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Wang Y, Liu Y. Recent advances of kwifruit genome and genetic transformation. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:19. [PMID: 38725051 PMCID: PMC11084073 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Wang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, P. R. China.
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Wang X, Li J, Yin H, Li X, Liu W, Fan Z. Function of FT in Flowering Induction in Two Camellia Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:784. [PMID: 38592966 PMCID: PMC10975465 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), belonging to the FT/TFL1 gene family, is an important gene regulating the flowering transition and inflorescence architecture during plant development. Given its importance to plant adaptation and crop improvement, FT has been extensively studied in related plant research; however, the specific role and underlying molecular mechanisms of FT in the continuous flowering of perennial plants remains elusive. Here, we isolated and characterized homologous FT genes from two Camellia species with different flowering-period phenotypes: CaFT was isolated from Camellia azalea, a precious species blooming in summer and flowering throughout the year, and CjFT was isolated from C. japonica, which blooms in winter and spring. The major difference in the genes between the two species was an additional five-amino acid repeat sequence in C. japonica. FT showed high expression levels in the leaves in both species from January to August, especially in April for C. japonica and in May for C. azalea. CaFT was expressed throughout the year in C. azalea, whereas CjFT was not expressed from September to December in C. japonica. The expression levels of FT in the floral buds were generally higher than those in the leaves. Overexpression of CaFT and CjFT in Arabidopsis indicated that both genes can activate downstream genes to promote flowering. Transgenic callus tissue was obtained by introducing the two genes into C. azalea through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transcriptome and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that both florigen FT genes promoted the expression of downstream genes such as AP1, FUL, and SEP3, and slightly up-regulated the expression of upstream genes such as CO and GI. The above results indicated that CaFT and CjFT played a role in promoting flowering in both camellia species. The expression pattern of CaFT in leaves suggested that, compared to CjFT, CaFT may be related to the annual flowering of C. azalea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (W.L.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Xinlei Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Weixin Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Zhengqi Fan
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (W.L.)
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Kerr SC, Shehnaz S, Paudel L, Manivannan MS, Shaw LM, Johnson A, Velasquez JTJ, Tanurdžić M, Cazzonelli CI, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Prentis PJ. Advancing tree genomics to future proof next generation orchard production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1321555. [PMID: 38312357 PMCID: PMC10834703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1321555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The challenges facing tree orchard production in the coming years will be largely driven by changes in the climate affecting the sustainability of farming practices in specific geographical regions. Identifying key traits that enable tree crops to modify their growth to varying environmental conditions and taking advantage of new crop improvement opportunities and technologies will ensure the tree crop industry remains viable and profitable into the future. In this review article we 1) outline climate and sustainability challenges relevant to horticultural tree crop industries, 2) describe key tree crop traits targeted for improvement in agroecosystem productivity and resilience to environmental change, and 3) discuss existing and emerging genomic technologies that provide opportunities for industries to future proof the next generation of orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Kerr
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Saiyara Shehnaz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucky Paudel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mekaladevi S Manivannan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Lindsay M Shaw
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda Johnson
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jose Teodoro J Velasquez
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Miloš Tanurdžić
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Prentis
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Santos MG, Nunes da Silva M, Vasconcelos MW, Carvalho SMP. Scientific and technological advances in the development of sustainable disease management tools: a case study on kiwifruit bacterial canker. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1306420. [PMID: 38273947 PMCID: PMC10808555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1306420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant disease outbreaks are increasing in a world facing climate change and globalized markets, representing a serious threat to food security. Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker (KBC), caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), was selected as a case study for being an example of a pandemic disease that severely impacted crop production, leading to huge economic losses, and for the effort that has been made to control this disease. This review provides an in-depth and critical analysis on the scientific progress made for developing alternative tools for sustainable KBC management. Their status in terms of technological maturity is discussed and a set of opportunities and threats are also presented. The gradual replacement of susceptible kiwifruit cultivars, with more tolerant ones, significantly reduced KBC incidence and was a major milestone for Psa containment - which highlights the importance of plant breeding. Nonetheless, this is a very laborious process. Moreover, the potential threat of Psa evolving to more virulent biovars, or resistant lineages to existing control methods, strengthens the need of keep on exploring effective and more environmentally friendly tools for KBC management. Currently, plant elicitors and beneficial fungi and bacteria are already being used in the field with some degree of success. Precision agriculture technologies, for improving early disease detection and preventing pathogen dispersal, are also being developed and optimized. These include hyperspectral technologies and forecast models for Psa risk assessment, with the latter being slightly more advanced in terms of technological maturity. Additionally, plant protection products based on innovative formulations with molecules with antibacterial activity against Psa (e.g., essential oils, phages and antimicrobial peptides) have been validated primarily in laboratory trials and with few compounds already reaching field application. The lessons learned with this pandemic disease, and the acquired scientific and technological knowledge, can be of importance for sustainably managing other plant diseases and handling future pandemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G. Santos
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Marta Nunes da Silva
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta W. Vasconcelos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana M. P. Carvalho
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
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Ma K, Yuan Y, Fang C. Mainstreaming production and nutrient resilience of vegetable crops in megacities: pre-breeding for terrace cultivation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1237099. [PMID: 38053771 PMCID: PMC10694833 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Modern megacities offer convenient lifestyles to their citizens. However, agriculture is becoming increasingly vulnerable, especially during unexpected public health emergencies such as pandemics. Fortunately, the adaptability of terrace vegetables cultivation presents an opportunity to grow horticultural crops in residential spaces, bringing numerous benefits to citizens, including enhanced nutrition and recreational engagement in the cultivation process. Although certain planting skills and equipment have been developed, the citizens tend to sow some seeds with unknown pedigree, it is rare to find new plant varieties specifically bred for cultivation as terrace vegetables. To expand the genetic basis of new breeding materials, elite parents, and varieties (pre-breeding) for terrace cultivation, this review not only discusses the molecular breeding strategy for the identification, creation, and application of rational alleles for improving horticultural characteristics including plant architecture, flavor quality, and ornamental character, but also assesses the potential for terrace cultivation of some representative vegetable crops. We conclude that the process of pre-breeding specifically for terrace cultivation environments is vital for generating a genetic basis for urban terrace vegetable crops.
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Rehman S, Bahadur S, Xia W. An overview of floral regulatory genes in annual and perennial plants. Gene 2023; 885:147699. [PMID: 37567454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The floral initiation in angiosperms is a complex process influenced by endogenous and exogenous signals. With this approach, we aim to provide a comprehensive review to integrate this complex floral regulatory process and summarize the regulatory genes and their functions in annuals and perennials. Seven primary paths leading to flowering have been discovered in Arabidopsis under several growth condition that include; photoperiod, ambient temperature, vernalization, gibberellins, autonomous, aging and carbohydrates. These pathways involve a series of interlinked signaling pathways that respond to both internal and external signals, such as light, temperature, hormones, and developmental cues, to coordinate the expression of genes that are involved in flower development. Among them, the photoperiodic pathway was the most important and conserved as some of the fundamental loci and mechanisms are shared even by closely related plant species. The activation of floral regulatory genes such as FLC, FT, LFY, and SOC1 that determine floral meristem identity and the transition to the flowering stage result from the merging of these pathways. Recent studies confirmed that alternative splicing, antisense RNA and epigenetic modification play crucial roles by regulating the expression of genes related to blooming. In this review, we documented recent progress in the floral transition time in annuals and perennials, with emphasis on the specific regulatory mechanisms along with the application of various molecular approaches including overexpression studies, RNA interference and Virus-induced flowering. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between annual and perennial flowering will aid significant contributions to the field by elucidating the mechanisms of perennial plant development and floral initiation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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7
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Tomes S, Gunaseelan K, Dragulescu M, Wang YY, Guo L, Schaffer RJ, Varkonyi-Gasic E. A MADS-box gene-induced early flowering pear ( Pyrus communis L.) for accelerated pear breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1235963. [PMID: 37818320 PMCID: PMC10560987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1235963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
There have been a considerable number of studies that have successfully sped up the flowering cycle in woody perennial horticultural species. One particularly successful study in apple (Malus domestica) accelerated flowering using a silver birch (Betula pendula) APETALA1/FRUITFULL MADS-box gene BpMADS4, which yielded a good balance of vegetative growth to support subsequent flower and fruit development. In this study, BpMADS4 was constitutively expressed in European pear (Pyrus communis) to establish whether this could be used as a tool in a rapid pear breeding program. Transformed pear lines flowered within 6-18 months after grafting onto a quince (Cydonia oblonga) rootstock. Unlike the spindly habit of early flowering apples, the early flowering pear lines displayed a normal tree-like habit. Like apple, the flower appearance was normal, and the flowers were fertile, producing fruit and seed upon pollination. Seed from these transformed lines were germinated and 50% of the progeny flowered within 3 months of sowing, demonstrating a use for these in a fast breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Monica Dragulescu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yen-Yi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lindy Guo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J. Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Motueka, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
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Shan X, Yang Y, Wei S, Wang C, Shen W, Chen HB, Shen JY. Involvement of CBF in the fine-tuning of litchi flowering time and cold and drought stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1167458. [PMID: 37377797 PMCID: PMC10291182 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1167458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is an economically important fruit tree in southern China and is widely cultivated in subtropical regions. However, irregular flowering attributed to inadequate floral induction leads to a seriously fluctuating bearing. Litchi floral initiation is largely determined by cold temperatures, whereas the underlying molecular mechanisms have yet to be identified. In this study, we identified four CRT/DRE BINDING FACTORS (CBF) homologs in litchi, of which LcCBF1, LcCBF2 and LcCBF3 showed a decrease in response to the floral inductive cold. A similar expression pattern was observed for the MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 homolog (LcMFT) in litchi. Furthermore, both LcCBF2 and LcCBF3 were found to bind to the promoter of LcMFT to activate its expression, as indicated by the analysis of yeast-one-hybrid (Y1H), electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and dual luciferase complementation assays. Ectopic overexpression of LcCBF2 and LcCBF3 in Arabidopsis caused delayed flowering and increased freezing and drought tolerance, whereas overexpression of LcMFT in Arabidopsis had no significant effect on flowering time. Taken together, we identified LcCBF2 and LcCBF3 as upstream activators of LcMFT and proposed the contribution of the cold-responsive CBF to the fine-tuning of flowering time.
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Song GQ, Carter BB, Zhong GY. Multiple transcriptome comparisons reveal the essential roles of FLOWERING LOCUS T in floral initiation and SOC1 and SVP in floral activation in blueberry. Front Genet 2023; 14:1105519. [PMID: 37091803 PMCID: PMC10113452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The flowering mechanisms, especially chilling requirement-regulated flowering, in deciduous woody crops remain to be elucidated. Flower buds of northern highbush blueberry cultivar Aurora require approximately 1,000 chilling hours to bloom. Overexpression of a blueberry FLOWERING LOCUS T (VcFT) enabled precocious flowering of transgenic “Aurora” mainly in non-terminated apical buds during flower bud formation, meanwhile, most of the mature flower buds could not break until they received enough chilling hours. In this study, we highlighted two groups of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in flower buds caused by VcFT overexpression (VcFT-OX) and full chilling. We compared the two groups of DEGs with a focus on flowering pathway genes. We found: 1) In non-chilled flower buds, VcFT-OX drove a high VcFT expression and repressed expression of a major MADS-box gene, blueberry SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (VcSOC1) resulting an increased VcFT/VcSOC1 expression ratio; 2) In fully chilled flower buds that are ready to break, the chilling upregulated VcSOC1 expression in non-transgenic “Aurora” and repressed VcFT expression in VcFT-OX “Aurora”, and each resulted in a decreased ratio of VcFT to VcSOC1; additionally, expression of a blueberry SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (VcSVP) was upregulated in chilled flower buds of both transgenic and non-transgenic’ “Aurora”. Together with additional analysis of VcFT and VcSOC1 in the transcriptome data of other genotypes and tissues, we provide evidence to support that VcFT expression plays a significant role in promoting floral initiation and that VcSOC1 expression is a key floral activator. We thus propose a new hypothesis on blueberry flowering mechanism, of which the ratios of VcFT-to-VcSOC1 at transcript levels in the flowering pathways determine flower bud formation and bud breaking. Generally, an increased VcFT/VcSOC1 ratio or increased VcSOC1 in leaf promotes precocious flowering and flower bud formation, and a decreased VcFT/VcSOC1 ratio with increased VcSOC1 in fully chilled flower buds contributes to flower bud breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-qing Song
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Guo-qing Song,
| | - Benjamin B. Carter
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Gan-Yuan Zhong
- Grape Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Geneva, NY, United States
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Herath D, Wang T, Voogd C, Peng Y, Douglas M, Putterill J, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Allan AC. Strategies for fast breeding and improvement of Actinidia species. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad016. [PMID: 36968184 PMCID: PMC10031733 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yongyan Peng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mikaela Douglas
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joanna Putterill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yuan X, Quan S, Liu J, Guo C, Zhang Z, Kang C, Niu J. Evolution of the PEBP gene family in Juglandaceae and their regulation of flowering pathway under the synergistic effect of JrCO and JrNF-Y proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:202-212. [PMID: 36347378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) has a conserved PEBP domain and plays an important role in regulating the flowering time and growth of angiosperms. To understand the evolution of PEBP family genes in walnut family and the mechanism of regulating flowering in photoperiod pathway, 53 genes with PEBP domain were identified from 5 Juglandaceae plants. The PEBP gene family of Juglandaceae can be divided into four subgroups, FT-like, TFL-like, MFT-like and PEBP-like subgroups. These genes all show very high homology for motifs and gene structure in Juglandaceae. In addition, the results of gene replication and collinearity analysis showed that the evolution of PEBP genes was mainly purified and selected, and segmental repetition was the main driving force for the evolution of PEBP gene family in walnut family. We found that PEBP gene family played an important role in female flower bud differentiation, and most JrPEBP genes were highly expressed in leaf bud and female flower bud by qRT-PCR. In Arabidopsis, AtCO can not only directly bind to CORE2, but also interact with NF-Y complex to positively regulate the expression of AtFT gene. In this study, we proved that JrCO (the lineal homologue of AtCO) could not directly regulate the expression of JrFT gene, but could enhance the binding of JrNF-YB4/6 protein to the promoter of JrFT gene by forming a heteropolymer with NF-YB4/NF-YB6. We also confirmed that JrNF-YC1/3/7, JrNF-YB4/6 and JrCO can form a trimer structure similar to AtNF-YB-YC-CO of Arabidopsis, and then bind to the promoter of JrFT gene to promote the transcription of JrFT gene. In a word, through identification and analysis of PEBP gene family in Juglandaceae and study on the mechanism of photoperiod pathway regulating flowering in walnut, we have found that nuclear transcription factor NF-YB/YC plays a more important role in the trimer structure of NF-YB-YC-CO in walnut species. Our study has further perfected the flowering regulatory network of walnut species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yuan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shaowen Quan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Caihua Guo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhongrong Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianxin Niu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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Spitzer-Rimon B, Shafran-Tomer H, Gottlieb GH, Doron-Faigenboim A, Zemach H, Kamenetsky-Goldstein R, Flaishman M. Non-photoperiodic transition of female cannabis seedlings from juvenile to adult reproductive stage. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2022; 35:265-277. [PMID: 36063227 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-022-00449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative-to-reproductive phase transition in female cannabis seedlings occurs autonomously with the de novo development of single flowers. To ensure successful sexual reproduction, many plant species originating from seedlings undergo juvenile-to-adult transition. This phase transition precedes and enables the vegetative-to-reproductive shift in plants, upon perception of internal and/or external signals such as temperature, photoperiod, metabolite levels, and phytohormones. This study demonstrates that the juvenile seedlings of cannabis gradually shift to the adult vegetative stage, as confirmed by the formation of lobed leaves, and upregulation of the phase-transition genes. In the tested cultivar, the switch to the reproductive stage occurs with the development of a pair of single flowers in the 7th node. Histological analysis indicated that transition to the reproductive stage is accomplished by the de novo establishment of new flower meristems which are not present in a vegetative stage, or as dormant meristems at nodes 4 and 6. Moreover, there were dramatic changes in the transcriptomic profile of flowering-related genes among nodes 4, 6, and 7. Downregulation of flowering repressors and an intense increase in the transcription of phase transition-related genes occur in parallel with an increase in the transcription of flowering integrators and meristem identity genes. These results support and provide molecular evidence for previous findings that cannabis possesses an autonomous flowering mechanism and the transition to reproductive phase is controlled in this plant mainly by internal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Hadas Shafran-Tomer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Gilad H Gottlieb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rina Kamenetsky-Goldstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Moshe Flaishman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization-Volcani, HaMaccabbim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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13
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Valencia-Lozano E, Herrera-Isidrón L, Flores-López JA, Recoder-Meléndez OS, Barraza A, Cabrera-Ponce JL. Solanum tuberosum Microtuber Development under Darkness Unveiled through RNAseq Transcriptomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213835. [PMID: 36430314 PMCID: PMC9696990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato microtuber (MT) development through in vitro techniques are ideal propagules for producing high quality potato plants. MT formation is influenced by several factors, i.e., photoperiod, sucrose, hormones, and osmotic stress. We have previously developed a protocol of MT induction in medium with sucrose (8% w/v), gelrite (6g/L), and 2iP as cytokinin under darkness. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved, we performed a transcriptome-wide analysis. Here we show that 1715 up- and 1624 down-regulated genes were involved in this biological process. Through the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses performed in the STRING database (v11.5), we found 299 genes tightly associated in 14 clusters. Two major clusters of up-regulated proteins fundamental for life growth and development were found: 29 ribosomal proteins (RPs) interacting with 6 PEBP family members and 117 cell cycle (CC) proteins. The PPI network of up-regulated transcription factors (TFs) revealed that at least six TFs-MYB43, TSF, bZIP27, bZIP43, HAT4 and WOX9-may be involved during MTs development. The PPI network of down-regulated genes revealed a cluster of 83 proteins involved in light and photosynthesis, 110 in response to hormone, 74 in hormone mediate signaling pathway and 22 related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Valencia-Lozano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Lisset Herrera-Isidrón
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato (UPIIG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200, Puerto Interior, Silao de la Victoria 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jorge Abraham Flores-López
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato (UPIIG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200, Puerto Interior, Silao de la Victoria 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Osiel Salvador Recoder-Meléndez
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato (UPIIG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200, Puerto Interior, Silao de la Victoria 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Aarón Barraza
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noreste, SC. IPN 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - José Luis Cabrera-Ponce
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-462-6239600 (ext. 9421)
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14
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Herath D, Voogd C, Mayo‐Smith M, Yang B, Allan AC, Putterill J, Varkonyi‐Gasic E. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of kiwifruit BFT genes results in an evergrowing but not early flowering phenotype. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2064-2076. [PMID: 35796629 PMCID: PMC9616528 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) genes regulate flowering and architecture in many plant species. Here, we study kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis, Ac) PEBP genes with homology to BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (BFT). CRISPR-Cas9 was used to target AcBFT genes in wild-type and fast-flowering kiwifruit backgrounds. The editing construct was designed to preferentially target AcBFT2, whose expression is elevated in dormant buds. Acbft lines displayed an evergrowing phenotype and increased branching, while control plants established winter dormancy. The evergrowing phenotype, encompassing delayed budset and advanced budbreak after defoliation, was identified in multiple independent lines with edits in both alleles of AcBFT2. RNA-seq analyses conducted using buds from gene-edited and control lines indicated that Acbft evergrowing plants had a transcriptome similar to that of actively growing wild-type plants, rather than dormant controls. Mutations in both alleles of AcBFT2 did not promote flowering in wild-type or affect flowering time, morphology and fertility in fast-flowering transgenic kiwifruit. In summary, editing of AcBFT2 has the potential to reduce plant dormancy with no adverse effect on flowering, giving rise to cultivars better suited for a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinum Herath
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
| | | | - Bo Yang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Joanna Putterill
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Erika Varkonyi‐Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand
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15
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Peng Z, Wang M, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Zhao C, Shahid MQ, Bai Y, Hao J, Peng J, Gao Y, Su W, Yang X. EjRAV1/ 2 Delay Flowering Through Transcriptional Repression of EjFTs and EjSOC1s in Loquat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:816086. [PMID: 35035390 PMCID: PMC8759039 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.816086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most species in Rosaceae usually need to undergo several years of juvenile phase before the initiation of flowering. After 4-6 years' juvenile phase, cultivated loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a species in Rosaceae, enters the reproductive phase, blooms in the autumn and sets fruits during the winter. However, the mechanisms of the transition from a seedling to an adult tree remain obscure in loquat. The regulation networks controlling seasonal flowering are also largely unknown. Here, we report two RELATED TO ABI3 AND VP1 (RAV) homologs controlling juvenility and seasonal flowering in loquat. The expressions of EjRAV1/2 were relatively high during the juvenile or vegetative phase and low at the adult or reproductive phase. Overexpression of the two EjRAVs in Arabidopsis prolonged (about threefold) the juvenile period by repressing the expressions of flowering activator genes. Additionally, the transformed plants produced more lateral branches than the wild type plants. Molecular assays revealed that the nucleus localized EjRAVs could bind to the CAACA motif of the promoters of flower signal integrators, EjFT1/2, to repress their expression levels. These findings suggest that EjRAVs play critical roles in maintaining juvenility and repressing flower initiation in the early life cycle of loquat as well as in regulating seasonal flowering. Results from this study not only shed light on the control and maintenance of the juvenile phase, but also provided potential targets for manipulation of flowering time and accelerated breeding in loquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Lushan Botanical Garden Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lushan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlu Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crop Resources in South China (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Fan ZY, He XH, Fan Y, Yu HX, Wang YH, Xie XJ, Liu Y, Mo X, Wang JY, Luo C. Isolation and functional characterization of three MiFTs genes from mango. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:169-176. [PMID: 32768921 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a key integrator of environmental signals and internal cues and plays a central role in the photoperiod response mechanism in Arabidopsis. However, the function of FTs in Mangifera indica L. is unknown. In this study, we identified three MiFTs genes from mango and characterized their role in flowering regulation. The open reading frames of MiFT1, MiFT2, and MiFT3 are 540, 516, and 588 bp in length and encode 180, 172, and 196 amino acids, respectively; the genes belong to the PEBP family. MiFTs share the conserved exon/intron structure of FTs. The nucleotide sequence of MiFT1 is 90% identical to that of MiFT2 and 82% identical to that of MiFT3; MiFT2 and MiFT3 share 81% homology with each other. According to expression analysis, MiFTs were detected at different expression levels in all tested tissues. The expression levels of the three MiFTs were significantly different in leaves during flower development, and MiFT1 expression increased sharply in leaves and was significantly higher than that of the other two MiFTs during flower bud development. All three MiFTs showed daily cycles. Ectopic expression of the three MiFTs in transgenic Arabidopsis resulted in an earlier flowering genotype under long-day conditions, and MiFT1 had the strongest effect in promoting flowering. Additionally, overexpression of three MiFTs in Arabidopsis upregulated the expression levels of several flowering-related genes. Our results suggest that the three MiFTs have positive roles in promoting flowering and suggest that MiFT1 may acts as a key regulator in the flowering pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Fan
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xin-Hua He
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yan Fan
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hai-Xia Yu
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yi-Han Wang
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xie
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiao Mo
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jin-Ying Wang
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Cong Luo
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530004, China.
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17
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Sobral R, Silva HG, Laranjeira S, Magalhães J, Andrade L, Alhinho AT, Costa MMR. Unisexual flower initiation in the monoecious Quercus suber L.: a molecular approach. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1260-1276. [PMID: 32365206 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several plant species display a temporal separation of the male and female flower organ development to enhance outbreeding; however, little is known regarding the genetic mechanisms controlling this temporal separation. Quercus suber is a monoecious oak tree with accentuated protandry: in late winter, unisexual male flowers emerge adjacent to the swollen buds, whereas unisexual female flowers emerge in the axils of newly formed leaves formed during spring (4-8 weeks after male flowering). Here, a phylogenetic profiling has led to the identification of cork oak homologs of key floral regulatory genes. The role of these cork oak homologs during flower development was identified with functional studies in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression profile throughout the year of flower regulators (inducers and repressors), in leaves and buds, suggests that the development of male and female flowers may be preceded by separated induction events. Female flowers are most likely induced during the vegetative flush occurring in spring, whereas male flowers may be induced in early summer. Male flowers stay enclosed within the pre-dormant buds, but complete their development before the vegetative flush of the following year, displaying a long period of anthesis that spans the dormant period. Our results portray a genetic mechanism that may explain similar reproductive habits in other monoecious tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rómulo Sobral
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Helena Gomes Silva
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Laranjeira
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Magalhães
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís Andrade
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Alhinho
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Ribeiro Costa
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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18
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Zhao S, Wei Y, Pang H, Xu J, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Genome-wide identification of the PEBP genes in pears and the putative role of PbFT in flower bud differentiation. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8928. [PMID: 32296611 PMCID: PMC7151754 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) genes have been identified in several plants, little is known about PEBP genes in pears. In this study, a total of 24 PEBP genes were identified, in which 10, 5 and 9 were from Pyrus bretschneideri genome, Pyrus communis genome and Pyrus betuleafolia genome, respectively. Subsequently, gene structure, phylogenetic relationship, chromosomal localization, promoter regions, collinearity and expression were determined with these PEBP genes. It was found that only PbFT from PEBP genes of P. bretschneideri was relatively highly expressed in leaves during flower bud differentiation. Whereas, expression patterns of TFL1 homologues, gene23124 and gene16540, were different from PbFT in buds. The expression pattern and the treatment of reduction day-length indicated that the expression of PbFT in leaves were regulated by day-length and circadian clock. Additionally, the phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis suggested that PbFT played a role in not only promoting flower bud differentiation, but also regulating the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth. These results may provide important information for further understanding of the evolution and function of PEBP genes in pears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yarui Wei
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hongguang Pang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yingli Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jianguang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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19
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Bi Z, Tahir AT, Huang H, Hua Y. Cloning and functional analysis of five TERMINAL FLOWER 1/CENTRORADIALIS-like genes from Hevea brasiliensis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:612-627. [PMID: 30069883 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Five TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)/CENTRORADIALIS (CEN)-like genes were isolated and characterized from rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). All genes, except HbCEN1, were found to have conserved genomic organization, characteristic of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family. Overexpression of all of them delayed flowering and altered flower architecture compared with the wild-type (wt) counterpart. In addition, as premature-flowering of the terminal bud was successfully overcome in the tfl1-1 mutant of Arabidopsis, all these genes have a potential function similar to TFL1. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed higher expressions of HbCEN1 and HbCEN2 in the shoot apices and stems of both immature and mature rubber trees than in reproductive organs. HbTFL1-1 and HbTFL1-2 expression was confined to roots of 3-month-old seedlings and HbTFL1-3 was significantly higher in the shoot apices of these seedlings. These results suggested that HbCEN1 and HbCEN2 could be associated with the development of vegetative growth, whereas HbTFL1-1, HbTFL1-2 and HbTFL1-3 seem to be mainly related with maintenance of juvenility. In addition, four of the five genes displayed variable diurnal expression, HbTFL1-1 and HbTFL1-3 being mainly expressed during the night whereas HbCEN1 and HbCEN2 showed irregular diurnal rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, China
| | - Ayesha T Tahir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Huasun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, China
| | - Yuwei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, China
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20
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Varkonyi‐Gasic E, Wang T, Voogd C, Jeon S, Drummond RSM, Gleave AP, Allan AC. Mutagenesis of kiwifruit CENTRORADIALIS-like genes transforms a climbing woody perennial with long juvenility and axillary flowering into a compact plant with rapid terminal flowering. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:869-880. [PMID: 30302894 PMCID: PMC6587708 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Annualization of woody perennials has the potential to revolutionize the breeding and production of fruit crops and rapidly improve horticultural species. Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is a recently domesticated fruit crop with a short history of breeding and tremendous potential for improvement. Previously, multiple kiwifruit CENTRORADIALIS (CEN)-like genes have been identified as potential repressors of flowering. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9- mediated manipulation enabled functional analysis of kiwifruit CEN-like genes AcCEN4 and AcCEN. Mutation of these genes transformed a climbing woody perennial, which develops axillary inflorescences after many years of juvenility, into a compact plant with rapid terminal flower and fruit development. The number of affected genes and alleles and severity of detected mutations correlated with the precocity and change in plant stature, suggesting that a bi-allelic mutation of either AcCEN4 or AcCEN may be sufficient for early flowering, whereas mutations affecting both genes further contributed to precocity and enhanced the compact growth habit. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of AcCEN4 and AcCEN may be a valuable means to engineer Actinidia amenable for accelerated breeding, indoor farming and cultivation as an annual crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Varkonyi‐Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Tianchi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Subin Jeon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Revel S. M. Drummond
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andrew P. Gleave
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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21
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Kang J, Zhang T, Guo T, Ding W, Long R, Yang Q, Wang Z. Isolation and Functional Characterization of MsFTa, a FLOWERING LOCUS T Homolog from Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081968. [PMID: 31013631 PMCID: PMC6514984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of hay and seeds of alfalfa, an important legume forage for the diary industry worldwide, is highly related to flowering time, which has been widely reported to be integrated by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). However, the function of FT(s) in alfalfa is largely unknown. Here, we identified MsFTa, an FT ortholog in alfalfa, and characterized its role in flowering regulation. MsFTa shares the conserved exon/intron structure of FTs, and the deduced MsFTa is 98% identical to MtFTa1 in Medicago trucatula. MsFTa was diurnally regulated with a peak before the dark period, and was preferentially expressed in leaves and floral buds. Transient expression of MsFTa-GFP fusion protein demonstrated its localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm. When ectopically expressed, MsFTa rescued the late-flowering phenotype of ft mutants from Arabidopsis and M. trucatula. MsFTa over-expression plants of both Arabidopsis and M. truncatula flowered significantly earlier than the non-transgenic controls under long day conditions, indicating that exogenous MsFTa strongly accelerated flowering. Hence, MsFTa functions positively in flowering promotion, suggesting that MsFTa may encode a florigen that acts as a key regulator in the flowering pathway. This study provides an effective candidate gene for optimizing alfalfa flowering time by genetically manipulating the expression of MsFTa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tao Guo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wang Ding
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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22
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Yu X, Liu H, Sang N, Li Y, Zhang T, Sun J, Huang X. Identification of cotton MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 homologs, GhMFT1 and GhMFT2, involved in seed germination. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215771. [PMID: 31002698 PMCID: PMC6474632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) is comprised of three clades: FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) and MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (MFT). FT/TFL1-like clades regulate identities of the determinate and indeterminate meristems, and ultimately affect flowering time and plant architecture. MFT is generally considered to be the ancestor of FT/TFL1, but its function is not well understood. Here, two MFT homoeologous gene pairs in Gossypium hirsutum, GhMFT1-A/D and GhMFT2-A/D, were identified by genome-wide identification of MFT-like genes. Detailed expression analysis revealed that GhMFT1 and GhMFT2 homoeologous genes were predominately expressed in ovules, and their expression increased remarkably during ovule development but decreased quickly during seed germination. Expressions of GhMFT1 and GhMFT2 homoeologous genes in germinating seeds were upregulated in response to abscisic acid (ABA), and their expressions also responded to gibberellin (GA). In addition, ectopic overexpression of GhMFT1 and GhMFT2 in Arabidopsis inhibited seed germination at the early stage. Gene transcription analysis showed that ABA metabolism genes ABA-INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) and ABI5, GA signal transduction pathway genes REPRESSOR OF ga1-3 (RGA) and RGA-LIKE2 (RGL2) were all upregulated in the 35S:GhMFT1 and 35S:GhMFT2 transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. GhMFT1 and GhMFT2 localize in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and both interact with a cotton bZIP transcription factor GhFD, suggesting that both of GhMFT1, 2 have similar intracellular regulation mechanisms. Taken together, the results suggest that GhMFT1 and GhMFT2 may act redundantly and differentially in the regulation of seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Na Sang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (JS)
| | - Xianzhong Huang
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (JS)
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23
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Song GQ, Prieto H, Orbovic V. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Tree Fruit Crops: Methods, Progress, and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:226. [PMID: 30881368 PMCID: PMC6405644 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering based on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has been a desirable tool to manipulate single or multiple genes of existing genotypes of woody fruit crops, for which conventional breeding is a difficult and lengthy process due to heterozygosity, sexual incompatibility, juvenility, or a lack of natural sources. To date, successful transformation has been reported for many fruit crops. We review the major progress in genetic transformation of these fruit crops made in the past 5 years, emphasizing reproducible transformation protocols as well as the strategies that have been tested in fruit crops. While direct transformation of scion cultivars was mostly used for fruit quality improvement, biotic and abiotic tolerance, and functional gene analysis, transgrafting on genetically modified (GM) rootstocks showed a potential to produce non-GM fruit products. More recently, genome editing technology has demonstrated a potential for gene(s) manipulation of several fruit crops. However, substantial efforts are still needed to produce plants from gene-edited cells, for which tremendous challenge remains in the context of either cell's recalcitrance to regeneration or inefficient gene-editing due to their polyploidy. We propose that effective transient transformation and efficient regeneration are the key for future utilization of genome editing technologies for improvement of fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-qing Song
- Department of Horticulture, Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Humberto Prieto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Vladimir Orbovic
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
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24
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Lu Y, Chen W, Zhao L, Yao J, Li Y, Yang W, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Sun J. Different divergence events for three pairs of PEBPs in Gossypium as implied by evolutionary analysis. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:445-458. [PMID: 30610620 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene family plays a crucial role in seed germination, reproductive transformation, and other important developmental processes in plants, but its distribution in Gossypium genomes or species, evolutionary properties, and the fates of multiple duplicated genes remain unclear. OBJECTIVES The primary objectives of this study were to elucidate the distribution and characteristics of PEBP genes in Gossypium, as well as the evolutionary pattern of duplication and deletion, and functional differentiation of PEBPs in plants. METHODS Using the PEBP protein sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana as queries, blast alignment was carried out for the identification of PEBP genes in four sequenced cotton species. Using the primers designed according to the PEBP genome sequences, PEBP genes were cloned from 15 representative genomes of Gossypium genus, and the gene structure, CDS sequence, protein sequence and properties were predicted and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Taking PEBP proteins of grape as reference, grouping of orthologous gene, analysis of phylogeny and divergence of PEBPs in nine species were conducted to reconstruct the evolutionary pattern of PEBP genes in plants. RESULTS We identified and cloned 160 PEBPs from 15 cotton species, and the phylogenetic analysis showed that the genes could be classified into the following three subfamilies: MFT-like, FT-like and TFL1-like. There were eight single orthologous group (OG) members in each diploid and 16 double OG members in each tetraploid. An analysis of the expression and selective pressure indicated that expression divergence and strong purification selection within the same OG presented in the PEBP gene family. CONCLUSION An evolutionary pattern of duplication and deletion of the PEBP family in the evolutionary history of Gossypium was suggested, and three pairs of genes resulted from different whole-genome duplication events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Lu
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Huanghe Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Yao
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Huanghe Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
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25
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Stadler R, Sauer N. The AtSUC2 Promoter: A Powerful Tool to Study Phloem Physiology and Development. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:267-287. [PMID: 31197803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose carrier AtSUC2 of Arabidopsis thaliana is localized in the phloem, where it catalyzes the uptake of sucrose from the apoplast into companion cells. Imported sucrose moves passively via plasmodesmata from the companion cells into the neighboring sieve elements that distribute this disaccharide to the different sink organs. Phloem loading of sucrose by the AtSUC2 protein is an essential process, and mutants lacking this protein stay tiny, develop no or only few flowers, and have a strongly reduced root system. The promoter of the AtSUC2 gene is active exclusively in companion cells of the phloem. Moreover, it drives very strong expression not only in Arabidopsis, but also in all plant species tested so far, including monocot species. Due to these features, the AtSUC2 promoter has become an important tool in diverse areas of plant research during the last two decades. It was used to study phloem development and function including phloem loading and unloading. Furthermore, it was helpful in analyzing the pathways of posttranscriptional silencing by RNA interference, the regulation of flowering, mechanisms of nutrient withdrawal by phloem-feeding pathogens, and other physiological functions that are related to long distance transport. The present paper gives an overview of different approaches in plant research that utilized the strong and companion cell-specific expression of own or foreign genes driven by the AtSUC2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Moss SMA, Wang T, Voogd C, Brian LA, Wu R, Hellens RP, Allan AC, Putterill J, Varkonyi‐Gasic E. AcFT promotes kiwifruit in vitro flowering when overexpressed and Arabidopsis flowering when expressed in the vasculature under its own promoter. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00068. [PMID: 31245732 PMCID: PMC6508797 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) has three FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes, AcFT, AcFT1, and AcFT2, with differential expression and potentially divergent roles. AcFT was previously shown to be expressed in source leaves and induced in dormant buds by winter chilling. Here, we show that AcFT promotes flowering in A. chinensis, despite a short sequence insertion not present in other FT-like genes. A 3.5-kb AcFT promoter region contained all the regulatory elements required to mediate vascular expression in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). The promoter activation was initially confined to the veins in the distal end of the leaf, before extending to the veins in the base of the leaf, and was detected in inductive and noninductive photoperiods. The 3-kb and 2.7-kb promoter regions of AcFT1 and AcFT2, respectively, demonstrated different activation patterns in Arabidopsis, corresponding to differential expression in kiwifruit. Expression of AcFT cDNA from the AcFT promoter was capable to induce early flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis in noninductive photoperiods. Further, expression of AcFT cDNA fused to the green fluorescent protein was detected in the vasculature and was also capable to advance flowering in noninductive photoperiods. Taken together, these studies implicate AcFT in regulation of kiwifruit flowering time and as a candidate for kiwifruit florigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. A. Moss
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAuckland Mail CentreAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Present address:
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Palmerston NorthPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Tianchi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAuckland Mail CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAuckland Mail CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Lara A. Brian
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAuckland Mail CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rongmei Wu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAuckland Mail CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Roger P. Hellens
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAuckland Mail CentreAucklandNew Zealand
- Present address:
Centre for Tropical Crops and BiocommoditiesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAuckland Mail CentreAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Joanna Putterill
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Erika Varkonyi‐Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt AlbertAuckland Mail CentreAucklandNew Zealand
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27
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Liu J, Huang S, Niu X, Chen D, Chen Q, Tian L, Xiao F, Liu Y. Genome-wide identification and validation of new reference genes for transcript normalization in developmental and post-harvested fruits of Actinidia chinensis. Gene 2017; 645:1-6. [PMID: 29242074 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The appropriate reference genes are important and essential for reliable results of transcript normalization in real-time qRT-PCR. In the current study, we identified 1203 stably expressed genes from 35,286 genes' expression profiles in developmental fruits of Actinidia chinensis. We manually selected six candidate genes and assessed their expression levels, using two sets of fruit samples of A. chinensis: flesh fruits at four developmental stages and post-harvested fruits. The expression stability of these six genes was assessed by three independent algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Statistical results indicated these six genes can serve as internal control in both developmental and post-harvested fruits. Among these genes, UBQ_CONJ_E2 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 36) and TUB_FCB (Tubulin folding cofactor B) were the two best reference genes identified in this study. The identification and validation of these reference genes can be helpful for elucidating the studies of fruit development and post-harvested fruits' storage in A. chinensis and other fruit crops of Actinidiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shengxiong Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Xiangli Niu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Danyang Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - FangMing Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339, USA
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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