1
|
Hussain A, Faheem B, Jang HS, Lee DS, Mun BG, Rolly NK, Yun BW. Melatonin-Nitric Oxide Crosstalk in Plants and the Prospects of NOMela as a Nitric Oxide Donor. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8535. [PMID: 39126104 PMCID: PMC11313359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin regulates vital physiological processes in animals, such as the circadian cycle, sleep, locomotion, body temperature, food intake, and sexual and immune responses. In plants, melatonin modulates seed germination, longevity, circadian cycle, photoperiodicity, flowering, leaf senescence, postharvest fruit storage, and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. In plants, the effect of melatonin is mediated by various regulatory elements of the redox network, including RNS and ROS. Similarly, the radical gas NO mediates various physiological processes, like seed germination, flowering, leaf senescence, and stress responses. The biosynthesis of both melatonin and NO takes place in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Hence, both melatonin and nitric oxide are key signaling molecules governing their biological pathways independently. However, there are instances when these pathways cross each other and the two molecules interact with each other, resulting in the formation of N-nitrosomelatonin or NOMela, which is a nitrosated form of melatonin, discovered recently and with promising roles in plant development. The interaction between NO and melatonin is highly complex, and, although a handful of studies reporting these interactions have been published, the exact molecular mechanisms governing them and the prospects of NOMela as a NO donor have just started to be unraveled. Here, we review NO and melatonin production as well as RNS-melatonin interaction under normal and stressful conditions. Furthermore, for the first time, we provide highly sensitive, ozone-chemiluminescence-based comparative measurements of the nitric oxide content, as well as NO-release kinetics between NOMela and the commonly used NO donors CySNO and GSNO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Hussain
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Brekhna Faheem
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hyung-Seok Jang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Sol Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Nkulu Kabange Rolly
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ye T, Ma T, Chen Y, Liu C, Jiao Z, Wang X, Xue H. The role of redox-active small molecules and oxidative protein post-translational modifications in seed aging. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108810. [PMID: 38857563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Seed vigor is a crucial indicator of seed quality. Variations in seed vigor are closely associated with seed properties and storage conditions. The vigor of mature seeds progressively declines during storage, which is called seed deterioration or aging. Seed aging induces a cascade of cellular damage, including impaired subcellular structures and macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules during seed aging causing oxidative damage and triggering programmed cell death (PCD). Mitochondria are the main site of ROS production and change morphology and function before other organelles during aging. The roles of other small redox-active molecules in regulating cell and seed vigor, such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), were identified later. ROS, NO, and H2S typically regulate protein function through post-translational modifications (PTMs), including carbonylation, S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, and S-sulfhydration. These signaling molecules as well as the PTMs they induce interact to regulate cell fate and seed vigor. This review was conducted to describe the physiological changes and underlying molecular mechanisms that in seed aging and provides a comprehensive view of how ROS, NO, and H2S affect cell death and seed vigor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Tianxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
González-Gordo S, López-Jaramillo J, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Taboada J, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Pepper catalase: a broad analysis of its modulation during fruit ripening and by nitric oxide. Biochem J 2024; 481:883-901. [PMID: 38884605 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20240247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Catalase is a major antioxidant enzyme located in plant peroxisomes that catalyzes the decomposition of H2O2. Based on our previous transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and proteomic (iTRAQ) data at different stages of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit ripening and after exposure to nitric oxide (NO) enriched atmosphere, a broad analysis has allowed us to characterize the functioning of this enzyme. Three genes were identified, and their expression was differentially modulated during ripening and by NO gas treatment. A dissimilar behavior was observed in the protein expression of the encoded protein catalases (CaCat1-CaCat3). Total catalase activity was down-regulated by 50% in ripe (red) fruits concerning immature green fruits. This was corroborated by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, where only a single catalase isozyme was identified. In vitro analyses of the recombinant CaCat3 protein exposed to peroxynitrite (ONOO-) confirmed, by immunoblot assay, that catalase underwent a nitration process. Mass spectrometric analysis identified that Tyr348 and Tyr360 were nitrated by ONOO-, occurring near the active center of catalase. The data indicate the complex regulation at gene and protein levels of catalase during the ripening of pepper fruits, with activity significantly down-regulated in ripe fruits. Nitration seems to play a key role in this down-regulation, favoring an increase in H2O2 content during ripening. This pattern can be reversed by the exogenous NO application. While plant catalases are generally reported to be tetrameric, the analysis of the protein structure supports that pepper catalase has a favored quaternary homodimer nature. Taken together, data show that pepper catalase is down-regulated during fruit ripening, becoming a target of tyrosine nitration, which provokes its inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain Granada, Spain
| | | | - Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Taboada
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corpas FJ, González-Gordo S, Palma JM. Ascorbate peroxidase in fruits and modulation of its activity by reactive species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2716-2732. [PMID: 38442039 PMCID: PMC11066807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is one of the enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and is the key enzyme that breaks down H2O2 with the aid of ascorbate as an electron source. APX is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes from algae to higher plants and, at the cellular level, it is localized in all subcellular compartments where H2O2 is generated, including the apoplast, cytosol, plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, either in soluble form or attached to the organelle membranes. APX activity can be modulated by various post-translational modifications including tyrosine nitration, S-nitrosation, persulfidation, and S-sulfenylation. This allows the connection of H2O2 metabolism with other relevant signaling molecules such as NO and H2S, thus building a complex coordination system. In both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, APX plays a key role during the ripening process and during post-harvest, since it participates in the regulation of both H2O2 and ascorbate levels affecting fruit quality. Currently, the exogenous application of molecules such as NO, H2S, H2O2, and, more recently, melatonin is seen as a new alternative to maintain and extend the shelf life and quality of fruits because they can modulate APX activity as well as other antioxidant systems. Therefore, these molecules are being considered as new biotechnological tools to improve crop quality in the horticultural industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muñoz-Vargas MA, Taboada J, González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Characterization of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in sweet pepper fruits during ripening and its inhibition by nitration and reducing events. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:92. [PMID: 38466441 PMCID: PMC10927865 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Pepper fruits contain two leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) genes which are differentially modulated during ripening and by nitric oxide. The LAP activity increases during ripening but is negatively modulated by nitration. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an essential metalloenzyme that cleaves N-terminal leucine residues from proteins but also metabolizes dipeptides and tripeptides. LAPs play a fundamental role in cell protein turnover and participate in physiological processes such as defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses, but little is known about their involvement in fruit physiology. This study aims to identify and characterize genes encoding LAP and evaluate their role during the ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits and under a nitric oxide (NO)-enriched environment. Using a data-mining approach of the pepper plant genome and fruit transcriptome (RNA-seq), two LAP genes, designated CaLAP1 and CaLAP2, were identified. The time course expression analysis of these genes during different fruit ripening stages showed that whereas CaLAP1 decreased, CaLAP2 was upregulated. However, under an exogenous NO treatment of fruits, both genes were downregulated. On the contrary, it was shown that during fruit ripening LAP activity increased by 81%. An in vitro assay of the LAP activity in the presence of different modulating compounds including peroxynitrite (ONOO-), NO donors (S-nitrosoglutathione and nitrosocyteine), reducing agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH), L-cysteine (L-Cys), and cyanide triggered a differential response. Thus, peroxynitrite and reducing compounds provoked around 50% inhibition of the LAP activity in green immature fruits, whereas cyanide upregulated it 1.5 folds. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of LAP in pepper fruits as well as of its regulation by diverse modulating compounds. Based on the capacity of LAP to metabolize dipeptides and tripeptides, it could be hypothesized that the LAP might be involved in the GSH recycling during the ripening process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Taboada
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Z, Huang D, Yao Y, Pan X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Ding Z, Wang C, Liao W. The Crucial Role of SlGSNOR in Regulating Postharvest Tomato Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2729. [PMID: 38473974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a well-known regulator in controlling protein S-nitrosylation modification and nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis. Here, a GSNOR inhibitor N6022 and SlGSNOR silencing were applied to investigate the roles of SlGSNOR in tomato fruit postharvest ripening. We found that the application of N6022 and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, a NO donor), and SlGSNOR silencing delayed the transition of fruit skin color by improving total chlorophyll level by 88.57%, 44.78%, and 91.03%, respectively. Meanwhile, total carotenoid and lycopene contents were reduced by these treatments. Concurrently, the activity of chlorophyll biosynthesis enzymes and the expression of related genes were upregulated, and the transcript abundances of total carotenoid bioproduction genes were downregulated, by N6022 and GSNO treatments and SlGSNOR silencing. In addition, fruit softening was postponed by N6022, GSNO, and SlGSNOR silencing, through delaying the decrease of firmness and declining cell wall composition; structure-related enzyme activity; and gene expression levels. Furthermore, N6022, GSNO, and SlGSNOR silencing enhanced the accumulation of titratable acid; ascorbic acid; total phenol; and total flavonoid, but repressed the content of soluble sugar and soluble protein accompanied with the expression pattern changes of nutrition-related genes. In addition, the endogenous NO contents were elevated by 197.55%; 404.59%; and 713.46%, and the endogenous SNOs contents were enhanced by 74.65%; 93.49%; and 94.85%; by N6022 and GSNO treatments and SlGSNOR silencing, respectively. Altogether, these results indicate that SlGSNOR positively promotes tomato postharvest fruit ripening, which may be largely on account of its negative roles in the endogenous NO level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dengjing Huang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yandong Yao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuejuan Pan
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yanqin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yi Huang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhiqi Ding
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sougrakpam Y, Babuta P, Deswal R. Nitric oxide (NO) modulates low temperature-stress signaling via S-nitrosation, a NO PTM, inducing ethylene biosynthesis inhibition leading to enhanced post-harvest shelf-life of agricultural produce. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2051-2065. [PMID: 38222283 PMCID: PMC10784255 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Low temperature (cold) stress is one of the major abiotic stress conditions affecting crop productivity worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO) is a dynamic signaling molecule that interacts with various stress regulators and provides abiotic stress tolerance. Stress enhanced NO contributes to S-nitrosothiol accumulation which causes oxidation of the -SH group in proteins leading to S-nitrosation, a post-translational modification. Cold stress induced in vivo S-nitrosation of > 240 proteins majorly belonging to stress/signaling/redox (myrosinase, SOD, GST, CS, DHAR), photosynthesis (RuBisCO, PRK), metabolism (FBA, GAPDH, TPI, SBPase), and cell wall modification (Beta-xylosidases, alpha-l-arabinogalactan) in different crop plants indicated role of NO in these important cellular and metabolic pathways. NO mediated regulation of a transcription factor CBF (C-repeat Binding Factor, a transcription factor) at transcriptional and post-translational level was shown in Solanum lycopersicum seedlings. NO donor priming enhances seed germination, breaks dormancy and provides tolerance to stress in crops. Its role in averting stress, promoting seed germination, and delaying senescence paved the way for use of NO and NO releasing compounds to prevent crop loss and increase the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables. An alternative to energy consuming and expensive cold storage led to development of a storage device called "shelf-life enhancer" that delays senescence and increases shelf-life at ambient temperature (25-27 °C) using NO donor. The present review summarizes NO research in plants and exploration of NO for its translational potential to improve agricultural yield and post-harvest crop loss. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01371-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaiphabi Sougrakpam
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007 India
| | - Priyanka Babuta
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007 India
| | - Renu Deswal
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arabia A, Muñoz P, Pallarés N, Munné-Bosch S. Experimental approaches in studying active biomolecules modulating fruit ripening: Melatonin as a case study. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1747-1767. [PMID: 36805997 PMCID: PMC10315297 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are naturally occurring small organic molecules found at low concentrations in plants. They perform essential functions in growth and developmental processes, from organ initiation to senescence, including fruit ripening. These regulatory molecules are studied using different experimental approaches, such as performing exogenous applications, evaluating endogenous levels, and/or obtaining genetically modified lines. Here, we discuss the advantages and limitations of current experimental approaches used to study active biomolecules modulating fruit ripening, focusing on melatonin. Although melatonin has been implicated in fruit ripening in several model fruit crops, current knowledge is affected by the different experimental approaches used, which have given different and sometimes even contradictory results. The methods of application and the doses used have produced different results in studies based on exogenous applications, while different measurement methods and ways of expressing results explain most of the variability in studies using correlative analyses. Furthermore, studies on genetically modified crops have focused on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants only. However, TILLING and CRISPR methodologies are becoming essential tools to complement the results from the experimental approaches described above. This will not only help the scientific community better understand the role of melatonin in modulating fruit ripening, but it will also help develop technological advances to improve fruit yield and quality in major crops. The combination of various experimental approaches will undoubtedly lead to a complete understanding of the function of melatonin in fruit ripening in the near future, so that this knowledge can be effectively transferred to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Arabia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Paula Muñoz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Núria Pallarés
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gambhir P, Raghuvanshi U, Parida AP, Kujur S, Sharma S, Sopory SK, Kumar R, Sharma AK. Elevated methylglyoxal levels inhibit tomato fruit ripening by preventing ethylene biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2161-2184. [PMID: 36879389 PMCID: PMC10315284 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG), a toxic compound produced as a by-product of several cellular processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis, is well known for its deleterious effects, mainly through glycation of proteins during plant stress responses. However, very little is known about its impact on fruit ripening. Here, we found that MG levels are maintained at high levels in green tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits and decline during fruit ripening despite a respiratory burst during this transition. We demonstrate that this decline is mainly mediated through a glutathione-dependent MG detoxification pathway and primarily catalyzed by a Glyoxalase I enzyme encoded by the SlGLYI4 gene. SlGLYI4 is a direct target of the MADS-box transcription factor RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), and its expression is induced during fruit ripening. Silencing of SlGLYI4 leads to drastic MG overaccumulation at ripening stages of transgenic fruits and interferes with the ripening process. MG most likely glycates and inhibits key enzymes such as methionine synthase and S-adenosyl methionine synthase in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, thereby indirectly affecting fruit pigmentation and cell wall metabolism. MG overaccumulation in fruits of several nonripening or ripening-inhibited tomato mutants suggests that the tightly regulated MG detoxification process is crucial for normal ripening progression. Our results underpin a SlGLYI4-mediated regulatory mechanism by which MG detoxification controls fruit ripening in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gambhir
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Utkarsh Raghuvanshi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Adwaita Prasad Parida
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Stuti Kujur
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Muñoz-Vargas MA, López-Jaramillo J, González-Gordo S, Paradela A, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. H 2S-Generating Cytosolic L-Cysteine Desulfhydrase and Mitochondrial D-Cysteine Desulfhydrase from Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Are Regulated During Fruit Ripening and by Nitric Oxide. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:2-18. [PMID: 36950799 PMCID: PMC10585658 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Pepper fruit is a horticultural product worldwide consumed that has great nutritional and economic relevance. Besides the phenotypical changes that undergo pepper fruit during ripening, there are many associated modifications at transcriptomic, proteomic, biochemical, and metabolic levels. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are recognized signal molecules that can exert regulatory functions in diverse plant processes. This study aims at analyzing the interrelationship between NO and H2S during fruit ripening. Results: Our data indicate that the H2S-generating cytosolic L-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) and the mitochondrial D-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD) activities are downregulated during ripening but this effect was reverted after NO treatment of fruits. Innovation and Conclusion: Using as a model the non-climacteric pepper fruits at different ripening stages and under an NO-enriched atmosphere, the activity of the H2S-generating LCD and DCD was analyzed. LCD and DCD activities were downregulated during ripening, but this effect was reverted after NO treatment of fruits. The analysis of LCD activity by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) allowed identifying three isozymes designated CaLCD I to CaLCD III, which were differentially modulated by NO and strictly dependent on pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). In vitro analyses of green fruit samples in the presence of different compounds including NO donors, peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and reducing agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and L-cysteine (L-Cys) triggered an almost 100% inhibition of CaLCD II and CaLCD III. This redox adaptation process of both enzymes could be cataloged as a hormesis phenomenon. The protein tyrosine (Tyr) nitration (an NO-promoted post-translational modification) of the recombinant LCD was corroborated by immunoblot and by mass spectrometry (MS) analyses. Among the 11 Tyr residues present in this enzyme, MS of the recombinant LCD enabled us to identify that Tyr82 and Tyr254 were nitrated by ONOO-, this occurring near the active center on the enzyme, where His237 and Lys260 together with the cofactor PLP are involved. These data support the relationship between NO and H2S during pepper fruit ripening, since LCD and DCD are regulated by NO during this physiological event, and this could also be extrapolated to other plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A. Muñoz-Vargas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture. Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Javier López-Jaramillo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture. Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Proteomics Core Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture. Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture. Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
González-Gordo S, Muñoz-Vargas MA, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Class III Peroxidases (POD) in Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.): Genome-Wide Identification and Regulation during Nitric Oxide (NO)-Influenced Fruit Ripening. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051013. [PMID: 37237879 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The class III peroxidases (PODs) catalyze the oxidation of several substrates coupled to the reduction of H2O2 to water, and play important roles in diverse plant processes. The POD family members have been well-studied in several plant species, but little information is available on sweet pepper fruit physiology. Based on the existing pepper genome, a total of 75 CaPOD genes have been identified, but only 10 genes were found in the fruit transcriptome (RNA-Seq). The time-course expression analysis of these genes showed that two were upregulated during fruit ripening, seven were downregulated, and one gene was unaffected. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) treatment triggered the upregulation of two CaPOD genes whereas the others were unaffected. Non-denaturing PAGE and in-gel activity staining allowed identifying four CaPOD isozymes (CaPOD I-CaPOD IV) which were differentially modulated during ripening and by NO. In vitro analyses of green fruit samples with peroxynitrite, NO donors, and reducing agents triggered about 100% inhibition of CaPOD IV. These data support the modulation of POD at gene and activity levels, which is in agreement with the nitro-oxidative metabolism of pepper fruit during ripening, and suggest that POD IV is a target for nitration and reducing events that lead to its inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Z, Li L, Khan D, Chen Y, Pu X, Wang X, Guan M, Rengel Z, Chen Q. Nitric oxide acts downstream of reactive oxygen species in phytomelatonin receptor 1 (PMTR1)-mediated stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153917. [PMID: 36706575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are important signaling molecules regulating stomatal movements in plants. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was found to induce stomatal closure via phytomelatonin receptor 1 (PMTR1)-mediated activation of ROS production. Here, we evaluated the interaction between ROS and NO in the melatonin-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. The results showed that the exogenous melatonin-induced stomatal closure and NO production were abolished by carboxy-PTIO (cPTIO, a NO scavenger). Additionally, the mutant lines nitrate reductase 1 and 2 (nia1nia2) and NO-associated 1 (noa1) did not show melatonin-induced stomatal closure, indicating that the melatonin-mediated stomatal closure is dependent on NO. The application of H2O2 induced the NO production and stomatal closure in the presence or absence of melatonin. However, the melatonin-induced NO production was impaired in the rhohC and rbohD/F (NADPH oxidase respiratory burst oxidase homologs) mutant plants. Furthermore, the ROS levels in nia1nia2 and noa1 did not differ significantly from the wild type plants, indicating that NO is a downstream component in the melatonin-induced ROS production. Exogenous melatonin did not induce NO and ROS production in the guard cells of pmtr1 mutant lines, suggesting NO occurs downstream of ROS in the PMTR1-mediated stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. Taken together, the results presented here suggest that melatonin-induced stomatal closure via PMTR1-mediated signaling in the regulation of ROS and NO production in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Leilin Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Dawood Khan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaojun Pu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Xinjia Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Miao Guan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Zed Rengel
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Qi Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Morelli L, Torres-Montilla S, Glauser G, Shanmugabalaji V, Kessler F, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Novel insights into the contribution of plastoglobules and reactive oxygen species to chromoplast differentiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1696-1710. [PMID: 36307969 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues can be enriched in phytonutrients not only by stimulating their biosynthesis but also by providing appropriate sink structures for their sequestering and storage. In the case of carotenoids, they accumulate at high levels in chromoplasts naturally found in flowers and fruit. Chromoplasts can also be artificially differentiated from leaf chloroplasts by boosting carotenoid production with the bacterial protein crtB. Here we used electron and confocal microscopy together with subplastidial fractionation and transcript, protein and metabolite analyses to analyze the structural and biochemical changes occurring in crtB-induced artificial chromoplasts and their impact on the accumulation of health-related isoprenoids. We show that leaf chromoplasts develop plastoglobules (PG) harboring high levels of carotenoids (mainly phytoene and pro-vitamin A β-carotene) but also other nutritionally relevant isoprenoids, such as tocopherols (vitamin E) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Further promoting PG proliferation by exposure to intense (high) light resulted in a higher accumulation of these health-related metabolites but also an acceleration of the chloroplast-to-chromoplast conversion. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates chromoplastogenesis. Our data suggest that carotenoid accumulation and ROS production are not just consequences but promoters of the chromoplast differentiation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao YQ, Hu KD, Yao GF, Wang SY, Peng XJ, Zhang H. A D-cysteine desulfhydrase, SlDCD2, participates in tomato fruit ripening by modulating ROS homoeostasis and ethylene biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad014. [PMID: 36968183 PMCID: PMC10031741 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in multiple processes during plant growth and development. D-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD) can produce H2S with D-cysteine as the substrate; however, the potential developmental roles of DCD have not been explored during the tomato lifecycle. In the present study, SlDCD2 showed increasing expression during fruit ripening. Compared with the control fruits, the silencing of SlDCD2 by pTRV2-SlDCD2 accelerated fruit ripening. A SlDCD2 gene-edited mutant was constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 transformation, and the mutant exhibited accelerated fruit ripening, decreased H2S release, higher total cysteine and ethylene contents, enhanced chlorophyll degradation and increased carotenoid accumulation. Additionally, the expression of multiple ripening-related genes, including NYC1, PAO, SGR1, PDS, PSY1, ACO1, ACS2, E4, CEL2, and EXP was enhanced during the dcd2 mutant tomato fruit ripening. Compared with the wild-type fruits, SlDCD2 mutation induced H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in fruits, which led to an imbalance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. A correlation analysis indicated that H2O2 content was strongly positively correlated with carotenoids content, ethylene content and ripening-related gene expression and negatively correlated with the chlorophyll content. Additionally, the dcd2 mutant showed earlier leaf senescence, which may be due to disturbed ROS homeostasis. In short, our findings show that SlDCD2 is involved in H2S generation and that the reduction in endogenous H2S production in the dcd2 mutant causes accelerated fruit ripening and premature leaf senescence. Additionally, decreased H2S in the dcd2 mutant causes excessive H2O2 accumulation and increased ethylene release, suggesting a role of H2S and SlDCD2 in modulating ROS homeostasis and ethylene biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gai-Fang Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Si-Yue Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Peng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Morelli L, Torres-Montilla S, Glauser G, Shanmugabalaji V, Kessler F, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Novel insights into the contribution of plastoglobules and reactive oxygen species to chromoplast differentiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 36307969 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.20.496796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues can be enriched in phytonutrients not only by stimulating their biosynthesis but also by providing appropriate sink structures for their sequestering and storage. In the case of carotenoids, they accumulate at high levels in chromoplasts naturally found in flowers and fruit. Chromoplasts can also be artificially differentiated from leaf chloroplasts by boosting carotenoid production with the bacterial protein crtB. Here we used electron and confocal microscopy together with subplastidial fractionation and transcript, protein and metabolite analyses to analyze the structural and biochemical changes occurring in crtB-induced artificial chromoplasts and their impact on the accumulation of health-related isoprenoids. We show that leaf chromoplasts develop plastoglobules (PG) harboring high levels of carotenoids (mainly phytoene and pro-vitamin A β-carotene) but also other nutritionally relevant isoprenoids, such as tocopherols (vitamin E) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Further promoting PG proliferation by exposure to intense (high) light resulted in a higher accumulation of these health-related metabolites but also an acceleration of the chloroplast-to-chromoplast conversion. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates chromoplastogenesis. Our data suggest that carotenoid accumulation and ROS production are not just consequences but promoters of the chromoplast differentiation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Small Heat Shock Protein ( sHSP) Gene Family from Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits: Involvement in Ripening and Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12020389. [PMID: 36679102 PMCID: PMC9861568 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are usually upregulated in plants under diverse environmental stresses. These proteins have been suggested to function as molecular chaperones to safeguard other proteins from stress-induced damage. The ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit involves important phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical changes, which have associated endogenous physiological nitro-oxidative stress, but they can also be significantly affected by environmental conditions, such as temperature. Based on the available pepper genome, a total of 41 sHSP genes were identified in this work, and their distributions in the 12 pepper chromosomes were determined. Among these genes, only 19 sHSP genes were found in the transcriptome (RNA-Seq) of sweet pepper fruits reported previously. This study aims to analyze how these 19 sHSP genes present in the transcriptome of sweet pepper fruits are modulated during ripening and after treatment of fruits with nitric oxide (NO) gas. The time-course expression analysis of these genes during fruit ripening showed that 6 genes were upregulated; another 7 genes were downregulated, whereas 6 genes were not significantly affected. Furthermore, NO treatment triggered the upregulation of 7 sHSP genes and the downregulation of 3 sHSP genes, whereas 9 genes were unchanged. These data indicate the diversification of sHSP genes in pepper plants and, considering that sHSPs are important in stress tolerance, the observed changes in sHSP expression support that pepper fruit ripening has an associated process of physiological nitro-oxidative stress, such as it was previously proposed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Corpas FJ, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Muñoz-Vargas MA, González-Gordo S, Reiter RJ, Palma JM. Interactions of melatonin, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide during fruit ripening: an update and prospective view. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5947-5960. [PMID: 35325926 PMCID: PMC9523826 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a physiological process that involves a complex network of signaling molecules that act as switches to activate or deactivate certain metabolic pathways at different levels, not only by regulating gene and protein expression but also through post-translational modifications of the involved proteins. Ethylene is the distinctive molecule that regulates the ripening of fruits, which can be classified as climacteric or non-climacteric according to whether or not, respectively, they are dependent on this phytohormone. However, in recent years it has been found that other molecules with signaling potential also exert regulatory roles, not only individually but also as a result of interactions among them. These observations imply the existence of mutual and hierarchical regulations that sometimes make it difficult to identify the initial triggering event. Among these 'new' molecules, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and melatonin have been highlighted as prominent. This review provides a comprehensive outline of the relevance of these molecules in the fruit ripening process and the complex network of the known interactions among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Varivoda AA, Svetlakova EV, Ziruk IV, Kirichenko IS, Kolosova OY, Povetkin SN, Ivakhnenko BO. Development of a scientific concept of industrial storage systems for environmentally safe apples. POTRAVINARSTVO 2022. [DOI: 10.5219/1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The research project has developed and justified the storage modes of apples in a modified gas environment by creating an isolated "closed loop" of high-pressure polyethylene; the expediency of creating highly efficient technologies for storing fresh fruits in a controlled atmosphere, in bioactive bactericidal packages and by creating microfilm on the surface of fruits has been confirmed. The prospects of using a progressive method of storing fruits in a modified gas atmosphere by creating an isolated "closed circuit" in a separate refrigerating chamber without using expensive equipment (in normal and subnormal gas environments) are proved. New technologies have been developed for storing apple fruits susceptible to infectious and physiological diseases based on improved storage methods with minimal losses. The consumption rates of Phytosporin-M for the surface treatment of fruits were determined and optimized to control the intensity of biochemical and microbiological processes during storage. The modes and technologies of post-harvest fruit processing with the Phytosporin-M biopreparation have been substantiated.
Collapse
|
19
|
González-Gordo S, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Paradela A, Ramos-Fernández A, Corpas FJ, Palma JM. Mitochondrial protein expression during sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit ripening: iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis and role of cytochrome c oxidase. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 274:153734. [PMID: 35667195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The physiological process of fruit ripening is associated with the late developmental stages of plants in which mitochondrial organelles play an important role in the final success of this whole process. Thus, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based analysis was used to quantify the mitochondrial proteome in pepper fruits in this study. Analysis of both green and red pepper fruits identified a total of 2284 proteins, of which 692 were found to be significantly more abundant in unripe green fruits as compared to red fruits, while 497 showed lower levels as the ripening process proceeded. Of the total number of proteins identified, 2253 (98,6%) were found to share orthologs with Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteomic analysis identified 163 proteins which were categorized as cell components, the major part assigned to cellular, intracellular space and other subcellular locations such as cytosol, plastids and, to a lesser extent, to mitochondria. Of the 224 mitochondrial proteins detected in pepper fruits, 78 and 48 were more abundant in green and red fruits, respectively. The majority of these proteins which displayed differential abundance in both fruit types were involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The abundance levels of the proteins from both pathways were higher in green fruits, except for cytochrome c (CYC2), whose abundance was significantly higher in red fruits. We also investigated cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity during pepper fruit ripening, as well as in the presence of molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which promote thiol-based oxidative post-translational modifications (oxiPTMs). Thus, with the aid of in vitro assays, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity was found to be potentially inhibited by the PTMs nitration, S-nitrosation and carbonylation. According to protein abundance data, the final segment of the mETC appears to be a crucial locus with regard to fruit ripening, but also because in this location the biosynthesis of ascorbate, an antioxidant which plays a major role in the metabolism of pepper fruits, occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Proteomics Core Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yan R, Li S, Cheng Y, Kebbeh M, Huan C, Zheng X. Melatonin treatment maintains the quality of cherry tomato by regulating endogenous melatonin and ascorbate-glutathione cycle during room temperature. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14285. [PMID: 35762410 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in quality attributes, ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, and melatonin (MLT) synthesis were evaluated in cherry tomato fruit treated with MLT solution at 0.1 mM during storage at room temperature for 16 days. According to the results, the MLT treatment was beneficial to maintaining fruit quality as indicated by the declines in weight loss, fruit decay, and titratable acid (TA), accompanied by the maintenance of fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS) as well as TSS/TA ratio. Also, the MLT treatment not only effectively inhibited oxidative damage via reducing relative electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content, but also improved antioxidant capacity via stimulating AsA-GSH cycle. Moreover, the MLT treatment promoted endogenous MLT synthesis by upregulating the expressions of biosynthetic genes consisting of SlTDC, SlT5H, SlSNAT, and SlASMLT. Thus, our results suggested that the MLT treatment might be involved in maintaining quality in cherry tomato fruit during room temperature by promoting antioxidant capacity and enhancing endogenous MLT. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: As a typical climacteric fruit, cherry tomato fruit ripen rapidly and are easily infected by various pathogenic fungi during storage under ambient conditions, which leads to short storage life and a decrease in economic value. The results showed that the application of MLT maintained cherry tomato quality via improving antioxidant capacities and enhancing endogenous MLT. Therefore, MLT treatment could become a promising postharvest strategy for quality maintenance in cherry tomatoes during room storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yan
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables, Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shenge Li
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables, Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables, Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mariama Kebbeh
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables, Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chen Huan
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables, Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables, Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martínez-Lorente SE, Pardo-Hernández M, Martí-Guillén JM, López-Delacalle M, Rivero RM. Interaction between Melatonin and NO: Action Mechanisms, Main Targets, and Putative Roles of the Emerging Molecule NOmela. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126646. [PMID: 35743084 PMCID: PMC9223470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL), a ubiquitous indolamine molecule, has gained interest in the last few decades due to its regulatory role in plant metabolism. Likewise, nitric oxide (NO), a gasotransmitter, can also affect plant molecular pathways due to its function as a signaling molecule. Both MEL and NO can interact at multiple levels under abiotic stress, starting with their own biosynthetic pathways and inducing a particular signaling response in plants. Moreover, their interaction can result in the formation of NOmela, a very recently discovered nitrosated form of MEL with promising roles in plant physiology. This review summarizes the role of NO and MEL molecules during plant development and fruit ripening, as well as their interactions. Due to the impact of climate-change-related abiotic stresses on agriculture, this review also focuses on the role of these molecules in mediating abiotic stress tolerance and the main mechanisms by which they operate, from the upregulation of the entire antioxidant defense system to the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of important molecules. Their individual interaction and crosstalk with phytohormones and H2S are also discussed. Finally, we introduce and summarize the little information available about NOmela, an emerging and still very unknown molecule, but that seems to have a stronger potential than MEL and NO separately in mediating plant stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Martínez-Lorente
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
| | - Miriam Pardo-Hernández
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
| | - José M. Martí-Guillén
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María López-Delacalle
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
| | - Rosa M. Rivero
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.E.M.-L.); (M.P.-H.); (J.M.M.-G.); (M.L.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968396200 (ext. 445379)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Melatonin Maintains Fruit Quality and Reduces Anthracnose in Postharvest Papaya via Enhancement of Antioxidants and Inhibition of Pathogen Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050804. [PMID: 35624668 PMCID: PMC9137572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Papaya fruit is widely grown in tropical regions because of its sweet taste, vibrant color, and the huge number of health benefits it provides. Melatonin is an essential hormone that governs many plants′ biological processes. In the current study, the impact of melatonin on fruit ripening and deterioration in postharvest papaya fruit was explored. An optimum melatonin dose (400 μmol L−1, 2 h) was found to be effective in delaying fruit softening and reducing anthracnose incidence. Melatonin enhanced antioxidant activity and decreased fruit oxidative injury by lowering superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde content by enhancing the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and by improving the antioxidant capacity of papaya fruit. Melatonin increased catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, NADH oxidase, glutathione reductase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activity, as well as induced total phenol, total flavonoid, and ascorbic acid accumulation. Melatonin also enhanced the activity of defense-related enzymes, such as chitinase, 4-coumaric acid-CoA-ligase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase, while it repressed lipid metabolism. Additionally, melatonin inhibited the development of anthracnose in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that exogenous melatonin application improves papaya fruit quality by boosting antioxidant and defense-related mechanisms.
Collapse
|
23
|
González-Gordo S, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, López-Jaramillo J, Muñoz-Vargas MA, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Nitric Oxide (NO) Differentially Modulates the Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) Isozymes of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040765. [PMID: 35453450 PMCID: PMC9029456 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical which modulates protein function and gene expression throughout all stages of plant development. Fruit ripening involves a complex scenario where drastic phenotypical and metabolic changes take place. Pepper fruits are one of the most consumed horticultural products worldwide which, at ripening, undergo crucial phenotypical and biochemical events, with NO and antioxidants being implicated. Based on previous transcriptomic (RNA-Seq), proteomics (iTRAQ), and enzymatic data, this study aimed to identify the ascorbate peroxidase (APX) gene and protein profiles in sweet peppers and to evaluate their potential modulation by NO during fruit ripening. The data show the existence of six CaAPX genes (CaAPX1–CaAPX6) that encode corresponding APX isozymes distributed in cytosol, plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. The time course expression analysis of these genes showed heterogeneous expression patterns throughout the different ripening stages, and also as a consequence of treatment with NO gas. Additionally, six APX isozymes activities (APX I–APX VI) were identified by non-denaturing PAGE, and they were also differentially modulated during maturation and NO treatment. In vitro analyses of fruit samples in the presence of NO donors, peroxynitrite, and glutathione, showed that CaAPX activity was inhibited, thus suggesting that different posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including S-nitrosation, Tyr-nitration, and glutathionylation, respectively, may occur in APX isozymes. In silico analysis of the protein tertiary structure showed that residues Cys32 and Tyr235 were conserved in the six CaAPXs, and are thus likely potential targets for S-nitrosation and nitration, respectively. These data highlight the complex mechanisms of the regulation of APX isozymes during the ripening process of sweet pepper fruits and how NO can exert fine control. This information could be useful for postharvest technology; NO regulates H2O2 levels through the different APX isozymes and, consequently, could modulate the shelf life and nutritional quality of pepper fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (M.R.-R.); (M.A.M.-V.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (M.R.-R.); (M.A.M.-V.); (J.M.P.)
| | | | - María A. Muñoz-Vargas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (M.R.-R.); (M.A.M.-V.); (J.M.P.)
| | - José M. Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (M.R.-R.); (M.A.M.-V.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (M.R.-R.); (M.A.M.-V.); (J.M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gupta KJ, Kaladhar VC, Fitzpatrick TB, Fernie AR, Møller IM, Loake GJ. Nitric oxide regulation of plant metabolism. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:228-242. [PMID: 34971792 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important signal molecule in plants, having myriad roles in plant development. In addition, NO also orchestrates both biotic and abiotic stress responses, during which intensive cellular metabolic reprogramming occurs. Integral to these responses is the location of NO biosynthetic and scavenging pathways in diverse cellular compartments, enabling plants to effectively organize signal transduction pathways. NO regulates plant metabolism and, in turn, metabolic pathways reciprocally regulate NO accumulation and function. Thus, these diverse cellular processes are inextricably linked. This review addresses the numerous redox pathways, located in the various subcellular compartments that produce NO, in addition to the mechanisms underpinning NO scavenging. We focus on how this molecular dance is integrated into the metabolic state of the cell. Within this context, a reciprocal relationship between NO accumulation and metabolite production is often apparent. We also showcase cellular pathways, including those associated with nitrate reduction, that provide evidence for this integration of NO function and metabolism. Finally, we discuss the potential importance of the biochemical reactions governing NO levels in determining plant responses to a changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067 India.
| | - Vemula Chandra Kaladhar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067 India
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211 Switzerland
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476 Germany
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Melatonin Treatment Improves Postharvest Preservation and Resistance of Guava Fruit (Psidium guajava L.). Foods 2022; 11:foods11030262. [PMID: 35159414 PMCID: PMC8834009 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Guava fruit has a short postharvest shelf life at room temperature. Melatonin is widely used for preservation of various postharvest fruit and vegetables. In this study, an optimal melatonin treatment (600 μmol·L−1, 2 h) was identified, which effectively delayed fruit softening and reduced the incidence of anthracnose on guava fruit. Melatonin effectively enhanced the antioxidant capacity and reduced the oxidative damage to the fruit by reducing the contents of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde; improving the overall antioxidant capacity and enhancing the enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Melatonin significantly enhanced the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The contents of total flavonoids and ascorbic acid were maintained by melatonin. This treatment also enhanced the defense-related enzymatic activities of chitinase and phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase and 4-coumaric acid-CoA-ligase. The activities of lipase, lipoxygenase and phospholipase D related to lipid metabolism were repressed by melatonin. These results showed that exogenous melatonin can maintain the quality of guava fruit and enhance its resistance to disease by improving the antioxidant and defense systems of the fruit.
Collapse
|
26
|
González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Peroxisomal Proteome Mining of Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit Ripening Through Whole Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893376. [PMID: 35615143 PMCID: PMC9125320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles from eukaryotic cells characterized by an active nitro-oxidative metabolism. They have a relevant metabolic plasticity depending on the organism, tissue, developmental stage, or physiological/stress/environmental conditions. Our knowledge of peroxisomal metabolism from fruits is very limited but its proteome is even less known. Using sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits at two ripening stages (immature green and ripe red), it was analyzed the proteomic peroxisomal composition by quantitative isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based protein profiling. For this aim, it was accomplished a comparative analysis of the pepper fruit whole proteome obtained by iTRAQ versus the identified peroxisomal protein profile from Arabidopsis thaliana. This allowed identifying 57 peroxisomal proteins. Among these proteins, 49 were located in the peroxisomal matrix, 36 proteins had a peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1), 8 had a PTS type 2, 5 lacked this type of peptide signal, and 8 proteins were associated with the membrane of this organelle. Furthermore, 34 proteins showed significant differences during the ripening of the fruits, 19 being overexpressed and 15 repressed. Based on previous biochemical studies using purified peroxisomes from pepper fruits, it could be said that some of the identified peroxisomal proteins were corroborated as part of the pepper fruit antioxidant metabolism (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductaseglutathione reductase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase), the β-oxidation pathway (acyl-coenzyme A oxidase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase), while other identified proteins could be considered "new" or "unexpected" in fruit peroxisomes like urate oxidase (UO), sulfite oxidase (SO), 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase (METE1), 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) or 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), which participate in different metabolic pathways such as purine, sulfur, L-methionine, jasmonic acid (JA) or phenylpropanoid metabolisms. In summary, the present data provide new insights into the complex metabolic machinery of peroxisomes in fruit and open new windows of research into the peroxisomal functions during fruit ripening.
Collapse
|
27
|
Reissig GN, Oliveira TFDC, Costa ÁVL, Parise AG, Pereira DR, Souza GM. Machine Learning for Automatic Classification of Tomato Ripening Stages Using Electrophysiological Recordings. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.696829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological processes underlying fruit ripening can lead to different electrical signatures at each ripening stage, making it possible to classify tomato fruit through the analysis of electrical signals. Here, the electrical activity of tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) during ripening was investigated as tissue voltage variations, and Machine Learning (ML) techniques were used for the classification of different ripening stages. Tomato fruit was harvested at the mature green stage and placed in a Faraday's cage under laboratory-controlled conditions. Two electrodes per fruit were inserted 1 cm apart from each other. The measures were carried out continuously until the entire fruits reached the light red stage. The time series were analyzed by the following techniques: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Wavelet Transform, Power Spectral Density (PSD), and Approximate Entropy. Descriptive analysis from FFT, PSD, and Wavelet Transform were used for PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Finally, ApEn, PCA1, PCA2, and PCA3 were obtained. These features were used in ML analyses for looking for classifiable patterns of the three different ripening stages: mature green, breaker, and light red. The results showed that it is possible to classify the ripening stages using the fruit's electrical activity. It was also observed, using precision, sensitivity, and F1-score techniques, that the breaker stage was the most classifiable among all stages. It was found a more accurate distinction between mature green × breaker than between breaker × light red. The ML techniques used seem to be a novel tool for classifying ripening stages. The features obtained from electrophysiological time series have the potential to be used for supervised training, being able to help in more accurate classification of fruit ripening stages.
Collapse
|
28
|
Guevara L, Domínguez-Anaya MÁ, Ortigosa A, González-Gordo S, Díaz C, Vicente F, Corpas FJ, Pérez del Palacio J, Palma JM. Identification of Compounds with Potential Therapeutic Uses from Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits and Their Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094476. [PMID: 33922964 PMCID: PMC8123290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species are precursors of a wide variety of secondary metabolites that, besides being useful for themselves, can also be used by humans for their consumption and economic benefit. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit is not only a common food and spice source, it also stands out for containing high amounts of antioxidants (such as vitamins C and A), polyphenols and capsaicinoids. Particular attention has been paid to capsaicin, whose anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and analgesic activities have been reported in the literature. Due to the potential interest in pepper metabolites for human use, in this project, we carried out an investigation to identify new bioactive compounds of this crop. To achieve this, we applied a metabolomic approach, using an HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) separative technique coupled to metabolite identification by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). After chromatographic analysis and data processing against metabolic databases, 12 differential bioactive compounds were identified in sweet pepper fruits, including quercetin and its derivatives, L-tryptophan, phytosphingosin, FAD, gingerglycolipid A, tetrahydropentoxylin, blumenol C glucoside, colnelenic acid and capsoside A. The abundance of these metabolites varied depending on the ripening stage of the fruits, either immature green or ripe red. We also studied the variation of these 12 metabolites upon treatment with exogenous nitric oxide (NO), a free radical gas involved in a good number of physiological processes in higher plants such as germination, growth, flowering, senescence, and fruit ripening, among others. Overall, it was found that the content of the analyzed metabolites depended on the ripening stage and on the presence of NO. The metabolic pattern followed by quercetin and its derivatives, as a consequence of the ripening stage and NO treatment, was also corroborated by transcriptomic analysis of genes involved in the synthesis of these compounds. This opens new research perspectives on the pepper fruit’s bioactive compounds with nutraceutical potentiality, where biotechnological strategies can be applied for optimizing the level of these beneficial compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Guevara
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain; (L.G.); (M.Á.D.-A.); (A.O.); (S.G.-G.); (F.J.C.)
| | - María Ángeles Domínguez-Anaya
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain; (L.G.); (M.Á.D.-A.); (A.O.); (S.G.-G.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Alba Ortigosa
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain; (L.G.); (M.Á.D.-A.); (A.O.); (S.G.-G.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain; (L.G.); (M.Á.D.-A.); (A.O.); (S.G.-G.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Caridad Díaz
- Department of Screening & Target Validation, Fundación MEDINA, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.D.); (F.V.); (J.P.d.P.)
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Department of Screening & Target Validation, Fundación MEDINA, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.D.); (F.V.); (J.P.d.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain; (L.G.); (M.Á.D.-A.); (A.O.); (S.G.-G.); (F.J.C.)
| | - José Pérez del Palacio
- Department of Screening & Target Validation, Fundación MEDINA, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.D.); (F.V.); (J.P.d.P.)
| | - José M. Palma
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain; (L.G.); (M.Á.D.-A.); (A.O.); (S.G.-G.); (F.J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958-181-1600; Fax: +34-958-181-609
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ze Y, Gao H, Li T, Yang B, Jiang Y. Insights into the roles of melatonin in maintaining quality and extending shelf life of postharvest fruits. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
30
|
Sánchez-McSweeney A, González-Gordo S, Aranda-Sicilia MN, Rodríguez-Rosales MP, Venema K, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Loss of function of the chloroplast membrane K +/H + antiporters AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 alters the ROS and NO metabolism but promotes drought stress resilience. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:106-119. [PMID: 33485149 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) exerts key physiological functions such as osmoregulation, stomatal movement, membrane transport, protein synthesis and photosynthesis among others. Previously, it was demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana that the loss of function of the chloroplast K+Efflux Antiporters KEA1 and KEA2, located in the inner envelope membrane, provokes inefficient photosynthesis. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of the loss of function of those cation transport systems in the metabolism of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Using 14-day-old seedlings from Arabidopsis double knock-out kea1kea2 mutants, ROS metabolism and NO content in roots and green cotyledons were studied at the biochemical level. The loss of function of AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 did not cause oxidative stress but it provoked an alteration of the ROS homeostasis affecting some ROS-generating enzymes. These included glycolate oxidase (GOX) and NADPH-dependent superoxide generation activity, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and both NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADP-malic enzyme activities. NO content, analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), was negatively affected in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs in kea1kea2 mutant seedlings. Furthermore, the S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) protein expression and activity were downregulated in kea1kea2 mutants, whereas the tyrosine nitrated protein profile, analyzed by immunoblot, was unaffected but the relative expression of each immunoreactive band changed. Moreover, kea1kea2 mutants showed an increased photorespiratory pathway and stomata closure, thus promoting a higher resilience to drought stress. Data suggest that the chloroplast osmotic balance and integrity maintained by AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 are necessary to keep the balance of ROS/RNS metabolism. Moreover, these data open new questions about how endogenous NO generation might be affected by the K+/H+ transport located in the chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Spain
| | - María Nieves Aranda-Sicilia
- Group of Ion Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental Del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - María Pilar Rodríguez-Rosales
- Group of Ion Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental Del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Kees Venema
- Group of Ion Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental Del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zuccarelli R, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Lopes-Oliveira PJ, Pascoal GB, Andrade SCS, Furlan CM, Purgatto E, Palma JM, Corpas FJ, Rossi M, Freschi L. Multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in tomato fruit ripening: NO-induced metabolic rewiring and consequences for fruit quality traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:941-958. [PMID: 33165620 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as part of the ripening regulatory network in fleshy fruits. However, very little is known about the simultaneous action of NO on the network of regulatory events and metabolic reactions behind ripening-related changes in fruit color, taste, aroma and nutritional value. Here, we performed an in-depth characterization of the concomitant changes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit transcriptome and metabolome associated with the delayed-ripening phenotype caused by NO supplementation at the pre-climacteric stage. Approximately one-third of the fruit transcriptome was altered in response to NO, including a multilevel down-regulation of ripening regulatory genes, which in turn restricted the production and tissue sensitivity to ethylene. NO also repressed hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzymes, intensifying nitro-oxidative stress and S-nitrosation and nitration events throughout ripening. Carotenoid, tocopherol, flavonoid and ascorbate biosynthesis were differentially affected by NO, resulting in overaccumulation of ascorbate (25%) and flavonoids (60%), and impaired lycopene production. In contrast, the biosynthesis of compounds related to tomato taste (sugars, organic acids, amino acids) and aroma (volatiles) was slightly affected by NO. Our findings indicate that NO triggers extensive transcriptional and metabolic rewiring at the early ripening stage, modifying tomato antioxidant composition with minimal impact on fruit taste and aroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Zuccarelli
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Grazieli B Pascoal
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Curso de Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sónia C S Andrade
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia M Furlan
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lopes-Oliveira PJ, Oliveira HC, Kolbert Z, Freschi L. The light and dark sides of nitric oxide: multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in plant responses to light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:885-903. [PMID: 33245760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light drives photosynthesis and informs plants about their surroundings. Regarded as a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants, nitric oxide (NO) has been repeatedly demonstrated to interact with light signaling cascades to control plant growth, development and metabolism. During early plant development, light-triggered NO accumulation counteracts negative regulators of photomorphogenesis and modulates the abundance of, and sensitivity to, plant hormones to promote seed germination and de-etiolation. In photosynthetically active tissues, NO is generated at distinct rates under light or dark conditions and acts at multiple target sites within chloroplasts to regulate photosynthetic reactions. Moreover, changes in NO concentrations in response to light stress promote plant defenses against oxidative stress under high light or ultraviolet-B radiation. Here we review the literature on the interaction of NO with the complicated light and hormonal signaling cascades controlling plant photomorphogenesis and light stress responses, focusing on the recently identified molecular partners and action mechanisms of NO in these events. We also discuss the versatile role of NO in regulating both photosynthesis and light-dependent stomatal movements, two key determinants of plant carbon gain. The regulation of nitrate reductase (NR) by light is highlighted as vital to adjust NO production in plants living under natural light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Freschi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Corpas FJ, González-Gordo S, Palma JM. Nitric oxide: A radical molecule with potential biotechnological applications in fruit ripening. J Biotechnol 2020; 324:211-219. [PMID: 33115661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-life and free radical molecule involved in a wide range of cellular, physiological and stressful processes in higher plants. In recent years it has been observed that exogenous NO application can palliate adverse damages against abiotic and biotic stresses. Conversely, there is accumulating information indicating that endogenous NO participates significantly in the mechanism of modulation of the ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Even more, when NO is exogenously applied, it can mediate beneficial effects during ripening and postharvest storage being one of the main effects the increase of antioxidant systems. Consequently, NO could be a promising biotechnological tool to improve crops through ameliorating nutritional indexes and to alleviate damages during fruit ripening and postharvest management. Thus, this approach should be complementary to previous strategies to allow preserving the quality and healthiness of fruits with a view of enhancing their added value. The present mini-review aims to provide an overview of NO biochemistry in plants and updated information on the relevance of NO in fruit ripening and postharvest stages with a view to its biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture. Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture. Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture. Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
He H, He LF. Crosstalk between melatonin and nitric oxide in plant development and stress responses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:218-226. [PMID: 32479663 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is widely involved in plant growth and stress responses as a master regulator. Melatonin treatment alters the levels of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and NO affects endogenous melatonin content. Melatonin and NO may induce various plant physiological behavior through interaction mechanism. However, the interactions between melatonin and NO in plants are largely unknown. The review presented the metabolism of endogenous melatonin and NO and their relationship in plants. The interactions between melatonin and NO in plant growth and development and responses to environmental stress were summarized. The molecular mechanisms of interaction between melatonin and NO in plants were also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huyi He
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Long-Fei He
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Antioxidant Profile of Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits Containing Diverse Levels of Capsaicinoids. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090878. [PMID: 32957493 PMCID: PMC7554748 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsicum is the genus where a number of species and varieties have pungent features due to the exclusive content of capsaicinoids such as capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. In this work, the main enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems in pepper fruits from four varieties with different pungent capacity have been investigated at two ripening stages. Thus, a sweet pepper variety (Melchor) from California-type fruits and three autochthonous Spanish varieties which have different pungency levels were used, including Piquillo, Padrón and Alegría riojana. The capsaicinoids contents were determined in the pericarp and placenta from fruits, showing that these phenyl-propanoids were mainly localized in placenta. The activity profiles of catalase, total and isoenzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), the enzymes of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle (AGC) and four NADP-dehydrogenases indicate that some interaction with capsaicinoid metabolism seems to occur. Among the results obtained on enzymatic antioxidants, the role of Fe-SOD and the glutathione reductase from the AGC is highlighted. Additionally, it was found that ascorbate and glutathione contents were higher in those pepper fruits which displayed the greater contents of capsaicinoids. Taken together, all these data indicate that antioxidants may contribute to preserve capsaicinoids metabolism to maintain their functionality in a framework where NADPH is perhaps playing an essential role.
Collapse
|
36
|
Li G, Qin B, Li S, Yin Y, Zhao J, An W, Cao Y, Mu Z. LbNR-Derived Nitric Oxide Delays Lycium Fruit Coloration by Transcriptionally Modifying Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1215. [PMID: 32903673 PMCID: PMC7438876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin-derived fleshy fruit pigmentation has become an excellent system for studying the regulatory network underlying fruit ripening and quality. The transcriptional control of anthocyanin biosynthesis by MYB-bHLH-WDR complexes has been well established, but the intermediate signals through which the environmental or developmental cues regulate these transcription factors remain poorly understood. Here we found that nitric oxide (NO) production during Lycium fruit ripening decreased progressively presenting a negative relationship with anthocyanins. After cloning of the nitric reductase (NR) gene from Lycium barbarum (LbNR) plants, we demonstrated that LbNR-derived NO partially inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis but enhanced proanthocyanidin (PA) accumulation, and delayed fruit coloration. Application of the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), produced a similar effect. The endogenous or exogenous NO downregulated the transcripts both of the regulatory genes and the structural genes that related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, while upregulated both of those genes that related to PA biosynthesis. Given there is a significant negative relationship between the levels of anthocyanins and PAs during Lycium fruit ripening, NO not only inhibited anthocyanin de novo biosynthesis but redirected the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway from anthocyanins to PA production. Two types of LrMYB transcription factors of opposite nature, namely anthocyanin-specific and PA-specific, which belong to the R2R3-MYB subfamily and 1R-MYB subfamily, respectively, were identified from L. ruthenicum fruits. It was further found that NO acts by antagonizing the ABA signaling, a phytohormone we have previously shown playing a positive role in Lycium fruit coloration. Our results provided particularly novel information about NO-ABA-anthocyanin interplay during Lycium fruit development and ripening, which may fill a gap between the developmental cues and the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Beibei Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuodan Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei An
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Youlong Cao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zixin Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
González-Gordo S, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Superoxide Radical Metabolism in Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits Is Regulated by Ripening and by a NO-Enriched Environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:485. [PMID: 32477380 PMCID: PMC7240112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide radical (O2 •-) is involved in numerous physiological and stress processes in higher plants. Fruit ripening encompasses degradative and biosynthetic pathways including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. With the use of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits at different ripening stages and under a nitric oxide (NO)-enriched environment, the metabolism of O2 •- was evaluated at biochemical and molecular levels considering the O2 •- generation by a NADPH oxidase system and its dismutation by superoxide dismutase (SOD). At the biochemical level, seven O2 •--generating NADPH-dependent oxidase isozymes [also called respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) I-VII], with different electrophoretic mobility and abundance, were detected considering all ripening stages from green to red fruits and NO environment. Globally, this system was gradually increased from green to red stage with a maximum of approximately 2.4-fold increase in red fruit compared with green fruit. Significantly, breaking-point (BP) fruits with and without NO treatment both showed intermediate values between those observed in green and red peppers, although the value in NO-treated fruits was lower than in BP untreated fruits. The O2 •--generating NADPH oxidase isozymes I and VI were the most affected. On the other hand, four SOD isozymes were identified by non-denaturing electrophoresis: one Mn-SOD, one Fe-SOD, and two CuZn-SODs. However, none of these SOD isozymes showed any significant change during the ripening from green to red fruits or under NO treatment. In contrast, at the molecular level, both RNA-sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR analyses revealed different patterns with downregulation of four genes RBOH A, C, D, and E during pepper fruit ripening. On the contrary, it was found out the upregulation of a Mn-SOD gene in the ripening transition from immature green to red ripe stages, whereas a Fe-SOD gene was downregulated. In summary, the data reveal a contradictory behavior between activity and gene expression of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of O2 •- during the ripening of pepper fruit. However, it could be concluded that the prevalence and regulation of the O2 •- generation system (NADPH oxidase-like) seem to be essential for an appropriate control of the pepper fruit ripening, which, additionally, is modulated in the presence of a NO-enriched environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Safavi-Rizi V, Herde M, Stöhr C. RNA-Seq reveals novel genes and pathways associated with hypoxia duration and tolerance in tomato root. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1692. [PMID: 32015352 PMCID: PMC6997459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to climate change, economically important crop plants will encounter flooding periods causing hypoxic stress more frequently. This may lead to reduced yields and endanger food security. As roots are the first organ to be affected by hypoxia, the ability to sense and respond to hypoxic stress is crucial. At the molecular level, therefore, fine-tuning the regulation of gene expression in the root is essential for hypoxia tolerance. Using an RNA-Seq approach, we investigated transcriptome modulation in tomato roots of the cultivar 'Moneymaker', in response to short- (6 h) and long-term (48 h) hypoxia. Hypoxia duration appeared to have a significant impact on gene expression such that the roots of five weeks old tomato plants showed a distinct time-dependent transcriptome response. We observed expression changes in 267 and 1421 genes under short- and long-term hypoxia, respectively. Among these, 243 genes experienced changed expression at both time points. We identified tomato genes with a potential role in aerenchyma formation which facilitates oxygen transport and may act as an escape mechanism enabling hypoxia tolerance. Moreover, we identified differentially regulated genes related to carbon and amino acid metabolism and redox homeostasis. Of particular interest were the differentially regulated transcription factors, which act as master regulators of downstream target genes involved in responses to short and/or long-term hypoxia. Our data suggest a temporal metabolic and anatomic adjustment to hypoxia in tomato root which requires further investigation. We propose that the regulated genes identified in this study are good candidates for further studies regarding hypoxia tolerance in tomato or other crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vajiheh Safavi-Rizi
- Department of Plant physiology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 15, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Marco Herde
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Institute of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Stöhr
- Department of Plant physiology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 15, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Muñoz-Vargas MA, González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Inhibition of NADP-malic enzyme activity by H 2 S and NO in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:278-288. [PMID: 31152557 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
NADPH is an essential cofactor in many physiological processes. Fruit ripening is caused by multiple biochemical pathways in which, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) metabolism is involved. Previous studies have demonstrated the differential modulation of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) content during sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit ripening, both of which regulate NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity. To gain a deeper understanding of the potential functions of other NADPH-generating components, we analyzed glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), which are involved in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (OxPPP) and NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME). During fruit ripening, G6PDH activity diminished by 38%, while 6PGDH and NADP-ME activity increased 1.5- and 2.6-fold, respectively. To better understand the potential regulation of these NADP-dehydrogenases by H2 S, we obtained a 50-75% ammonium-sulfate-enriched protein fraction containing these proteins. With the aid of in vitro assays, in the presence of H2 S, we observed that, while NADP-ME activity was inhibited by up to 29-32% using 2 and 5 mM Na2 S as H2 S donor, G6PDH and 6PGDH activities were unaffected. On the other hand, NO donors, S-nitrosocyteine (CysNO) and DETA NONOate also inhibited NADP-ME activity by 35%. These findings suggest that both NADP-ME and 6PGDH play an important role in maintaining the supply of NADPH during pepper fruit ripening and that H2 S and NO partially modulate the NADPH-generating system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18008, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pontiggia D, Spinelli F, Fabbri C, Licursi V, Negri R, De Lorenzo G, Mattei B. Changes in the microsomal proteome of tomato fruit during ripening. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14350. [PMID: 31586085 PMCID: PMC6778153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The variations in the membrane proteome of tomato fruit pericarp during ripening have been investigated by mass spectrometry-based label-free proteomics. Mature green (MG30) and red ripe (R45) stages were chosen because they are pivotal in the ripening process: MG30 corresponds to the end of cellular expansion, when fruit growth has stopped and fruit starts ripening, whereas R45 corresponds to the mature fruit. Protein patterns were markedly different: among the 1315 proteins identified with at least two unique peptides, 145 significantly varied in abundance in the process of fruit ripening. The subcellular and biochemical fractionation resulted in GO term enrichment for organelle proteins in our dataset, and allowed the detection of low-abundance proteins that were not detected in previous proteomic studies on tomato fruits. Functional annotation showed that the largest proportion of identified proteins were involved in cell wall metabolism, vesicle-mediated transport, hormone biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation, carbohydrate metabolic processes, signalling and response to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabbri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Foundation Cenci Bolognetti-Institut Pasteur, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Foundation Cenci Bolognetti-Institut Pasteur, Rome, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Piano D, Cocco E, Guadalupi G, Kalaji HM, Kirkpatrick J, Farci D. Characterization under quasi-native conditions of the capsanthin/capsorubin synthase from Capsicum annuum L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 143:165-175. [PMID: 31505449 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chromoplasts are typical plastids of fruits and flowers, deriving from chloroplasts through complex processes of re-organization and recycling. Since this transition leads to the production of reactive species, chromoplasts are characteristic sites for biosynthesis and accumulation of carotenoids and other antioxidants. Here, we have analysed the chromoplast membranes from Capsicum annuum L. fruits, finding a significant expression of the capsanthin/capsorubin synthase. This enzyme was isolated by a very mild procedure allowing its analyses under quasi-native conditions. The isolated complex appeared as a red coloured homo-trimer, suggesting the retention of at least one of the typical carotenoids from C. annuum. Moreover, the protein complex was co-purified with a non-proteinaceous fraction of carotenoid aggregates carrying a high molecular weight and separable only by Size Exclusion Chromatography. This last finding suggested a relationship between the carotenoids synthesis on chromoplast membranes, the presence, and storage of organised carotenoids aggregates typical for chromoplasts. Further MS analyses also provided important hints on the interactome network associated to the capsanthin/capsorubin synthase, confirming its functional relevance during ripening. Results are discussed in the frame of the primary role played by carotenoids in quenching the growing oxidative stress during fruits ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Piano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Photobiology and Plant Physiology, University of Cagliari, V.le S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emma Cocco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Photobiology and Plant Physiology, University of Cagliari, V.le S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Photobiology and Plant Physiology, University of Cagliari, V.le S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02776, Warsaw, Poland; White Hill Company, Ciołkowskiego 161, 15-545, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Kirkpatrick
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstraβe 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Domenica Farci
- White Hill Company, Ciołkowskiego 161, 15-545, Białystok, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hussain A, Yun BW, Kim JH, Gupta KJ, Hyung NI, Loake GJ. Novel and conserved functions of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4877-4886. [PMID: 31089684 PMCID: PMC6760305 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as a key signalling molecule in plants. The chief mechanism for the transfer of NO bioactivity is thought to be S-nitrosylation, the addition of an NO moiety to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). The enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) indirectly controls the total levels of cellular S-nitrosylation, by depleting S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the major cellular NO donor. Here we show that depletion of GSNOR function impacts tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L) fruit development. Thus, reduction of GSNOR expression through RNAi modulated both fruit formation and yield, establishing a novel function for GSNOR. Further, depletion of S. lycopersicum GSNOR (SlGSNOR) additionally impacted a number of other developmental processes, including seed development, which also has not been previously linked with GSNOR activity. In contrast to Arabidopsis, depletion of GSNOR function did not influence root development. Further, reduction of GSNOR transcript abundance compromised plant immunity. Surprisingly, this was in contrast to previous data in Arabidopsis that reported that reducing Arabidopsis thaliana GSNOR (AtGSNOR) expression by antisense technology increased disease resistance. We also show that increased SlGSNOR expression enhanced pathogen protection, uncovering a potential strategy to enhance disease resistance in crop plants. Collectively, our findings reveal, at the genetic level, that some but not all GSNOR activities are conserved outside the Arabidopsis reference system. Thus, manipulating the extent of GSNOR expression may control important agricultural traits in tomato and possibly other crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Hussain
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Plant and Food Sciences, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Nam-In Hyung
- Department of Plant and Food Sciences, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lokesh V, Manjunatha G, Hegde NS, Bulle M, Puthusseri B, Gupta KJ, Neelwarne B. Polyamine Induction in Postharvest Banana Fruits in Response to NO Donor SNP Occurs via l-Arginine Mediated Pathway and Not via Competitive Diversion of S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090358. [PMID: 31480617 PMCID: PMC6769871 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is known to antagonize ethylene by various mechanisms; one of such mechanisms is reducing ethylene levels by competitive action on S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)—a common precursor for both ethylene and polyamines (PAs) biosynthesis. In order to investigate whether this mechanism of SAM pool diversion by NO occur towards PAs biosynthesis in banana, we studied the effect of NO on alterations in the levels of PAs, which in turn modulate ethylene levels during ripening. In response to NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment, all three major PAs viz. putrescine, spermidine and spermine were induced in control as well as ethylene pre-treated banana fruits. However, the gene expression studies in two popular banana varieties of diverse genomes, Nanjanagudu rasabale (NR; AAB genome) and Cavendish (CAV; AAA genome) revealed the downregulation of SAM decarboxylase, an intermediate gene involved in ethylene and PA pathway after the fifth day of NO donor SNP treatment, suggesting that ethylene and PA pathways do not compete for SAM. Interestingly, arginine decarboxylase belonging to arginine-mediated route of PA biosynthesis was upregulated several folds in response to the SNP treatment. These observations revealed that NO induces PAs via l-arginine-mediated route and not via diversion of SAM pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veeresh Lokesh
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Girigowda Manjunatha
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Namratha S Hegde
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Mallesham Bulle
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bijesh Puthusseri
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | | | - Bhagyalakshmi Neelwarne
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Corpas FJ, González-Gordo S, Cañas A, Palma JM. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in plants: which comes first? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4391-4404. [PMID: 30715479 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signal molecule regarded as being involved in myriad functions in plants under physiological, pathogenic, and adverse environmental conditions. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has also recently been recognized as a new gasotransmitter with a diverse range of functions similar to those of NO. Depending on their respective concentrations, both these molecules act synergistically or antagonistically as signals or damage promoters in plants. Nevertheless, available evidence shows that the complex biological connections between NO and H2S involve multiple pathways and depend on the plant organ and species, as well as on experimental conditions. Cysteine-based redox switches are prone to reversible modification; proteomic and biochemical analyses have demonstrated that certain target proteins undergo post-translational modifications such as S-nitrosation, caused by NO, and persulfidation, caused by H2S, both of which affect functionality. This review provides a comprehensive update on NO and H2S in physiological processes (seed germination, root development, stomatal movement, leaf senescence, and fruit ripening) and under adverse environmental conditions. Existing data suggest that H2S acts upstream or downstream of the NO signaling cascade, depending on processes such as stomatal closure or in response to abiotic stress, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| | - Amanda Cañas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
González-Gordo S, Bautista R, Claros MG, Cañas A, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Nitric oxide-dependent regulation of sweet pepper fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4557-4570. [PMID: 31046097 PMCID: PMC6736391 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ripening is a complex physiological process that involves changes in reactive nitrogen and oxygen species that govern the shelf-life and quality of fruits. Nitric oxide (NO)-dependent changes in the sweet pepper fruit transcriptome were determined by treating fruits at the initial breaking point stage with NO gas. Fruits were also harvested at the immature (green) and ripe (red) stages. Fruit ripening in the absence of NO resulted in changes in the abundance of 8805 transcripts whose function could be identified. Among these, functional clusters associated with reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and lipid metabolism were significantly modified. NO treatment resulted in the differential expression of 498 genes framed within these functional categories. Biochemical analysis revealed that NO treatment resulted in changes in fatty acid profiling, glutathione and proline contents, and the extent of lipid peroxidation, as well as increases in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and lipoxygenase. These data provide supporting evidence for the crucial role of NO in the ripening of pepper fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador González-Gordo
- Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture Group, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Amanda Cañas
- Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture Group, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture Group, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture Group, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Palma JM, Freschi L, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, González-Gordo S, Corpas FJ. Nitric oxide in the physiology and quality of fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4405-4417. [PMID: 31359063 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fruits are unique to flowering plants and confer a selective advantage as they facilitate seed maturation and dispersal. In fleshy fruits, development and ripening are associated with numerous structural, biochemical, and physiological changes, including modifications in the general appearance, texture, flavor, and aroma, which ultimately convert the immature fruit into a considerably more attractive and palatable structure for seed dispersal by animals. Treatment with exogenous nitric oxide (NO) delays fruit ripening, prevents chilling damage, promotes disease resistance, and enhances the nutritional value. The ripening process is influenced by NO, which operates antagonistically to ethylene, but it also interacts with other regulatory molecules such as abscisic acid, auxin, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, melatonin, and hydrogen sulfide. NO content progressively declines during fruit ripening, with concomitant increases in protein nitration and nitrosation, two post-translational modifications that are promoted by reactive nitrogen species. Dissecting the intimate interactions of NO with other ripening-associated factors, including reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the aforementioned phytohormones, remains a challenging subject of research. In this context, integrative 'omics' and gene-editing approaches may provide additional knowledge of the impact of NO in the regulatory processes involved in controlling physiology and quality traits in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zuo J, Wang Y, Zhu B, Luo Y, Wang Q, Gao L. Network analysis of noncoding RNAs in pepper provides insights into fruit ripening control. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8734. [PMID: 31217463 PMCID: PMC6584694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pepper is an important vegetable worldwide and is a model plant for nonclimacteric fleshy fruit ripening. Drastic visual changes and internal biochemical alterations are involved in fruit coloration, flavor, texture, aroma, and palatability to animals during the pepper fruit ripening process. To explore the regulation of bell pepper fruit ripening by noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), we examined their expression profiles; 43 microRNAs (miRNAs), 125 circular RNAs (circRNAs), 366 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 3266 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were differentially expressed (DE) in mature green and red ripe fruit. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the targets of the DE ncRNAs and DE mRNAs included several kinds of transcription factors (TFs) (ERF, bHLH, WRKY, MYB, NAC, bZIP, and ARF), enzymes involved in cell wall metabolism (beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-amylase, chitinase, pectate lyase (PL), pectinesterase (PE) and polygalacturonase (PG)), enzymes involved in fruit color accumulation (bifunctional 15-cis-phytoene synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, beta-carotene hydroxylase and carotene epsilon-monooxygenase), enzymes associated with fruit flavor and aroma (glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase, anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase, and eugenol synthase 1) and enzymes involved in the production of ethylene (ET) (ACO1/ACO4) as well as other plant hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (IAA), and gibberellic acid (GA). Based on accumulation profiles, a network of ncRNAs and mRNAs associated with bell pepper fruit ripening was developed that provides a foundation for further developing a more refined understanding of the molecular biology of fruit ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China. .,Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University Campus, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Postharvest Molecular Biology of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Laboratory of Postharvest Molecular Biology of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Lipu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kolbert Z, Feigl G, Freschi L, Poór P. Gasotransmitters in Action: Nitric Oxide-Ethylene Crosstalk during Plant Growth and Abiotic Stress Responses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E167. [PMID: 31181724 PMCID: PMC6616412 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their first description as atmospheric gases, it turned out that both nitric oxide (NO) and ethylene (ET) are multifunctional plant signals. ET and polyamines (PAs) use the same precursor for their synthesis, and NO can be produced from PA oxidation. Therefore, an indirect metabolic link between NO and ET synthesis can be considered. NO signal is perceived primarily through S-nitrosation without the involvement of a specific receptor, while ET signal is sensed by a well-characterized receptor complex. Both NO and ET are synthetized by plants at various developmental stages (e.g., seeds, fruits) and as a response to numerous environmental factors (e.g., heat, heavy metals) and they mutually regulate each other's levels. Most of the growth and developmental processes (e.g., fruit ripening, de-etiolation) are regulated by NO-ET antagonism, while in abiotic stress responses, both antagonistic (e.g., dark-induced stomatal opening, cadmium-induced cell death) and synergistic (e.g., UV-B-induced stomatal closure, iron deficiency-induced expression of iron acquisition genes) NO-ET interplays have been revealed. Despite the numerous pieces of experimental evidence revealing NO-ET relationships in plants, the picture is far from complete. Understanding the mechanisms of NO-ET interactions may contribute to the increment of yield and intensification of stress tolerance of crop plants in changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Feigl
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05422-970, Brazil.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Palma JM, Corpas FJ, Freschi L, Valpuesta V. Editorial: Fruit Ripening: From Present Knowledge to Future Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:545. [PMID: 31118940 PMCID: PMC6504782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Corpas FJ, Río LAD, Palma JM. Impact of Nitric Oxide (NO) on the ROS Metabolism of Peroxisomes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E37. [PMID: 30744153 PMCID: PMC6409570 DOI: 10.3390/plants8020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical endogenously generated in plant cells. Peroxisomes are cell organelles characterized by an active metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are also one of the main cellular sites of NO production in higher plants. In this mini-review, an updated and comprehensive overview is presented of the evidence available demonstrating that plant peroxisomes have the capacity to generate NO, and how this molecule and its derived products, peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), can modulate the ROS metabolism of peroxisomes, mainly throughout protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including S-nitrosation and tyrosine nitration. Several peroxisomal antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), have been demonstrated to be targets of NO-mediated PTMs. Accordingly, plant peroxisomes can be considered as a good example of the interconnection existing between ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), where NO exerts a regulatory function of ROS metabolism acting upstream of H₂O₂.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Luis A Del Río
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|