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Liu M, Wang F, He B, Hu J, Dai Y, Chen W, Yi M, Zhang H, Ye Y, Cui Z, Zheng X, Wang P, Xing W, Zhang Z. Targeting Magnaporthe oryzae effector MoErs1 and host papain-like protease OsRD21 interaction to combat rice blast. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:618-632. [PMID: 38409290 PMCID: PMC11162578 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Effector proteins secreted by plant pathogenic fungi are important artilleries against host immunity, but there is no precedent of such effectors being explored as antifungal targets. Here we demonstrate that MoErs1, a species-specific effector protein secreted by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, inhibits the function of rice papain-like cysteine protease OsRD21 involved in rice immunity. Disrupting MoErs1-OsRD21 interaction effectively controls rice blast. In addition, we show that FY21001, a structure-function-based designer compound, specifically binds to and inhibits MoErs1 function. FY21001 significantly and effectively controls rice blast in field tests. Our study revealed a novel concept of targeting pathogen-specific effector proteins to prevent and manage crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxi Yi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, and Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
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Li C, Luo S, Feng L, Wang Q, Cheng J, Xie J, Lin Y, Fu Y, Jiang D, Chen T. Protist ubiquitin ligase effector PbE3-2 targets cysteine protease RD21A to impede plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1764-1778. [PMID: 38035763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases of Brassica oil and vegetable crops worldwide. Understanding the pathogen infection strategy is crucial for the development of disease control. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, the molecular mechanism by which this pathogen promotes infection remains largely unknown. P. brassicae E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 (PbE3-2) is a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in P. brassicae with E3 ligase activity in vitro. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase assay and apoplast washing fluid extraction showed that PbE3-2 harbors a functional signal peptide. Overexpression of PbE3-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in higher susceptibility to P. brassicae and decreases in chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and expression of marker genes in salicylic acid signaling. PbE3-2 interacted with and ubiquitinated host cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 21A (RD21A) in vitro and in vivo. Mutant plants deficient in RD21A exhibited similar susceptibility and compromised immune responses as in PbE3-2 overexpression plants. We show that PbE3-2, which targets RD21A, is an important virulence factor for P. brassicae. Two other secretory RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in P. brassicae performed the same function as PbE3-2 and ubiquitinated RD21A. This study reveals a substantial virulence functional role of protist E3 ubiquitin ligases and demonstrates a mechanism by which protist E3 ubiquitin ligases degrade host immune-associated cysteine proteases to impede host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shaofeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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3
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Bouargalne Y, Guilbaud F, Macherel D, Delalande O, Deleu C, Le Cahérec F. Brassica napus Drought-Induced 22-kD Protein (BnD22) Acts Simultaneously as a Cysteine Protease Inhibitor and Chlorophyll-Binding Protein. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:536-548. [PMID: 36905393 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Class II water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins that bind with chlorophyll (Chl) and its derivatives. The physiological function of WSCPs is still unclear, but it is assumed to be involved in stress responses, which is likely related to their Chl-binding and protease inhibition (PI) activities. Yet, the dual function and simultaneous functionality of WSCPs must still be better understood. Here, the biochemical functions of Brassica napus drought-induced 22-kDa protein (BnD22), a major WSCP expressed in B. napus leaves, were investigated using recombinant hexahistidine-tagged protein. We showed that BnD22 inhibited cysteine proteases, such as papain, but not serine proteases. BnD22 was able to bind with Chla or Chlb to form tetrameric complexes. Unexpectedly, BnD22-Chl tetramer displays higher inhibition toward cysteine proteases, indicating (i) simultaneous Chl-binding and PI activities and (ii) Chl-dependent activation of PI activity of BnD22. Moreover, the photostability of BnD22-Chl tetramer was reduced upon binding with the protease. Using three-dimensional structural modeling and molecular docking, we revealed that Chl binding favors interaction between BnD22 and proteases. Despite its Chl-binding ability, the BnD22 was not detected in chloroplasts but rather in the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole. In addition, the C-terminal extension peptide of BnD22, which cleaved off post-translationally in vivo, was not implicated in subcellular localization. Instead, it drastically promoted the expression, solubility and stability of the recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Guilbaud
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, Rennes 35000, France
| | - David Macherel
- IRHS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Angers, Angers 49000, France
| | | | - Carole Deleu
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, Rennes 35000, France
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4
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Molecular regulation of immunity in tea plants. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2883-2892. [PMID: 36538170 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tea, which is mainly produced using the young leaves and buds of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), is one of the most common non-alcoholic beverages consumed in the world. The standard of tea mostly depends on the variety and quality of tea plants, which generally grow in subtropical areas, where the warm and humid conditions are also conducive to the occurrence of diseases. In fighting against pathogens, plants rely on their sophisticated innate immune systems which has been extensively studied in model plants. Many components involved in pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) have been found. Nevertheless, the molecular regulating network against pathogens (e.g., Pseudopestalotiopsis sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Exobasidium vexans) causing widespread disease (such as grey blight disease, anthracnose, and blister blight) in tea plants is still unclear. With the recent release of the genome data of tea plants, numerous genes involved in tea plant immunity have been identified, and the molecular mechanisms behind tea plant immunity is being studied. Therefore, the recent achievements in identifying and cloning functional genes/gene families, in finding crucial components of tea immunity signaling pathways, and in understanding the role of secondary metabolites have been summarized and the opportunities and challenges in the future studies of tea immunity are highlighted in this review.
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5
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Bouargalne Y, Raguénès-Nicol C, Guilbaud F, Cheron A, Clouet V, Deleu C, Le Cahérec F. New insights into chlorophyll-WSCP (water-soluble chlorophyll proteins) interactions : The case study of BnD22 (Brassica napus drought-induced 22 kDa). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 181:71-80. [PMID: 35452956 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble chlorophyll-proteins (WSCP) of class II from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins that bind chlorophylls (Chls) and chlorophyll derivatives. Their physiological roles, biochemical functions and mode of action are still unclear. It is assumed that the WSCPs have a protection function against Chl photodamage during stressful conditions. WSCPs are subdivided into class IIA and class IIB according to their apparent Chla/b binding ratio. Although their Chla/Chlb binding selectivity has been partly characterized, their Chl affinities are not yet precisely defined. For instance, WSCPs IIA do not show any Chl binding preference while WSCPs IIB have greater affinity to Chlb. In this study, we present a novel method for assessment of Chl binding to WSCPs based on the differences of Chl photobleaching rates in a large range of Chl/protein ratios. The protein we have chosen to study WSCP is BnD22, a WSCP IIA induced in the leaves of Brassica napus under water deficit. BnD22 formed oligomeric complexes upon binding to Chla and/or Chlb allowing a protective effect against photodamage. The binding constants indicate that BnD22 binds with high affinity the Chls and with a strong selectivity to Chla. Moreover, dependending of Chl/protein ratio upon reconstitution, two distinct binding events were detected resulting from difference of Chl stoichiometry inside oligomeric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Bouargalne
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Florian Guilbaud
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Vanessa Clouet
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Carole Deleu
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
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6
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Ciuti S, Agostini A, Barbon A, Bortolus M, Paulsen H, Di Valentin M, Carbonera D. Magnetophotoselection in the Investigation of Excitonically Coupled Chromophores: The Case of the Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Protein. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123654. [PMID: 35744779 PMCID: PMC9227413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A magnetophotoselection (MPS) investigation of the photoexcited triplet state of chlorophyll a both in a frozen organic solvent and in a protein environment, provided by the water-soluble chlorophyll protein (WSCP) of Lepidium virginicum, is reported. The MPS experiment combines the photoselection achieved by exciting with linearly polarized light with the magnetic selection of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, allowing the determination of the relative orientation of the optical transition dipole moment and the zero-field splitting tensor axes in both environments. We demonstrate the robustness of the proposed methodology for a quantitative description of the excitonic interactions among pigments. The orientation of the optical transition dipole moments determined by the EPR analysis in WSCP, identified as an appropriate model system, are in excellent agreement with those calculated in the point-dipole approximation. In addition, MPS provides information on the electronic properties of the triplet state, localized on a single chlorophyll a pigment of the protein cluster, in terms of orientation of the zero-field splitting tensor axes in the molecular frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Ciuti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim Becher-Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.V.); (D.C.); Tel.: +39-0498275139 (M.D.V.); +39-0498275144 (D.C.)
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.V.); (D.C.); Tel.: +39-0498275139 (M.D.V.); +39-0498275144 (D.C.)
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Pandey A, Yadav R, Sanyal I. Evaluating the pesticidal impact of plant protease inhibitors: lethal weaponry in the co-evolutionary battle. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:855-868. [PMID: 34570437 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the arsenal of plant defense, protease inhibitors (PIs) are well-designed defensive products to counter field pests. PIs are produced in plant tissues by means of 'stable defense metabolite' and triggered on demand as the perception of the signal and well established as a part of plant active defense. PIs have been utilized for approximately four decades, initially as a gene-alone approach that was later replaced by multiple gene pyramiding/gene stacking due to insect adaptability towards the PI alone. By considering the adaptive responses of the pest to the single insecticidal gene, the concept of gene pyramiding gained continuous appreciation for the development of transgenic crops to deal with co-evolving pests. Gene pyramiding approaches are executed to bypass the insect's adaptive responses against PIs. Stacking PIs with additional insecticidal proteins, plastid engineering, recombinant proteinase inhibitors, RNAi-based methods and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing are the advanced tools and methods for next-generation pest management. Undoubtedly, the domain associated with the mechanism of PIs in the course of plant-pest interactions will occupy a central role for the advancement of more efficient and sustainable pest control strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankesh Pandey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Reena Yadav
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Indraneel Sanyal
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Myat AA, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Zhao X, Liang C, Abid MA, Wang P, Akram U, Abbas M, Askari M, Guo S, Zhang R, Meng Z. Overexpression of GhKTI12 Enhances Seed Yield and Biomass Production in Nicotiana Tabacum. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:426. [PMID: 35327981 PMCID: PMC8953243 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop molecular breeding primarily focuses on increasing the trait of plant yield. An elongator-associated protein, KTI12, is closely associated with plant biomass and yield. KTI12 is involved in developmental processes of most organs, including the leaf, root, flower, and seed, through regulating cell division and differentiation. Previous work has shown that in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), GhKTI12 regulates plant height, flowering, and tolerance to salt and drought stress. However, little is known about the molecular regulation mechanism of GhKTI12 in plant developmental processes. In this study, we identified the main GhKTI12 (Gh_D02G144400) gene and transformed it into tobacco (Nicotonia tabacum cv NC89). From seven transgenic lines, we obtained three (OE5, OE6 and OE8) with high expression of GhKTI12; compared with wild type plants, these three lines exhibited larger plant size, later flowering, and higher seed yield. Microscopic observation revealed that the number of leaf epidermal cells and stem parenchyma cells was increased by ~55%. Biochemical analysis showed that chlorophyll content and starch accumulation were significantly increased in younger leaves at the top canopy of transgenic plants, which may contribute to improved photosynthetic rate and, in turn, increased seed yield. To understand the molecular mechanism of GhKTI12 in transgenic plants development, two lines (OE6 and OE8) with higher expression levels of GhKTI12 were used as representative plants to conduct RNA-seq analysis. Through transcriptome analysis of the plant's shoot apical meristematic tissue of these two lines, we identified 518 upregulated genes and 406 downregulated genes common to both overexpression lines. A large number of cellular component genes associated with cell division and differentiation, such as RD21, TET8, KTN80, AOX1, AOX2, CP1, and KIC, were found to be upregulated, and genes showing the most downregulation included MADS-box genes related to flowering time, such as MADS6, AP1, AP3, AGL8, AGL6, SEP1, and SEP2. Downregulation of these genes caused delayed flowering time and longer vegetative stage during development. Combined with the upregulation of the yield-related gene RD21, the GhKTI12 transgenic plants could produce a higher seed yield. We here show that the overexpression of GhKTI12 could positively improve key agronomic traits in tobacco by regulating cell proliferation, photosynthesis, and organ development, and suggest that homologs of GhKTI12 may also be important in the genetic improvement of other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Aye Myat
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Ali Abid
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Peilin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Umar Akram
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS—University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Abbas
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Askari
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Sandui Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rui Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Zhigang Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
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Bednarczyk D, Tor-Cohen C, Das PK, Noy D. Direct Assembly in Aqueous Solutions of Stable Chlorophyllide Complexes with Type II Water-soluble Chlorophyll Proteins. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:732-738. [PMID: 33570189 DOI: 10.1111/php.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll-binding proteins (WSCPs) from Brassicaceae constitute a small family of non-photosynthetic proteins that may provide a useful benchmark and model system for studying molecular aspects of chlorophyll-protein interactions such as the tuning of absorption and emission spectra, and binding selectivity. WSCP apo-proteins are readily expressed by recombinant DNA techniques and can be assembled in vitro with natural and synthetic chlorophyll derivatives. The complexes with native chlorophylls are exceptionally stable toward thermal dissociation and protein denaturation due to hydrophobic interactions with the chlorophyll's phytyl chains that stabilize the core of the WSCP tetrameric complexes. However, assembly requires the use of detergents or water-in-oil emulsions to introduce the hydrophobic pigments into the water-soluble apo-proteins. Here, we explore the direct assembly of recombinant WSCPs with the water-soluble phytyl-free chlorophyll analogue chlorophyllide a in aqueous solutions. We show that the complexes formed by mixing chlorophyllide and WSCP apo-proteins are exclusively tetrameric, and while they lack the extreme thermostability of the respective chlorophyll complexes, they are still thermostable up to around 60°C. Their absorption and CD spectra are very similar to the chlorophyll complexes albeit slight peak shifts and broadening of the bands indicate variations in pigment and protein conformations, and less rigid structures. Simplifying the assembly process of WSCPs opens new possibilities for their use in modelling natural chlorophyll-protein complexes, and as templates for designing novel artificial protein-pigment complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Bednarczyk
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezyion, Israel
| | | | | | - Dror Noy
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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10
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Wang Y, Ye H, Bai J, Ren F. The regulatory framework of developmentally programmed cell death in floral organs: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:103-112. [PMID: 33307422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Developmentally programmed cell death (dPCD) is a tightly controlled biological process. In recent years, vital roles of dPCD on regulating floral organ growth and development have been reported. It is well known that flower is an essential organ for reproduction and a turning point of plants' life cycle. Hence, uncovering the complex molecular networks which regulates dPCD processes in floral organs is utmost important. So far, our understanding of dPCD on floral organ growth and development is just starting. Herein, we summarize the important factors that involved in the tapetal degeneration, pollen tube rupture, receptive synergid cell death, nucellar degradation, and antipodal cell degradation. Meanwhile, the known factors that involved in transmitting tract formation and self-incompatibility-induced PCD were also introduced. Furthermore, the genes that associated with anther dehiscence and petal senescence and abscission were reviewed as well. The functions of various types of factors involved in floral dPCD processes are highlighted principally. The regulatory panorama described here can provide us some insights about flower-specific dPCD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Wang
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Hong Ye
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jianfang Bai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, PR China
| | - Fei Ren
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, 288 Daxue Road, Shaoguan, 512000, PR China.
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11
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Valandro F, Menguer PK, Cabreira-Cagliari C, Margis-Pinheiro M, Cagliari A. Programmed cell death (PCD) control in plants: New insights from the Arabidopsis thaliana deathosome. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 299:110603. [PMID: 32900441 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled process that leads to cell suicide in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. In plants PCD occurs during development, defence response and when exposed to adverse conditions. PCD acts controlling the number of cells by eliminating damaged, old, or unnecessary cells to maintain cellular homeostasis. Unlike in animals, the knowledge about PCD in plants is limited. The molecular network that controls plant PCD is poorly understood. Here we present a review of the current mechanisms involved with the genetic control of PCD in plants. We also present an updated version of the AtLSD1 deathosome, which was previously proposed as a network controlling HR-mediated cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, we discuss the unclear points and open questions related to the AtLSD1 deathosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Valandro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | - Paloma Koprovski Menguer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | - Alexandro Cagliari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), RS, Brazil.
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12
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Girr P, Paulsen H. How water-soluble chlorophyll protein extracts chlorophyll from membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183479. [PMID: 32961122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) found in Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins that bind only a small number of chlorophylls. Their biological function remains unclear, but recent data indicate that WSCPs are involved in stress response and pathogen defense as producers of reactive oxygen species and/or Chl-regulated protease inhibitors. For those functions, WSCP apoprotein supposedly binds Chl to become physiologically active or inactive, respectively. Thus, Chl-binding seems to be a pivotal step for the biological function of WSCP. WSCP can extract Chl from the thylakoid membrane but little is known about the mechanism of how Chl is sequestered from the membrane into the binding sites. Here, we investigate the interaction of WSCP with the thylakoid membrane in detail. The extraction of Chl from the thylakoid by WSCP apoprotein is a slow and inefficient reaction, because WSCP presumably does not directly extract Chl from other Chl-binding proteins embedded in the membrane. WSCP apoprotein interacts with model membranes that contain the thylakoid lipids MGDG, DGDG or PG, and can extract Chl from those. Furthermore, the WSCP-Chl complex, once formed, no longer interacts with membranes. We concluded that the surroundings of the WSCP pigment-binding site are involved in the WSCP-membrane interaction and identified a ring of hydrophobic amino acids with two conserved Trp residues around the Chl-binding site. Indeed, WSCP variants, in which one of the Trp residues was exchanged for Phe, still interact with the membrane but are no longer able to extract Chl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Girr
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Girr P, Kilper J, Pohland AC, Paulsen H. The pigment binding behaviour of water-soluble chlorophyll protein (WSCP). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:695-712. [PMID: 32338263 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) are homotetrameric proteins that bind four chlorophyll (Chl) molecules in identical binding sites, which makes WSCPs a good model to study protein-pigment interactions. In a previous study, we described preferential binding of Chl a or Chl b in various WSCP versions. Chl b binding is preferred when a hydrogen bond can be formed between the C7 formyl of the chlorin macrocycle and the protein, whereas Chl a is preferred when Chl b binding is sterically unfavorable. Here, we determined the binding affinities and kinetics of various WSCP versions not only for Chl a/b, but also for chlorophyllide (Chlide) a/b and pheophytin (Pheo) a/b. Altered KD values are responsible for the Chl a/b selectivity in WSCP whereas differences in the reaction kinetics are neglectable in explaining different Chl a/b preferences. WSCP binds both Chlide and Pheo with a lower affinity than Chl, which indicates the importance of the phytol chain and the central Mg2+ ion as interaction sites between WSCP and pigment. Pheophorbide (Pheoide), lacking both the phytol chain and the central Mg2+ ion, can only be bound as Pheoide b to a WSCP that has a higher affinity for Chl b than Chl a, which underlines the impact of the C7 formyl-protein interaction. Moreover, WSCP was able to bind protochlorophyllide and Mg-protoporphyrin IX, which suggests that neither the size of the π electron system of the macrocycle nor the presence of a fifth ring at the macrocycle notably affect the binding to WSCP. WSCP also binds heme to form a tetrameric complex, suggesting that heme is bound in the Chl-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Girr
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Kilper
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Christin Pohland
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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14
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Lokya V, Swathi M, Mallikarjuna N, Padmasree K. Response of Midgut Trypsin- and Chymotrypsin-Like Proteases of Helicoverpa armigera Larvae Upon Feeding With Peanut BBI: Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of PnBBI. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:266. [PMID: 32265951 PMCID: PMC7105688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase/Protease inhibitors (PIs) from higher plants play an important role in defense and confer resistance against various insect pests and pathogens. In the present study, Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI) was purified from mature seeds of an interspecific advanced hybrid peanut variety (4368-1) using chromatographic techniques. The biochemical and biophysical characteristics such as low molecular mass, presence of several isoinhibitors and higher-ordered dimer/tetramer, predominance of antiparallel β-sheets and random coils in secondary structure, reactive sites against trypsin and chymotrypsin, broad spectrum of stability toward extreme pH and temperature along with MALDI TOF-TOF analysis (ProteomeXchange identifier PXD016933) ascertained the purified biomolecule from peanut as BBI (PnBBI). Surface plasmon resonance competitive binding analysis revealed the bifunctional PnBBI is a trypsin specific inhibitor with 1:2 stoichiometry as compared to chymotrypsin. A concentration-dependent self-association tendency of PnBBI was further confirmed by 'red shift' in the far-UV CD spectra. Furthermore, the insecticidal potential of PnBBI against Helicoverpa armigera was assessed by in vitro assays and in vivo feeding experiments. A significant reduction in larval body weight was observed with concomitant attenuation in the activity of midgut trypsin-like proteases of H. armigera (HaTPs) fed on PnBBI supplemented diet. The one and two-dimensional zymography studies revealed the disappearance of several isoforms of HaTP upon feeding with PnBBI. qRT-PCR analysis further suggests the role of PnBBI in not only inhibiting the activity of midgut trypsin and chymotrypsin-like proteases but also in modulating their expression. Taken together, the results provide a biochemical and molecular basis for introgressed resistance in peanut interspecific advanced hybrid variety against H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadthya Lokya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Marri Swathi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Kollipara Padmasree
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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15
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Dong T, Cao Y, Jiang CZ, Li G, Liu P, Liu S, Wang Q. Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Reduce Enzymatic Browning of Potato by Lowering the Accumulation of Free Amino Acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2467-2476. [PMID: 32031791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic browning is a major issue affecting the quality of processed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). To understand the molecular mechanism of browning, transcriptional analyses were performed by employing potatoes that differed in browning. Coexpression analysis indicated that 9 out of 15 upregulated genes in browning-less groups encoded for potato protease inhibitors (StPIs). In addition, gene otology analysis showed that the enriched terms were mainly involved in protease inhibitors. Overexpression of cysteine StPI 143 and StPI 146 individually reduced browning and lowered protease activities and tyrosine and total free amino acid (FAA) contents, but they could not decrease polyphenol oxidase activity. Moreover, supplementing exogenous tyrosine or total FAAs into transgenic potato mash to wild-type amounts promoted mash browning, browning with total FAAs, more than with tyrosine, resembling wild-type levels. These results implied that cysteine StPIs reduced browning via lowering the accumulation of FAAs in addition to tyrosine. Our findings have enriched the knowledge about the roles and mechanisms of protease inhibitors in regulating enzymatic browning of potato, which provide new ways for controlling potato browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of California Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
- Crops Pathology & Genetic Research , USDA-ARS , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Guangcun Li
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Molecular Biology , Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jinan , Shandong 250103 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Molecular Biology , Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jinan , Shandong 250103 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
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16
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Turrà D, Vitale S, Marra R, Woo SL, Lorito M. Heterologous Expression of PKPI and Pin1 Proteinase Inhibitors Enhances Plant Fitness and Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Biotic Threats. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:461. [PMID: 32425963 PMCID: PMC7204852 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Kunitz-type (PKPI) and Potato type I (Pin1) protease inhibitors (PIs) are two families of serine proteinase inhibitors often associated to plant storage organs and with well known insecticidal and nematicidal activities. Noteworthy, their ability to limit fungal and bacterial pathogenesis in vivo or to influence plant physiology has not been investigated in detail. To this aim, we generated a set of PVX-based viral constructs to transiently and heterologously express two potato PKPI (PKI1, PKI2) and three potato Pin1 (PPI3A2, PPI3B2, PPI2C4) genes in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, a widely used model for plant-pathogen interaction studies. Interestingly, transgenic plants expressing most of the tested PIs showed to be highly resistant against two economically important necrotrophic fungal pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata. Unexpectedly, overexpression of the PKI2 Kunitz-type or of the PPI2C4 and PPI3A2 Potato type I inhibitor genes also lead to a dramatic reduction in the propagation and symptom development produced by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. We further found that localized expression of PPI2C4 and PKI2 in N. benthamiana leaves caused an increase in cell expansion and proliferation which lead to tissue hypertrophy and trichome accumulation. In line with this, the systemic expression of these proteins resulted in plants with enhanced shoot and root biomass. Collectively, our results indicate that PKPI and Pin1 PIs might represent valuable tools to simultaneously increase plant fitness and broad-spectrum resistance toward phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Turrà
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: David Turrà,
| | - Stefania Vitale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Marra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan L. Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
- Matteo Lorito,
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17
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Lemke O, Götze JP. On the Stability of the Water-Soluble Chlorophyll-Binding Protein (WSCP) Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10594-10604. [PMID: 31702165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble chlorophyll-binding protein (WSCP) is assumed to be not a part of the photosynthetic process. Applying molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we aimed to obtain insight into the exceptional stability of WSCP. We analyzed dynamical features such as the hydrogen bond network, flexibility, and force distributions. The WSCP structure contains two cysteines at the interfaces of every protein chain, which are in close contact with the cysteines of the other dimer. We tested if a connection of these cysteines between different protein chains influences the dynamical behavior to investigate any influences on the thermal stability. We find that the hydrogen bond network is very stable regardless of the presence or absence of the hypothetical disulfide bridges and/or the chlorophyll units. Furthermore, it is found that the phytyl chains of the chlorophyll units are extremely flexible, much more than what is seen in crystal structures. Nonetheless, they seem to protect a photochemically active site of the chlorophylls over the complete simulation time. Finally, we also find that a cavity in the chlorophyll-surrounding sheath exists, which may allow access for individual small molecules to the core of WSCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lemke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jan P Götze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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18
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Maleeva YV, Neverov KV, Obukhov YN, Kritsky MS. Water Soluble Chlorophyll-Binding Proteins of Plants: Structure, Properties and Functions. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Zhu J, He Y, Yan X, Liu L, Guo R, Xia X, Cheng D, Mi X, Samarina L, Liu S, Xia E, Wei C. Duplication and transcriptional divergence of three Kunitz protease inhibitor genes that modulate insect and pathogen defenses in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:126. [PMID: 31754433 PMCID: PMC6856355 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Kunitz protease inhibitors (KPIs) are ubiquitous in plants and act as crucial compounds in defense responses against insect attack and pathogen infection. However, the influence of gene duplication on the postdivergence of the CsKPI genes involved in biotic stresses in tea plant is not well known. Here, we identified three CsKPI genes from tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and characterized their expression and evolutionary patterns among plant species. We found that CsKPI1, CsKPI2, and CsKPI3 diverged from their common ancestor 72.94 million years ago (MYA), and the tandem duplication of CsKPI2 and CsKPI3 occurred 26.78 MYA. An in vitro protein assay showed that the three CsKPI proteins were functional and inhibited the production of p-nitroanilide (PNA) from an artificial substrate. The three CsKPI-GFP fusion proteins localized to the cytoplasm. We showed that salicylic acid (SA) and transcripts of CsKPI2 and CsKPI3 significantly accumulated after infection with Glomerella cingulata. The application of exogenous SA stimulated the high expression of both CsKPI2 and CsKPI3 by activating cis-elements within their promoters. Under Ectropis oblique attack, CsKPI1 expression and jasmonic acid (JA) levels were more abundant in both insect-damaged leaf tissues and undamaged neighboring leaves. The application of jasmonic acid methyl ester elicited high expression levels of CsKPI1, suggesting that CsKPI1 accumulation requires JA production in tea plant. The overall findings suggest that the transcriptional divergence of KPI genes after duplication led to the specialized role of CsKPI1 in the physiological response to insect stress; the functional conservation between CsKPI2 and CsKPI3 confers resistance to pathogen infection in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxian He
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Daojie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaozeng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Lidiia Samarina
- Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 354002 Yana Fabritsiusa st. 2/28, Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - Shenrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Enhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui People’s Republic of China
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20
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Buet A, Costa ML, Martínez DE, Guiamet JJ. Chloroplast Protein Degradation in Senescing Leaves: Proteases and Lytic Compartments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:747. [PMID: 31275332 PMCID: PMC6593067 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is characterized by massive degradation of chloroplast proteins, yet the protease(s) involved is(are) not completely known. Increased expression and/or activities of serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metalloproteases were detected in senescing leaves, but these studies have not provided information on the identities of the proteases responsible for chloroplast protein breakdown. Silencing some senescence-associated proteases has delayed progression of senescence symptoms, yet it is still unclear if these proteases are directly involved in chloroplast protein breakdown. At least four cellular pathways involved in the traffic of chloroplast proteins for degradation outside the chloroplast have been described (i.e., "Rubisco-containing bodies," "senescence-associated vacuoles," "ATI1-plastid associated bodies," and "CV-containing vesicles"), which differ in their dependence on the autophagic machinery, and the identity of the proteins transported and/or degraded. Finding out the proteases involved in, for example, the degradation of Rubisco, may require piling up mutations in several senescence-associated proteases. Alternatively, targeting a proteinaceous protein inhibitor to chloroplasts may allow the inhibitor to reach "Rubisco-containing bodies," "senescence-associated vacuoles," "ATI1-plastid associated bodies," and "CV-containing vesicles" in essentially the way as chloroplast-targeted fluorescent proteins re-localize to these vesicular structures. This might help to reduce proteolytic activity, thereby reducing or slowing down plastid protein degradation during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Buet
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE, CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Lorenza Costa
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE, CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Dana E Martínez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE, CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan J Guiamet
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE, CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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21
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Lopes AL, Moreira D, Ferreira MJ, Pereira AM, Coimbra S. Insights into secrets along the pollen tube pathway in need to be discovered. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2979-2992. [PMID: 30820535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The process of plant fertilization provides an outstanding example of refined control of gene expression. During this elegant process, subtle communication occurs between neighboring cells, based on chemical signals, that induces cellular mechanisms of patterning and growth. Having faced an immediate issue of self-incompatibility responses, the pathway to fertilization starts once the stigmatic cells recognize a compatible pollen grain, and it continues with numerous players interacting to affect pollen tube growth and the puzzling process of navigation along the transmitting tract. The pollen tube goes through a guidance process that begins with a preovular stage (i.e. prior to the influence of the target ovule), with interactions with factors from the transmitting tissue. In the subsequent ovular-guidance stage a specific relationship develops between the pollen tube and its target ovule. This stage is divided into the funicular and micropylar guidance steps, with numerous receptors working in signalling cascades. Finally, just after the pollen tube has passed beyond the synergids, fusion of the gametes occurs and the developing seed-the ultimate aim of the process-will start to mature. In this paper, we review the existing knowledge of the crucial biological processes involved in pollen-pistil interactions that give rise to the new seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute - BioISI, Porto, Portugal
- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre - GreenUPorto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre - GreenUPorto, Vairão, Portugal
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22
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Palm D, Agostini A, Pohland AC, Werwie M, Jaenicke E, Paulsen H. Stability of Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Protein (WSCP) Depends on Phytyl Conformation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7971-7979. [PMID: 31459885 PMCID: PMC6648419 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCP) from Brassicaceae form homotetrameric chlorophyll (Chl)-protein complexes binding one Chl per apoprotein and no carotenoids. Despite the lack of photoprotecting pigments, the complex-bound Chls displays a remarkable stability toward photodynamic damage. On the basis of a mutational study, we show that not only the presence of the phytyls is necessary for photoprotection in WSCPs, as we previously demonstrated, but also is their correct conformation and localization. The extreme heat stability of WSCP also depends on the presence of the phytyl chains, confirming their relevance for the unusual stability of WSCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
M. Palm
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Christin Pohland
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mara Werwie
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Jaenicke
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Jakob-Welder-Weg 26, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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23
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Clemente M, Corigliano MG, Pariani SA, Sánchez-López EF, Sander VA, Ramos-Duarte VA. Plant Serine Protease Inhibitors: Biotechnology Application in Agriculture and Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1345. [PMID: 30884891 PMCID: PMC6471620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) are widely distributed in living organisms like bacteria, fungi, plants, and humans. The main function of SPIs as protease enzymes is to regulate the proteolytic activity. In plants, most of the studies of SPIs have been focused on their physiological role. The initial studies carried out in plants showed that SPIs participate in the regulation of endogenous proteolytic processes, as the regulation of proteases in seeds. Besides, it was observed that SPIs also participate in the regulation of cell death during plant development and senescence. On the other hand, plant SPIs have an important role in plant defense against pests and phytopathogenic microorganisms. In the last 20 years, several transgenic plants over-expressing SPIs have been produced and tested in order to achieve the increase of the resistance against pathogenic insects. Finally, in molecular farming, SPIs have been employed to minimize the proteolysis of recombinant proteins expressed in plants. The present review discusses the potential biotechnological applications of plant SPIs in the agriculture field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Clemente
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires B7130, Argentina.
| | - Mariana G Corigliano
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires B7130, Argentina.
| | - Sebastián A Pariani
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires B7130, Argentina.
| | - Edwin F Sánchez-López
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires B7130, Argentina.
| | - Valeria A Sander
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires B7130, Argentina.
| | - Víctor A Ramos-Duarte
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires B7130, Argentina.
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24
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Vajravijayan S, Pletnev S, Pletnev VZ, Nandhagopal N, Gunasekaran K. Crystal structure of a novel Kunitz type inhibitor, alocasin with anti-Aedes aegypti activity targeting midgut proteases. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2761-2772. [PMID: 29737039 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pesticidal properties of many Kunitz-type inhibitors have been reported previously; however, the mechanism of action is not well established. In this study, the activity of alocasin against Aedes aegypti is demonstrated and the structure-activity relationship of this Kunitz-type inhibitor is explained through X-ray structure analyses. RESULTS Alocasin was purified from mature rhizomes of Alocasia as a single polypeptide chain of ∼ 20 kDa. The structure at 2.5 Å resolution revealed a Kunitz-type fold, but variation in the loop regions makes this structure unique; one loop with a single disulfide bridge is replaced by a long loop with two bridges. Alignment of homologous sequences revealed that this long loop contains a conserved Arg residue and modeling studies showed interaction with the catalytic Ser residue of trypsin-like enzymes. The anti-Aedes aegypti activity of alocasin is examined and discussed in detail. The in vitro activity of alocasin against midgut proteases of Aedes aegypti showed profound inhibition. Further, morphological changes in larvae upon treatment with alocasin revealed its activity against Ae. aegypti. Docking studies of alocasin with trypsin (5G1), a midgut protease involved in the development cycle and blood meal digestion, illustrated its insecticidal activity. CONCLUSION The three-dimensional structure of alocasin was determined and its structure-function relationship established for its anti Ae. aegypti activity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilvadivel Vajravijayan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Sergei Pletnev
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Vladimir Z Pletnev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Narayanasamy Nandhagopal
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnasamy Gunasekaran
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
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25
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Indispensable Role of Proteases in Plant Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020629. [PMID: 29473858 PMCID: PMC5855851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defense is achieved mainly through the induction of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), systemic acquired resistance (SAR), induced systemic resistance (ISR), and RNA silencing. Plant immunity is a highly complex phenomenon with its own unique features that have emerged as a result of the arms race between plants and pathogens. However, the regulation of these processes is the same for all living organisms, including plants, and is controlled by proteases. Different families of plant proteases are involved in every type of immunity: some of the proteases that are covered in this review participate in MTI, affecting stomatal closure and callose deposition. A large number of proteases act in the apoplast, contributing to ETI by managing extracellular defense. A vast majority of the endogenous proteases discussed in this review are associated with the programmed cell death (PCD) of the infected cells and exhibit caspase-like activities. The synthesis of signal molecules, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene, and their signaling pathways, are regulated by endogenous proteases that affect the induction of pathogenesis-related genes and SAR or ISR establishment. A number of proteases are associated with herbivore defense. In this review, we summarize the data concerning identified plant endogenous proteases, their effect on plant-pathogen interactions, their subcellular localization, and their functional properties, if available, and we attribute a role in the different types and stages of innate immunity for each of the proteases covered.
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26
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Mizuta Y, Higashiyama T. Chemical signaling for pollen tube guidance at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/2/jcs208447. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.208447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Pollen tube guidance is a unique navigating system that is required for the successful sexual reproduction of plants. As plant sperm cells are non-motile and egg cells are embedded deep inside the female tissues, a pollen tube delivers the two sperm cells that it contains by growing towards the ovule, in which the egg cell resides. Pollen tube growth towards the ovule is precisely controlled and divided into two stages, preovular and ovular guidance. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide a comprehensive overview of pollen tube guidance and highlight some of the attractant peptides used during ovular guidance. We further discuss the precise one-to-one guidance system that exists in multi-ovular plants. The pollen tube-blocking system, which is mediated by male–female crosstalk communication, to avoid attraction of multiple pollen tubes, is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Mizuta
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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27
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Kanaoka MM. Cell-cell communications and molecular mechanisms in plant sexual reproduction. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:37-47. [PMID: 29181649 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is achieved by precise interactions between male and female reproductive organs. In plant fertilization, sperm cells are carried to ovules by pollen tubes. Signals from the pistil are involved in elongation and control of the direction of the pollen tube. Genetic, reverse genetic, and cell biological analyses using model plants have identified various factors related to the regulation of pollen tube growth and guidance. In this review, I summarize the mechanisms and molecules controlling pollen tube growth to the ovule, micropylar guidance, reception of the guidance signal in the pollen tube, rupture of the pollen tube to release sperm cells, and cessation of the tube guidance signal. I also briefly introduce various techniques used to analyze pollen tube guidance in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro M Kanaoka
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.
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28
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Rustgi S, Boex-Fontvieille E, Reinbothe C, von Wettstein D, Reinbothe S. The complex world of plant protease inhibitors: Insights into a Kunitz-type cysteine protease inhibitor of Arabidopsis thaliana. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 11:e1368599. [PMID: 29497469 PMCID: PMC5824933 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1368599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved an intricate regulatory network of proteases and corresponding protease inhibitors (PI), which operate in various biological pathways and serve diverse spatiotemporal functions during the sedentary life of a plant. Intricacy of the regulatory network can be anticipated from the observation that, depending on the developmental stage and environmental cue(s), either a single PI or multiple PIs regulate the activity of a given protease. On the other hand, the same PI often interacts with different targets at different places, necessitating another level of fine control to be added in planta. Here, it is reported on how the activity of a papain-like cysteine protease dubbed RD21 (RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION 21) is differentially regulated by serpin and Kunitz PIs over plant development and how this mechanism contributes to defenses against herbivorous arthropods and microbial pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC, USA.,Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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29
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Islam A, Leung S, Nikmatullah A, Dijkwel PP, McManus MT. Kunitz Proteinase Inhibitors Limit Water Stress Responses in White Clover ( Trifolium repens L.) Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1683. [PMID: 29046678 PMCID: PMC5632647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The response of plants to water deficiency or drought is a complex process, the perception of which is triggered at the molecular level before any visible morphological responses are detected. It was found that different groups of plant proteinase inhibitors (PIs) are induced and play an active role during abiotic stress conditions such as drought. Our previous work with the white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Kunitz Proteinase Inhibitor (Tr-KPI) gene family showed that Tr-KPIs are differentially regulated to ontogenetic and biotic stress associated cues and that, at least some members of this gene family may be required to maintain cellular homeostasis. Altered cellular homeostasis may also affect abiotic stress responses and therefore, we aimed to understand if distinct Tr-PKI members function during drought stress. First, the expression level of three Tr-KPI genes, Tr-KPI1, Tr-KPI2, and Tr-KPI5, was measured in two cultivars and one white clover ecotype with differing capacity to tolerate drought. The expression of Tr-KPI1 and Tr-KPI5 increased in response to water deficiency and this was exaggerated when the plants were treated with a previous period of water deficiency. In contrast, proline accumulation and increased expression of Tr-NCED1, a gene encoding a protein involved in ABA biosynthesis, was delayed in plants that experienced a previous drought period. RNAi knock-down of Tr-KPI1 and Tr-KPI5 resulted in increased proline accumulation in leaf tissue of plants grown under both well-watered and water-deficit conditions. In addition, increased expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis was found. The data suggests that Tr-KPIs, particularly Tr-KPI5, have an explicit function during water limitation. The results also imply that the Tr-KPI family has different in planta proteinase targets and that the functions of this protein family are not solely restricted to one of storage proteins or in response to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul P. Dijkwel
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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30
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Agostini A, Palm DM, Schmitt FJ, Albertini M, Valentin MD, Paulsen H, Carbonera D. An unusual role for the phytyl chains in the photoprotection of the chlorophylls bound to Water-Soluble Chlorophyll-binding Proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7504. [PMID: 28790428 PMCID: PMC5548782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Proteins (WSCPs) from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins which tetramerize upon binding four chlorophyll (Chl) molecules. The bound Chls are highly photostable, despite the lack of bound carotenoids known, in Chl-containing photosynthetic proteins, to act as singlet oxygen and Chl triplet (3Chl) quenchers. Although the physiological function of WSCPs is still unclear, it is likely to be related to their biochemical stability and their resistance to photodegradation. To get insight into the origin of this photostability, the properties of the 3Chl generated in WSCPs upon illumination were investigated. We found that, unlike the excited singlet states, which are excitonic states, the triplet state is localized on a single Chl molecule. Moreover, the lifetime of the 3Chl generated in WSCPs is comparable to that observed in other Chl-containing systems and is reduced in presence of oxygen. In contrast to previous observations, we found that WSCP actually photosensitizes singlet oxygen with an efficiency comparable to that of Chl in organic solvent. We demonstrated that the observed resistance to photooxidation depends on the conformation of the phytyl moieties, which in WSCP are interposed between the rings of Chl dimers, hindering the access of singlet oxygen to the oxidizable sites of the pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel M Palm
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Albertini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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31
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Palm DM, Agostini A, Tenzer S, Gloeckle BM, Werwie M, Carbonera D, Paulsen H. Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Protein (WSCP) Stably Binds Two or Four Chlorophylls. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1726-1736. [PMID: 28252285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) of class IIa from Brassicaceae form tetrameric complexes containing one chlorophyll (Chl) per apoprotein but no carotenoids. The complexes are remarkably stable toward dissociation and protein denaturation even at 100 °C and extreme pH values, and the Chls are partially protected against photooxidation. There are several hypotheses that explain the biological role of WSCPs, one of them proposing that they function as a scavenger of Chls set free upon plant senescence or pathogen attack. The biochemical properties of WSCP described in this paper are consistent with the protein acting as an efficient and flexible Chl scavenger. At limiting Chl concentrations, the recombinant WSCP apoprotein binds substoichiometric amounts of Chl (two Chls per tetramer) to form complexes that are as stable toward thermal dissociation, denaturation, and photodamage as the fully pigmented ones. If more Chl is added, these two-Chl complexes can bind another two Chls to reach the fully pigmented state. The protection of WSCP Chls against photodamage has been attributed to the apoprotein serving as a diffusion barrier for oxygen, preventing its access to triplet excited Chls and, thus, the formation of singlet oxygen. By contrast, the sequential binding of Chls by WSCP suggests a partially open or at least flexible structure, raising the question of how WSCP photoprotects its Chls without the help of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Palm
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara M Gloeckle
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mara Werwie
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Serpin1 and WSCP differentially regulate the activity of the cysteine protease RD21 during plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2212-2217. [PMID: 28179567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621496114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) participate in a vast range of physiological processes, ranging from nutrient digestion to blood coagulation, thrombosis, and beyond. In plants, proteases are implicated in host recognition and pathogen infection, induced defense (immunity), and the deterrence of insect pests. Because proteases irreversibly cleave peptide bonds of protein substrates, their activity must be tightly controlled in time and space. Here, we report an example of how nature evolved alternative mechanisms to fine-tune the activity of a cysteine protease dubbed RD21 (RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION-21). One mechanism in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana studied here comprises irreversible inhibition of RD21's activity by Serpin1, whereas the other mechanism is a result of the reversible inhibition of RD21 activity by a Kunitz protease inhibitor named water-soluble chlorophyll-binding protein (WSCP). Activity profiling, complex isolation, and homology modeling data revealed unique interactions of RD21 with Serpin1 and WSCP, respectively. Expression studies identified only partial overlaps in Serpin1 and WSCP accumulation that explain how RD21 contributes to the innate immunity of mature plants and arthropod deterrence of seedlings undergoing skotomorphogenesis and greening.
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33
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Boex-Fontvieille E, Rustgi S, Von Wettstein D, Pollmann S, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C. Jasmonic acid protects etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana against herbivorous arthropods. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1214349. [PMID: 27485473 PMCID: PMC5022418 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1214349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seed predators can cause mass ingestion of larger seed populations. As well, herbivorous arthropods attempt to attack etiolated seedlings and chose the apical hook for ingestion, aimed at dropping the cotyledons for later consumption. Etiolated seedlings, as we show here, have established an efficient mechanism of protecting their Achilles' heel against these predators, however. Evidence is provided for a role of jasmonic acid (JA) in this largely uncharacterized plant-herbivore interaction during skotomorphogenesis and that this comprises the temporally and spatially tightly controlled synthesis of a cysteine protease inhibitors of the Kunitz family. Interestingly, the same Kunitz protease inhibitor was found to be expressed in flowers of Arabidopsis where endogenous JA levels are high for fertility. Because both the apical hook and inflorescences were preferred isopod targets in JA-deficient plants that could be rescued by exogenously administered JA, our data identify a JA-dependent mechanism of plant arthropod deterrence that is recalled in different organs and at quite different times of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Diter Von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble cedex, France
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Daneva A, Gao Z, Van Durme M, Nowack MK. Functions and Regulation of Programmed Cell Death in Plant Development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:441-468. [PMID: 27298090 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-124915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a collective term for diverse processes causing an actively induced, tightly controlled cellular suicide. PCD has a multitude of functions in the development and health of multicellular organisms. In comparison to intensively studied forms of animal PCD such as apoptosis, our knowledge of the regulation of PCD in plants remains limited. Despite the importance of PCD in plant development and as a response to biotic and abiotic stresses, the complex molecular networks controlling different forms of plant PCD are only just beginning to emerge. With this review, we provide an update on the considerable progress that has been made over the last decade in our understanding of PCD as an inherent part of plant development. We highlight both functions of developmental PCD and central aspects of its molecular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Daneva
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Durme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Boex-Fontvieille E, Rustgi S, von Wettstein D, Pollmann S, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C. An Ethylene-Protected Achilles' Heel of Etiolated Seedlings for Arthropod Deterrence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1246. [PMID: 27625656 PMCID: PMC5003848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A small family of Kunitz protease inhibitors exists in Arabidopsis thaliana, a member of which (encoded by At1g72290) accomplishes highly specific roles during plant development. Arabidopsis Kunitz-protease inhibitor 1 (Kunitz-PI;1), as we dubbed this protein here, is operative as cysteine PI. Activity measurements revealed that despite the presence of the conserved Kunitz-motif the bacterially expressed Kunitz-PI;1 was unable to inhibit serine proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, but very efficiently inhibited the cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION 21. Western blotting and cytolocalization studies using mono-specific antibodies recalled Kunitz-PI;1 protein expression in flowers, young siliques and etiolated seedlings. In dark-grown seedlings, maximum Kunitz-PI;1 promoter activity was detected in the apical hook region and apical parts of the hypocotyls. Immunolocalization confirmed Kunitz-PI;1 expression in these organs and tissues. No transmitting tract (NTT) and HECATE 1 (HEC1), two transcription factors previously implicated in the formation of the female reproductive tract in flowers of Arabidopsis, were identified to regulate Kunitz-PI;1 expression in the dark and during greening, with NTT acting negatively and HEC1 acting positively. Laboratory feeding experiments with isopod crustaceans such as Porcellio scaber (woodlouse) and Armadillidium vulgare (pillbug) pinpointed the apical hook as ethylene-protected Achilles' heel of etiolated seedlings. Because exogenous application of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and mechanical stress (wounding) strongly up-regulated HEC1-dependent Kunitz-PI;1 gene expression, our results identify a new circuit controlling herbivore deterrence of etiolated plants in which Kunitz-PI;1 is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique, Université Grenoble-Alpes – Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et AppliquéeGrenoble, France
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences–Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, FlorenceSC, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences – Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe Sachin Rustgi
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences – Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Univerdidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentaciónMadrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique, Université Grenoble-Alpes – Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et AppliquéeGrenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe Sachin Rustgi
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique, Université Grenoble-Alpes – Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et AppliquéeGrenoble, France
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36
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Kanaoka MM, Higashiyama T. Peptide signaling in pollen tube guidance. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:127-36. [PMID: 26580200 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization is an important life event for sexually reproductive plants. Part of this process involves precise regulation of a series of complicated cell-cell communications between male and female tissues. Through genetic and omics approaches, many genes and proteins involved in this process have been identified. Here we review our current understanding of signaling components during fertilization. We will especially focus on LURE peptides and related signaling events that are required for micropylar pollen tube guidance. We will also summarize signaling events required for termination of micropylar pollen tube guidance after fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro M Kanaoka
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; JST, ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
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