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Ngaki MN, Srivastava SK, Feifei W, Bhattacharyya MK. The soybean plasma membrane GmDR1 protein conferring broad-spectrum disease and pest resistance regulates several receptor kinases and NLR proteins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12253. [PMID: 38806545 PMCID: PMC11133457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Glycine max disease resistant 1 (GmDR1) exhibits broad-spectrum resistance against Fusarium virguliforme, Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (spider mites), and Aphis glycines Matsumura (soybean aphids) in soybean. To understand the mechanisms of broad-spectrum immunity mediated by GmDR1, the transcriptomes of a strong and a weak GmDR1-overexpressor following treatment with chitin, a pathogen- and pest-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) common to these organisms, were investigated. The strong and weak GmDR1-overexpressors exhibited altered expression of 6098 and 992 genes, respectively, as compared to the nontransgenic control following chitin treatment. However, only 192 chitin- and 115 buffer-responsive genes exhibited over two-fold changes in expression levels in both strong and weak GmDR1-overexpressors as compared to the control. MapMan analysis of the 192 chitin-responsive genes revealed 64 biotic stress-related genes, of which 53 were induced and 11 repressed as compared to the control. The 53 chitin-induced genes include nine genes that encode receptor kinases, 13 encode nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor proteins, seven encode WRKY transcription factors, four ethylene response factors, and three MYB-like transcription factors. Investigation of a subset of these genes revealed three receptor protein kinases, seven NLR proteins, and one WRKY transcription factor genes that are induced following F. virguliforme and H. glycines infection. The integral plasma membrane GmDR1 protein most likely recognizes PAMPs including chitin and activates transcription of genes encoding receptor kinases, NLR proteins and defense-related genes. GmDR1 could be a pattern recognition receptor that regulates the expression of several NLRs for expression of PAMP-triggered immunity and/or priming the effector triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subodh K Srivastava
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- USDA-ARS APDL, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Wang Feifei
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
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Cao Y, Han Z, Zhang Z, He L, Huang C, Chen J, Dai F, Xuan L, Yan S, Si Z, Hu Y, Zhang T. UDP-glucosyltransferase 71C4 controls the flux of phenylpropanoid metabolism to shape cotton seed development. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100938. [PMID: 38689494 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Seeds play a crucial role in plant reproduction, making it essential to identify genes that affect seed development. In this study, we focused on UDP-glucosyltransferase 71C4 (UGT71C4) in cotton, a member of the glycosyltransferase family that shapes seed width and length, thereby influencing seed index and seed cotton yield. Overexpression of UGT71C4 results in seed enlargement owing to its glycosyltransferase activity on flavonoids, which redirects metabolic flux from lignin to flavonoid metabolism. This shift promotes cell proliferation in the ovule via accumulation of flavonoid glycosides, significantly enhancing seed cotton yield and increasing the seed index from 10.66 g to 11.91 g. By contrast, knockout of UGT71C4 leads to smaller seeds through activation of the lignin metabolism pathway and redirection of metabolic flux back to lignin synthesis. This redirection leads to increased ectopic lignin deposition in the ovule, inhibiting ovule growth and development, and alters yield components, increasing the lint percentage from 41.42% to 43.40% and reducing the seed index from 10.66 g to 8.60 g. Our research sheds new light on seed size development and reveals potential pathways for enhancing seed yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Zegang Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lu He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chujun Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisha Xuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunyi Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhanfeng Si
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, the Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.
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3
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Zhao X, Li J, Niu Y, Hossain Z, Gao X, Bai X, Mao T, Qi G, He F. Exogenous Serotonin (5-HT) Promotes Mesocotyl and Coleoptile Elongation in Maize Seedlings under Deep-Seeding Stress through Enhancing Auxin Accumulation and Inhibiting Lignin Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17061. [PMID: 38069387 PMCID: PMC10707020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT), an indoleamine compound, has been known to mediate many physiological responses of plants under environmental stress. The deep-seeding (≥20 cm) of maize seeds is an important cultivation strategy to ensure seedling emergence and survival under drought stress. However, the role of 5-HT in maize deep-seeding tolerance remains unexplored. Understanding the mechanisms and evaluating the optimal concentration of 5-HT in alleviating deep-seeding stress could benefit maize production. In this study, two maize inbred lines were treated with or without 5-HT at both sowing depths of 20 cm and 3 cm, respectively. The effects of different concentrations of 5-HT on the growth phenotypes, physiological metabolism, and gene expression of two maize inbred lines were examined at the sowing depths of 20 cm and 3 cm. Compared to the normal seedling depth of 3 cm, the elongation of the mesocotyl (average elongation 3.70 cm) and coleoptile (average elongation 0.58 cm), secretion of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; average increased 3.73 and 0.63 ng g-1 FW), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; average increased 1.95 and 0.63 μM g-1 FW) in the mesocotyl and coleoptile were increased under 20 cm stress, with a concomitant decrease in lignin synthesis (average decreased 0.48 and 0.53 A280 g-1). Under 20 cm deep-seeding stress, the addition of 5-HT activated the expression of multiple genes of IAA biosynthesis and signal transduction, including Zm00001d049601, Zm00001d039346, Zm00001d026530, and Zm00001d049659, and it also stimulated IAA production in both the mesocotyl and coleoptile of maize seedlings. On the contrary, 5-HT suppressed the expression of genes for lignin biosynthesis (Zm00001d016471, Zm00001d005998, Zm00001d032152, and Zm00001d053554) and retarded the accumulation of H2O2 and lignin, resulting in the elongation of the mesocotyl and coleoptile of maize seedlings. A comprehensive evaluation analysis showed that the optimum concentration of 5-HT in relieving deep-seeding stress was 2.5 mg/L for both inbred lines, and 5-HT therefore could improve the seedling emergence rate and alleviate deep-seeding stress in maize seedlings. These findings could provide a novel strategy for improving maize deep-seeding tolerance, thus enhancing yield potential under drought and water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Yining Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Zakir Hossain
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada;
| | - Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaodong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Taotao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Guoxiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Fuqiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
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Posada-Vergara C, Vidal S, Rostás M. Local Competition and Enhanced Defense: How Metarhizium brunneum Inhibits Verticillium longisporum in Oilseed Rape Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:796. [PMID: 37623567 PMCID: PMC10455689 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metarhizium brunneum is a soil-borne fungal entomopathogen that can be associated with plant roots. Previous studies have demonstrated that root colonization by beneficial fungi can directly affect soil-borne pathogens through competition and antibiosis and can activate a systemic response in plants, resulting in a primed state for a faster and/or stronger response to stressors. However, the mechanisms by which Metarhizium inoculation ameliorates symptoms caused by plant pathogens are not well known. This study evaluated the ability of M. brunneum to protect oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) plants against the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium longisporum and investigated whether the observed effects are a result of direct interaction and/or plant-mediated effects. In vitro and greenhouse experiments were conducted to measure fungal colonization of the rhizosphere and plant tissues, and targeted gene expression analysis was used to evaluate the plant response. The results show that M. brunneum delayed pathogen colonization of plant root tissues, resulting in decreased disease symptoms. Direct competition and antibiosis were found to be part of the mechanisms, as M. brunneum growth was stimulated by the pathogen and inhibited the in vitro growth of V. longisporum. Additionally, M. brunneum changed the plant response to the pathogen by locally activating key defense hormones in the salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways. Using a split-root setup, it was demonstrated that there is a plant-mediated effect, as improved plant growth and decreased disease symptoms were observed when M. brunneum was in the systemic compartment. Moreover, a stronger systemic induction of the gene PR1 suggested a priming effect, involving the SA pathway. Overall, this study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of M. brunneum against soil-borne pathogens in oilseed rape plants, highlighting the potential of this fungal entomopathogen as a biocontrol agent in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Posada-Vergara
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstr 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
| | | | - Michael Rostás
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstr 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
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Toppo P, Kagatay LL, Gurung A, Singla P, Chakraborty R, Roy S, Mathur P. Endophytic fungi mediates production of bioactive secondary metabolites via modulation of genes involved in key metabolic pathways and their contribution in different biotechnological sector. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:191. [PMID: 37197561 PMCID: PMC10183385 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi stimulate the production of an enormous number of bioactive metabolites in medicinal plants and affect the different steps of biosynthetic pathways of these secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi possess a number of biosynthetic gene clusters that possess genes for various enzymes, transcription factors, etc., in their genome responsible for the production of secondary metabolites. Additionally, endophytic fungi also modulate the expression of various genes responsible for the synthesis of key enzymes involved in metabolic pathways of such as HMGR, DXR, etc. involved in the production of a large number of phenolic compounds as well as regulate the expression of genes involved in the production of alkaloids and terpenoids in different plants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of gene expression related to endophytes and their impact on metabolic pathways. Additionally, this review will emphasize the studies done to isolate these secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi in large quantities and assess their bioactivity. Due to ease in synthesis of secondary metabolites and their huge application in the medical industry, these bioactive metabolites are now being extracted from strains of these endophytic fungi commercially. Apart from their application in the pharmaceutical industry, most of these metabolites extracted from endophytic fungi also possess plant growth-promoting ability, bioremediation potential, novel bio control agents, sources of anti-oxidants, etc. The review will comprehensively shed a light on the biotechnological application of these fungal metabolites at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Toppo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Lahasang Lamu Kagatay
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Ankita Gurung
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Priyanka Singla
- Department of Botany, Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Rakhi Chakraborty
- Department of Botany, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
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6
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Koprivova A, Schwier M, Volz V, Kopriva S. Shoot-root interaction in control of camalexin exudation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2667-2679. [PMID: 36651631 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants exude secondary metabolites from the roots to shape the composition and function of their microbiome. Many of these compounds are known for their anti-microbial activities and play a role in plant immunity, such as the indole-derived phytoalexin camalexin. Here we studied the dynamics of camalexin synthesis and exudation upon interaction of Arabidopsis thaliana with the plant growth promoting bacteria Pseudomonas sp. CH267 or the bacterial pathogen Burkholderia glumae PG1. We show that while camalexin accumulation and exudation is more rapidly but transiently induced upon interaction with the growth promoting bacteria, the pathogen induces higher and more stable camalexin levels. By combination of experiments with cut shoots and roots, and grafting of wild-type plants with mutants in camalexin synthesis, we showed that while camalexin can be produced and released by both organs, in intact plants exuded camalexin originates in the shoots. We also reveal that the root specific CYP71A27 protein specifically affects the outcome of the interaction with the plant growth promoting bacteria and that its transcript levels are controlled by a shoot derived signal. In conclusion, camalexin synthesis seems to be controlled on a whole plant level and is coordinated between the shoots and the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koprivova
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Melina Schwier
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Vanessa Volz
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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7
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Wu Y, Sexton W, Yang B, Xiao S. Genetic approaches to dissect plant nonhost resistance mechanisms. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:272-283. [PMID: 36617319 PMCID: PMC9923397 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance (NHR) refers to the immunity of most tested genotypes of a plant species to most tested variants of a pathogen species. Thus, NHR is broad spectrum and durable in nature and constitutes a major safety barrier against invasion of a myriad of potentially pathogenic microbes in any plants including domesticated crops. Genetic study of NHR is generally more difficult compared to host resistance mainly because NHR is genetically more complicated and often lacks intraspecific polymorphisms. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made towards the understanding of the molecular basis of NHR in the past two decades using various approaches. Not surprisingly, molecular mechanisms of NHR revealed so far encompasses pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. In this review, we briefly discuss the inherent difficulty in genetic studies of NHR and summarize the main approaches that have been taken to identify genes contributing to NHR. We also discuss new enabling strategies for dissecting multilayered NHR in model plants with a focus on NHR against filamentous pathogens, especially biotrophic pathogens such as powdery mildew and rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - William Sexton
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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Vincent M, Boubakri H, Gasser M, Hay AE, Herrera-Belaroussi A. What contribution of plant immune responses in Alnus glutinosa-Frankia symbiotic interactions? Symbiosis 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wu L, Sun M, Chen X, Si D, Si J. Hormonal and Metabolomic Responses of Dendrobium catenatum to Infection with the Southern Blight Pathogen Sclerotium delphinii. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:70-79. [PMID: 35876764 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0178-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Southern blight caused by Sclerotium delphinii has a devastating effect on Dendrobium catenatum (an extremely valuable medicinal and food homologous Orchidaceae plant). However, the mechanisms underlying S. delphinii infection and D. catenatum response are far from known. Here, we investigated the infection process and mode of S. delphinii through microscopic observations of detached leaves and living plantlets and further explored the hormonal and metabolomic responses of D. catenatum during S. delphinii infection by using the widely targeted metabolome method. The results showed that S. delphinii infection involves two stages: a contact phase (12 to 16 h after inoculation) and a penetration stage (20 h after inoculation). S. delphinii hyphae could penetrate leaves directly (via swollen hyphae and the formation of an infection cushion) or indirectly (via stomatal penetration), causing water-soaked lesions on leaves within 24 to 28 h after inoculation and expanded thereafter. The content of jasmonates increased after the hyphal contact and remained at high levels during S. delphinii infection, whereas the ethylene precursor (1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid) accumulated significantly after penetration. Furthermore, metabolites of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways were enriched after pathogen penetration, whereas several amino acids accumulated in significant amounts at the late stage of infection. Moreover, some other associated metabolites were significantly altered during pathogen infection. Therefore, the jasmonate, phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and amino acid pathways could play crucial roles in D. catenatum resistance to S. delphinii infection. This study provides insight into the prevention and control of southern blight disease of D. catenatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Meichen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Xueliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Dun Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Jinping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, P.R. China
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Yu C, Yao X, Wang K, Huang G, Dong S, Long W. Analysis of the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones for the pericarp and seed kernel of young fruit in Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2148005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlian Yu
- Changshan Country Oil Tea Industry Development Center, Changshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kailiang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Huang
- Changshan Country Oil Tea Industry Development Center, Changshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Dong
- Changshan Country Oil Tea Industry Development Center, Changshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Wu M, Li Q, Xia G, Zhang Y, Wang F. New insights into defense responses against Verticillium dahliae infection revealed by a quantitative proteomic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:980-994. [PMID: 35908800 DOI: 10.1071/fp22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a highly destructive fungal disease that attacks a broad range of plants, including many major crops. However, the mechanism underlying plant immunity toward Verticillium dahliae is very complex and requires further study. By combining bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, we investigated plant defence responses against V. dahliae infection in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. A total of 301 increased and 214 decreased differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between mock and infected wild type (WT) plants were acquired and bioinformatics analyses were then conducted and compared (increased vs decreased) in detail. In addition to the currently known mechanisms, several new clues about plant immunity against V. dahliae infection were found in this study: (1) exosome formation was dramatically induced by V. dahliae attack; (2) tryptophan-derived camalexin and cyanogenic biosynthesis were durably promoted in response to infection; and (3) various newly identified components were activated for hub immunity responses. These new clues provide valuable information that extends the current knowledge about the molecular basis of plant immunity against V. dahliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Guixian Xia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
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Karssemeijer PN, de Kreek KA, Gols R, Neequaye M, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Specialist root herbivore modulates plant transcriptome and downregulates defensive secondary metabolites in a brassicaceous plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2378-2392. [PMID: 35717563 PMCID: PMC9540780 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants face attackers aboveground and belowground. Insect root herbivores can lead to severe crop losses, yet the underlying transcriptomic responses have rarely been studied. We studied the dynamics of the transcriptomic response of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) primary roots to feeding damage by cabbage root fly larvae (Delia radicum), alone or in combination with aboveground herbivory by cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) or diamondback moth caterpillars (Plutella xylostella). This was supplemented with analyses of phytohormones and the main classes of secondary metabolites; aromatic, indole and aliphatic glucosinolates. Root herbivory leads to major transcriptomic rearrangement that is modulated by aboveground feeding caterpillars, but not aphids, through priming soon after root feeding starts. The root herbivore downregulates aliphatic glucosinolates. Knocking out aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis with CRISPR-Cas9 results in enhanced performance of the specialist root herbivore, indicating that the herbivore downregulates an effective defence. This study advances our understanding of how plants cope with root herbivory and highlights several novel aspects of insect-plant interactions for future research. Further, our findings may help breeders develop a sustainable solution to a devastating root pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Karssemeijer
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Kris A. de Kreek
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mikhaela Neequaye
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UHNorwichUK
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UQNorwichUK
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax‐Planck‐Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax‐Planck‐Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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Plaszkó T, Szűcs Z, Vasas G, Gonda S. Interactions of fungi with non-isothiocyanate products of the plant glucosinolate pathway: A review on product formation, antifungal activity, mode of action and biotransformation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113245. [PMID: 35623473 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolate pathway, which is present in the order Brassicales, is one of the most researched defensive natural product biosynthesis pathways. Its core molecules, the glucosinolates are broken down upon pathogen challenge or tissue damage to yield an array of natural products that may help plants defend against the stressor. Though the most widely known glucosinolate decomposition products are the antimicrobial isothiocyanates, there is a wide range of other volatile and non-volatile natural products that arise from this biosynthetic pathway. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the interaction of these much less examined, non-isothiocyanate products with fungi. It deals with compounds including (1) glucosinolates and their biosynthesis precursors; (2) glucosinolate-derived nitriles (e.g. derivatives of 1H-indole-3-acetonitrile), thiocyanates, epithionitriles and oxazolidine-2-thiones; (3) putative isothiocyanate downstream products such as raphanusamic acid, 1H-indole-3-methanol (= indole-3-carbinol) and its oligomers, 1H-indol-3-ylmethanamine and ascorbigen; (4) 1H-indole-3-acetonitrile downstream products such as 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (indole-3-carboxaldehyde), 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid and their derivatives; and (5) indole phytoalexins including brassinin, cyclobrassinin and brassilexin. Herein, a literature review on the following aspects is provided: their direct antifungal activity and the proposed mechanisms of antifungal action, increased biosynthesis after fungal challenge, as well as data on their biotransformation/detoxification by fungi, including but not limited to fungal myrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Plaszkó
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Szűcs
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Que Y, Huang D, Gong S, Zhang X, Yuan B, Xue M, Shi W, Zeng F, Liu M, Chen T, Yu D, Yan X, Wang Z, Yang L, Xiang L. Indole-3-Carboxylic Acid From the Endophytic Fungus Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae LPS-1 as a Synergist Enhancing the Antagonism of Jasmonic Acid Against Blumeria graminis on Wheat. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:898500. [PMID: 35860382 PMCID: PMC9289256 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.898500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of natural bioactive compounds from endophytes or medicinal plants against plant diseases is an attractive option for reducing the use of chemical fungicides. In this study, three compounds, indole-3-carbaldehyde, indole-3-carboxylic acid (3-ICA), and jasmonic acid (JA), were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the culture filtrate of the endophytic fungus Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae LPS-1, which was previously isolated from the medicinal plant, Ilex cornuta. Some experiments were conducted to further determine the antifungal activity of these compounds on wheat powdery mildew. The results showed that JA was much more bioactive than indole-3-carbaldehyde and 3-ICA against Blumeria graminis, and the disease severity caused by B. graminis decreased significantly with the concentration increase of JA treatment. The assay of the interaction of 3-ICA and JA indicated that there was a significant synergistic effect between the two compounds on B. graminis in each of the ratios of 3-ICA to JA (3-ICA:JA) ranging from 1:9 to 9:1. When the compound ratio of 3-ICA to JA was 2:8, the synergistic coefficient was the highest as 22.95. Meanwhile, a histological investigation indicated that, under the treatment of JA at 500 μg/ml or 3-ICA:JA (2:8) at 40 μg/ml, the appressorium development and haustorium formation of B. graminis were significantly inhibited. Taken together, we concluded that JA plays an important role in the infection process of B. graminis and that 3-ICA as a synergist of JA enhances the antagonism against wheat powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Que
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghai Huang
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, China
| | - Shuangjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuejiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Minfeng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fansong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dazhao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Libo Xiang, ; Lijun Yang,
| | - Libo Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Libo Xiang, ; Lijun Yang,
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15
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Bělonožníková K, Hýsková V, Vašková M, Křížek T, Čokrtová K, Vaněk T, Halířová L, Chudý M, Žufić A, Ryšlavá H. Seed Protection of Solanum lycopersicum with Pythium oligandrum against Alternaria brassicicola and Verticillium albo-atrum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071348. [PMID: 35889067 PMCID: PMC9315653 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythium oligandrum, strain M1, is a soil oomycete successfully used as a biological control agent (BCA), protecting plants against fungal, yeast, and oomycete pathogens through mycoparasitism and elicitor-dependent plant priming. The not yet described Pythium strains, X42 and 00X48, have shown potential as BCAs given the high activity of their secreted proteases, endoglycosidases, and tryptamine. Here, Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom seeds were coated with Pythium strains, and seedlings were exposed to fungal pathogens, either Alternaria brassicicola or Verticillium albo-atrum. The effects of both infection and seed-coating on plant metabolism were assessed by determining the activity and isoforms of antioxidant enzymes and endoglycosidases and the content of tryptamine, amino acids, and heat shock proteins. Dual culture competition testing and microscopy analysis confirmed mycoparasitism in all three Pythium strains. In turn, seed treatment significantly increased the total free amino acid content, changing their abundance in both non-infected and infected plants. In response to pathogens, plant Hsp70 and Hsp90 isoform levels also varied among Pythium strains, most likely as a strategy for priming the plant against infection. Overall, our results show in vitro mycoparasitism between Pythium strains and fungal pathogens and in planta involvement of heat shock proteins in priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Bělonožníková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Veronika Hýsková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Marie Vašková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Tomáš Křížek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Čokrtová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vaněk
- Biopreparáty, spol. s r.o., Tylišovská 1, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Lucie Halířová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Michal Chudý
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Antoniana Žufić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-221-951-282
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16
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Ali M, Ahmad H, Amin B, Atif MJ, Cheng Z. Induce defense response of DADS in eggplants during the biotrophic phase of Verticillium dahliae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 35379184 PMCID: PMC8981950 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Verticillium wilt is a destructive vascular disease in eggplants. The complex defensive mechanisms of eggplant against this disease are very limited. METHODS Our work examined the bioactive properties of garlic allelochemical diallyl disulfide (DADS) as potential biostimulants for defense against V. dahliae in eggplant seedlings. We, therefore, foliar sprayed DADS on eggplants to study the defense response during the early biotrophic phase of V. dahliae (a hemibiotroph). RESULTS DADS application significantly increased root peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, and reduced H2O2 levels after 24 h of fungal inoculation. Salicylic acid (SA) in leaves and roots was significantly increased while, the jasmonic acid (JA), indole acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were decreased. The microscopic examinations of V. dahliae infection in roots displayed that the progression of infection was restricted in DADS-treated plants. Depositions of lignin and phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid content were significantly higher in DADS-treated plants at 48 h post-inoculation. Similarly, the DADS application up-regulated pathogenesis-related (PR1, PR2, and PR5), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK1), and lipoxygenase (LOX) genes. Furthermore, DADS-treated plants exhibited a lower disease severity index (23.3% vs. 57.0% in controls), indicating successful defense against V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS Our findings concluded that the biological function of garlic allelochemical DADS has a prominent role in the higher defense resistance of eggplants during the early infection of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Husain Ahmad
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bakht Amin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Jawaad Atif
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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López WR, Garcia-Jaramillo DJ, Ceballos-Aguirre N, Castaño-Zapata J, Acuña-Zornosa R, Jovel J. Transcriptional responses to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen infection in three Colombian tomato cultivars. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:412. [PMID: 34496757 PMCID: PMC8425103 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a compendium of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungal strains. Pathogenic strains may cause vascular wilt disease and produce considerable losses in commercial tomato plots. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms mediating resistance to Fol in tomato, the aim of our study was to characterize the transcriptional response of three cultivars (CT1, CT2 and IAC391) to a pathogenic (Fol-pt) and a non-pathogenic (Fo-npt) strain of Fo. RESULTS All cultivars exhibited differentially expressed genes in response to each strain of the fungus at 36 h post-inoculation. For the pathogenic strain, CT1 deployed an apparent active defense response that included upregulation of WRKY transcription factors, an extracellular chitinase, and terpenoid-related genes, among others. In IAC391, differentially expressed genes included upregulated but mostly downregulated genes. Upregulated genes mapped to ethylene regulation, pathogenesis regulation and transcription regulation, while downregulated genes potentially impacted defense responses, lipid transport and metal ion binding. Finally, CT2 exhibited mostly downregulated genes upon Fol-pt infection. This included genes involved in transcription regulation, defense responses, and metal ion binding. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that CT1 mounts a defense response against Fol-pt. IAC391 exhibits an intermediate phenotype whereby some defense response genes are activated, and others are suppressed. Finally, the transcriptional profile in the CT2 hints towards lower levels of resistance. Fo-npt also induced transcriptional changes in all cultivars, but to a lesser extent. Results of this study will support genetic breeding programs currently underway in the zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ricardo López
- Departamento de Física y Química. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Dora Janeth Garcia-Jaramillo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Nelson Ceballos-Aguirre
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
| | - Jairo Castaño-Zapata
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Acuña-Zornosa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Juan Jovel
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
- Research Office. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Kempthorne CJ, Nielsen AJ, Wilson DC, McNulty J, Cameron RK, Liscombe DK. Metabolite profiling reveals a role for intercellular dihydrocamalexic acid in the response of mature Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112747. [PMID: 33823457 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The leaf intercellular space is a site of plant-microbe interactions where pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae grow. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the biosynthesis of tryptophan-derived indolic metabolites is induced by P. syringae infection. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based profiling and biosynthetic mutants, we investigated the role of indolic compounds and other small molecules in the response of mature Arabidopsis to P. syringae. We observed dihydrocamalexic acid (DHCA), the precursor to the defense-related compound camalexin, accumulating in intercellular washing fluids (IWFs) without further conversion to camalexin. The indolic biosynthesis mutant cyp71a12/cyp71a13 was more susceptible to P. syringae compared to mature wild-type plants displaying age-related resistance (ARR). DHCA and structural analogs inhibit P. syringae growth (MIC ~ 500 μg/mL), but not at concentrations found in IWFs, and DHCA did not inhibit biofilm formation in vitro. However, infiltration of exogenous DHCA enhanced resistance in mature cyp71a12/cyp71a13. These results provide evidence that DHCA derived from CYP71A12 and CYP71A13 activity accumulates in the intercellular space and contributes to the resistance of mature Arabidopsis to P. syringae without directly inhibiting bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Kempthorne
- Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Ave North Box 4000, Vineland Station, Ontario, L0R 2E0, Canada; McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada; Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | | | - Daniel C Wilson
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - James McNulty
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Robin K Cameron
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - David K Liscombe
- Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Ave North Box 4000, Vineland Station, Ontario, L0R 2E0, Canada; Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Fröschel C. In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:57. [PMID: 34090466 PMCID: PMC8178838 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While leaves are far more accessible for analysing plant defences, roots are hidden in the soil, leading to difficulties in studying soil-borne interactions. Inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, but it remains demanding to obtain a methodological overview. To address this challenge, this study uses the model root pathogen Verticillium longisporum on Arabidopsis thaliana host plants and provides recommendations for selecting appropriate infection systems to investigate how plants cope with root pathogens. RESULTS A novel root infection system is introduced, while two existing ones are precisely described and optimized. Step-by-step protocols are presented and accompanied by pathogenicity tests, transcriptional analyses of indole-glucosinolate marker genes and independent confirmations using reporter constructs. Advantages and disadvantages of each infection system are assessed. Overall, the results validate the importance of indole-glucosinolates as secondary metabolites that limit the Verticillium propagation in its host plant. CONCLUSION Detailed assistances on studying host defence strategies and responses against V. longisporum is provided. Furthermore, other soil-borne microorganisms (e.g., V. dahliae) or model plants, such as economically important oilseed rape and tomato, can be introduced in the infection systems described. Hence, these proven manuals can support finding a root infection system for your specific research questions to further decipher root-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fröschel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Okada K, Kubota Y, Hirase T, Otani K, Goh T, Hiruma K, Saijo Y. Uncoupling root hair formation and defence activation from growth inhibition in response to damage-associated Pep peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2844-2858. [PMID: 33131060 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, PROPEPs and their derived elicitor-active Pep epitopes provide damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which trigger defence responses through cell-surface receptors PEPR1 and PEPR2. In addition, Pep peptides induce root growth inhibition and root hair formation, however their relationships and coordinating mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we reveal that Pep1-mediated root hair formation requires PEPR-associated kinases BAK1/BKK1 and BIK1/PBL1, ethylene, auxin and root hair differentiation regulators, in addition to PEPR2. Our analysis on 69 accessions unravels intraspecies variations in Pep1-induced root hair formation and growth inhibition. The absence of a positive correlation between the two traits suggests their separate regulation and diversification in natural populations of A. thaliana. Restricted PEPR2 expression to certain root tissues is sufficient to induce root hair formation and growth inhibition in response to Pep1, indicating the capacity of non-cell-autonomous receptor signalling in different root tissues. Of particular note, root hair cell-specific PEPR2 expression uncouples defence activation from root growth inhibition and root hair formation, suggesting a unique property of root hairs in root defence activation following Pep1 recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Okada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubota
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Taishi Hirase
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Koichi Otani
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kei Hiruma
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
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Analytical Methods for Quantification and Identification of Intact Glucosinolates in Arabidopsis Roots Using LC-QqQ(LIT)-MS/MS. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010047. [PMID: 33440694 PMCID: PMC7826904 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are biologically active secondary metabolites in Brassicaceae plants that play a critical role in positive and negative interactions between plants and root-associated microbial communities. The aim of this study was to develop a reversed-phase liquid chromatography method to quantify and identify intact glucosinolates in the root of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) grown in non-sterile natural soil by using liquid chromatography-hybrid triple quadruple-linear ion trap (LC-QqQ(LIT)) mass spectrometry. The Synergi Fusion C18-based column was found to be effective for sufficient retention and separation of nine intact glucosinolates without the need for time-consuming desulfation or ion-pairing steps. Method validation results showed satisfactory inter-day and intra-day precision for all glucosinolates except for 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin. Good inter-day and intra-day accuracy and recovery results were observed for glucoiberin, gluconapin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin. However, for 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucoraphanin and glucoerucin corrections to quantification results might be necessary since the recovery and accuracy results were not optimal. Matrix effects were shown to have a negligible effect on the ionization of all target analytes. The established liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was applied to quantify target intact glucosinolates in Arabidopsis root crude extract of four different wild-type accessions where differences in terms of concentration and composition of intact glucosinolates were observed. Employment of sensitive and selective precursor ion survey scan of m/z 97 in combination with the information-dependent acquisition (IDA) of the enhanced product ion (EPI) dependent scan (Prec97-IDA-EPI) using LC-QqQ(LIT) provided high confidence in structural characterization of diverse intact glucosinolate profiles in complex Arabidopsis root crude extract.
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Fröschel C, Komorek J, Attard A, Marsell A, Lopez-Arboleda WA, Le Berre J, Wolf E, Geldner N, Waller F, Korte A, Dröge-Laser W. Plant roots employ cell-layer-specific programs to respond to pathogenic and beneficial microbes. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 29:299-310.e7. [PMID: 33378688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant roots are built of concentric cell layers that are thought to respond to microbial infections by employing specific, genetically defined programs. Yet, the functional impact of this radial organization remains elusive, particularly due to the lack of genome-wide techniques for monitoring expression at a cell-layer resolution. Here, cell-type-specific expression of tagged ribosomes enabled the isolation of ribosome-bound mRNA to obtain cell-layer translatomes (TRAP-seq, translating ribosome affinity purification and RNA sequencing). After inoculation with the vascular pathogen Verticillium longisporum, pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora parasitica, or mutualistic endophyte Serendipita indica, root cell-layer responses reflected the fundamentally different colonization strategies of these microbes. Notably, V. longisporum specifically suppressed the endodermal barrier, which restricts fungal progression, allowing microbial access to the root central cylinder. Moreover, localized biosynthesis of antimicrobial compounds and ethylene differed in response to pathogens and mutualists. These examples highlight the power of this resource to gain insights into root-microbe interactions and to develop strategies in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fröschel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Komorek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agnès Attard
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alexander Marsell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - William A Lopez-Arboleda
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, CCTB, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joëlle Le Berre
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Elmar Wolf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Université de Lausanne, Biophore Building, Unil-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Waller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Korte
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, CCTB, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dröge-Laser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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Haller E, Iven T, Feussner I, Stahl M, Fröhlich K, Löffelhardt B, Gust AA, Nürnberger T. ABA-Dependent Salt Stress Tolerance Attenuates Botrytis Immunity in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:594827. [PMID: 33312187 PMCID: PMC7704454 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.594827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved adaptive measures to cope with abiotic and biotic challenges simultaneously. Combinatorial stress responses require environmental signal integration and response prioritization to balance stress adaptation and growth. We have investigated the impact of salt, an important environmental factor in arid regions, on the Arabidopsis innate immune response. Activation of a classical salt stress response resulted in increased susceptibility to infection with hemibiotrophic Pseudomonas syringae or necrotrophic Alternaria brassicicola, and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. Surprisingly, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-associated responses were largely unaffected upon salt pre-treatment. However, we further observed a strong increase in phytohormone levels. Particularly, abscisic acid (ABA) levels were already elevated before pathogen infection, and application of exogenous ABA substituted for salt-watering in increasing Arabidopsis susceptibility toward B. cinerea infection. We propose a regulatory role of ABA in attenuating Botrytis immunity in this plant under salt stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Haller
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim Iven
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Albrecht von Haller Institute, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Albrecht von Haller Institute, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- Analytics Unit, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Fröhlich
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Löffelhardt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Berne S, Kovačević N, Kastelec D, Javornik B, Radišek S. Hop Polyphenols in Relation to Verticillium Wilt Resistance and Their Antifungal Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1318. [PMID: 33036218 PMCID: PMC7601901 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Verticillium wilt (VW) of hop is a devastating disease caused by the soil-borne fungi Verticillium nonalfalfae and Verticillium dahliae. As suggested by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and RNA-Seq analyses, the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance in hop are complex, consisting of preformed and induced defense responses, including the synthesis of various phenolic compounds. (2) Methods: We determined the total polyphenolic content at two phenological stages in roots and stems of 14 hop varieties differing in VW resistance, examined the changes in the total polyphenols of VW resistant variety Wye Target (WT) and susceptible Celeia (CE) on infection with V. nonalfalfae, and assessed the antifungal activity of six commercial phenolic compounds and total polyphenolic extracts from roots and stems of VW resistant WT and susceptible CE on the growth of two different V. nonalfalfae hop pathotypes. (3) Results: Generally, total polyphenols were higher in roots than stems and increased with maturation of the hop. Before flowering, the majority of VW resistant varieties had a significantly higher content of total polyphenols in stems than susceptible varieties. At the symptomatic stage of VW disease, total polyphenols decreased in VW resistant WT and susceptible CE plants in both roots and stems. The antifungal activity of total polyphenolic extracts against V. nonalfalfae was higher in hop extracts from stems than those from roots. Among the tested phenolic compounds, only p-coumaric acid and tyrosol markedly restricted fungal growth. (4) Conclusions: Although the correlation between VW resistance and total polyphenols content is not straightforward, higher levels of total polyphenols in the stems of the majority of VW resistant hop varieties at early phenological stages probably contribute to fast and efficient activation of signaling pathways, leading to successful defense against V. nonalfalfae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (N.K.); (D.K.); (B.J.)
| | - Nataša Kovačević
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (N.K.); (D.K.); (B.J.)
| | - Damijana Kastelec
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (N.K.); (D.K.); (B.J.)
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (N.K.); (D.K.); (B.J.)
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
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Schenke D, Cai D. Phytohormone crosstalk in the host-Verticillium interaction. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1803567. [PMID: 32772774 PMCID: PMC8550523 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1803567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional genomics can be applied to shed light on the Brassica napus - Verticillium interaction. RNAseq data indicated already that abscisic acid (ABA) is apparently involved in the early oilseed rape response to fungal infection with Verticillium longisporum isolate 43 (Vl43). A calreticulin (CRT1a) was identified as novel susceptibility factor for Vl43 infecting both Arabidopsis and oilseed rape. CRT1a is involved in calcium homeostasis and contributes in the endoplasmatic reticulum to the unfolded protein response. The latter function could either affect the correct folding of other susceptibility factors or of negative regulators in ethylene (ET) signaling. Which CRT1a function is affected in the mutants is currently unknown, but both hypotheses can explain that crt1a loss-of-function mutants display increased resistance to V. longisporum and enhanced expression of ethylene signaling related genes. This indicates that besides other phytohormones such as ABA or salicylic acid (SA) also ET plays a critical role in the plant-Verticillium interaction, which might be exploited to improve plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schenke
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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26
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Grabsztunowicz M, Rokka A, Farooq I, Aro EM, Mulo P. Gel-based proteomic map of Arabidopsis thaliana root plastids and mitochondria. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:413. [PMID: 32887556 PMCID: PMC7650296 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-photosynthetic plastids of plants are known to be involved in a range of metabolic and biosynthetic reactions, even if they have been difficult to study due to their small size and lack of color. The morphology of root plastids is heterogeneous and also the plastid size, density and subcellular distribution varies depending on the cell type and developmental stage, and therefore the functional features have remained obscure. Although the root plastid proteome is likely to reveal specific functional features, Arabidopsis thaliana root plastid proteome has not been studied to date. RESULTS In the present study, we separated Arabidopsis root protein fraction enriched with plastids and mitochondria by 2D-PAGE and identified 84 plastid-targeted and 77 mitochondrion-targeted proteins using LC-MS/MS. The most prevalent root plastid protein categories represented amino acid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid biosynthesis pathways, while the enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism were not detected. Mitochondrion-targeted proteins were classified mainly into the energetics category. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study presenting gel-based map of Arabidopsis thaliana root plastid and mitochondrial proteome. Our findings suggest that Arabidopsis root plastids have broad biosynthetic capacity, and that they do not play a major role in a long-term storage of carbohydrates. The proteomic map provides a tool for further studies to compare changes in the proteome, e.g. in response to environmental cues, and emphasizes the role of root plastids in nitrogen and sulfur metabolism as well as in amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis. The results enable taking a first step towards an integrated view of root plastid/mitochondrial proteome and metabolic functions in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Rokka
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Irum Farooq
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula Mulo
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Hunziker P, Ghareeb H, Wagenknecht L, Crocoll C, Halkier BA, Lipka V, Schulz A. De novo indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate biosynthesis, and not long-distance transport, contributes to defence of Arabidopsis against powdery mildew. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1571-1583. [PMID: 32275065 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants and reduces crop yield worldwide. As obligate biotrophs, powdery mildew fungi manipulate living host cells to suppress defence responses and to obtain nutrients. Members of the plant order Brassicales produce indole glucosinolates that effectively protect them from attack by non-adapted fungi. Indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate is constitutively produced in the phloem and transported to epidermal cells for storage. Upon attack, indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate is activated by CYP81F2 to provide broad-spectrum defence against fungi. How de novo biosynthesis and transport contribute to defence of powdery mildew-attacked epidermal cells is unknown. Bioassays and glucosinolate analysis demonstrate that GTR glucosinolate transporters are not involved in antifungal defence. Using quantitative live-cell imaging of fluorophore-tagged markers, we show that accumulation of the glucosinolate biosynthetic enzymes CYP83B1 and SUR1 is induced in epidermal cells attacked by the non-adapted barley powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. By contrast, glucosinolate biosynthesis is attenuated during interaction with the virulent powdery mildew Golovinomyces orontii. Interestingly, SUR1 induction is delayed during the Golovinomyces orontii interaction. We conclude that epidermal de novo synthesis of indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate contributes to CYP81F2-mediated broad-spectrum antifungal resistance and that adapted powdery mildews may target this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hunziker
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hassan Ghareeb
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Wagenknecht
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Central Microscopy Facility of the Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Herrfurth C, Feussner I. Quantitative Jasmonate Profiling Using a High-Throughput UPLC-NanoESI-MS/MS Method. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2085:169-187. [PMID: 31734925 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and its many derivatives-collectively referred as jasmonates-occur ubiquitously in land plants and regulate a wide range of stress-responses and development. Measuring these signaling compounds is complicated by the large number of jasmonate derivatives and the comparatively low concentration of these metabolites in plant tissues. We, here, present a selective and sensitive method consisting of a two-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography, nanoelectrospray ionization, and mass spectrometry to determine jasmonate levels in tissues and fluids of various plant species. The application of stable deuterium-labelled standards in combination with authentic standards allows the absolute quantification of a multitude of jasmonates and, additionally, the semi-quantitative analysis of further metabolites from the jasmonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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29
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Behrens FH, Schenke D, Hossain R, Ye W, Schemmel M, Bergmann T, Häder C, Zhao Y, Ladewig L, Zhu W, Cai D. Suppression of abscisic acid biosynthesis at the early infection stage of Verticillium longisporum in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1645-1661. [PMID: 31603283 PMCID: PMC6859492 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium longisporum infects oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and Arabidopsis thaliana. To investigate the early response of oilseed rape to the fungal infection, we determined transcriptomic changes in oilseed rape roots at 6 days post-inoculation (dpi) by RNA-Seq analysis, in which non-infected roots served as a control. Strikingly, a subset of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis was found to be down-regulated and the ABA level was accordingly attenuated in 6 dpi oilseed rape as compared with the control. Gene expression analysis revealed that this was mainly attributed to the suppression of BnNCED3-mediated ABA biosynthesis, involving, for example, BnWRKY57. However, this down-regulation of ABA biosynthesis could not be observed in infected Arabidopsis roots. Arabidopsis ABA- defective mutants nced3 and aao3 displayed pronounced tolerance to the fungal infection with delayed and impeded symptom development, even though fungal colonization was not affected in both mutants. These data suggest that ABA appears to be required for full susceptibility of Arabidopsis to the fungal infection. Furthermore, we found that in both 6 dpi oilseed rape and the Arabidopsis nced3 mutant, the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway was induced while the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) signalling pathway was concomitantly mitigated. Following these data, we conclude that in oilseed rape the V. longisporum infection triggers a host-specific suppression of the NCED3-mediated ABA biosynthesis, consequently increasing plant tolerance to the fungal infection. We believe that this might be part of the virulence strategy of V. longisporum to initiate/establish a long-lasting compatible interaction with oilseed rape (coexistence), which appears to be different from the infection process in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk H. Behrens
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Dirk Schenke
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Roxana Hossain
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Wanzhi Ye
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Markus Schemmel
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Thomas Bergmann
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Claudia Häder
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Lena Ladewig
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Wenxuan Zhu
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
| | - Daguang Cai
- Institute of PhytopathologyDepartment of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielHermann Rodewald Str. 9D‐24118KielGermany
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Unravelling the Metabolic Reconfiguration of the Post-Challenge Primed State in Sorghum bicolor Responding to Colletotrichum sublineolum Infection. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100194. [PMID: 31547091 PMCID: PMC6835684 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming is a natural phenomenon that pre-conditions plants for enhanced defence against a wide range of pathogens. It represents a complementary strategy, or sustainable alternative that can provide protection against disease. However, a comprehensive functional and mechanistic understanding of the various layers of priming events is still limited. A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to investigate metabolic changes in plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-primed Sorghum bicolor seedlings infected with the anthracnose-causing fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum sublineolum, with a focus on the post-challenge primed state phase. At the 4-leaf growth stage, the plants were treated with a strain of Paenibacillus alvei at 108 cfu mL−1. Following a 24 h PGPR application, the plants were inoculated with a C. sublineolum spore suspension (106 spores mL−1), and the infection monitored over time: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days post-inoculation. Non-infected plants served as negative controls. Intracellular metabolites from both inoculated and non-inoculated plants were extracted with 80% methanol-water. The extracts were chromatographically and spectrometrically analysed on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system coupled to high-definition mass spectrometry. The acquired multidimensional data were processed to create data matrices for chemometric modelling. The computed models indicated time-related metabolic perturbations that reflect primed responses to the fungal infection. Evaluation of orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) loading shared and unique structures (SUS)-plots uncovered the differential stronger defence responses against the fungal infection observed in primed plants. These involved enhanced levels of amino acids (tyrosine, tryptophan), phytohormones (jasmonic acid and salicylic acid conjugates, and zeatin), and defence-related components of the lipidome. Furthermore, other defence responses in both naïve and primed plants were characterised by a complex mobilisation of phenolic compounds and de novo biosynthesis of the flavones, apigenin and luteolin and the 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins, apigeninidin and luteolinidin, as well as some related conjugates.
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Kusch S, Thiery S, Reinstädler A, Gruner K, Zienkiewicz K, Feussner I, Panstruga R. Arabidopsis mlo3 mutant plants exhibit spontaneous callose deposition and signs of early leaf senescence. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:21-40. [PMID: 31049793 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana mlo3 mutant plants are not affected in pathogen infection phenotypes but-reminiscent of mlo2 mutant plants-exhibit spontaneous callose deposition and signs of early leaf senescence. The family of Mildew resistance Locus O (MLO) proteins is best known for its profound effect on the outcome of powdery mildew infections: when the appropriate MLO protein is absent, the plant is fully resistant to otherwise virulent powdery mildew fungi. However, most members of the MLO protein family remain functionally unexplored. Here, we investigate Arabidopsis thaliana MLO3, the closest relative of AtMLO2, AtMLO6 and AtMLO12, which are the Arabidopsis MLO genes implicated in the powdery mildew interaction. The co-expression network of AtMLO3 suggests association of the gene with plant defense-related processes such as salicylic acid homeostasis. Our extensive analysis shows that mlo3 mutants are unaffected regarding their infection phenotype upon challenge with the powdery mildew fungi Golovinomyces orontii and Erysiphe pisi, the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, and the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (the latter both in terms of basal and systemic acquired resistance), indicating that the protein does not play a major role in the response to any of these pathogens. However, mlo3 genotypes display spontaneous callose deposition as well as signs of early senescence in 6- or 7-week-old rosette leaves in the absence of any pathogen challenge, a phenotype that is reminiscent of mlo2 mutant plants. We hypothesize that de-regulated callose deposition in mlo3 genotypes might be the result of a subtle transient aberration of salicylic acid-jasmonic acid homeostasis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Thiery
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruner
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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Fröschel C, Iven T, Walper E, Bachmann V, Weiste C, Dröge-Laser W. A Gain-of-Function Screen Reveals Redundant ERF Transcription Factors Providing Opportunities for Resistance Breeding Toward the Vascular Fungal Pathogen Verticillium longisporum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1095-1109. [PMID: 31365325 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-19-0055-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium longisporum is a vascular fungal pathogen leading to severe crop loss, particular in oilseed rape. Transcription factors (TF) are highly suited for genetic engineering of pathogen-resistant crops, as they control sets of functionally associated genes. Applying the AtTORF-Ex (Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor open reading frame expression) collection, a simple and robust screen of TF-overexpressing plants was established displaying reduced fungal colonization. Distinct members of the large ethylene response factor (ERF) family, namely ERF96 and the six highly related subgroup IXb members ERF102 to ERF107, were identified. Whereas overexpression of these ERF significantly reduces fungal propagation, single loss-of-function approaches did not reveal altered susceptibility. Hence, this gain-of-function approach is particularly suited to identify redundant family members. Expression analyses disclosed distinct ERF gene activation patterns in roots and leaves, suggesting functional differences. Transcriptome studies performed on chemically induced ERF106 expression revealed an enrichment of genes involved in the biosynthesis of antimicrobial indole glucosinolates (IG), such as CYP81F2 (CYTOCHROME P450-MONOOXYGENASE 81F2), which is directly regulated by IXb-ERF via two GCC-like cis-elements. The impact of IG in restricting fungal propagation was further supported as the cyp81f2 mutant displayed significantly enhanced susceptibility. Taken together, this proof-of-concept approach provides a novel strategy to identify candidate TF that are valuable genetic resources for engineering or breeding pathogen-resistant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fröschel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Tim Iven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Walper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Vanessa Bachmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Christoph Weiste
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dröge-Laser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97082, Germany
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Ur Rashid M, Alamzeb M, Ali S, Ullah Z, Shah ZA, Naz I, Khan MR. The chemistry and pharmacology of alkaloids and allied nitrogen compounds from Artemisia species: A review. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2661-2684. [PMID: 31453659 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several reviews have been published on Artemisia's derived natural products, but it is the first attempt to review the chemistry and pharmacology of more than 80 alkaloids and allied nitrogen compounds obtained from various Artemisia species (covering the literature up to June 2018). The pharmacological potential and unique skeleton types of certain Artemisia's alkaloids provoke the importance of analyzing Artemisia species for bioactive alkaloids and allied nitrogen compounds. Among the various types of bioactive Artemisia's alkaloids, the main classes were the derivatives of rupestine (pyridine-sesquiterpene), lycoctonine (diterpene), pyrrolizidine, purines, polyamine, peptides, indole, piperidine, pyrrolidine, alkamides, and flavoalkaloids. The rupestine derivatives are Artemisia's characteristic alkaloids, whereas the rest are common alkaloids found in the family Asteraceae and chemotaxonomically links the genus Artemisia with the tribes Anthemideae. The most important biological activities of Artemisia's alkaloids are including hepatoprotective, local anesthetic, β-galactosidase, and antiparasitic activities; treatment of angina pectoris, opening blocked arteries, as a sleep-inducing agents and inhibition of HIV viral protease, CYP450, melanin biosynthesis, human carbonic anhydrase, [3H]-AEA metabolism, kinases, and DNA polymerase β1 . Some of the important nitrogen metabolites of Artemisia include pellitorine, zeatin, tryptophan, rupestine, and aconitine analogs, which need to be optimized and commercialized further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoon Ur Rashid
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, Kotli, Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Ali Shah
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Agriculture University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Naz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiullah Khan
- Phytopharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Research Laboratory (PNRL), Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Ganin H, Kemper N, Meir S, Rogachev I, Ely S, Massalha H, Mandaby A, Shanzer A, Keren-Paz A, Meijler MM, Malitsky S, Aharoni A, Kolodkin-Gal I. Indole Derivatives Maintain the Status Quo Between Beneficial Biofilms and Their Plant Hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1013-1025. [PMID: 30811315 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-18-0327-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms formed by bacteria on plant roots play an important role in maintaining an optimal rhizosphere environment that supports plant growth and fitness. Bacillus subtilis is a potent plant growth promoter, forming biofilms that play a key role in protecting the host from fungal and bacterial infections. In this work, we demonstrate that the development of B. subtilis biofilms is antagonized by specific indole derivatives that accumulate during symbiotic interactions with plant hosts. Indole derivatives are more potent signals when the plant polysaccharide xylan serves as a carbon source, a mechanism to sustain beneficial biofilms at a biomass that can be supported by the plant. Moreover, B. subtilis biofilms formed by mutants resistant to indole derivatives become deleterious to the plants due to their capacity to consume and recycle plant polysaccharides. These results demonstrate how a dynamic metabolite-based dialogue can promote homeostasis between plant hosts and their beneficial biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ganin
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalie Kemper
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Shir Ely
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hassan Massalha
- 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Aviad Mandaby
- 3Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Alona Keren-Paz
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael M Meijler
- 3Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Asaph Aharoni
- 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Zhao C, Wang H, Lu Y, Hu J, Qu L, Li Z, Wang D, He Y, Valls M, Coll NS, Chen Q, Lu H. Deep Sequencing Reveals Early Reprogramming of Arabidopsis Root Transcriptomes Upon Ralstonia solanacearum Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:813-827. [PMID: 31140930 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0268-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most devastating crop diseases worldwide. The molecular mechanisms controlling the early stage of R. solanacearum colonization in the root remain unknown. Aiming to better understand the mechanism of the establishment of R. solanacearum infection in root, we established four stages in the early interaction of the pathogen with Arabidopsis roots and determined the transcriptional profiles of these stages of infection. A total 2,698 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes during the initial 96 h after infection, with the majority of changes in gene expression occurring after pathogen-triggered root-hair development observed. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated sequential activation of multiple hormone signaling cascades, including abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. Simultaneous impairment of ABA receptor genes promoted plant wilting symptoms after R. solanacearum infection but did not affect primary root growth inhibition or root-hair and lateral root formation caused by R. solanacearum. This indicated that ABA signaling positively regulates root defense to R. solanacearum. Moreover, transcriptional changes of genes involved in primary root, lateral root, and root-hair formation exhibited high temporal dynamics upon infection. Taken together, our results suggest that successful infection of R. solanacearum on roots is a highly programmed process involving in hormone crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhu Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Lu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinxue Hu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ling Qu
- 2 National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, China
| | - Zheqing Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yizhe He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Marc Valls
- 3 Genetics section, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- 4 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- 4 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Qin Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Haibin Lu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Ouassou M, Mukhaimar M, El Amrani A, Kroymann J, Chauveau O. [Biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates and ecological role of secondary modification pathways]. C R Biol 2019; 342:58-80. [PMID: 31088733 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Indole glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites derived from the amino acid tryptophan. They are part of a large group of sulfur-containing molecules almost exclusively found among Brassicales, which include the mustard family (Brassicaceae) with many edible plant species of major nutritional importance. These compounds mediate numerous interactions between these plants and their natural enemies and are therefore of major biological and economical interest. This literature review aims at taking stock of recent advances of our knowledge about the biosynthetic pathways of indole glucosinolates, but also about the defense strategies and ecological processes involving these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ouassou
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Maisara Mukhaimar
- National Agricultural Research Center (NARC)-Jenin/Gaza, Ministry of Agriculture, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Amal El Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Chauveau
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Müller TM, Böttcher C, Glawischnig E. Dissection of the network of indolic defence compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana by multiple mutant analysis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:11-20. [PMID: 30798200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic for cruciferous plants is the synthesis of a complex array of defence-related indolic compounds. In Arabidopsis, these include indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolates (IMGs), as well as stress-inducible indole-3-carbaldehyde (ICHO)/indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICOOH) derivatives and camalexin. Key enzymes in the biosynthesis of the inducible metabolites are the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP71A12, CYP71A13 and CYP71B6 and Arabidopsis Aldehyde Oxidase 1 (AAO1). Multiple mutants in the corresponding genes were generated and their metabolic phenotypes were comprehensively analysed in untreated, UV exposed and silver nitrate-treated leaves. Most strikingly, ICOOH and ICHO derivatives synthesized in response to UV exposure were not metabolically related. While ICHO concentrations correlated with IMGs, ICOOH derivatives were anti-correlated with IMGs and partially dependent on CYP71B6. The AAO1 genotype was shown to not only be important for ICHO metabolism but also for the accumulation of 4-pyridoxic acid, suggesting a dual role of AAO1 in vitamin B6 metabolism and IMG degradation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Müller
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Glawischnig
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; Microbial Biotechnology, TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
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Besbes F, Habegger R, Schwab W. Induction of PR-10 genes and metabolites in strawberry plants in response to Verticillium dahliae infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:128. [PMID: 30953454 PMCID: PMC6451215 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soil-borne vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae causes severe wilt symptoms in a wide range of plants including strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). To enhance our understanding of the effects of V. dahliae on the growth and development of F. × ananassa, the expression patterns of 21 PR-10 genes were investigated by qPCR analysis and metabolite changes were determined by LC-MS in in vitro F. × ananassa plants upon pathogen infection. RESULTS The expression patterns of the 21 isoforms showed a wide range of responses. Four PR-10 genes were highly induced in leaves upon pathogen infection while eight members were significantly up-regulated in roots. A simultaneously induced expression in leaves and roots was detected for five PR-10 genes. Interestingly, two isoforms were expressed upon infection in all three tissues (leaves, roots and stems) while no induction was detected for two other members. Accumulation of antifungal catechin and epicatechin was detected upon pathogen infection in roots and stems at late stages, while caffeic acid and citric acid were observed only in infected roots. Production of abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid (JA), gibberellic acid and indole acetic acid (IAA) was induced in infected leaves and stems at early stages. IAA and JA were the sole hormones to be ascertained in infected roots at late stages. CONCLUSIONS The induction of several PR-10 genes upon infection of strawberry plants with V. dahliae suggest a role of PR-10 genes in the defense response against this pathogen. Production of phytohormones in the early stages of infection and antifungal metabolites in late stages suppose that they are implicated in this response. The results may possibly improve the control measures of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Besbes
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ruth Habegger
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Miao Y, Xu L, He X, Zhang L, Shaban M, Zhang X, Zhu L. Suppression of tryptophan synthase activates cotton immunity by triggering cell death via promoting SA synthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:329-345. [PMID: 30604574 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary metabolism plays an important role in plant growth and development, however the relationship between primary metabolism and the adaptive immune response is largely unknown. Here, we employed RNA interference (RNAi), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology, phytohormone profiling, genetic studies, and transcriptome and metabolome analysis to investigate the function of the tryptophan synthesis pathway in the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae. We found that knock-down of GbTSA1 (Tryptophan Synthase α) and GbTSB1 (tryptophan synthase β) induced a spontaneous cell death phenotype in a salicylic acid (SA)-dependent manner and enhanced resistance to V. dahliae in cotton plants. Metabolome analysis showed that indole and indolic metabolites were highly accumulated in GbTSA1- or GbTSB1-silenced plants. Transcriptomic analysis showed that exogenous indole promotes the expression levels of genes involved in SA synthesis and the defense response. Similarly, indole application strongly enhanced cotton resistance to V. dahliae. These results suggested that metabolic intermediates in the Trp synthesis pathway may be a signal to activate SA synthesis. These results also provided a strategy to elicit plant defense responses by the application of indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lian Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xin He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Shaban
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Olanrewaju OS, Ayangbenro AS, Glick BR, Babalola OO. Plant health: feedback effect of root exudates-rhizobiome interactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1155-1166. [PMID: 30570692 PMCID: PMC6394481 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The well-being of the microbial community that densely populates the rhizosphere is aided by a plant's root exudates. Maintaining a plant's health is a key factor in its continued existence. As minute as rhizospheric microbes are, their importance in plant growth cannot be overemphasized. They depend on plants for nutrients and other necessary requirements. The relationship between the rhizosphere-microbiome (rhizobiome) and plant hosts can be beneficial, non-effectual, or pathogenic depending on the microbes and the plant involved. This relationship, to a large extent, determines the fate of the host plant's survival. Modern molecular techniques have been used to unravel rhizobiome species' composition, but the interplay between the rhizobiome root exudates and other factors in the maintenance of a healthy plant have not as yet been thoroughly investigated. Many functional proteins are activated in plants upon contact with external factors. These proteins may elicit growth promoting or growth suppressing responses from the plants. To optimize the growth and productivity of host plants, rhizobiome microbial diversity and modulatory techniques need to be clearly understood for improved plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseyi Samuel Olanrewaju
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Ayansina Segun Ayangbenro
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.
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Agerbirk N, Matthes A, Erthmann PØ, Ugolini L, Cinti S, Lazaridi E, Nuzillard JM, Müller C, Bak S, Rollin P, Lazzeri L. Glucosinolate turnover in Brassicales species to an oxazolidin-2-one, formed via the 2-thione and without formation of thioamide. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 153:79-93. [PMID: 29886160 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are found in plants of the order Brassicales and hydrolyzed to different breakdown products, particularly after tissue damage. In Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae), the dominant glucosinolate in the investigated "G-type" is glucobarbarin, (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylglucosinolate. Formation of the nitrile from glucobarbarin was observed in vitro, while a previously suggested thioamide (synonym thionamide) was not confirmed. Resedine (5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one) was detected after glucobarbarin hydrolysis in crushed B. vulgaris leaves and siliques, but not in intact parts. The abundance increased for several hours after completion of hydrolysis. The corresponding 1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione (OAT), with the common name barbarin, was also formed, and appeared to be the precursor of resedine. Addition of each of two non-endogenous OATs, (S)-5-ethyl-5-methylOAT and (R)-5-vinylOAT (R-goitrin), to a leaf homogenate resulted in formation of the corresponding 1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones (OAOs), confirming the metabolic connection of OAT to OAO. Formation of OAOs was inhibited by prior brief heating of the homogenate, suggesting enzyme involvement. We suggest the conversion of OATs to OAOs to be catalyzed by an enzyme ("oxazolidinethionase") responsible for turnover of OAT formed in intact plants. Resedine had been reported as an alkaloid from another species - Reseda luteola L. (Resedaceae) - naturally containing the glucosinolate glucobarbarin. However, resedine was not detected in intact R. luteola plants, but formed after tissue damage. The formation of resedine in two families suggests a broad distribution of putative OATases in the Brassicales; potentially involved in glucosinolate turnover that needs myrosinase activity as the committed step. In agreement with the proposed function of OATase, several candidate genes for myrosinases in glucosinolate turnover in intact plants were discovered in the B. vulgaris genome. We also suggest that biotechnological conversion of OATs to OAOs might improve the nutritional value of Brassicales protein. HPLC-MS/MS methods for detection of these glucobarbarin products are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Agerbirk
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie Matthes
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Ø Erthmann
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Luisa Ugolini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Susanna Cinti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleni Lazaridi
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jean-Marc Nuzillard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne and CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, SFR CAP'SANTE, F-51687 Reims, France
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Søren Bak
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Université d'Orléans and CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Luca Lazzeri
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
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Palazzini J, Roncallo P, Cantoro R, Chiotta M, Yerkovich N, Palacios S, Echenique V, Torres A, Ramírez M, Karlovsky P, Chulze S. Biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto, Reduction of Deoxynivalenol Accumulation and Phytohormone Induction by Two Selected Antagonists. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E88. [PMID: 29461480 PMCID: PMC5848189 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that causes extensive yield and quality losses to wheat and other small cereal grains worldwide. Species within the Fusarium graminearum complex are the main pathogens associated with the disease, F. graminearum sensu stricto being the main pathogen in Argentina. Biocontrol can be used as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Phytohormones play a key role in the plant defense system and their production can be induced by antagonistic microorganisms. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of Bacillus velezensis RC 218, F. graminearum and their co-inoculation on the production of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in wheat spikes at different periods of time under greenhouse conditions, and to evaluate the effect of B. velezensis RC 218 and Streptomyces albidoflavus RC 87B on FHB disease incidence, severity and deoxynivalenol accumulation on Triticum turgidum L. var. durum under field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions the production of JA was induced after F. graminearum inoculation at 48 and 72 h, but JA levels were reduced in the co-inoculated treatments. No differences in JA or SA levels were observed between the B. velezensis treatment and the water control. In the spikes inoculated with F. graminearum, SA production was induced early (12 h), as it was shown for initial FHB basal resistance, while JA was induced at a later stage (48 h), revealing different defense strategies at different stages of infection by the hemibiotrophic pathogen F. graminearum. Both B. velezensis RC 218 and S. albidoflavus RC 87B effectively reduced FHB incidence (up to 30%), severity (up to 25%) and deoxynivalenol accumulation (up to 51%) on durum wheat under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Palazzini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Pablo Roncallo
- CERZOS-CONICET, Department of Agronomy, UNS-CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Camino de la Carrindanga Km 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina.
| | - Renata Cantoro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Maria Chiotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Nadia Yerkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Sofia Palacios
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Viviana Echenique
- CERZOS-CONICET, Department of Agronomy, UNS-CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Camino de la Carrindanga Km 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - María Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Sofia Chulze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
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Chuberre C, Plancot B, Driouich A, Moore JP, Bardor M, Gügi B, Vicré M. Plant Immunity Is Compartmentalized and Specialized in Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1692. [PMID: 30546372 PMCID: PMC6279857 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Roots are important organs for plant survival. In recent years, clear differences between roots and shoots in their respective plant defense strategies have been highlighted. Some putative gene markers of defense responses usually used in leaves are less relevant in roots and are sometimes not even expressed. Immune responses in roots appear to be tissue-specific suggesting a compartmentalization of defense mechanisms in root systems. Furthermore, roots are able to activate specific defense mechanisms in response to various elicitors including Molecular/Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns, (MAMPs/PAMPs), signal compounds (e.g., hormones) and plant defense activator (e.g., β-aminobutyric acid, BABA). This review discusses recent findings in root defense mechanisms and illustrates the necessity to discover new root specific biomarkers. The development of new strategies to control root disease and improve crop quality will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Chuberre
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Rouen, France
- Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, Rouen, France
| | - Barbara Plancot
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Rouen, France
- Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, Rouen, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Rouen, France
- Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, Rouen, France
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Rouen, France
- Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, Rouen, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Gügi
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Rouen, France
- Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, Rouen, France
- *Correspondence: Bruno Gügi, Maïté Vicré,
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Rouen, France
- Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, Rouen, France
- *Correspondence: Bruno Gügi, Maïté Vicré,
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Le Berre JY, Gourgues M, Samans B, Keller H, Panabières F, Attard A. Transcriptome dynamic of Arabidopsis roots infected with Phytophthora parasitica identifies VQ29, a gene induced during the penetration and involved in the restriction of infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190341. [PMID: 29281727 PMCID: PMC5744986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the responses of plant roots to filamentous pathogens, particularly to oomycetes. To assess the molecular dialog established between the host and the pathogen during early stages of infection, we investigated the overall changes in gene expression in A. thaliana roots challenged with P. parasitica. We analyzed various infection stages, from penetration and establishment of the interaction to the switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy. We identified 3390 genes for which expression was modulated during the infection. The A. thaliana transcriptome displays a dynamic response to P. parasitica infection, from penetration onwards. Some genes were specifically coregulated during penetration and biotrophic growth of the pathogen. Many of these genes have functions relating to primary metabolism, plant growth, and defense responses. In addition, many genes encoding VQ motif-containing proteins were found to be upregulated in plant roots, early in infection. Inactivation of VQ29 gene significantly increased susceptibility to P. parasitica during the late stages of infection. This finding suggests that the gene contributes to restricting oomycete development within plant tissues. Furthermore, the vq29 mutant phenotype was not associated with an impairment of plant defenses involving SA-, JA-, and ET-dependent signaling pathways, camalexin biosynthesis, or PTI signaling. Collectively, the data presented here thus show that infection triggers a specific genetic program in roots, beginning as soon as the pathogen penetrates the first cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Birgit Samans
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Agnes Attard
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, France
- * E-mail:
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Davoine C, Abreu IN, Khajeh K, Blomberg J, Kidd BN, Kazan K, Schenk PM, Gerber L, Nilsson O, Moritz T, Björklund S. Functional metabolomics as a tool to analyze Mediator function and structure in plants. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640868 PMCID: PMC5480960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediator is a multiprotein transcriptional co-regulator complex composed of four modules; Head, Middle, Tail, and Kinase. It conveys signals from promoter-bound transcriptional regulators to RNA polymerase II and thus plays an essential role in eukaryotic gene regulation. We describe subunit localization and activities of Mediator in Arabidopsis through metabolome and transcriptome analyses from a set of Mediator mutants. Functional metabolomic analysis based on the metabolite profiles of Mediator mutants using multivariate statistical analysis and heat-map visualization shows that different subunit mutants display distinct metabolite profiles, which cluster according to the reported localization of the corresponding subunits in yeast. Based on these results, we suggest localization of previously unassigned plant Mediator subunits to specific modules. We also describe novel roles for individual subunits in development, and demonstrate changes in gene expression patterns and specific metabolite levels in med18 and med25, which can explain their phenotypes. We find that med18 displays levels of phytoalexins normally found in wild type plants only after exposure to pathogens. Our results indicate that different Mediator subunits are involved in specific signaling pathways that control developmental processes and tolerance to pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Davoine
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ilka N. Abreu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Khalil Khajeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Blomberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Brendan N. Kidd
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lorenz Gerber
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Björklund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Massalha H, Korenblum E, Tholl D, Aharoni A. Small molecules below-ground: the role of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:788-807. [PMID: 28333395 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil communities are diverse taxonomically and functionally. This ecosystem experiences highly complex networks of interactions, but may also present functionally independent entities. Plant roots, a metabolically active hotspot in the soil, take an essential part in below-ground interactions. While plants are known to release an extremely high portion of the fixated carbon to the soil, less information is known about the composition and role of C-containing compounds in the rhizosphere, in particular those involved in chemical communication. Specialized metabolites (or secondary metabolites) produced by plants and their associated microbes have a critical role in various biological activities that modulate the behavior of neighboring organisms. Thus, elucidating the chemical composition and function of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere is a key element in understanding interactions in this below-ground environment. Here, we review key classes of specialized metabolites that occur as mostly non-volatile compounds in root exudates or are emitted as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The role of these metabolites in below-ground interactions and response to nutrient deficiency, as well as their tissue and cell type-specific biosynthesis and release are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Massalha
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elisa Korenblum
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Powell JJ, Carere J, Fitzgerald TL, Stiller J, Covarelli L, Xu Q, Gubler F, Colgrave ML, Gardiner DM, Manners JM, Henry RJ, Kazan K. The Fusarium crown rot pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum triggers a suite of transcriptional and metabolic changes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:853-867. [PMID: 27941094 PMCID: PMC5604588 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Fusarium crown rot caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum is a disease of wheat and barley, bearing significant economic cost. Efforts to develop effective resistance to this disease have been hampered by the quantitative nature of resistance and a lack of understanding of the factors associated with resistance and susceptibility. Here, we aimed to dissect transcriptional responses triggered in wheat by F. pseudograminearum infection. Methods We used an RNA-seq approach to analyse host responses during a compatible interaction and identified >2700 wheat genes differentially regulated after inoculation with F. pseudograminearum . The production of a few key metabolites and plant hormones in the host during the interaction was also analysed. Key Results Analysis of gene ontology enrichment showed that a disproportionate number of genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism, signalling and transport were differentially expressed in infected seedlings. A number of genes encoding pathogen-responsive uridine-diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) potentially involved in detoxification of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) were differentially expressed. Using a F. pseudograminearum DON-non-producing mutant, DON was shown to play an important role in virulence during Fusarium crown rot. An over-representation of genes involved in the phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine biosynthesis pathways was observed. This was confirmed through metabolite analyses that demonstrated tryptamine and serotonin levels are induced after F. pseudograminearum inoculation. Conclusions Overall, the observed host response in bread wheat to F. pseudograminearum during early infection exhibited enrichment of processes related to pathogen perception, defence signalling, transport and metabolism and deployment of chemical and enzymatic defences. Additional functional analyses of candidate genes should reveal their roles in disease resistance or susceptibility. Better understanding of host responses contributing to resistance and/or susceptibility will aid the development of future disease improvement strategies against this important plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Powell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Carere
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy L. Fitzgerald
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiri Stiller
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Qian Xu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, 2610, Australia
| | - Frank Gubler
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, 2610, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Colgrave
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John M. Manners
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, 2610, Australia
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Augustine R, Bisht NC. Regulation of Glucosinolate Metabolism: From Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana to Brassica Crops. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25462-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Kuhn H, Lorek J, Kwaaitaal M, Consonni C, Becker K, Micali C, Ver Loren van Themaat E, Bednarek P, Raaymakers TM, Appiano M, Bai Y, Meldau D, Baum S, Conrath U, Feussner I, Panstruga R. Key Components of Different Plant Defense Pathways Are Dispensable for Powdery Mildew Resistance of the Arabidopsis mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 Triple Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1006. [PMID: 28674541 PMCID: PMC5475338 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations of particular plant MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O (MLO) genes confer durable and broad-spectrum penetration resistance against powdery mildew fungi. Here, we combined genetic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to explore the defense mechanisms in the fully resistant Arabidopsis thaliana mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 triple mutant. We found that this genotype unexpectedly overcomes the requirement for indolic antimicrobials and defense-related secretion, which are critical for incomplete resistance of mlo2 single mutants. Comparative microarray-based transcriptome analysis of mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 mutants and wild type plants upon Golovinomyces orontii inoculation revealed an increased and accelerated accumulation of many defense-related transcripts. Despite the biotrophic nature of the interaction, this included the non-canonical activation of a jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent transcriptional program. In contrast to a non-adapted powdery mildew pathogen, the adapted powdery mildew fungus is able to defeat the accumulation of defense-relevant indolic metabolites in a MLO protein-dependent manner. We suggest that a broad and fast activation of immune responses in mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 plants can compensate for the lack of single or few defense pathways. In addition, our results point to a role of Arabidopsis MLO2, MLO6, and MLO12 in enabling defense suppression during invasion by adapted powdery mildew fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Justine Lorek
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Chiara Consonni
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Katia Becker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Cristina Micali
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | | | - Paweł Bednarek
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Tom M. Raaymakers
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michela Appiano
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dorothea Meldau
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Stephani Baum
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology III, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology III, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg August University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralph Panstruga
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50
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Nakano RT, Piślewska-Bednarek M, Yamada K, Edger PP, Miyahara M, Kondo M, Böttcher C, Mori M, Nishimura M, Schulze-Lefert P, Hara-Nishimura I, Bednarek P. PYK10 myrosinase reveals a functional coordination between endoplasmic reticulum bodies and glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:204-220. [PMID: 27612205 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum body (ER body) is an organelle derived from the ER that occurs in only three families of the order Brassicales and is suggested to be involved in plant defense. ER bodies in Arabidopsis thaliana contain large amounts of β-glucosidases, but the physiological functions of ER bodies and these enzymes remain largely unclear. Here we show that PYK10, the most abundant β-glucosidase in A. thaliana root ER bodies, hydrolyzes indole glucosinolates (IGs) in addition to the previously reported in vitro substrate scopolin. We found a striking co-expression between ER body-related genes (including PYK10), glucosinolate biosynthetic genes and the genes for so-called specifier proteins affecting the terminal products of myrosinase-mediated glucosinolate metabolism, indicating that these systems have been integrated into a common transcriptional network. Consistent with this, comparative metabolite profiling utilizing a number of A. thaliana relatives within Brassicaceae identified a clear phylogenetic co-occurrence between ER bodies and IGs, but not between ER bodies and scopolin. Collectively, our findings suggest a functional link between ER bodies and glucosinolate metabolism in planta. In addition, in silico three-dimensional modeling, combined with phylogenomic analysis, suggests that PYK10 represents a clade of 16 myrosinases that arose independently from the other well-documented class of six thioglucoside glucohydrolases. These findings provide deeper insights into how glucosinolates are metabolized in cruciferous plants and reveal variation of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system within individual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei T Nakano
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mariola Piślewska-Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mado Miyahara
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Masashi Mori
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 834-1213, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
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