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Bocchi C, Bazzini C, Fontana F, Pinto G, Martino A, Cassoni F. Characterization of urban aerosol: Seasonal variation of genotoxicity of the water-soluble portion of PM 2.5 and PM 1. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 841:23-30. [PMID: 31138407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Urban particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of several classes of chemicals: elemental carbon, ammonium, sulfates, nitrates, organic compounds and metals. For a long time, numerous studies had shown that PM causes health problems and, in 2013, it has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans (group 1). Furthermore, it's known that the fine fraction of PM is the most genotoxic, and that smaller particles are retained by the lower respiratory system, making fine particles a public health concern. In this study we characterize the water-soluble portion of urban aerosol from Bologna, a county town of Emilia-Romagna in the north of Italy, by collecting the finest fractions of airborne particles, PM2.5 and PM1, in three different seasons (winter, summer and autumn) over a three-year period. The genotoxicity of the water-soluble extracts was evaluated, both by a standard and a enzyme-modified Comet assay and also by the Micronucleus test, with lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549). In the same extracts, water-soluble metals (V, Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe) were detected and associations between the physicochemical parameters of PM and genotoxicity were evaluated. DNA strand breaks were found in summer and winter samples in the Comet experiments, whereas oxidative damage was induced by autumn extracts; winter samples induced chromosome breakage or loss in A549 cells. Iron and copper were the most abundant transition metals in both fractions and both were associated with micronuclei induction, whereas chromium is linked with oxidative damage. This study also shows that the water-soluble fraction of PM contributes to global genotoxicity and that transition metals play a role, therefore both organic and water-soluble fractions should be considered in an air-quality monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bocchi
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy.
| | - Cristina Bazzini
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Fontana
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pinto
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Martino
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Cassoni
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
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Jenkins CL, Lawrence SJ, Kennedy AI, Thurston P, Hodgson JA, Smart KA. Incidence and Formation of Petite Mutants in Lager Brewing YeastSaccharomyces Cerevisiae(Syn.S. Pastorianus) Populations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2009-0212-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. Jenkins
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen J. Lawrence
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Pat Thurston
- Scottish & Newcastle UK Ltd., Royal Brewery, Manchester, UK
| | - Jeff A. Hodgson
- Scottish & Newcastle UK Ltd., John Smith's Brewery, Tadcaster, UK
| | - Katherine A. Smart
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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Bocchi C, Bazzini C, Fontana F, Pinto G, Cassoni F. Genotoxicity of airborne PM 2.5 assessed by salmonella and comet assays in five cities of the Emilia-Romagna (Italy) mutagenicity monitoring network. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:719-729. [PMID: 29023966 DOI: 10.1002/em.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has long been recognized as a potential health hazard and in 2013 was classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In this study we evaluate and compare mutagenic and genotoxic potencies of PM2.5 collected in three seasons, from 2012 to 2015, in five Italian cities. Mutagenicity was evaluated through the Ames test on TA98 and TA100 strains and, for the measurement of PM clastogenicity, Comet assay was carried out on cultured human lung cells (A549). Organic matter, extracted from urban particulate matter, was also characterized for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives content. Samples collected in the colder seasons show the presence of both base pair substitution and frameshift mutagens, with enhanced mutagenic response in the absence of enzyme activation. The highest DNA damage detected with the Comet assay was induced by winter extracts, but different from Salmonella, the relative increase per cubic meter in comet tail for November samples was comparable to July ones. Comparing mutagenicity and genotoxicity with chemical concentrations we found that data from the Salmonella assay correlate with mass concentration and, to a lesser extent, with PAHs, but no association was found with their derivatives, whereas DNA damage correlate only with PAHs measured at one site. These findings demonstrate that to assess the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of complex mixtures it's necessary to use bioassays and that the chemical analysis of pollutants does not take into account the possible inhibitory or synergic effects of exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:719-729, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bocchi
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Bazzini
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Fontana
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pinto
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Cassoni
- Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione Ambiente Energia dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Italy
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Reis GBD, Andrade-Vieira LF, Moraes IDC, César PHS, Marcussi S, Davide LC. Reliability of plant root comet assay in comparison with human leukocyte comet assay for assessment environmental genotoxic agents. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:110-116. [PMID: 28395203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Comet assay is an efficient test to detect genotoxic compounds based on observation of DNA damage. The aim of this work was to compare the results obtained from the comet assay in two different type of cells extracted from the root tips from Lactuca sativa L. and human blood. For this, Spent Pot Liner (SPL), and its components (aluminum and fluoride) were applied as toxic agents. SPL is a solid waste generated in industry from the aluminum mining and processing with known toxicity. Three concentrations of all tested solutions were applied and the damages observed were compared to negative and positive controls. It was observed an increase in the frequency of DNA damage for human leukocytes and plant cells, in all treatments. On human leukocytes, SPL induced the highest percentage of damage, with an average of 87.68%. For root tips cells of L. sativa the highest percentage of damage was detected for aluminum (93.89%). Considering the arbitrary units (AU), the average of nuclei with high levels of DNA fragmentation was significant for both cells type evaluated. The tested cells demonstrated equal effectiveness for detection of the genotoxicity induced by the SPL and its chemical components, aluminum and fluoride. Further, using a unique method, the comet assay, we proved that cells from root tips of Lactuca sativa represent a reliable model to detect DNA damage induced by genotoxic pollutants is in agreement of those observed in human leukocytes as model. So far, plant cells may be suggested as important system to assess the toxicological risk of environmental agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Silvana Marcussi
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), CEP 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Lisete Chamma Davide
- Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), CEP 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Characterization of urban aerosol: seasonal variation of mutagenicity and genotoxicity of PM 2.5 , PM 1 and semi-volatile organic compounds. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 809:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ackova DG, Kadifkova-Panovska T, Andonovska KB, Stafilov T. Evaluation of genotoxic variations in plant model systems in a case of metal stressors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:340-349. [PMID: 26853058 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1128747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effects of long term, high metal exposition (cadmium, lead, copper, nickel and zinc) on DNA damage in four plant model systems [Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), Matricaria recutita L. (Asteraceae), Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae), and Urtica dioica (Urticaceae)]. DNA stability was investigated by a Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Agarose-gel electrophoresis revealed total of 37 bands with different molecular weights ranging from 1250 to 5000 bp. It generated distinctive polymorphism value of 72.97% (27 bands) total in four plant species investigated. The dendrogram constructed using NTSYSpc programme showed that there is grouping in separate clusters of the same plant model collected from two different areas (metal-exposed and control samples). The study concluded that the long term metal-exposing periods had genotoxic stress on macromolecules of plant model systems investigated and biomarkers used should be augmented for reliable estimates of genotoxicity after exposure of plants to metal stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katerina Bačeva Andonovska
- c Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts , Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, Skopje , Macedonia
| | - Trajče Stafilov
- d Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University , Skopje , Republic of Macedonia
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Lanier C, Manier N, Cuny D, Deram A. The comet assay in higher terrestrial plant model: Review and evolutionary trends. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:6-20. [PMID: 26327498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The comet assay is a sensitive technique for the measurement of DNA damage in individual cells. Although it has been primarily applied to animal cells, its adaptation to higher plant tissues significantly extends the utility of plants for environmental genotoxicity research. The present review focuses on 101 key publications and discusses protocols and evolutionary trends specific to higher plants. General consensus validates the use of the percentage of DNA found in the tail, the alkaline version of the test and root study. The comet protocol has proved its effectiveness and its adaptability for cultivated plant models. Its transposition in wild plants thus appears as a logical evolution. However, certain aspects of the protocol can be improved, namely through the systematic use of positive controls and increasing the number of nuclei read. These optimizations will permit the increase in the performance of this test, namely when interpreting mechanistic and physiological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lanier
- Université Lille 2, EA 4483, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques - Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France; Université Lille 2, Faculté Ingénierie et Management de la Santé (ILIS), EA 4483, 42, Rue Ambroise Paré, 59120 Loos, France
| | - Nicolas Manier
- INERIS, Parc Technologique ALATA, B.P. 2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Damien Cuny
- Université Lille 2, Faculté Ingénierie et Management de la Santé (ILIS), EA 4483, 42, Rue Ambroise Paré, 59120 Loos, France
| | - Annabelle Deram
- Université Lille 2, EA 4483, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques - Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France; Université Lille 2, Faculté Ingénierie et Management de la Santé (ILIS), EA 4483, 42, Rue Ambroise Paré, 59120 Loos, France.
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8
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Pourrut B, Pinelli E, Celiz Mendiola V, Silvestre J, Douay F. Recommendations for increasing alkaline comet assay reliability in plants. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:37-43. [PMID: 25527726 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, an increasing interest for the comet assay was shown in the last decade. This versatile technique appears to be promising to detect the genotoxic effect of pollutants and to monitor the environment. However, the lack of a standardised protocol and the low throughput of the assay limit its use in plants. The aims of this paper are to identify key factors affecting comet assay performance and to improve its reliability and reproducibility. We examined the effect of varying several parameters on four different plant species: broad bean (Vicia faba), white clover (Trifolium repens), English ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus). The influence of both internal (different nucleus isolation methods, presence or absence of filtration and lysis steps) and external (room temperature, light intensity) parameters were evaluated. Results clearly indicate that short chopping is more efficient to isolate nuclei than the standard slicing method. Filtration and lysis steps were shown to be unnecessary and thus should be skipped. Data also demonstrate that high room temperatures and light could induce DNA damage in isolated nuclei. Calibration tests with H2O2 or ethyl methanesulfonate revealed that a special attention should be paid to plant growing stage, leaf position and exposure duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Pourrut
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE)-Groupe ISA, 48 boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille, France, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle) ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France and EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Centre national de la recherche scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eric Pinelli
- EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle) ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France and EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Centre national de la recherche scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Vanessa Celiz Mendiola
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE)-Groupe ISA, 48 boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille, France, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle) ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France and EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Centre national de la recherche scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jérôme Silvestre
- EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle) ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France and EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Centre national de la recherche scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Francis Douay
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE)-Groupe ISA, 48 boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille, France, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle) ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France and EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Centre national de la recherche scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Syberg K, Binderup ML, Cedergreen N, Rank J. Mixture genotoxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, acrylamide, and maleic hydrazide on human Caco-2 cells assessed with comet assay. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:369-380. [PMID: 25734764 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.983626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of genotoxic properties of chemicals is mainly conducted only for single chemicals, without taking mixture genotoxic effects into consideration. The current study assessed mixture effects of the three known genotoxic chemicals, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), acrylamide (AA), and maleic hydrazide (MH), in an experiment with a fixed ratio design setup. The genotoxic effects were assessed with the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) for both single chemicals and the ternary mixture. The concentration ranges used were 0-1.4, 0-20, and 0-37.7 mM for 2,4-D, AA, and MH, respectively. Mixture toxicity was tested with a fixed ratio design at a 10:23:77% ratio for 2.4-D:AA:MH. Results indicated that the three chemicals yielded a synergistic mixture effect. It is not clear which mechanisms are responsible for this interaction. A few possible interactions are discussed, but further investigations including in vivo studies are needed to clarify how important these more-than-additive effects are for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Syberg
- a Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change , Roskilde University , Roskilde , Denmark
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Factori R, Leles SM, Novakowski GC, Rocha CLSC, Thomaz SM. Toxicity and genotoxicity of water and sediment from streams on dotted duckweed (Landoltia punctata). BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 74:769-78. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most rivers are used as a source to supply entire cities; the quality of water is directly related to the quality of tributaries. Unfortunately men have neglected the importance of streams, which receive domestic and industrial effluents and transport nutrients and pesticides from rural areas. Given the complexity of the mixtures discharged into these water bodies, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of water and sediment of ten tributaries of Pirapó River, in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. To this end, the free-floating macrophyte Landoltia punctata (G. Meyer) Les & D.J.Crawford was used as test organism in microcosm, and the toxicity of water and sediment samples was evaluated by the relative growth rate, dry/fresh biomass ratio, and genotoxic effects (comet assay). Samples of water and sediment of each stream were arranged in microcosms with L. punctata. Seven days later, plants were collected for analysis. Nutrient levels were higher than the reference location, indicating eutrophication, but the results indicated a toxic effect for only three streams, and a genotoxic effect for all streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Factori
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil
| | - SM Leles
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil
| | - GC Novakowski
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil; Faculdade Ingá, Brazil
| | - CLSC Rocha
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil
| | - SM Thomaz
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil
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Kaur G, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. Pb-inhibited mitotic activity in onion roots involves DNA damage and disruption of oxidative metabolism. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1292-1304. [PMID: 25023386 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to abiotic stress significantly affect the development of cells, tissues and organs. However, no studies correlating Pb-induced mitotic inhibition and DNA damage and the alterations in redox homeostasis during root division per se were found in the literature. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of Pb on mitotic activity and the associated changes in the oxidative metabolism in onion roots. The cytotoxic effect of Pb on cell division was assessed in the root meristems of Allium cepa (onion). The mitotic index (MI) was calculated and chromosomal abnormalities were sought. Pb-treatment induced a dose-dependent decrease in MI in the onion root tips and caused mitotic abnormalities such as distorted metaphase, fragments, sticky chromosomes, laggards, vagrant chromosomes and bridges. Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis was also performed to evaluate Pb induced genotoxicity. It was accompanied by altered oxidative metabolism in the onion root tips suggesting the interference of Pb with the redox homeostasis during cell division. There was a higher accumulation of malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes and hydrogen peroxide, and a significant increase in the activities of superoxide dismutases, ascorbate peroxidases, guaiacol peroxidases and glutathione reductases in Pb-treated onion roots, whereas catalases activity exhibited a decreasing pattern upon Pb exposure. The study concludes that Pb-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in the onion roots is mediated through ROS and is also tightly linked to the cell cycle. The exposure to higher concentrations arrested cell cycle leading to cell death, whereas different repair responses are generated at lower concentrations, thereby allowing the cell to complete the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Khallef M, Liman R, Konuk M, Ciğerci İH, Benouareth D, Tabet M, Abda A. Genotoxicity of drinking water disinfection by-products (bromoform and chloroform) by using both Allium anaphase-telophase and comet tests. Cytotechnology 2013; 67:207-13. [PMID: 24363168 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic effects of bromoform and chloroform, disinfection by-products of the chlorination of drinking water, were examined by using mitotic index (MI), mitotic phase, chromosome aberrations (CAs) and comet assay on root meristematic cells of Allium cepa. Different concentrations of bromoform (25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL) and chloroform (25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL) were introduced to onion tuber roots. Distilled water was used as a negative control and methyl methansulfonate (MMS-10 μg/mL) as positive control. All obtained data were subjected to statistical analyses by using SPSS 15.0 for Windows software. For comparison purposes, Duncan multiple range tests by using one-way analysis of variance were employed and p < 0.05 was accepted as significant value. Exposure of both chemicals (except 25 μg/mL applications of bromoform) significantly decreased MI. Bromoform and chloroform (except 25 μg/mL applications) increased total CAs in Allium anaphase-telophase test. A significant increase in DNA damage was also observed at all concentrations of both bromoform and chloroform examined by comet assay. The damages were higher than that of positive control especially at 75-100 μg/mL for bromoform and 100-200 μg/mL for chloroform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Messaouda Khallef
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
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Comet-FISH for the evaluation of plant DNA damage after mutagenic treatments. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:407-15. [PMID: 24081821 PMCID: PMC3825319 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a comparative investigation of the actions of three mutagens that are widely used in plant mutagenesis using the comet-FISH technique. The comet-FISH technique was used for the analysis of DNA damage and the kinetics of repair within specific DNA sequences. FISH with rDNA and telomeric/centromeric DNA probes was applied to comets that were obtained from an alkaline/neutral comet assay. Migration within specific DNA sequences was analysed after treatment with two chemical mutagens-maleic hydrazide (MH) and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), and γ-rays. Barley was used as a model plant in this study. The possible utility of specific DNA sequences in a comparative assessment of the distribution of DNA damage within a plant genome was evaluated. This study proved that the comet-FISH technique is suitable for a detailed quantification of DNA damage and repair within specific DNA sequences in plant mutagenesis. The analysis of FISH signals demonstrated that the involvement of specific DNA sequences in DNA damage was different and was dependent on the mutagen used. We showed that 5S rDNA and telomeric DNA sequences are more sensitive to mutagenic treatment, which was expressed by a stronger fragmentation and migration in comparison to the other probes used in the study. We found that 5S rDNA and telomeric DNA probes are more suitable for testing the genotoxicity of environmental factors. A comparison of the involvement of specific chromosome domains in direct DNA breakage/repair and in chromosome aberration formation after mutagen treatment indicates the compatibility of the results.
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Ventura L, Giovannini A, Savio M, Donà M, Macovei A, Buttafava A, Carbonera D, Balestrazzi A. Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) assay with plants: research on DNA repair and ecogenotoxicity testing. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1-9. [PMID: 23557725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis is currently used to investigate the cell response to genotoxic agents as well as to several biotic and abiotic stresses that lead to oxidative DNA damage. Different versions of Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis have been developed in order to expand the range of DNA lesions that can be detected and guidelines for their use in genetic toxicology have been provided. Applications of Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis in plants are still limited, compared to animal systems. This technique is now emerging as a useful tool in assessing the potential of higher plants as stable sensors in ecosystems and source of information on the genotoxic impact of dangerous pollutants. Another interesting application of Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis deals with Mutation Breeding or the combined use of irradiation and in vitro culture technique to enhance genetic variability in elite plant genotypes. SCGE, in combination with in situ detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) induced by γ-rays and expression analysis of both DNA repair and antioxidant genes, can be used to gather information on the radiosensitivity level of the target plant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ventura
- Dipartimento di Chimica, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Ramos de Rainho C, Machado Corrêa S, Luiz Mazzei J, Alessandra Fortes Aiub C, Felzenszwalb I. Genotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-derived in respirable airborne particulate matter collected from urban areas of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:765352. [PMID: 23738331 PMCID: PMC3659438 DOI: 10.1155/2013/765352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution toxic effects are mainly attributed to small inhalable particulates with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µ m (PM 2.5). Our objective was to investigate mutagenic and clastogenic activity in PM samples collected in Rio de Janeiro. Samples were collected using a high-volume sampler at three sites: with low traffic and (2) and (3) with a heavy traffic. Six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and the derivative strains YG1021 and YG1024 were used in mutagenicity assays in the presence of organic extracts (10-50 µ g/ plate) with and without exogenous metabolization. Allium cepa test was performed to evaluate possible cytotoxic and clastogenic activities. The highest PM 2.5 µ m (132.73 µ m/m(3)) and PAH values (1.22 ng/m(3) for benzo(a)pyrene) were detected at site 3. High mutagenic frameshift responses in absence and presence of metabolic activation were detected at site 3. The participation of nitroarenes and dinitroarenes was detected in the total mutagenicity of the extracts studied. The cytotoxic effect and the abnormalities detected by Allium cepa test can be attributed to the PAH nitroderivatives in the organic extracts. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of urban airborne particulate matter is important as a basis for decision making by regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ramos de Rainho
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Machado Corrêa
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Química Ambiental, 27537-000 Resende, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Mazzei
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Farmanguinhos Plataforma de Métodos Analíticos, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Alessandra Fortes Aiub
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genotoxicidade, 20211-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Israel Felzenszwalb
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Kwasniewska J, Grabowska M, Kwasniewski M, Kolano B. Comet-FISH with rDNA probes for the analysis of mutagen-induced DNA damage in plant cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:369-375. [PMID: 22556029 DOI: 10.1002/em.21699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We used comet-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the model plant species Crepis capillaris following exposure of seedlings to maleic hydrazide (MH). FISH with 5S and 25S rDNA probes was applied to comets obtained under alkaline conditions to establish whether these DNA regions were preferentially involved in comet tail formation. MH treatment induced significant fragmentation of nuclear DNA and of rDNA loci. A 24-h post-treatment recovery period allowed a partial reversibility of MH-induced damage on nuclear and rDNA regions. Analyses of FISH signals demonstrated that rDNA sequences were always involved in tail formation and that 5S rDNA was more frequently present in the tail than 25S rDNA, regardless of treatment. The involvement of 25S rDNA in nucleolus formation and differences in chromatin structure between the two loci may explain the different susceptibility of the 25S and 5S rDNA regions to migrate into the tail. This work is the first report on the application of FISH to comet preparations from plants to analyze the distribution and repair of DNA damage within specific genomic regions after mutagenic treatment. Moreover, our work suggests that comet-FISH in plants may be a useful tool for environmental monitoring assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kwasniewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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17
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Gjorgieva D, Kadifkova-Panovska T, Mitrev S, Kovacevik B, Kostadinovska E, Bačeva K, Stafilov T. Assessment of the genotoxicity of heavy metals in Phaseolus vulgaris L. as a model plant system by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:366-373. [PMID: 22320688 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.645784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Impact assessments of environmental pollutants are important in eco-genotoxicology. A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to detect genotoxicity-induced DNA damage in Phaseolus vulgaris L. from heavy metals at two different concentrations. The results from six 10-base pair (bp) random RAPD primers with 60-70% GC content used, showed a total of 295 RAPD fragments of 700-4000 bp in molecular size in the seedlings of untreated and treated samples, of which only 163 fragments were polymorphic. Polymorphisms became evident as the disappearance and/or appearance of DNA fragments in treated samples compared to the control. A dendrogram constructed using the Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System (NTSYSps), showed that the control group merged with groups treated with CuSO(4)·5H(2)O (150 mg L(-1)) and MnSO(4)·H(2)O (150 mg L(-1)) in a separate cluster. These groups were linked with all of the other samples treated with metals at concentrations of 150 mg L(-1) and CuSO(4)·5H(2)O and Cd(NO(3))(2) at concentrations of 350 mg L(-1). Finally, the samples treated with metals at concentrations of 350 mg L(-1) together with NiSO(4) at the concentration of 150 mg L(-1), clustered separately. The DNA polymorphism detected by RAPD analysis offered a useful biomarker assay for the detection of toxic chemicals genotoxicity in plant model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darinka Gjorgieva
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delčev University, Štip, Macedonia.
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18
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Beni C, Marconi S, Boccia P, Ciampa A, Diana G, Aromolo R, Sturchio E, Neri U, Sequi P, Valentini M. Use of arsenic contaminated irrigation water for lettuce cropping: effects on soil, groundwater, and vegetal. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:518-29. [PMID: 20882365 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of using arsenic (As) contaminated irrigation water in Lactuca sativa L. cropping. Two different arsenic concentrations, i.e., 25 and 85 μg L(-1) and two different soils, i.e., sandy and clay loam, were taken into account. We determined the arsenic mobility in the different soil fractions, its amount in groundwater, and the phytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) were used to assess the lettuce metabolic profile changes and the arsenic uptake by the plant, respectively, as a function of the various conditions studied, i.e., As content and type of soil. Data indicated that at both concentrations in sandy soil, arsenic is in part quickly leached and thus present in groundwater and in part absorbed by the vegetable, being therefore readily available for assimilation by consumption. NMR results reported a large modification of the metabolic pattern, which was depending on the pollutant amount. In clay loam soil, the groundwater had a low As content with respect to sandy soil, and NMR and ICP performed on the lettuce did not reveal severe changes related to As, most likely because the metalloid is bound to the colloidal fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Beni
- Agricultural Research Council-Research Centre for Soil-Plant System, Via della Navicella 2-4, 00184 Rome, Italy.
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19
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Yang Z, Tang L, Li M, Chen L, Xu J, Wu G, Li H. Monitoring homologous recombination in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Mutat Res 2010; 691:55-63. [PMID: 20670635 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a system to assay homologous recombination during the complete life cycle of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice plants were transformed with two copies of non-functional GUS reporter overlap fragments as recombination substrate. Recombination was observed in all plant organs examined, from the seed stage until the flowering stage of somatic plant development. Embryogenic cells exhibited the highest recombination ability with an average of 3x10(-5) recombination events per genome, which is about 10-fold of that observed in root cells, and two orders of that observed in leaf cells. Histological analysis revealed that recombination events occurred in diverse cell types, but preferentially in cells with small size. Examples of this included embryogenic cells in callus, phloem cells in the leaf vein, and cells located in the root apical meristem. Steady state RNA analysis revealed that the expression levels of rice Rad51 homologs are positively correlated with increased recombination rates in embryogenic calli, roots and anthers. Finally, radiation treatment of plantlets from distinct recombination lines increased the recombination frequency to different extents. These results showed that homologous recombination frequency can be effectively measured in rice using a transgene reporter assay. This system will facilitate the study of DNA damage signaling and homologous recombination in rice, a model monocot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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20
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Chatterjee N, Luo Z. Cr-(III)-organic compounds treatment causes genotoxicity and changes in DNA and protein level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:593-603. [PMID: 20066492 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural Cr-(III)-organic species are being known as the part of natural biogeochemical cycle of chromium, but unfortunately, their mechanism of toxicity as well as genotoxic potentiality is still unknown. To evaluate the characteristic toxic effect exerted by natural Cr-(III)-organic species on the cellular macromolecules, changes in DNA and protein level was observed. Besides, Comet assay was applied to measure genotoxic potentiality of Cr-(III)-organic species in the target organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to Cr-(III)-citrate and Cr-(III)-histidine. It has been observed that both of the Cr-(III)-organic compounds are responsible for diminution in macromolecules concentration. Cr-(III)-citrate showed ladder pattern of DNA fragmentation in support of apoptosis. Two new protein bands appeared in protein profile of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with Cr-(III)-organic compounds. Thus it supports the possibility of the synthesis of stress proteins. Comet assay proved positive correlation between Cr-(III)-organic compounds' concentration and DNA damage. The Cr-(III)-citrate causes DNA damage at the concentrations ranging from 50 to 150 mg L(-1), whereas the DNA damaging capacity of Cr-(III)-histidine was found insignificant, except at highest concentration (150 mg L(-1)). These results can throw light on the mechanism of the toxic effect as well as genotoxicity exerted by natural Cr-(III)-organic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chatterjee
- Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Education (BGEG), School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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21
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Maffei F, Carbone F, Forti GC, Buschini A, Poli P, Rossi C, Marabini L, Radice S, Chiesara E, Hrelia P. Drinking water quality: an in vitro approach for the assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic load in water sampled along distribution system. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:1053-1061. [PMID: 19573924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro approach was performed to assess the quality of drinking water collected at two treatment/distribution networks located near the source (Plant #1) and the mouth of River Po (Plant #2). The water was sampled at different points of each distribution network, before (raw water) and after the chlorine dioxide disinfection, and in two points of the pipeline system to evaluate the influence of the distribution system on the amount and quality of the disinfection by-product. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of water extracts were evaluated in human peripheral lymphocytes and Hep-G2 cells by the use of the micronucleus (MN) test and Comet assay. Raw water samples of both plants induced cytotoxic effects, but not the increases of MN frequency in Hep-G2 cells and in human lymphocytes. Increases of DNA damage in human leukocytes was detected by Comet assay for raw water of Plant #2 at concentration > or = 0.25 Leq/mL. The disinfection process generally has reduced the toxicity of water samples, even if potential direct DNA-damaging compounds have been detectable in drinking water samples. The proposal approach, if currently used together with chemical analysis, can contribute to improve the monitoring drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maffei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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22
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Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. The Comet Assay: A Versatile Tool for Assessing DNA Damage. THE COMET ASSAY IN TOXICOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847559746-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Dhawan
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
| | - Mahima Bajpayee
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
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23
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Cenkci S, Yildiz M, Ciğerci IH, Konuk M, Bozdağ A. Toxic chemicals-induced genotoxicity detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:900-906. [PMID: 19477479 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of genotoxins-induced DNA damage and mutations at molecular level is important in eco-genotoxicology. In this research, RAPD was used to detect DNA damage in the roots and leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings exposed to toxic chemicals of Hg, B, Cr and Zn (HgCl(2), H(3)BO(3), K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and ZnSO(4)7H(2)O) at concentrations of 150 and 350 ppm for 7 d. Inhibition of shoot and root growth and increase of Hg, B, Cr and Zn element contents in the roots and leaves were observed with an increase in the concentration. For the RAPD analyses, 12 RAPD primers of 60-70% GC content were found to produce unique polymorphic band profiles and subsequently were used to produce a total of 120 bands of 263-3125 bp in the roots and leaves of untreated and treated seedlings. Polymorphisms became evident as disappearance and/or appearance of DNA bands in 150 and 350 ppm treatments compared with untreated control treatments. The DNA changes in RAPD profiles were more in the roots than in the leaves. The highest polymorphism was observed in boric acid treatments among the toxic chemicals. In a dendrogram constructed based on genetic similarity coefficients, the treatments were grouped into three main clusters: (a) root-B-150 ppm treatment grouped alone, (b) root-350 ppm-Hg, B, Cr and Zn treatments clustered together, and (c) the others including untreated control treatments merged together. We concluded that DNA alterations detected by RAPD analysis offered a useful biomarker assay for the evaluation of genotoxic effects of Hg, B, Cr and Zn pollutions on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Cenkci
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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24
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Garaj-Vrhovac V, Orescanin V, Ruk D, Gajski G. In vitro assessment of genotoxic effects of electric arc furnace dust on human lymphocytes using the alkaline comet assay. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:279-287. [PMID: 19132591 DOI: 10.1080/10934520802597986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxic effects of leachates of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) on human peripheral lymphocytes, assessed prior and following the treatment with a strong alkaline solution were investigated using the alkaline comet assay. Prior and following the treatment, lymphocytes were incubated with leachate of EAFD for 6 and 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Negative controls were also included. Mean values of the tail lengths established in the samples treated with the leachate stemming from the original dust for 6 and 24 hours, were 15.70 microm and 16.78 microm, respectively, as compared to 12.33 microm found in the control sample. Slight, but significant increase in the tail length was also found with the dust treated with a strong alkaline solution (13.37 microm and 13.60 microm). In case of high heavy metal concentrations (the extract of the original furnace dust), the incubation period was revealed to be of significance as well. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that alkaline comet assay could be used as a rapid, sensitive and low-cost tool when assessing genotoxicity of various waste materials, such as leachates of the electric arc furnace dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
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25
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Achary VMM, Jena S, Panda KK, Panda BB. Aluminium induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in root cells of Allium cepa L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 70:300-10. [PMID: 18068230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) was evaluated for induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage employing the growing roots of Allium cepa L. as the assay system. Intact roots of A. cepa were treated with different concentrations, 0, 1, 10, 50, 100, or 200 microM of aluminium chloride, at pH 4.5 for 4 h (or 2 h for comet assay) at room temperature, 25+/-1 degrees C. Following treatment the parameters investigated in root tissue were Al-uptake, cell death, extra cellular generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), viz. O(2)(*-), H(2)O(2) and (*)OH, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, activities of antioxidant enzymes namely catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX); and DNA damage, assessed by comet assay. The findings indicated that Al triggered generation of extra-cellular ROI following a dose-response. Through application of specific enzyme inhibitors it was demonstrated that extra-cellular generation of ROI was primarily due to the activity of cell wall bound NADH-PX. Generation of ROI in root tissue as well as cell death was better correlated to the levels of root Al-uptake rather than to the concentrations of Al in ambient experimental solutions. Induction of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation by Al were statistically significant. Whereas Al inhibited CAT activity, enhanced SOD, GPX and APX activities significantly; that followed dose-response. Comet assay provided evidence that Al induced DNA damage in a range of concentrations 50-200 microM, which was comparable to that induced by ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS), an alkylating mutagen served as the positive control. The findings provided evidence that Al comparable to biotic stress induced oxidative burst at the cell surface through up- or down-regulation of some of the key enzymes of oxidative metabolism ultimately resulting in oxidative stress leading to DNA damage and cell death in root cells of A. cepa.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mohan Murali Achary
- Molecular Biology and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Berhampur 760007, India
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26
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Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. Comet assay: a reliable tool for the assessment of DNA damage in different models. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:5-32. [PMID: 18427939 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New chemicals are being added each year to the existing burden of toxic substances in the environment. This has led to increased pollution of ecosystems as well as deterioration of the air, water, and soil quality. Excessive agricultural and industrial activities adversely affect biodiversity, threatening the survival of species in a particular habitat as well as posing disease risks to humans. Some of the chemicals, e.g., pesticides and heavy metals, may be genotoxic to the sentinel species and/or to non-target species, causing deleterious effects in somatic or germ cells. Test systems which help in hazard prediction and risk assessment are important to assess the genotoxic potential of chemicals before their release into the environment or commercial use as well as DNA damage in flora and fauna affected by contaminated/polluted habitats. The Comet assay has been widely accepted as a simple, sensitive, and rapid tool for assessing DNA damage and repair in individual eukaryotic as well as some prokaryotic cells, and has increasingly found application in diverse fields ranging from genetic toxicology to human epidemiology. This review is an attempt to comprehensively encase the use of Comet assay in different models from bacteria to man, employing diverse cell types to assess the DNA-damaging potential of chemicals and/or environmental conditions. Sentinel species are the first to be affected by adverse changes in their environment. Determination of DNA damage using the Comet assay in these indicator organisms would thus provide information about the genotoxic potential of their habitat at an early stage. This would allow for intervention strategies to be implemented for prevention or reduction of deleterious health effects in the sentinel species as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Dhawan
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), PO Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
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27
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Marabini L, Frigerio S, Chiesara E, Maffei F, Cantelli Forti G, Hrelia P, Buschini A, Martino A, Poli P, Rossi C, Radice S. In vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chlorinated drinking waters sampled along the distribution system of two municipal networks. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 634:1-13. [PMID: 17884717 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When chlorine is used as a disinfectant for drinking water it may react with organic materials present in or released by the water pipes and thus form by-products that may represent a genotoxic hazard. The aim of this study was to assess the potential genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of extracts of chlorinated drinking water supplied by local aquifers of two Italian towns, Plants 1 and 2, located in the sub-Alpine area and on the Po plain, respectively. The raw water fell within the legal limits with regards to its chemical and physical properties. Water from Plant 2 contained higher levels of total organics (TOC) and nitrate than water from Plant 1. Water was sampled at different points along the distribution networks to evaluate the influence of the system on the amount and quality of the by-products. Cytotoxic and genotoxic damage was assessed in freshly isolated human white blood cells (WBC) and Hep-G2 cells by use of the micronucleus (MN) test and the Comet assay to measure primary DNA damage. While they did not show significant cytotoxicity, all Plant 1 water concentrates induced short-time genotoxic effects on leukocytes at concentrations > or =1 Lequiv./mL. Plant 2 samples were able to induce cytotoxic effects in both Hep-G2 cells and leukocytes. Furthermore, although there was no significant increase in MN frequency, DNA migration was strongly increased both in human leukocytes (> or =0.5 Lequiv./mL, 1h treatment, water samples collected from all points) and in Hep-G2 cells (> or =0.75 Lequiv./mL, 24 h treatment, tap water sampled at the nearest distribution point). The current use of these in vitro cytotoxicity/genotoxicity tests together with the normal chemical analyses could provide information to help water-works managers and health authorities evaluate drinking water quality and adopt strategies to reduce genotoxic compounds in tap water and prevent human exposure to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marabini
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology E Trabucchi, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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28
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Laffon B, Fraga-Iriso R, Pérez-Cadahía B, Méndez J. Genotoxicity associated to exposure to Prestige oil during autopsies and cleaning of oil-contaminated birds. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1714-23. [PMID: 16814914 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
After the accident involving the oil tanker Prestige in November 2002 near 63,000 tons of heavy oil reached Galician coast (Northwest of Spain). This unleashed a large movement of volunteers to collaborate in several cleaning tasks. The aim of this study was to determine whether handling of Prestige oil-contaminated birds during autopsies and cleaning may have resulted in genotoxic damage. We have also evaluated the possible influence of DNA repair genetic polymorphisms (XRCC1 codons 194 and 399, XRCC3 codon 241 and APE1 codon 148) on susceptibility to the genotoxic effects evaluated. Exposure levels were analysed by determining volatile organic compounds in air samples. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 34 exposed and 35 controls, and comet assay and micronucleus (MN) test were carried out. Genotyping was performed following PCR-RFLP procedures. Results obtained have shown significantly higher DNA damage, but not cytogenetic damage, in exposed individuals than in controls, related to time of exposure. Among exposed individuals, carriers of the variant alleles XRCC1 399Gln and APE1 148Glu have shown altered DNA damage with regard to wild-type homozygotes, suggesting exposure-genotype interactions. No effect of the DNA repair genetic polymorphisms analysed was observed in the MN test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Laffon
- Toxicology Unit, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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29
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Gutiérrez-Castillo ME, Roubicek DA, Cebrián-García ME, De Vizcaya-Ruíz A, Sordo-Cedeño M, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Effect of chemical composition on the induction of DNA damage by urban airborne particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2006; 47:199-211. [PMID: 16355389 DOI: 10.1002/em.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) contains a large number of genotoxic substances capable of endangering human health. In the present study, we have investigated the ability of chemically characterized water-soluble and organic-soluble fractions of two particle sizes (PM2.5 and PM10) from different regions of Mexico City to induce DNA damage in a human lung epithelial cell line. We also evaluated associations between the physicochemical parameters of the PM and its genotoxicity. The airborne particulate samples were collected from four regions of the city; a HiVol air sampler was used to collect PM10 on glass fiber filters and a tapered element oscillating system coupled to an automatic cartridge collection unit was used to collect PM2.5 on teflon filters. PM mass was determined by gravimetric analysis of the filters. Filters containing PM2.5 and one section of each PM10 filter were agitated either with deionized water to extract water-soluble compound, or with dichloromethane to prepare organic-soluble compounds. The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by ion and gas chromatography and atomic adsorption spectroscopy. A549 human type II alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to different concentrations of the PM2.5 and PM10 extracts, and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis or the Comet assay was performed to measure DNA damage and repair. These analyses indicated that soluble transition metals and the organic-soluble PM fractions are crucial factors in the DNA damage induced by PM. PM composition was more important than PM mass for producing genotoxicity. The results of this study showed that the constituents of the water-soluble PM extract are more likely to induce DNA damage than the organic compounds.
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Liang J, Shan G, Wang Y, Shi Q. Impacts of ascorbic acid and thiamine supplementation at different concentrations on lead toxicity in testis. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 370:82-8. [PMID: 16513100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 01/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant that may have toxic effects on the male reproductive system. We explored the mechanism and examine the impacts of combined administration of ascorbic acid and thiamine at different levels on apoptosis in the testes of lead-exposed mice. METHODS Seventy-five male mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (15 mice/group): control, lead-treated and vitamin-treated group (low, middle and high dose) with ascorbic acid (140, 420, 1260 mg/kg) and thiamine (10, 30, 90 mg/kg ) by oral gavage daily. All lead-exposed animals received 0.2% lead acetate in drinking water. DNA damage of testicular cells was assessed by SCGE; the levels of TGFbeta1 and caspase-3 were detected by immunohistochemistry; apoptotic cell was determined by TUNEL. RESULTS Compared with control group, the expressions of TGFbeta1 and caspase-3, apoptotic index (AI) and DNA damage were increased significantly in lead-exposed group (P<0.05). After intervention of low and middle doses vitamin, the incidence of DNA damage and the number of apoptotic cells in testis were obviously lower than the lead-exposed group (P<0.05) and the impaired tissues were ameliorative. However, simultaneous supplementation of ascorbic acid and thiamine at the highest dose promoted testicular cell apoptosis via increased expressions of TGFbeta1 and caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS The combination treatment with thiamine and ascorbic acid at lower doses effectively inhibited testicular cells from apoptosis by lead acetate, but higher doses could aggravate the testicular lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, DongHu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.
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31
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Gaou I, Dubois M, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Coste C, De Jouffrey S, Parent-Massin D. Safety of Oxygreen®, an ozone treatment on wheat grains.Part 1. A four-week toxicity study in rats by dietary administration of treated wheat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:1113-9. [PMID: 16332634 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500307156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Oxygreen process is a new treatment approved by The French Food Safety Authority (AFSSA) as a processing aid for flour quality improvement, based on treatment by ozone, in a closed sequential batch reactor. This treatment takes place in the classical milling sequence, after the grain-cleaning step and before milling. The Oxygreen process could also be used for its properties in wheat grain decontamination (insects, fungi, bacteria, mycotoxins, storage insecticides residues). The aim of this study was to determine if Oxygreen treatment could induce in the grain the formation of processing-related substances, able to provoke adverse effects, after ingestion of the wheat and/or derived products, and to establish the safety of the Oxygreen process for animals and consumers. A four-week toxicity study, according to OECD guideline No. 407, was performed on Dark agouti rats fed exclusively with wheat grains, treated or untreated with Oxygreen. Clinical, haematological, blood biochemical, urinary and histopathological parameters were investigated during the study. The few modifications observed in animals given treated wheat were an increase of rectal temperature in females, a slight decrease of calcium concentration in males and slight decrease of certain blood cell number without clinical significances. This work shows that wheat treated by Oxygreen does not induce adverse effects in Dark agouti rats after oral administration. Therefore wheat and derived products from wheat, after Oxygreen treatment on grain, could be considered as safe for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gaou
- CIT, Evreux Cedex, France
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32
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Maffei F, Buschini A, Rossi C, Poli P, Forti GC, Hrelia P. Use of the Comet test and micronucleus assay on human white blood cells for in vitro assessment of genotoxicity induced by different drinking water disinfection protocols. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 46:116-25. [PMID: 15887212 DOI: 10.1002/em.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Surface water disinfection can lead to the formation of mutagenic/carcinogenic by-products derived from reactions with naturally occurring inorganic compounds. We investigated the feasibility and potential usefulness of an integrated approach to genotoxicity analysis of drinking water. The approach employed the Comet and micronucleus (MN) assays to evaluate the DNA and chromosomal damage produced by water extracts in human blood cells. Surface water samples from Lago Trasimeno (Italy) were collected in different seasons (July 2000, October 2000, February 2001, and June 2001), and samples were disinfected with sodium hypochloride (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)), or peracetic acid (PAA). Extracts of untreated and treated water were incubated with primary human leukocytes. The Comet assay revealed both strong seasonal variations and differences between samples processed by the three disinfection protocols. The three disinfectants increased the genotoxicity of the water collected in July 2000 and October 2000, with PAA producing the greatest amount of DNA damage. Extracts of raw water collected in February 2001 produced so much DNA damage that the relative genotoxic potentials of the three disinfectants could not be evaluated. No increase in MN frequency was detected in any of the samples. The multi-endpoint MN assay indicated, however, that our study samples (especially the sample collected in the February 2001) were cytotoxic. We conclude that this integrated approach to genotoxicity assessment may be useful both for the quality control of raw drinking water and to help compare the potential health risks associated with alternative disinfection processes.
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Kakkar P, Jaffery FN. Biological markers for metal toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 19:335-49. [PMID: 21783494 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment is often considered the weakest link in risk assessment. It is important for investigators to continue to utilize the full potential of biomarkers for chemicals whose exposure is of global concern. This review is concerned with the biomarkers of metal toxicity, as the overall exposure to metals encountered occupationally or in the environment would continue causing indirect, delayed effects therefore ecoepidemiology, using designed molecular probes and noninvasive diagnostics will be the leading component for future management of environmental health. An attempt is made here at appraising the need for the development of more biomarkers for use in environmental epidemiology and health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kakkar
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box-80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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34
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Amtul Z, Rasheed M, Choudhary MI, Supino R, Khan KM, Rosanna S. Kinetics of novel competitive inhibitors of urease enzymes by a focused library of oxadiazoles/thiadiazoles and triazoles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:1053-63. [PMID: 15184088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on structure of the substrate of urease and for the purpose of designing pharmacophore models for urease inhibitors, which could be effective in physiological and pharmacological studies, a series of twenty-five 1,3,4-diazole-2(3H)-thiones-2(3H)-thiones, 1,3,4-diazoles-2(3H)-thiones, and 1,2,4-tri-3-thiones (OSNs) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for various kinetic parameters of urease inhibition. OSNs inhibited the activity of urease(s) in a concentration dependent fashion. Dixon as well as Lineweaver-Burk plots and their secondary replots indicated that the nature of inhibition was of pure competitive type for all the 25 compounds. 5-[4-(hydroxy)phenyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione was found to be the most active one with a Ki value of 2 microM. The Ki values were increased with an increase in substrate concentrations. Apparently, OSNs employ a homologous mechanism of action by exploiting a common transition catalysis state and acting as ligand chelators to form octahedral complexes with the urease enzymes in an orientation-specific mode. The inhibition was slightly potentiated by lower pH and not abolished in the presence of NH2OH (a scavenger of histidine residue). Because of their safe profile in the genotoxic assay, they may be pursued in the near future for human testing
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Amtul
- International Center for Chemical Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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35
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Sriussadaporn C, Yamamoto K, Fukushi K, Simazaki D. Comparison of DNA damage detected by plant comet assay in roadside and non-roadside environments. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2003; 541:31-44. [PMID: 14568292 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although mixed air pollutants generated from traffic are suspected as one of the causes of DNA damage in living species, effects of the combination of these pollutants and other micro-environmental factors on urban biota have not been clarified yet. Thus, this study mainly aimed to detect the genetic damages in selected plant biomonitors, which were ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), pohtos (Epipremnum aureum), and periwinkle (Vinca rosea), setting in roadside and non-roadside environments. Two monitoring positions were selected in the Hongo campus of the University of Tokyo, Japan. This area was categorized as the urban residential zone. Both roadside and non-roadside samples were analyzed by using comet assay protocol. Different distribution changes in DNA migration ratios of all species could be observed and further interpreted as percentages of DNA damage. For all test species, in the final stage of experiment, roadside samples showed significantly higher degrees of DNA damage than non-roadside one. Time-dependent response pattern of each species to the overall environmental stresses was performed. Increase in the percentages of DNA damage could be expressed by regression equations. In addition, ratio of percentage of DNA damage between roadside and non-roadside species (R/N ratio) was introduced in order to clarify the additional genetic effect caused by roadside air pollutants. Series of response phase of plant under stresses, including cell destabilization, damage intensification, and re-stabilization, were explained. This study might be applied as a preliminary method in urban air quality assessment for detecting the existing effects of air pollutants and micro-environmental stress in an urban ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutchalida Sriussadaporn
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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36
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Poli P, de Mello MA, Buschini A, de Castro VLSS, Restivo FM, Rossi C, Zucchi TMAD. Evaluation of the genotoxicity induced by the fungicide fenarimol in mammalian and plant cells by use of the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. Mutat Res 2003; 540:57-66. [PMID: 12972058 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fenarimol, a systemic pyrimidine carbinol fungicide, is considered to be not genotoxic or weakly genotoxic, although the available toxicological data are controversial and incomplete. Our results obtained in vitro with leukocytes of two different rodent species (rat and mouse) show that fenarimol affects DNA, as detected by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE, Comet) assay. This fungicide is able to induce DNA damage in a dose-related manner, with significant effectiveness at 36 nM, but without significant interspecies differences. Simultaneous exposure of rat leukocytes to fenarimol (36-290 nM) and a model genotoxic compound (50 microg/ml bleomycin) produced a supra-additive cytotoxic and genotoxic effect. This supports previous findings suggesting possible co-toxic, co-mutagenic, cancer-promoting and co-carcinogenic potential of fenarimol, and modification of the effects of other xenobiotics found to be influenced by this agrotoxic chemical, with consequent different toxicological events. The potential for DNA strand breaks to act as a biomarker of genetic toxicity in plants in vivo was also considered, in view of the fact that higher plants represent reliable sensors in an ecosystem. Significant DNA breakage was observed in the nuclei of Impatiens balsamina leaves after in vivo treatment with fenarimol (145 nM, 1h). More than 50% of the cells showed such DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Poli
- Dipartimento di Genetica Antropologia Evoluzione, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze11/a, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Aoyama K, Iwahori K, Miyata N. Application of Euglena gracilis cells to comet assay: evaluation of DNA damage and repair. Mutat Res 2003; 538:155-62. [PMID: 12834764 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) enables sensitive detection of DNA damage in eukaryotic cells induced by genotoxic agents. We performed a comet assay of unicellular green alga Euglena gracilis that was exposed to genotoxic chemicals, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), benzo[a]pyrene (BAP), mitomycin C (MMC) and actinomycin D (AMD). Tail length and tail moment in migrated DNA were measured as indications of DNA damage. MNNG and BAP were found to cause concentration-dependent increases in DNA damage. The responses were more sensitive than those of human lymphocytes under the same treatment conditions. MMC and AMD showed no positive response, as reported elsewhere. The comet assays performed at specified times after treatment revealed that the DNA damaged by MNNG and gamma-ray irradiation was repaired during the initial 1h. The results clearly show that the comet assay is useful for evaluating chemically-induced DNA damage and repair in E. gracilis. Given the ease of culturing and handling E. gracilis as well as its sensitivity, the comet assay of this alga would undoubtedly prove to be a useful tool for testing the genotoxicity of chemicals and monitoring of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Aoyama
- Hitachi Plant Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd., Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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38
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Buschini A, De Palma G, Poli P, Martino A, Rossi C, Mozzoni P, Scotti E, Buzio L, Bergamaschi E, Mutti A. Genetic polymorphism of drug-metabolizing enzymes and styrene-induced DNA damage. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2003; 41:243-252. [PMID: 12717779 DOI: 10.1002/em.10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out on 48 workers exposed to styrene and 14 unexposed healthy controls in order to investigate the genotoxic potential of styrene exposure. DNA damage was assessed in peripheral blood leukocytes (WBCs) by the comet assay. Polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) and the gene encoding microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) were characterized to assess their possible modifying role in styrene metabolism and subsequent DNA damage. Exposed workers showed significantly higher levels of DNA damage compared to controls. Among workers, the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms significantly affected comet parameters. Subjects bearing a GSTM1pos genotype showed a significantly higher proportion of damaged nuclei compared to people lacking GSTM1-1 expression (GSTM1null), whereas GSTT1pos workers showed significantly lower DNA damage than GSTT1null individuals. Styrene-7,8-oxide (SO)-induced DNA damage was assessed in vitro in WBCs isolated from the healthy controls. A clear dose-response relationship at micromolar doses of SO was found for the whole group. WBCs collected from subjects bearing the homozygous wildtype GSTP1 genotype showed a significant protection compared to cells from subjects bearing at least one GSTP1 variant allele. The field survey confirms that styrene exposure is associated with increased DNA damage and indicates a modulating role for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes. In vitro experiments suggest that the extent of SO-induced DNA strand breaks depends, at least in part, on interindividual differences in GSH-conjugation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Buschini
- Department of Genetics, Anthropology, Evolution, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Poma A, Arrizza L, Picozzi P, Spanò L. Monitoring urban air particulate matter (fractions PM 2.5 and PM 10) genotoxicity by plant systems and human cells in vitro: a comparative analysis. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2002; 22:271-84. [PMID: 12111711 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.10020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Increased incidence of mortality and sickness due to cardiopulmonary complications has been associated with elevated levels of urban air particles (UAP), with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microm (PM 10) and 2.5 microm (PM 2.5). In the present report alternative plant systems and human cells in vitro are associated with human hazard and genotoxic risk assessment of UAP. The genotoxic activities associated with the coarse (PM 10) and the fine fraction (PM 2.5) of airborne particulates have been analyzed by evaluating micronuclei induction and/or sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) using in vitro models of Daucus carota and HS 27 human fibroblast cell suspensions and Zea mays root meristems. Results show variability in the response of the test systems and indicate that the mutagenicity trend in both plant and human cell cultures was directly correlated to the concentration of carbon-rich particles in the fraction of the PM 2.5 airborne particulates. Moreover, in plant tissues, the frequency of micronuclei and SCE was related to an enhancement of the specific activity of the stress-related enzyme peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poma
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Abstract
In the present paper, we have applied the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay on yeast cells treating Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with hydrogen peroxide and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), two DNA damaging agents. In order to overcome the problem with the yeast cell wall that prevented DNA to be extended by the electric field, we disintegrated the cell wall after embedding the cells in agarose. A characteristic picture of comets with residual nuclei and tails was observed and the length of the comet tails was dependent on the concentration of the damaging agents. Yeast cells developed comets at concentrations at least 10 times lower than the concentrations at which comets begin to appear in mammalian cells after treatment with the two genotoxic agents. The higher sensitivity of the yeast comet assay and the fact that S. cerevisiae is one of the most thoroughly studied and easy to work with eukaryotic model system suggest that the proposed method could be an useful tool for investigation of the DNA damaging activity of potential genotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Miloshev
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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41
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Buschini A, Cassoni F, Anceschi E, Pasini L, Poli P, Rossi C. Urban airborne particulate: genotoxicity evaluation of different size fractions by mutagenesis tests on microorganisms and comet assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 44:1723-1736. [PMID: 11534904 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic effects of different size fractions of airborne particulate (Total, PM10 and PM25), extracted with acetone or toluene, were evaluated by: the Ames plate test (TA98 and TA100 strains, w/o S9), gene conversion and reversion (w/o endogenous metabolic activation) in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain, and the comet assay on human leukocytes. The data on human leukocytes confirm the sensitivity of the comet assay and its applicability to assess genotoxicity in environmental samples. The PM2.5 fraction of airborne particulate generally shows the highest concentration of DNA-damaging compounds. Genotoxic response, in all the test systems applied, is highly dependent on extraction solvent used. Acetone seems to extract compounds with more similar genotoxic responses in the three test systems used than toluene extracts. Toluene appears to extract air pollutants genotoxic on yeast and leukocytes but is mainly cytotoxic on Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buschini
- Istituto di Genetica, Università di Parma, Italy
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Pavlica M, Klobucar GI, Mojas N, Erben R, Papes D. Detection of DNA damage in haemocytes of zebra mussel using comet assay. Mutat Res 2001; 490:209-14. [PMID: 11342246 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to use the comet assay on haemocytes of freshwater mussel, Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, for detection of possible DNA damage after exposure to pentachlorophenol (PCP) and to evaluate the potential application of the comet assay on mussel haemocytes for genotoxicity monitoring of freshwater environment. Zebra mussels were exposed for seven days to different concentrations (10, 80, 100, 150 microg/l) of PCP and in the river Sava downstream from Zagreb municipal wastewater outlet. Significant increase in DNA damage was observed after exposure to PCP at doses of 80 microg/l and higher and after in situ exposure in the river Sava as well. This study confirmed that the comet assay applied on zebra mussel haemocytes may be a useful tool in determining the potential genotoxicity of water pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pavlica
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Palli D, Vineis P, Russo A, Berrino F, Krogh V, Masala G, Munnia A, Panico S, Taioli E, Tumino R, Garte S, Peluso M. Diet, metabolic polymorphisms and dna adducts: the EPIC-Italy cross-sectional study. Int J Cancer 2000; 87:444-51. [PMID: 10897053 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000801)87:3<444::aid-ijc21>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DNA adducts in peripheral leukocytes are considered a reliable indicator of internal dose exposure to genotoxic agents and, possibly, of cancer risk. We investigated their association with diet and other individual characteristics in healthy adults. The prospective study EPIC-Italy, a section of a larger European project, enrolled 47,749 men and women, aged 35-64 years, in 5 centres: all provided individual information about dietary and life-style habits and a blood sample. In a cross-sectional study, approximately 100 volunteers were randomly selected from each of the three main geographical study areas (Northern, Central and Southern Italy). DNA adducts and four polymorphic metabolic genotypes were determined in peripheral leukocytes by using (32)P-postlabelling technique and PCR methods. Among 309 subjects (153 men), 72.8% had detectable levels of DNA adducts (mean: 8.1 +/- 0.6 per 10(9) nucleotides). Strong negative associations emerged with the reported frequency of consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables, olive oil, and the intake of antioxidants. DNA adducts were higher in subjects with GSTT1 null genotype (p = 0.05). Significant differences between study centres emerged in multivariate analyses (mean levels: 11.0, 10.0, 7.2, 6.5 and 5.2 for Florence, Naples, Turin, Varese and Ragusa, respectively). A possible opposite seasonal variation was found according to latitude: adduct levels tended to be lower in winter in Florence and the southern centres, and during summer in the two northern centres. Frequent consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables is associated with reduced levels of DNA adducts, possibly contributing to the role of diet in modulating cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Palli
- Epidemiology Unit, CSPO, A.O. Careggi, Florence, Italy.
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