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Lea IA, Chappell GA, Wikoff DS. Overall lack of genotoxic activity among five common low- and no-calorie sweeteners: A contemporary review of the collective evidence. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 868-869:503389. [PMID: 34454695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) are food additives that have been widely consumed for many decades. Their safety has been well established by authoritative bodies globally and is re-evaluated periodically. The objective herein was to survey and summarize the genotoxicity potential of five commonly utilized LNCS: acesulfame potassium (Ace-K), aspartame, saccharin, steviol glycosides and sucralose. Data from peer-reviewed literature and the ToxCast/Tox21 database were evaluated and integrated with the most recent weight-of-evidence evaluations from authoritative sources. Emphasis was placed on assays most frequently considered for hazard identification and risk assessment: mutation, clastogenicity and/or aneugenicity, and indirect DNA damage, such as changes in DNA repair mechanisms or gene expression data. These five sweeteners have been collectively evaluated in hundreds of in vivo or in vitro studies that employ numerous testing models, many of which have been conducted according to specific testing guidelines. The weight-of-evidence demonstrates overall negative findings across assay types for each sweetener when considering the totality of study design, reliability and reporting quality, as well as the lack of carcinogenic responses (or lack of responses relevant to humans) in animal cancer bioassays as well as observational studies in humans. This conclusion is consistent with the opinions of authoritative sources that have consistently determined that these sweeteners lack mutagenic and genotoxic potential.
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Chappell GA, Heintz MM, Borghoff SJ, Doepker CL, Wikoff DS. Lack of potential carcinogenicity for steviol glycosides - Systematic evaluation and integration of mechanistic data into the totality of evidence. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112045. [PMID: 33587976 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides are present in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, have a sweet taste, and have been used as a sweetener for centuries. To build on previous authoritative safety assessments of steviol glycosides, a systematic assessment of mechanistic data related to key characteristics of carcinogens (KCCs) was conducted. Over 900 KCC-relevant endpoints from peer-reviewed literature and high-throughput screening data (ToxCast/Tox21) were identified across individual steviol glycosides and derivatives, metabolites, and whole leaf extracts. Most data (both in vivo and in vitro, including human cells), showed inactivity. Studies were weighted according to quality and relevance. Although data were available for eight of the ten KCC, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell proliferation/cell death represent the KCCs with the most data. The data for these KCC primarily show beneficial activity (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative). Following integration across all data, and accounting for study quality and relevance, the totality of the evidence demonstrated an overall lack of genotoxic and carcinogenic activity for steviol glycosides. This is in agreement with previous regulatory decisions, and is consistent with the lack of tumor response in two-year rodent cancer bioassays. The findings support prior conclusions that steviol glycosides are unlikely to be carcinogenic in humans.
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Saraiva A, Carrascosa C, Raheem D, Ramos F, Raposo A. Natural Sweeteners: The Relevance of Food Naturalness for Consumers, Food Security Aspects, Sustainability and Health Impacts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6285. [PMID: 32872325 PMCID: PMC7504156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
At a moment when the population is increasingly aware and involved in what it eats, both consumers and the food sector are showing more interest in natural foods. This review work discusses, addresses and provides details of the most important aspects of consumer's perceptions of and attitudes to natural foods and in-depth research into natural sweeteners. It also includes issues about their use and development as regards health impacts, food security and sustainability. In line with our main research outcome, we can assume that consumers are very keen on choosing foods with clean labelling, natural ingredients, preferably with other functional properties, without the loss of taste. In response to such a phenomenon, the food industry offers consumers alternative natural sweeteners with the advantage of added health benefits. It is noteworthy that Nature is a superb source of desirable substances, and many have a sweet taste, and many still need to be studied. Finally, we must stress that being natural does not necessarily guarantee market success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Saraiva
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (A.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Conrado Carrascosa
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (A.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Dele Raheem
- Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM), Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Lapland, Finland;
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142 Oporto, Portugal
| | - António Raposo
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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4
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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.: an updated review of its health benefits, industrial applications and safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhou D, Xu Y, Wang Y, Li J, Gui C, Zhang H. Interaction of Organic Anion Transporter 3-Mediated Uptake of Steviol Acyl Glucuronide, a Major Metabolite of Rebaudioside A, with Selected Drugs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1579-1587. [PMID: 31760750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) plays a critical role in the renal excretion of many xenobiotics. Because steviol acyl glucuronide (SVAG), an OAT3 substrate, is the major circulating metabolite after oral ingestion of steviol glycosides and is excreted into the urine, inhibition of OAT3 activity may alter pharmacokinetic profiles of SVAG. The present study showed that drugs such as probenecid and glimepiride displayed potent inhibition toward the OAT3-mediated SVAG transport, with IC50 values of 4.9 and 0.8 μM, respectively. No species differences were observed. Probenecid and glimepiride could significantly elevate plasma concentrations of SVAG after oral administration of rebaudioside A, with significant increases in plasma maximum (Cmax) and area under the plasma time-concentration curve values. The inhibitory effect on the OAT3-mediated SVAG transport exemplified a unique case between drugs and the metabolite of a food additive. Our data suggest that caution should be exercised when giving steviol glycoside products to human subjects with compromised renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yunting Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yedong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Jiajun Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
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Yılmaz ŞG, Uçar A, Yılmaz S. Do steviol glycosides affect the oxidative and genotoxicity parameters in BALB/c mice? Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:464-469. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1716000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Şemsi Gül Yılmaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aslı Uçar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yılmaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Salehi B, López MD, Martínez-López S, Victoriano M, Sharifi-Rad J, Martorell M, F Rodrigues C, Martins N. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni bioactive effects: From in vivo to clinical trials towards future therapeutic approaches. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2904-2917. [PMID: 31423662 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a plant from South America and indigenous of Paraguay, has shown several biological effects and healthy properties, although it is especially used in South America and some Asiatic regions. In addition, it is a natural sweetener, almost 300 times sweeter than sucrose, being attributed to its phytoconstituents prominent antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic (antihyperglycemic, insulinotropic, and glucagonostatic), antiplatelet, anticariogenic, and antitumor effects. In this sense, this work aims to provide an extensive overview on the historical practices of stevia and its effects in human health based on its chemical composition and applications for both food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Maria Dolores López
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Sara Martínez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, and Nutrition, School of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid (UEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Victoriano
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Bondarev N, Reshetnyak O, Bondareva T, Il’in M, Nosov A. Impact of cultivation factors in vitro on the growth and the biosynthesis of steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana cell cultures. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1091-1096. [PMID: 31402827 PMCID: PMC6656847 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The growth and the biosynthesis of steviol glycosides (SGs) in Stevia rebaudiana cell cultures subjected to the impact of different cultivation factors were investigated under in vitro conditions. The changes in composition and concentration of constituted components of the nutrient medium was found to exert a significant influence on the of cell culture growth and the biosynthesis of SGs. It was found that combination of growth regulators in the nutrient medium is more important factor for proliferation of isolated cells of S. rebaudiana while the level of SGs accumulation depends to greater extent on genotypical features of cell strain. Light was shown to activate the biosynthesis of SGs, providing evidence for the suggestion about chloroplasts participation in this activation. In morphogenic callus cultures, the content of SGs was about ten times higher, indicating that the level of the accumulation of the compounds in question depends on cell differentiation and specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Bondarev
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, Orel State University named after IS Turgenev, Orel, Russia 302026
| | - Oxana Reshetnyak
- KA Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 127276
| | - Tatyana Bondareva
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, Orel State University named after IS Turgenev, Orel, Russia 302026
| | - Michael Il’in
- AN Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 119334
| | - Alexander Nosov
- KA Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 127276
- Department of Plant Physiology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 119234
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Rojas E, Bermúdez V, Motlaghzadeh Y, Mathew J, Fidilio E, Faria J, Rojas J, de Bravo MC, Contreras J, Mantilla LP, Angarita L, Sepúlveda PA, Kuzmar I. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and Its Effects in Human Disease: Emphasizing Its Role in Inflammation, Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Nutr Rep 2018; 7:10.1007/s13668-018-0228-z. [PMID: 29995279 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-018-0228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a perennial shrub with zero calorie content that has been increasing in popularity for its potential use as an adjuvant in the treatment of obesity. The level of evidence supporting general benefits to human health is insufficient. We conducted a review of the literature summarizing the current knowledge and role in human disease. RECENT FINDINGS Despite stevia's minimal systemic absorption, studies have been promising regarding its potential benefits against inflammation, carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis glucose control, and hypertension. On the other hand, the growing popularity of artificial sweeteners does not correlate with improved trends in obesity. An increased intake of artificial non-caloric sweeteners may not be associated with decreased intake of traditional sugar-sweetened beverages and foods. The effects of Stevia on weight change have been linked to bacteria in the intestinal microbiome, mainly by affecting Clostridium and Bacteroides sp. POPULATIONS A growing body of evidence indicates that Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is protective against malignant conversion by inhibition of DNA replication in human cancer cell growth in vitro. Consumption of Stevia has demonstrated to be generally safe in most reports. Further clinical studies are warranted to determine if regular consumption brings sustained benefits for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, 150 Bergen St, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA.
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Investigation Group High Studies of Frontier, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Yasaman Motlaghzadeh
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, 150 Bergen St, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Justin Mathew
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, 150 Bergen St, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Enzamaria Fidilio
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Faria
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Julio Contreras
- Investigation Group High Studies of Frontier, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Linda Pamela Mantilla
- Investigation Group High Studies of Frontier, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Lissé Angarita
- Nutrition School of Andres Bello University, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Paola Amar Sepúlveda
- Investigation Group for Innovations and Entrepreneurship, Simon Bolivar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Isaac Kuzmar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Research, Innovation and Development Department, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Kim HY, Cho ES. 28-day inhalation toxicity of 3-methoxybutyl chloroformate in rats. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:213-219. [PMID: 29854591 PMCID: PMC5977156 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3-MBCF up to 6 ppm induced mortality in 28-day inhalation study of rats. The NOAEL of 3-MBCF in 28 day inhalation toxicity study, was less than 3 ppm. 3-MBCF under 12 ppm did not induce micronucleus formation in the bone marrow of rats.
The 28-day repeated inhalation study was applied for hazard assessment of 3-methoxybutyl chloroformate (3-MBCF) in Sprague Dawley rats. Groups of five rats per sex were exposed 6 h/day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks to test substance concentration (ranging from 3 to 12 ppm) using a whole-body exposure system. At the terminal sacrifice, following blood collection and gross pathological examination, organ weights were determined and fixed organs were examined. The micronucleus test was performed using bone marrow cells. Exposure of 3-MBCF induced mortality at concentrations above 6 ppm. Decreases in body weight and food intake, hematologic alterations, organ weight changes, and gross and microscopic findings were seen even at the lowest concentrations of 3 ppm. Histopathology revealed principal test substance exposure correlated with lesions in the respiratory tract in both male and female rats above 3 ppm. Groups of male rats exposed above 6 ppm show microscopic lesions in spleens, livers, testes and epididymides; however, the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes frequency in bone marrow cells was not changed. Based on histopathology of the respiratory tract and other organs, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 3-MBCF in the present study was less than 3 ppm.
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Key Words
- 3-MBCF, 3-methoxy butyl chloroformate
- 3-Methoxybutyl chloroformate
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- CT, computed tomography
- EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- GHS, Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- HCT, hematocrit
- HGB, hemoglobin concentration
- Inhalation toxicity
- MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin
- MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
- MCV, mean corpuscular volume
- MNPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes
- MOE, The Ministry of Environment
- NCE, normochromatic erythrocytes
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PCE, polychromatic erythrocytes
- PLT, platelets
- RBC, red blood cell counts
- RDW, red cell distribution width
- REACH, Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals
- SD, Sprague-Dawley
- SPF, specific-pathogen-free
- Sprague Dawley rats
- WBC, white blood cell counts
- occupational hazard
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Uçar A, Yılmaz S, Yılmaz Ş, Kılıç MS. A research on the genotoxicity of stevia in human lymphocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:221-224. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1349135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Uçar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yılmaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şemsigül Yılmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Abstract
The isolation, structure elucidation, chemistry, biosynthesis and biological activity of the sweet steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana, are reviewed.
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Theophilus PAS, Victoria MJ, Socarras KM, Filush KR, Gupta K, Luecke DF, Sapi E. Effectiveness of Stevia Rebaudiana Whole Leaf Extract Against the Various Morphological Forms of Borrelia Burgdorferi in Vitro. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:268-80. [PMID: 26716015 PMCID: PMC4681354 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a tick-borne multisystemic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Administering antibiotics is the primary treatment for this disease; however, relapse often occurs when antibiotic treatment is discontinued. The reason for relapse remains unknown, but recent studies suggested the possibilities of the presence of antibiotic resistant Borrelia persister cells and biofilms. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of whole leaf Stevia extract against B. burgdorferi spirochetes, persisters, and biofilm forms in vitro. The susceptibility of the different forms was evaluated by various quantitative techniques in addition to different microscopy methods. The effectiveness of Stevia was compared to doxycycline, cefoperazone, daptomycin, and their combinations. Our results demonstrated that Stevia had significant effect in eliminating B. burgdorferi spirochetes and persisters. Subculture experiments with Stevia and antibiotics treated cells were established for 7 and 14 days yielding, no and 10% viable cells, respectively compared to the above-mentioned antibiotics and antibiotic combination. When Stevia and the three antibiotics were tested against attached biofilms, Stevia significantly reduced B. burgdorferi forms. Results from this study suggest that a natural product such as Stevia leaf extract could be considered as an effective agent against B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A S Theophilus
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven , CT, USA
| | - M J Victoria
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven , CT, USA
| | - K M Socarras
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven , CT, USA
| | - K R Filush
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven , CT, USA
| | - K Gupta
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven , CT, USA
| | - D F Luecke
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven , CT, USA
| | - E Sapi
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven , CT, USA
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Suárez I, Quintero IR. Micropropagaión de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, un endulzante natural a través de explantes con meristemos pre existentes. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v16n1.29420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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15
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Gupta P, Sharma S, Saxena S. Effect of Salts (NaCl and Na2CO3) on Callus and Suspension Culture of Stevia rebaudiana for Steviol glycoside Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:2894-906. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Aranda-González I, Segura-Campos M, Moguel-Ordoñez Y, Betancur-Ancona D. Stevia rebaudianaBertoni. Un potencial adyuvante en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2013.830150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Urban JD, Carakostas MC, Brusick DJ. Steviol glycoside safety: is the genotoxicity database sufficient? Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 51:386-90. [PMID: 23103588 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The safety of steviol glycoside sweeteners has been extensively reviewed in the literature. National and international food safety agencies and approximately 20 expert panels have concluded that steviol glycosides, including the widely used sweeteners stevioside and rebaudioside A, are not genotoxic. However, concern has been expressed in recent publications that steviol glycosides may be mutagenic based on select studies representing a small fraction of the overall database, and it has been suggested that further in vivo genotoxicity studies are required to complete their safety profiles. To address the utility of conducting additional in vivo genotoxicity studies, this review evaluates the specific genotoxicity studies that are the sources of concern, and evaluates the adequacy of the database including more recent genotoxicity data not mentioned in those publications. The current database of in vitro and in vivo studies for steviol glycosides is robust and does not indicate that either stevioside or rebaudioside A are genotoxic. This, combined with a lack of evidence for neoplasm development in rat bioassays, establish the safety of all steviol glycosides with respect to their genotoxic/carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Urban
- ToxStrategies, Inc., 9390 Research Blvd., Suite 250, Austin, TX 78717, United States.
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18
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Catharino RR, Santos LS. On-line monitoring of stevioside sweetener hydrolysis to steviol in acidic aqueous solutions. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Barwal I, Sood A, Sharma M, Singh B, Yadav SC. Development of stevioside Pluronic-F-68 copolymer based PLA-nanoparticles as an antidiabetic nanomedicine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 101:510-6. [PMID: 23022553 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside (FDA approved nontoxic natural non-caloric sweetener) has been reported to have very good antidiabetic potential but its use as therapeutic drug is restricted in human due to its deprived intestinal absorption and poor bioavailability. We have nano-bioconjugated this molecule on biodegradable Pluronic-F-68 copolymer based PLA nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method (spherical, size range 110-130 nm) to overcome deprived intestinal absorption and to enhance the bioavailability. The drug loading calculated by the standard calibrated HPLC was 16.32±4% (w/w). The in vitro release study showed the initial burst followed by the sustained release. The half release and complete release were observed on 25±4 h and 200±10 h respectively. This newly formulated nanostevioside showed very high potential to be used as antidiabetic nanomedicine for safe and effective use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Barwal
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
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Mass Spectra Analyses of Amides and Amide Dimers of Steviol, Isosteviol, and Steviolbioside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/894891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mass spectra of a series of stevioside analogues including the amide and dimer compounds of steviol, isosteviol, and steviolbioside were examined. Positive ion mass spectral fragmentation of new steviol, isosteviol, and steviolbioside amides and the amide dimers are reported and discussed. The techniques included their synthesis procedures, fast-atom bombardment (FAB), and LC/MS/MS mass spectra. Intense [M+H]+ and [M+Na]+ ion peaks were observed on the FAB and ESI spectra. LC/MS/MS also yielded ES+ and ES− ion peaks that fairly agreed with the results of the FAB and ESI studies. Mass spectral analysis of compounds 4p-q, 5a-g, 6, and 7 revealed the different cleavage pathway patterns that can help in identifying the structures of steviolbioside and its amide derivatives.
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Nonnutritive, low caloric substitutes for food sugars: clinical implications for addressing the incidence of dental caries and overweight/obesity. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:625701. [PMID: 22505906 PMCID: PMC3296175 DOI: 10.1155/2012/625701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries and obesity are two common conditions affecting children in the United States and other developed countries. Caries in the teeth of susceptible children have often been associated with frequent ingestion of fermentable sugars such as sucrose, fructose, glucose, and maltose. Increased calorie intake associated with sugars and carbohydrates, especially when associated with physical inactivity, has been implicated in childhood obesity. Fortunately, nonnutritive artificial alternatives and non-/low-caloric natural sugars have been developed as alternatives to fermentable sugars and have shown promise in partially addressing these health issues. Diet counseling is an important adjunct to oral health instruction. Although there are only five artificial sweeteners that have been approved as food additives by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there are additional five non-/low caloric sweeteners that have FDA GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) designation. Given the health impact of sugars and other carbohydrates, dental professionals should be aware of the nonnutritive non-/low caloric sweeteners available on the market and both their benefits and potential risks. Dental health professionals should also be proactive in helping identify patients at risk for obesity and provide counseling and referral when appropriate.
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Joseph B, Jini D. Insight into the Hypoglycaemic Effect of Traditional Indian Herbs used in the Treatment of Diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2011.352.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Wölwer-Rieck U, Tomberg W, Wawrzun A. Investigations on the stability of stevioside and rebaudioside a in soft drinks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12216-12220. [PMID: 21067231 DOI: 10.1021/jf102894v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The stability of the two steviol glycosides stevioside and rebaudioside A and the possible formation of the aglycon steviol in different soft drinks were analyzed in samples spiked with stevioside or rebaudioside A after 24, 48, and 72 h storage times at 80 °C. Degradation of up to 70% was observed, and stevioside was less stable than rebaudioside A. Stevioside and rebaudioside A and their degradation products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UV-HPLC) on a HILIC analytical column, and the identity of the degradation products was confirmed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS(n)) in negative mode. A UV-HPLC method was developed using a C18 analytical column to exclude the presence of the aglycon steviol, which gave a positive response in the forward mutation assay using the sensitive Salmonella typhimurium TM677 strain. The recoveries of steviol with this method ranged from 95.9 to 109.2%, and the calibration curves were linear from 1 to 100 μg/mL with R(2) = 0.9999. The limit of detection was 1 μg/mL. Confirmation by LC-ESI-MS(n) resulted in a LOD of 6 ng/mL. The absence of steviol in the degraded samples could be unambiguously confirmed by UV-HPLC and by LC-ESI-MS(n).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Wölwer-Rieck
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Chemistry/Bioanalytics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Brahmachari G, Mandal LC, Roy R, Mondal S, Brahmachari AK. Stevioside and Related Compounds - Molecules of Pharmaceutical Promise: A Critical Overview. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 344:5-19. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Ultrasonically assisted extraction of total carbohydrates from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and identification of extracts. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Jin H, Wang J, Gerber JP, Davey AK. Disposition of isosteviol in the rat isolated perfused liver. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:593-7. [PMID: 20082626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Jin
- Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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27
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Bondarev NI, Sukhanova MA, Semenova GA, Goryaeva OV, Andreeva SE, Nosov AM. Morphology and ultrastructure of trichomes of intact and in vitro plants of stevia rebaudiana Bertoni with reference to biosynthesis and accumulation of steviol glycosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3103/s0096392510010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of steviol glycosides for the proposed uses as a food additive. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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29
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Evaluation of Steviol Injection on Chicken Embryos: Effects on Post-hatch Development, Proportional Organ Weights, Plasma Thyroid Hormones and Metabolites. J Poult Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.009059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Goyal SK, Samsher, Goyal RK. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) a bio-sweetener: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009; 61:1-10. [DOI: 10.3109/09637480903193049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Williams LD, Burdock GA. Genotoxicity studies on a high-purity rebaudioside A preparation. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1831-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Chatsudthipong V, Muanprasat C. Stevioside and related compounds: therapeutic benefits beyond sweetness. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:41-54. [PMID: 19000919 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stevioside, an abundant component of Stevia rebaudiana leaf, has become well-known for its intense sweetness (250-300 times sweeter than sucrose) and is used as a non-caloric sweetener in several countries. A number of studies have suggested that, beside sweetness, stevioside along with related compounds, which include rebaudioside A (second most abundant component of S. rebaudiana leaf), steviol and isosteviol (metabolic components of stevioside) may also offer therapeutic benefits, as they have anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diarrheal, diuretic, and immunomodulatory actions. It is of interest to note that their effects on plasma glucose level and blood pressure are only observed when these parameters are higher than normal. As steviol can interact with drug transporters, its role as a drug modulator is proposed. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the pharmacological actions, therapeutic applications, pharmacokinetics and safety of stevioside and related compounds. Although much progress has been made concerning their biological and pharmacological effects, questions regarding chemical purity and safety remain unsolved. These issues are discussed to help guide future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Brusick D. A critical review of the genetic toxicity of steviol and steviol glycosides. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46 Suppl 7:S83-91. [PMID: 18556105 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Response. Food Chem Toxicol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Nunes A, Ferreira-Machado S, Nunes R, Dantas F, De Mattos J, de Araujo AC. Response. Food Chem Toxicol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Nunes APM, Ferreira-Machado SC, Nunes RM, Dantas FJS, De Mattos JCP, Caldeira-de-Araújo A. Analysis of genotoxic potentiality of stevioside by comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:662-6. [PMID: 17187912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside is a natural non-caloric sweetener extracted from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves. It has been widely used in many countries, including Japan, Korea, China, Brazil and Paraguay, either as a substitute for sucrose in beverages and foods or as a household sweetener. The aim of this work was to study its genotoxic potentiality in eukaryotic cells. Wistar rats were treated with stevioside solution (4mg/mL) through oral administration (ad libitum) and the DNA-induced damage was evaluated using the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The results showed that treatment with stevioside generates lesions in peripheral blood, liver, brain and spleen cells in different levels, the largest effect being in liver. Therefore, these undesired effects must be better understood, once the data present here point to possible stevioside mutagenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P M Nunes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Av 28 de Setembro, 87, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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37
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García PA, de Oliveira AB, Batista R. Occurrence, biological activities and synthesis of kaurane diterpenes and their glycosides. Molecules 2007; 12:455-83. [PMID: 17851404 PMCID: PMC6149336 DOI: 10.3390/12030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a review on kaurane diterpenes and their glycoside derivatives, covering aspects of their occurrence, biological activities and the synthesis of these natural products and their analogues. First, it shows and classifies diterpenes, in accordance with the already established structural criteria in the literature. Then, kaurane diterpenes are presented, focusing on their chemical structures, occurrence in the plant kingdom and their main, recently described, biological activities. Moreover, the most significant works, published between 1964 and November 2006, which describe the total synthesis or structural transformations of some kaurane diterpenes, including either semisynthetic and/or microbiological methodologies, are consisely reviewed. At this point, some general considerations on glycosides are introduced, and kaurane glycosides are presented and discussed on the basis of their toxic importance and occurrence in the plant kingdom, having focused on related aspects of their biological activities and the relationships between these activities and the structural factors of their molecules. Finally, the principal methods of glycosidation by enzymatic and chemical processes are both presented, and a few papers on the synthesis of kaurane glycosides are succinctly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Anselmo García
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; E-mail:
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Ronan Batista
- Departamento de Estudos Básicos e Instrumentais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, BR 415, Km 03, s/nº, 45.700-000 Itapetinga – BA, Brazil
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Yang LM, Hsu FL, Chang SF, Cheng JT, Hsu JY, Hsu CY, Liu PC, Lin SJ. Microbial metabolism of steviol and steviol-16alpha,17-epoxide. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:562-70. [PMID: 17207824 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 08/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Steviol (2) possesses a blood glucose-lowering property. In order to produce potentially more- or less-active, toxic, or inactive metabolites compared to steviol (2), its microbial metabolism was investigated. Incubation of 2 with the microorganisms Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581, Mucor recurvatus MR 36, and Aspergillus niger BCRC 32720 yielded one new metabolite, ent-7alpha,11beta,13-trihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid (7), together with four known related biotransformation products, ent-7alpha,13-dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid (3), ent-13-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl ester (4), ent-13,16beta,17-trihydroxykauran-19-oic acid (5), and ent-13-hydroxy-7-ketokaur-16-en-19-oic acid (6). The preliminary testing of antihyperglycemic effects showed that 5 was more potent than the parent compound (2). Thus, the microbial metabolism of steviol-16alpha,17-epoxide (8) with M. recurvatus MR 36 was continued to produce higher amounts of 5 for future study of its action mechanism. Preparative-scale fermentation of 8 yielded 5, ent-11alpha,13,16alpha,17-tetrahydroxykauran-19-oic acid (10), ent-1beta,17-dihydroxy-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic acid (11), and ent-7alpha,17-dihydroxy-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic acid (13), together with three new metabolites: ent-13,16beta-dihydroxykauran-17-acetoxy-19-oic acid (9), ent-11beta,13-dihydroxy-16beta,17-epoxykauran-19-oic acid (12), and ent-11beta,13,16beta,17-tetrahydroxykauran-19-oic acid (14). The structures of the compounds were fully elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, as well as HRFABMS. In addition, a GRE (glucocorticoid responsive element)-mediated luciferase reporter assay was used to initially screen the compounds 3-5, and 7 as glucocorticoid agonists. Compounds 4, 5 and 7 showed significant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nunes APM, De Mattos JCP, Ferreira-Machado SC, Nunes RM, Asad NR, Dantas FJS, Bezerra RJAC, Caldeira-de-Araujo A. Biological effects of stevioside on the survival of Escherichia colistrains and plasmid DNA. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 293:187-92. [PMID: 16804638 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside is widely used daily in many countries as a non-caloric sugar substitute. Its sweetening power is higher than that of sucrose by approximately 250-300 times, being extensively employed as a household sweetener, or added to beverages and food products. The purpose of this study was to ascertain stevioside genotoxic and cytotoxic potentiality in different biological systems, as its use continues to increase. Agarose gel electrophoresis and bacterial transformation were employed to observe the occurrence of DNA lesions. In addition to these assays, Escherichia coli strains were incubated with stevioside so that their survival fractions could be obtained. Results show absence of genotoxic activity through electrophoresis and bacterial transformation assays and drop of survival fraction of E. coli strains deficient in rec A and nth genes, suggesting that stevioside (i) is cytotoxic; (ii) could need metabolization to present deleterious effects on cells; (iii) is capable of generating lesions in DNA and pathways as base excision repair, recombination and SOS system would be important to recover these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P M Nunes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Avenida 28 de Setembro #87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil
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Srimaroeng C, Jutabha P, Pritchard JB, Endou H, Chatsudthipong V. Interactions of Stevioside and Steviol with Renal Organic Anion Transporters in S2 Cells and Mouse Renal Cortical Slices. Pharm Res 2005; 22:858-66. [PMID: 15948029 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-4580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous studies have shown that both stevioside and steviol inhibited transepithelial transport of para-aminohippurate (PAH) in isolated rabbit renal proximal tubules by interfering with organic anion transport system. The current study examined the direct interactions of stevioside and steviol with specific organic anion transporters. METHODS S2 cells expressing human organic anion transporters (hOAT1, hOAT2, hOAT3, and hOAT4) and an intact renal epithelium were used to determine the inhibitory effect of stevioside and steviol on organic anion transport. RESULTS Stevioside at 0.5-1 mM showed no interaction with any OAT. In contrast, steviol markedly inhibited substrate uptake in all S2hOAT cells. Steviol had low IC50 for hOAT1 (11.4 microM) and hOAT3 (36.5 microM) similar to that of probenecid, whereas IC50 for hOAT2 (1000 microM) and hOAT4 (285 microM) was much higher. Results obtained in mouse renal cortical slices were very similar; that is, stevioside was without inhibitory effect and steviol was a potent inhibitor of PAH and estrone sulfate (ES) transport. CONCLUSIONS Stevioside has no interaction with human or mouse OATs. In contrast, steviol interacts directly with human OATs, in particular, hOAT1 and hOAT3, with a potency approximating probenecid, suggesting that the inhibition of OAT-mediated transport by steviol could alter renal drug clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Srimaroeng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Srimaroeng C, Chatsudthipong V, Aslamkhan AG, Pritchard JB. Transport of the Natural Sweetener Stevioside and Its Aglycone Steviol by Human Organic Anion Transporter (hOAT1; SLC22A6) and hOAT3 (SLC22A8). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313:621-8. [PMID: 15644426 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.080366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural sweetening agent stevioside and its aglycone metabolite, steviol, have been shown to inhibit transepithelial transport of para-aminohippurate (PAH) in isolated rabbit renal proximal tubules by interfering with basolateral entry. The aim of the present study was to determine which of the cloned basolateral organic anion transporters were involved in the renal transport of stevioside and steviol. This question was addressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1), 3 (hOAT3), and winter flounder OAT (fOat1). The parent compound, stevioside, had no inhibitory effect on either PAH (hOAT1) or ES (estrone sulfate; hOAT3) uptake. In contrast, steviol showed significant, dose-dependent inhibition of PAH and ES uptake in hOAT1- or hOAT3-expressing oocytes, respectively. The IC(50) of steviol for hOAT1-mediated PAH transport was 11.1 microM compared with 62.6 microM for hOAT3-mediated ES uptake. The Michaelis-Menten inhibition constants (K(i)) for steviol transport mediated by hOAT1 and hOAT3 were 2.0 +/- 0.3 and 5.4 +/- 2.0 microM, respectively. Trans-stimulation of PAH efflux by steviol was assessed to determine whether steviol itself was transported by hOAT1 or hOAT3. A low concentration of 1 microM steviol increased the efflux of [(3)H]PAH (trans-stimulated) via both hOAT1 and hOAT3. In addition, it was shown by electrophysiology that steviol entry induced inward current in fOat1-expressing oocytes. In conclusion, stevioside had no interaction with either hOAT1 or hOAT3, whereas hOAT1, hOAT3, and fOat1 were all shown to be capable of steviol transport and thus, can play a role in its renal transport and excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Srimaroeng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. The literature about Stevia, the occurrence of its sweeteners, their biosynthetic pathway and toxicological aspects are discussed. Injection experiments or perfusion experiments of organs are considered as not relevant for the use of Stevia or stevioside as food, and therefore these studies are not included in this review. The metabolism of stevioside is discussed in relation with the possible formation of steviol. Different mutagenicity studies as well as studies on carcinogenicity are discussed. Acute and subacute toxicity studies revealed a very low toxicity of Stevia and stevioside. Fertility and teratogenicity studies are discussed as well as the effects on the bio-availability of other nutrients in the diet. The conclusion is that Stevia and stevioside are safe when used as a sweetener. It is suited for both diabetics, and PKU patients, as well as for obese persons intending to lose weight by avoiding sugar supplements in the diet. No allergic reactions to it seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M C Geuns
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Geuns JMC, Augustijns P, Mols R, Buyse JG, Driessen B. Metabolism of stevioside in pigs and intestinal absorption characteristics of stevioside, rebaudioside A and steviol. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1599-607. [PMID: 12963013 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside orally administered to pigs was completely converted into steviol by the bacteria of the colon. However, no stevioside or steviol could be detected in the blood of the animals, even not after converting steviol into the (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)methyl ester of steviol, a very sensitive fluorescent derivative with a detection limit of about 50 pg. The intestinal transport characteristics of stevioside, rebaudioside A and steviol were also studied in the Caco-2 system. Only a minor fraction of stevioside and rebaudioside A was transported through the Caco-2 cell layer giving a Papp value of 0.16x10(-6) and 0.11x10(-6) cm/s, respectively. The Papp value for the absorptive transport of steviol was about 38.6x10(-6) cm/s while the Papp value for the secretory transport of steviol was only about 5.32x10(-6) cm/s suggesting carrier-mediated transport. The discrepancy between the relatively high absorptive transport of steviol and the lack of steviol in the blood may be explained by the fact that in the Caco-2 study, steviol is applied as a solution facilitating the uptake, whereas in the colon steviol probably is adsorbed to the compounds present in the colon of which the contents is being concentrated by withdrawal of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M C Geuns
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Koyama E, Sakai N, Ohori Y, Kitazawa K, Izawa O, Kakegawa K, Fujino A, Ui M. Absorption and metabolism of glycosidic sweeteners of stevia mixture and their aglycone, steviol, in rats and humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:875-83. [PMID: 12738193 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stevia mixture, sweeteners extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, consists mainly of the glycosides of the diterpene derivative steviol. The aims of this study were to investigate the absorption (in rats) and the hepatic metabolism (in rats and humans) of both stevia mixture and steviol. Absorption was investigated both in vivo and ex vivo. In ex vivo experiments using the rat everted sac method, no absorption of stevia mixture was observed, but significant absorption of steviol was noted (equivalent to approximately 70% of the absorption reference- salicylic acid- value). In the in vivo experiment, rats received a single oral administration of either steviol or stevia mixture; a peak steviol concentration in plasma was observed 15 min after its oral administration, demonstrating rapid absorption. However, after oral administration of stevia mixture, the steviol concentration in plasma increased steadily over 8 h, suggesting that stevia mixture components are first degraded and then absorbed as steviol in the rat intestine. Steviol metabolism in humans and rats was examined by incubating steviol with liver microsomes from the two species. Oxidative (monohydroxy and dihydroxy) metabolites of steviol were observed by LC-ESI/MS after incubation with both human and rat liver microsomes. The intrinsic clearance of steviol in human liver microsomes was 4-times lower than that found in rat liver microsomes. In conclusion, this study suggests that there are no major species differences in steviol hepatic metabolism between rats and humans. Absorption from the human intestine can be predicted to occur in an analogous manner to that from the rat intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Koyama
- Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd., 14 Sunayama, Hasaki-machi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Kashima-gun, Japan.
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Koyama E, Kitazawa K, Ohori Y, Izawa O, Kakegawa K, Fujino A, Ui M. In vitro metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, stevia mixture and enzymatically modified stevia in human intestinal microflora. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:359-74. [PMID: 12504168 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stevia mixture, sweeteners extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, consists mainly of stevioside and rebaudioside A (glycosides of the diterpene derivative steviol). The aim of this study was to investigate human intestinal metabolism of stevia mixture and its alpha-glucose derivative (known in Japan as enzymatically modified stevia) by LC/MS/ESI analysis. Degradation was examined by incubating stevia mixture, enzymatically modified stevia, stevioside, rebaudioside A, alpha-monoglucosylstevioside, alpha-monoglucosylrebaudioside A and the aglycone, steviol with pooled human faecal homogenates (obtained from five healthy volunteers) for 0, 8 and 24 h under anaerobic conditions. Stevia mixture, enzymatically modified stevia, stevioside and rebaudioside A (0.2 mg/ml) were completely eliminated within 24 h, whereas no degradation of steviol (0.08 and 0.2 mg/ml) appeared to be found during the incubation period. Stevia mixture, stevioside and rebaudioside A appeared to be hydrolyzed to steviol by human intestinal microflora: this observation is consistent with previous rat metabolism studies. Similarly, enzymatically modified stevia appeared to be metabolized via stevia components and, finally, to steviol. This study suggests that there are apparently no species differences in intestinal metabolism of stevia mixture between rats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koyama
- Department of Biology, Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd, 14 Sunayama, Hasaki-machi, Kashima-gun, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan
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Terai T, Ren H, Mori G, Yamaguchi Y, Hayashi T. Mutagenicity of steviol and its oxidative derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium TM677. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:1007-10. [PMID: 12130868 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside is natural non-caloric sweetner isolated from Stevia rebaudiana BERTONI, which has been used as a non-caloric sugar substitute in Japan. Pezzuto et al. demonstrated that steviol shows a dose-dependent positive response in forward mutation assay using Salmonella typhimurium TM677 in the presence of metabolic activation system (Aroclor induced rat liver S9 fraction). Our studies were carried out to identify the genuine mutagenic active substance from among the eight steviol derivatives. Steviol indicate almost similar levels of mutagenicity under the presence of S9 mixture, as reported by Pezzuto et al. 15-Oxo-steviol was found to be mutagenic at the one tenth the level of steviol itself under the presence of S9 mixture. Interestingly, specific mutagenicity of the lactone derivative under the presence of S9 mixture was ten times lower than that of the lactone derivative without the addition of S9 mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadamasa Terai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan.
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PARPINELLO GIUSEPPINAPAOLA, VERSARI ANDREA, CASTELLARI MASSIMO, GALASSI SERGIO. STEVIOSIDE AS A REPLACEMENT OF SUCROSE IN PEACH JUICE: SENSORY EVALUATION. J SENS STUD 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-459x.2001.tb00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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