylls, juvenile heterophylls were sampled individually, and then, the expression patterns of miRNAs, mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs were analysed by small RNA sequencing and strand-specific RNA sequencing. We found that 1374 mRNAs, 19 miRNAs, 71 lncRNAs and 2 circRNAs were P. euphratica heterophyll morphogenesis–associated (PHMA) RNAs; among them, 17 PHMA miRNAs could alter the expression of 46 PHMA mRNAs. Furthermore, 11 lncRNAs and 2 circRNAs interacted with 27 PHMA mRNAs according to the ceRNA hypothesis. According to GO and KEGG pathway analysis, PHMA RNAs were mainly involved in metabolism, response to stimulus and developmental processes. Our results indicated that external environmental factors and genetic factors in P. euphratica co-regulated the expression of PHMA RNAs, repressed cell division, reinforced cell growth, and ultimately resulted in the morphogenesis of P. euphratica heterophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wei Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Ren-Jun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Zhan-Wen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Cai-Lin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Zhong-Zhong Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Liang-Hong Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Li-Feng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China. .,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China.
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Fritz MA, Rosa S, Sicard A. Mechanisms Underlying the Environmentally Induced Plasticity of Leaf Morphology. Front Genet 2018; 9:478. [PMID: 30405690 PMCID: PMC6207588 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary function of leaves is to provide an interface between plants and their environment for gas exchange, light exposure and thermoregulation. Leaves have, therefore a central contribution to plant fitness by allowing an efficient absorption of sunlight energy through photosynthesis to ensure an optimal growth. Their final geometry will result from a balance between the need to maximize energy uptake while minimizing the damage caused by environmental stresses. This intimate relationship between leaf and its surroundings has led to an enormous diversification in leaf forms. Leaf shape varies between species, populations, individuals or even within identical genotypes when those are subjected to different environmental conditions. For instance, the extent of leaf margin dissection has, for long, been found to inversely correlate with the mean annual temperature, such that Paleobotanists have used models based on leaf shape to predict the paleoclimate from fossil flora. Leaf growth is not only dependent on temperature but is also regulated by many other environmental factors such as light quality and intensity or ambient humidity. This raises the question of how the different signals can be integrated at the molecular level and converted into clear developmental decisions. Several recent studies have started to shed the light on the molecular mechanisms that connect the environmental sensing with organ-growth and patterning. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the influence of different environmental signals on leaf size and shape, their integration as well as their importance for plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie Rosa
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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Fan Y, Chen J, Cheng Y, Raza MA, Wu X, Wang Z, Liu Q, Wang R, Wang X, Yong T, Liu W, Liu J, Du J, Shu K, Yang W, Yang F. Effect of shading and light recovery on the growth, leaf structure, and photosynthetic performance of soybean in a maize-soybean relay-strip intercropping system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198159. [PMID: 29851989 PMCID: PMC5979024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercropping is an important agronomic practice adopted to increase crop production and resource efficiency in areas with intensive agricultural production. Two sequential field trials were conducted in 2015-2016 to investigate the effect of shading on the morphological features, leaf structure, and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean in a maize-soybean relay-strip intercropping system. Three treatments were designed on the basis of different row configurations A1 ("50 cm + 50 cm" one row of maize and one row of soybean with a 50 cm spacing between the rows), A2 ("160 cm + 40 cm" two rows of maize by wide-narrow row planting, where two rows of soybean were planted in the wide rows with a width of 40 cm, and with 60 cm row spacing was used between the maize and soybean rows), and CK (sole cropping of soybean, with 70 cm rows spacing). Results showed that the photosynthetically active radiation transmittances of soybean canopy at V5 stage under A2 treatment (31.1%) were considerably higher than those under A1 (8.7%) treatment, and the red-to-far-red ratio was reduced significantly under A1 (0.7) and A2 (1.0) treatments compared with those under CK (1.2). By contrast with CK, stem diameter, total aboveground biomass, chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate decreased significantly except plant height under A1 and A2. The thickness of palisade tissue and spongy tissue of soybean leaf under A1 and A2 were significantly reduced at V5 stage compared with CK. The leaf thicknesses under A1 and A2 were lower than those in CK by 39.5% and 18.2%, respectively. At the R1 stage of soybean (after maize harvest), the soybean plant height, stem biomass, leaf biomass and petiole biomass under A1 and A2 treatments were still significantly lower than those under CK, but no significant differences were observed in Chl a/b, Pn, epidermis thickness and spongy tissue thickness of soybean leaves in A2 compared with CK. In addition, the soybean yields (g plant-1) under A1 and A2 were 54.69% and 16.83% lower than those in CK, respectively. These findings suggested that soybean plants can regulate its morphological characteristics and leaf anatomical structures under different light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Fan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Junxu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yajiao Cheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Qinlin Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kai Shu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Coneva V, Chitwood DH. Genetic and Developmental Basis for Increased Leaf Thickness in the Arabidopsis Cvi Ecotype. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:322. [PMID: 29593772 PMCID: PMC5861201 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaf thickness is a quantitative trait that is associated with the ability of plants to occupy dry, high irradiance environments. Despite its importance, leaf thickness has been difficult to measure reproducibly, which has impeded progress in understanding its genetic basis, and the associated anatomical mechanisms that pattern it. Here, we used a custom-built dual confocal profilometer device to measure leaf thickness in the Arabidopsis Ler × Cvi recombinant inbred line population and found statistical support for four quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with this trait. We used publically available data for a suite of traits relating to flowering time and growth responses to light quality and show that three of the four leaf thickness QTL coincide with QTL for at least one of these traits. Using time course photography, we quantified the relative growth rate and the pace of rosette leaf initiation in the Ler and Cvi ecotypes. We found that Cvi rosettes grow slower than Ler, both in terms of the rate of leaf initiation and the overall rate of biomass accumulation. Collectively, these data suggest that leaf thickness is tightly linked with physiological status and may present a tradeoff between the ability to withstand stress and rapid vegetative growth. To understand the anatomical basis of leaf thickness, we compared cross-sections of Cvi and Ler leaves and show that Cvi palisade mesophyll cells elongate anisotropically contributing to leaf thickness. Flow cytometry of whole leaves show that endopolyploidy accompanies thicker leaves in Cvi. Overall, our data suggest that mechanistically, an altered schedule of cellular events affecting endopolyploidy and increasing palisade mesophyll cell length contribute to increase of leaf thickness in Cvi. Ultimately, knowledge of the genetic basis and developmental trajectory leaf thickness will inform the mechanisms by which natural selection acts to produce variation in this adaptive trait.
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Elsner J, Lipowczan M, Kwiatkowska D. Differential growth of pavement cells of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf epidermis as revealed by microbead labeling. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:257-265. [PMID: 29578288 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY In numerous vascular plants, pavement cells of the leaf epidermis are shaped like a jigsaw-puzzle piece. Knowledge about the subcellular pattern of growth that accompanies morphogenesis of such a complex shape is crucial for studies of the role of the cytoskeleton, cell wall and phytohormones in plant cell development. Because the detailed growth pattern of the anticlinal and periclinal cell walls remains unknown, our aim was to measure pavement cell growth at a subcellular resolution. METHODS Using fluorescent microbeads applied to the surface of the adaxial leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana as landmarks for growth computation, we directly assessed the growth rates for the outer periclinal and anticlinal cell walls at a subcellular scale. KEY RESULTS We observed complementary tendencies in the growth pattern of the outer periclinal and anticlinal cell walls. Central portions of periclinal walls were characterized by relatively slow growth, while growth of the other wall portions was heterogeneous. Local growth of the periclinal walls accompanying lobe development after initiation was relatively fast and anisotropic, with maximal extension usually in the direction along the lobe axis. This growth pattern of the periclinal walls was complemented by the extension of the anticlinal walls, which was faster on the lobe sides than at the tips. CONCLUSIONS Growth of the anticlinal and outer periclinal walls of leaf pavement cells is heterogeneous. The growth of the lobes resembles cell elongation via diffuse growth rather than tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Elsner
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Lipowczan
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
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Pfeifer J, Mielewczik M, Friedli M, Kirchgessner N, Walter A. Non-destructive measurement of soybean leaf thickness via X-ray computed tomography allows the study of diel leaf growth rhythms in the third dimension. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:111-124. [PMID: 28770485 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Present-day high-resolution leaf growth measurements provide exciting insights into diel (24-h) leaf growth rhythms and their control by the circadian clock, which match photosynthesis with oscillating environmental conditions. However, these methods are based on measurements of leaf area or elongation and neglect diel changes of leaf thickness. In contrast, the influence of various environmental stress factors to which leaves are exposed to during growth on the final leaf thickness has been studied extensively. Yet, these studies cannot elucidate how variation in leaf area and thickness are simultaneously regulated and influenced on smaller time scales. Only few methods are available to measure the thickness of young, growing leaves non-destructively. Therefore, we evaluated X-ray computed tomography to simultaneously and non-invasively record diel changes and growth of leaf thickness and area. Using conventional imaging and X-ray computed tomography leaf area, thickness and volume growth of young soybean leaves were simultaneously and non-destructively monitored at three cardinal time points during night and day for a period of 80 h under non-stressful growth conditions. Reference thickness measurements on paperboards were in good agreement to CT measurements. Comparison of CT with leaf mass data further proved the consistency of our method. Exploratory analysis showed that measurements were accurate enough for recording and analyzing relative diel changes of leaf thickness, which were considerably different to those of leaf area. Relative growth rates of leaf area were consistently positive and highest during 'nights', while diel changes in thickness fluctuated more and were temporarily negative, particularly during 'evenings'. The method is suitable for non-invasive, accurate monitoring of diel variation in leaf volume. Moreover, our results indicate that diel rhythms of leaf area and thickness show some similarity but are not tightly coupled. These differences could be due to both intrinsic control mechanisms and different sensitivities to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pfeifer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Mielewczik
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, ICTEM building, 3rd floor, London, UK
| | - Michael Friedli
- FiBL, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Kirchgessner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Walter
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Molecular Mechanisms Affecting Cell Wall Properties and Leaf Architecture. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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42
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Araújo IS, Pietsch JM, Keizer EM, Greese B, Balkunde R, Fleck C, Hülskamp M. Stochastic gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2132. [PMID: 29242599 PMCID: PMC5730595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although plant development is highly reproducible, some stochasticity exists. This developmental stochasticity may be caused by noisy gene expression. Here we analyze the fluctuation of protein expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using the photoconvertible KikGR marker, we show that the protein expressions of individual cells fluctuate over time. A dual reporter system was used to study extrinsic and intrinsic noise of marker gene expression. We report that extrinsic noise is higher than intrinsic noise and that extrinsic noise in stomata is clearly lower in comparison to several other tissues/cell types. Finally, we show that cells are coupled with respect to stochastic protein expression in young leaves, hypocotyls and roots but not in mature leaves. Our data indicate that stochasticity of gene expression can vary between tissues/cell types and that it can be coupled in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Noisy gene expression can cause stochasticity in the expression of plant traits. Here, Araújo et al. use a dual reporter system of protein expression in Arabidopsis to show that expression noise is lowest in stomata relative to other tissues and that leaf cells are coupled with respect to noise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Mathilde Keizer
- Laboratory for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, 6703 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Greese
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Faculty for Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rachappa Balkunde
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Fleck
- Laboratory for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, 6703 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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Wu Y, Gong W, Yang W. Shade Inhibits Leaf Size by Controlling Cell Proliferation and Enlargement in Soybean. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9259. [PMID: 28835715 PMCID: PMC5569092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain more insight into the physiological function of shade and how shade affects leaf size, we investigated the growth, leaf anatomical structure, hormones and genes expressions in soybean. Soybean seeds were sown in plastic pots and were allowed to germinate and grow for 30 days under shade or full sunlight conditions. Shade treated plants showed significantly increase on stem length and petiole length, and decrease on stem diameters, shoot biomass and its partition to leaf also were significantly lower than that in full sunlight. Smaller and thinner on shade treated leaves than corresponding leaves on full sunlight plants. The decreased leaf size caused by shade was largely attributable to cell proliferation in young leaves and both cell proliferation and enlargement in old leaves. Shade induced the expression of a set of genes related to cell proliferation and/or enlargement, but depended on the developmental stage of leaf. Shade significantly increased the auxin and gibberellin content, and significantly decreased the cytokinin content in young, middle and old leaves. Taken together, these results indicated that shade inhibited leaf size by controlling cell proliferation and enlargement, auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin may play important roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Wanzhuo Gong
- Characteristic Crops Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, P.R. China.
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
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Gázquez A, Beemster GTS. What determines organ size differences between species? A meta-analysis of the cellular basis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:299-308. [PMID: 28440558 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how the characteristic differences in organ size between species are regulated. At the cellular level, the size of an organ is strictly regulated by cell division and expansion during its development. We performed a meta-analysis of the growth parameters of roots, and Graminae and eudicotyledonous leaves, to address the question of how quantitative variation in these two processes contributes to size differences across a range of species. We extracted or derived cellular parameters from published kinematic growth analyses. These data were subjected to linear regression analyses to identify the parameters that determine differences in organ growth. Our results demonstrate that, across all species and organs, similar conclusions can be made: cell number rather than cell size determines the final size of plant organs; cell number is determined by meristem size rather than the rate at which cells divide; cells that are small when leaving the meristem compensate by expanding for longer; mature cell size is primarily determined by the duration of cell expansion. These results identify the regulation of the transition from cell division to expansion as the key cellular mechanism targeted by the evolution of organ size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Gázquez
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Estrés Abiótico en Plantas, Unidad de Biotecnología 1, IIB-INTECH - CONICET - UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Yang X, Dong G, Palaniappan K, Mi G, Baskin TI. Temperature-compensated cell production rate and elongation zone length in the root of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:264-276. [PMID: 27813107 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To understand how root growth responds to temperature, we used kinematic analysis to quantify division and expansion parameters in the root of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants were grown at temperatures from 15 to 30 °C, given continuously from germination. Over these temperatures, root length varies more than threefold in the wild type but by only twofold in a double mutant for phytochrome-interacting factor 4 and 5. For kinematics, the spatial profile of velocity was obtained with new software, Stripflow. We find that 30 °C truncates the elongation zone and curtails cell production, responses that probably reflect the elicitation of a common pathway for handling severe stresses. Curiously, rates of cell division at all temperatures are closely correlated with rates of radial expansion. Between 15 to 25 °C, root growth rate, maximal elemental elongation rate, and final cell length scale positively with temperature whereas the length of the meristem scales negatively. Non-linear temperature scaling characterizes meristem cell number, time to transit through either meristem or elongation zone, and average cell division rate. Surprisingly, the length of the elongation zone and the total rate of cell production are temperature invariant, constancies that have implications for our understanding of how the underlying cellular processes are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, MA, USA
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gang Dong
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, MA, USA
| | - K Palaniappan
- Computer Science Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, MO, USA
| | - Guohua Mi
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, MA, USA
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Carins Murphy MR, Jordan GJ, Brodribb TJ. Cell expansion not cell differentiation predominantly co-ordinates veins and stomata within and among herbs and woody angiosperms grown under sun and shade. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:1127-1138. [PMID: 27578763 PMCID: PMC5963197 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been proposed that modification of leaf size, driven by epidermal cell size, balances leaf water supply (determined by veins) with transpirational demand (generated by stomata) during acclimation to local irradiance. We aimed to determine whether this is a general pattern among plant species with contrasting growth habits. METHODS We compared observed relationships between leaf minor vein density, stomatal density, epidermal cell size and leaf size in four pairs of herbs and woody species from the same families grown under sun and shade conditions with modelled relationships assuming vein and stomatal densities respond passively to epidermal cell expansion. Leaf lignin content was also quantified to assess whether construction costs of herbaceous leaf veins differ from those of woody plants and the leaf mass fraction invested in veins. KEY RESULTS Modelled relationships accurately described observed relationships, indicating that in all species, co-ordinated changes to the density of minor veins and stomata were mediated by a common relationship between epidermal cell size, vein density and stomatal density, with little or no impact from stomatal index. This co-ordination was independent of changes in leaf size and is likely to be an adaptive process driven by the significant proportion of biomass invested in veins (13·1 % of sun leaf dry weight and 21·7 % of shade leaf dry weight). Relative costs of venation increased in the shade, intensifying selective pressure towards economizing investment in vein density. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of epidermal cell size appears to be a general mechanism among our experimental species to maintain a constant ratio between leaf anatomical traits that control leaf water fluxes independently of habit. We propose that this process may co-ordinate plasticity in hydraulic supply and demand in the majority of eudicot angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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Yin X, Tsukaya H. A pulse-chase strategy for EdU labelling assay is able to rapidly quantify cell division orientation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1462-1469. [PMID: 27121010 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the direction of cell division is an important, yet difficult, task to analyse how a plant organ acquires its final shape from an initially small group of cells. We introduce a method that rapidly and easily quantifies cell division direction and is applicable to all plant species. A pulse-chase strategy for 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labelling assay was established and was shown to be successful for leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Juncus prismatocarpus. By optimization of the pulse and chase periods, most of the signals obtained were sets of daughter nuclei. For Arabidopsis, the optimal time was a 45-min pulse and a 7-h chase. For J. prismatocarpus, the optimal time was a 2-h pulse and a 13.5-h chase. The positions of the daughter nuclei were used to quantify cell division direction in the Arabidopsis leaf primordia. Overall, cell division along the proximal-distal axis was more frequent than along the medial-lateral axis. In petiole, major vein, minor vein and margin areas, the major cell division direction seemed to be coincident with the direction of auxin flow. The advantages of our method over the few methods used previously are discussed. We anticipate that it will provide opportunities to study plant development in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Bio-Next Project, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Yamate Building no. 3, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
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48
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Vanhaeren H, Gonzalez N, Inzé D. A Journey Through a Leaf: Phenomics Analysis of Leaf Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2015; 13:e0181. [PMID: 26217168 PMCID: PMC4513694 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, leaves contribute to the largest part of the aboveground biomass. In these organs, light is captured and converted into chemical energy, which plants use to grow and complete their life cycle. Leaves emerge as a small pool of cells at the vegetative shoot apical meristem and develop into planar, complex organs through different interconnected cellular events. Over the last decade, numerous phenotyping techniques have been developed to visualize and quantify leaf size and growth, leading to the identification of numerous genes that contribute to the final size of leaves. In this review, we will start at the Arabidopsis rosette level and gradually zoom in from a macroscopic view on leaf growth to a microscopic and molecular view. Along this journey, we describe different techniques that have been key to identify important events during leaf development and discuss approaches that will further help unraveling the complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie leaf growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vanhaeren
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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