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Yokoyama S, Nakagawa J, Shimada M, Ueno K, Ishiyama M, Nakamura N, Tomita H, Niioka T. Quantification of the Plasma Concentration of Vadadustat by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2024:00007691-990000000-00247. [PMID: 38953704 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An inexpensive, simple, and accurate plasma concentration measurement system is needed to actively conduct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of vadadustat, hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, in clinical settings. In this study, the authors aimed to develop a method for measuring vadadustat in human plasma that could be applied for therapeutic drug monitoring using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) in a clinical setting. METHODS Plasma samples (100 μL) were pretreated with acetonitrile using butyl paraoxybenzoate as an internal standard. Chromatographic separation was performed on a SunShell PFP C18 column (2.6 μm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm). The mobile phase consisted of (A) 20 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 2.4) and (B) acetonitrile (60:40, v/v), delivered isocratically at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The analytes were detected by UV absorbance at a wavelength of 220 nm, and the column temperature was 40°C. To evaluate the applicability of HPLC-UV in a clinical setting, blood samples were collected at 19 time points from 7 patients who had been taking vadadustat. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.2-150 mcg/mL (R2 > 0.99). Intra-assay and interassay accuracy, precision, and stability met the Food and Drug Administration recommendations. The vadadustat plasma concentrations of patients analyzed using the current HPLC-UV method were almost equal to those measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (mean difference: 0.13 mcg/mL). Large variability in the dose-adjusted plasma concentrations of vadadustat at 12 hours after administration was observed between patients (coefficient of variation = 57.6%). CONCLUSIONS This HPLC-UV method is a simple, accurate quantification method for evaluating plasma concentrations in patients taking vadadustat in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmacy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Michiko Shimada
- Community Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueno
- Department of Pharmacy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishiyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Norio Nakamura
- Department of Nursing Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan; and
| | - Hirofumi Tomita
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takenori Niioka
- Department of Pharmacy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Ariyeloye S, Kämmerer S, Klapproth E, Wielockx B, El-Armouche A. Intertwined regulators: hypoxia pathway proteins, microRNAs, and phosphodiesterases in the control of steroidogenesis. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-02921-4. [PMID: 38355819 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen sensing is of paramount importance for maintaining cellular and systemic homeostasis. In response to diminished oxygen levels, the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) orchestrate various biological processes. These pivotal transcription factors have been identified as key regulators of several biological events. Notably, extensive research from our group and others has demonstrated that HIF1α exerts an inverse regulatory effect on steroidogenesis, leading to the suppression of crucial steroidogenic enzyme expression and a subsequent decrease in steroid levels. These steroid hormones occupy pivotal roles in governing a myriad of physiological processes. Substantial or prolonged fluctuations in steroid levels carry detrimental consequences across multiple organ systems and underlie various pathological conditions, including metabolic and immune disorders. MicroRNAs serve as potent mediators of multifaceted gene regulatory mechanisms, acting as influential epigenetic regulators that modulate a broad spectrum of gene expressions. Concomitantly, phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play a crucial role in governing signal transduction. PDEs meticulously manage intracellular levels of both cAMP and cGMP, along with their respective signaling pathways and downstream targets. Intriguingly, an intricate interplay seems to exist between hypoxia signaling, microRNAs, and PDEs in the regulation of steroidogenesis. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role of microRNAs during hypoxia-driven processes, including steroidogenesis, as well as the possibilities that exist in the application of HIF prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors for the modulation of steroidogenesis.
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Grants
- CRC/Transregio 205/1, Project No. 314061271 - TRR205, "The Adrenal: Central Relay in Health and Disease" (A02) to B.W. and A.E.-A.; DFG grants WI3291/12-1 and 13-1 to B.W, EL 270/7-3 to A.E.-A., KA 4194/3-3 to S.K.. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- This work was also supported by a grant from the DFG priority program µBONE 2084 to B.W.; project no. 288034826 - international research training group (IRTG) 2251 to A.E.A. and S.K. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- This work was also supported by a grant from the DFG priority program µBONE 2084 to B.W.; project no. 288034826 - international research training group (IRTG) 2251 to A.E.A. and S.K. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- CRC/Transregio 205/1, Project No. 314061271 - TRR205, "The Adrenal: Central Relay in Health and Disease" (A02) to B.W. and A.E.-A.; DFG grants WI3291/12-1 and 13-1 to B.W, EL 270/7-3 to A.E.-A., KA 4194/3-3 to S.K.. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- CRC/Transregio 205/1, Project No. 314061271 - TRR205, "The Adrenal: Central Relay in Health and Disease" (A02) to B.W. and A.E.-A.; DFG grants WI3291/12-1 and 13-1 to B.W, EL 270/7-3 to A.E.-A., KA 4194/3-3 to S.K.. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ariyeloye
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Kämmerer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Erik Klapproth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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Huang Q, You M, Huang W, Chen J, Zeng Q, Jiang L, Du X, Liu X, Hong M, Wang J. Comparative effectiveness and acceptability of HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors versus for anemia patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1050412. [PMID: 37521459 PMCID: PMC10374033 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The comparative benefits and acceptability of HIF-PHIs for treating anemia have not been well researched to date. We sought to compare the effectiveness of 6 HIF-PHIs and 3 ESAs for the treatment of renal anemia patients undergoing dialysis. Data sources: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and clinicaltrials.gov databases. Results: Twenty-five RCTs (involving 17,204 participants) were included, all of which were designed to achieve target Hb levels by adjusting thee dose of HIF-PHIs. Regarding the efficacy in achieving target Hb levels, no significant differences were found between HIF-PHIs and ESAs in Hb response at the dose-adjusted designed RCTs selected for comparison. Intervention with roxadustat showed a significantly lower risk of RBC transfusion than rhEPO, with an OR and 95% CI of 0.76 (0.56-0.93). Roxadustat and vadadustat had higher risks of increasing the discontinuation rate than ESAs; the former had ORs and 95% CIs of 1.58 (95% CI: 1.21-2.06) for rhEPO, 1.66 (1.16-2.38) for DPO (darbepoetin alfa), and 1.76 (1.70-4.49) for MPG-EPO, and the latter had ORs and 95% CIs of 1.71 (1.09-2.67) for rhEPO, 1.79 (1.29-2.49) for DPO, and 2.97 (1.62-5.46) for MPG-EPO. No differences were observed in the AEs and SAEs among patients who received the studied drugs. Results of a meta-analysis of gastrointestinal disorders among AEs revealed that vadadustat was less effect on causing diarrea than DPO, with an OR of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.9-0.99). Included HIF-PHIs, were proven to be more effective than ESAs in reducing hepcidin levels and increasing TIBC and serum iron level with OR of -0.17 (95% CI, -0.21 to -0.12), OR of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.63-0.95), and OR of 0.39 (95% CI, 0.33-0.45), respectively. Conclusion: HIF-PHIs and ESAs have their characteristics and advantages in treating anemia undergoing dialysis. With the selected dose-adjusted mode, some HIF-PHIs appeared to be a potential treatment for DD-CKD patients when ompared with rhEPO, due to its effectiveness in decreasing the risk of RBC transfusion rate or regulating iron or lipid metabolism while achieving target Hb levels. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=306511; Identifier: CRD42022306511.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Huang
- Department of Nephropathy, Luohu District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minling You
- Department of Nephropathy, Luohu District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Department of Nephropathy, Luohu District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Nephropathy, Luohu District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinming Zeng
- Department of Nephropathy, Luohu District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longfeng Jiang
- Department of Nephropathy, Luohu District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuben Du
- LuoHu Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Hong
- Institute of Advanced Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nephropathy, Luohu District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Chen J, Shou X, Xu Y, Jin L, Zhu C, Ye X, Mei Z, Chen P. A network meta-analysis of the efficacy of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors in dialysis chronic kidney disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:2237-2274. [PMID: 36988549 PMCID: PMC10085583 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Five types of HIF-PHIs have been authorized for anemia treatment in CKD patients in China and Japan. These are enarodustat, roxadustat, daprodustat, vadadustat, and molidustat. How effectively they compare to ESAs about clinical results in CKD-DD patients is uncertain. This study examined the RCT evidence about the benefits and risks of HIF-PHIs and ESAs in dialysis CKD patients. METHODS We conducted an extensive investigation and network meta-analysis of RCTs. In these RCTs, patients with CKD-DD received one of five different HIF-PHI or ESAs, a placebo, and no medical intervention. Outcomes included hemoglobin, iron parameters, and adverse events, and there were four weeks of follow-up at least. A frequentist framework for multivariate random effects meta-analyzed the results. The effect sizes of categorical variables were displayed as odds ratios. Mean differences were employed for computing continuous outcomes with common units; otherwise, standardized mean differences were applied. The Cochrane tool evaluated the bias risk in RCTs. RESULTS 26 RCTs with 14945 patients were qualified for inclusion. Compared to the placebo, HIF-PHIs and ESAs dramatically boosted hemoglobin without affecting serum iron. Roxadustat performed better hemoglobin levels than ESAs (MD 0.32, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.53) and daprodustat (0.46, 0.09 to 0.84). Roxadustat (91.8%) was the top hemoglobin treatment among all medical interventions, as determined by the SUCRA ranking. However, roxadustat caused more thrombosis and hypertension than ESAs (1.61, 1.22 to 2.12) and vadadustat (1.36, 1.01 to 1.82). The lowest rates of hypertension and thrombosis were seen in molidustat (80.7%) and ESAs (88.5%). Compared with a placebo, ESAs and HIF-PHIs all affected TSAT levels. Except for molidustat, the other four HIF-PHIs impact different iron parameters. Regarding ferritin reduction, roxadustat (90.9%) and daprodustat (60.9%) came out on top. Enarodustat (80.9%) and roxadustat (74%) placed best and second in lowering hepcidin levels. The former two medicines for TIBC improvement were vadadustat (98.7%) and enarodustat (80.9%). CONCLUSION The most effective treatment for hemoglobin correction is roxadustat. The superior efficacy of reducing hepcidin makes roxadustat and enarodustat appropriate for patients with inflammation. However, the increased risk of hypertension and thrombosis associated with roxadustat should be noted. In patients at risk for hypertension and thrombosis, molidustat and ESAs may be preferable options. When administering roxadustat and daprodustat, clinicians should check ferritin to assess iron storage. Lower TSAT in patients receiving HIF-PHIs and ESAs treatment suggests intravenous iron supplements are needed.
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Efficacy and safety of vadadustat compared to darbepoetin alfa on anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:325-334. [PMID: 35960479 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a novel oral agent in treating anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD), several clinical trials of vadadustat have been conducted to compare with darbepoetin alfa. This study systematically reviews and investigates the efficacy and safety of vadadustat in the anemia treatment with different duration in both nondialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) and dialysis-dependent CKD (DD-CKD). METHODS Several main databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting vadadustat vs darbepoetin alfa for anemia patients with CKD. The outcome indicators were focused on hemoglobin (Hb), the percentage of patients within the target Hb, the need for RBC (Red Blood Cell) transfusions, and serious adverse events (SAEs). RESULTS Four eligible studies with 8,026 participants were included. The changes of Hb levels from the baseline in the darbepoetin alfa group were significantly higher than that in the vadadustat group with DD-CKD (mean difference (MD) - 0.19, [95% confidence interval (CI), - 0.21 to - 0.17], p < 0.0001). In NDD-CKD patients, the changes of Hb levels in the two groups are not significantly different (MD = - 0.06, [95% CI, - 0.18 to 0.05], p = 0.006), especially, during the treatment duration of 20-36 weeks (MD = 0.02, [95% CI, - 0.04 to 0.08], p = 0.51). The percentage of patients within the target Hb was significantly lower in the vadadustat group than that in the darbepoetin alfa group in DD-CKD patients (MD = 0.9, [95% CI, 0.86 to 0.94], p < 0.00001), while in NDD-CKD patients, there was no significant difference (MD = 1.05, [95% CI, 0.99 to 1.12], p < 0.00001). In terms of safety, the two agents had no significant difference in the incidence of RBC transfusions and SAEs (RR = 1.26 [95% CI, 0.99 to 1.61], p = 0.52; RR = 0.97, [95% CI, 0.94 to 1.01], p = 0.19; respectively). CONCLUSION Compared to darbepoetin alfa, vadadustat had the same effect in raising the hemoglobin level in NDD-CKD patients in the short term. Vadadustat may become an effective and safe alternative for the treatment of patients with anemia and CKD, especially in NDD-CKD patients. As the application of vadadustat is still under exploration, future research should compensate for the limitations of our study to estimate the vadadustat's value.
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Yang J, Xing J, Zhu X, Xie X, Wang L, Zhang X. Effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors vs. erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on iron metabolism in non-dialysis-dependent anemic patients with CKD: A network meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1131516. [PMID: 37008953 PMCID: PMC10060950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1131516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of five hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors (HIF-PHIs), two erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), and placebo on iron metabolism in renal anemia patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD). METHOD Five electronic databases were searched for studies. Randomized controlled clinical trials comparing HIF-PHIs, ESAs, and placebo in NDD-CKD patients were selected. The statistical program used for network meta-analysis was Stata/SE 15.1. The main outcomes were the change in hepcidin and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. The merits of intervention measures were predicted by the surface under the cumulative ranking curve method. RESULTS Of 1,589 original titles screened, data were extracted from 15 trials (3,228 participants). All HIF-PHIs and ESAs showed greater Hb level-raising ability than placebo. Among them, desidustat demonstrated the highest probability of increasing Hb (95.6%). Hepcidin [mean deviation (MD) = -43.42, 95%CI: -47.08 to -39.76], ferritin (MD= -48.56, 95%CI: -55.21 to -41.96), and transferrin saturation (MD = -4.73, 95%CI: -5.52 to -3.94) were decreased, while transferrin (MD = 0.09, 95%CI: 0.01 to 0.18) and total iron-binding capacity (MD = 6.34, 95%CI: 5.71 to 6.96) was increased in HIF-PHIs versus those in ESAs. In addition, this study observed heterogeneity in the ability of HIF-PHIs to decrease hepcidin. Compared with darbepoetin, only daprodustat (MD = -49.09, 95% CI: -98.13 to -0.05) could significantly reduce hepcidin levels. Meanwhile, daprodustat also showed the highest hepcidin-lowering efficacy (84.0%), while placebo was the lowest (8.2%). CONCLUSION For NDD-CKD patients, HIF-PHIs could ameliorate functional iron deficiency by promoting iron transport and utilization, which may be achieved by decreasing hepcidin levels. Interestingly, HIF-PHIs had heterogeneous effects on iron metabolism. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=242777, Identifier CRD42021242777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Xing
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotong Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University/Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoliang Zhang,
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Zuk A, Si Z, Loi S, Bommegowda S, Hoivik D, Danthi S, Molnar G, Csizmadia V, Rabinowitz M. Preclinical Characterization of Vadadustat (AKB-6548), an Oral Small Molecule Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Inhibitor, for the Potential Treatment of Renal Anemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:11-24. [PMID: 35926869 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), transcription factors that activate target genes that, among others, increase erythropoietin (EPO) synthesis, resulting in the production of new red blood cells (RBCs). Herein, we summarize the preclinical characteristics of the small molecule HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitor vadadustat (AKB-6548), which is in development for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vadadustat inhibits the enzyme activity of all three human PHD isozymes, PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3, with similar low nanomolar inhibitory constant values. PHD enzyme inhibition by vadadustat is competitive with endogenous cofactor 2-oxoglutarate and is insensitive to free iron concentration. In the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep 3B) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, PHD inhibition by vadadustat leads to the time- and concentration-dependent stabilization of HIF-1α and HIF-2α In Hep 3B cells, this in turn results in the synthesis and secretion of EPO; vascular endothelial growth factor is not measured at detectable levels. A single oral dose of vadadustat in rats potently increases circulating levels of EPO, and daily oral dosing for 14 days increases RBC indices in healthy rats and in the 5/6 nephrectomy model of CKD. In mice and dogs, once-daily repeat oral dosing increases hemoglobin and hematocrit. Vadadustat has a relatively short half-life in all nonclinical species evaluated and does not accumulate when administered as a single bolus dose (oral or intravenous) or upon repeat oral dosing. The pharmacological profile of vadadustat supports continued development for treatment of renal anemia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Vadadustat (AKB-6548) is an orally bioavailable small molecule prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitor in development for anemia of chronic kidney disease. It is an equipotent inhibitor of the three human prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain isoforms, which activates erythropoiesis through stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α, increasing production of erythropoietin, without detectable stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zuk
- Department of Research and Early Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.Z, Z.S., S.L, S.B., D.H., S.D., G.M., V.C., M.R)
| | - Zhihai Si
- Department of Research and Early Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.Z, Z.S., S.L, S.B., D.H., S.D., G.M., V.C., M.R)
| | - Sally Loi
- Department of Research and Early Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.Z, Z.S., S.L, S.B., D.H., S.D., G.M., V.C., M.R)
| | - Santhosh Bommegowda
- Department of Research and Early Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.Z, Z.S., S.L, S.B., D.H., S.D., G.M., V.C., M.R)
| | - Debie Hoivik
- Department of Research and Early Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.Z, Z.S., S.L, S.B., D.H., S.D., G.M., V.C., M.R)
| | - Sanjay Danthi
- Department of Research and Early Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.Z, Z.S., S.L, S.B., D.H., S.D., G.M., V.C., M.R)
| | - Gyongyi Molnar
- Department of Research and Early Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.Z, Z.S., S.L, S.B., D.H., S.D., G.M., V.C., M.R)
| | - Vilmos Csizmadia
- Department of Research and Early Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.Z, Z.S., S.L, S.B., D.H., S.D., G.M., V.C., M.R)
| | - Michael Rabinowitz
- Department of Research and Early Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.Z, Z.S., S.L, S.B., D.H., S.D., G.M., V.C., M.R)
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Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase enzyme inhibitors: ready for primetime? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2022; 31:399-405. [PMID: 35894273 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors have recently been developed as a new treatment for anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several of these have been approved in Europe (roxadustat), China, and Japan, but none approved in the United States to date, although daprodustat has been submitted as a new drug application to the Food and Drug Administration. The aim of this review is to critically appraise the available data, particularly the most recent publications, and offer a personal viewpoint on whether or not these drugs are ready for primetime. RECENT FINDINGS The efficacy of HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in improving CKD anemia and maintaining a higher hemoglobin is undisputed, but there remain some concerns about safety, particularly in the long term. Some of the safety concerns may result from an exaggerated pharmacological response, while other potential adverse effects could be due to transcriptional effects of these agents beyond genes involved in erythropoiesis. SUMMARY HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors are already being used in clinical practice in several countries of the world, and ongoing research is being conducted to define the role of these drugs not only in the management of anemia but also beyond into other clinical settings.
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Natale P, Palmer SC, Jaure A, Hodson EM, Ruospo M, Cooper TE, Hahn D, Saglimbene VM, Craig JC, Strippoli GF. Hypoxia-inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 8:CD013751. [PMID: 36005278 PMCID: PMC9404697 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013751.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia occurs in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is more prevalent with lower levels of kidney function. Anaemia in CKD is associated with death related to cardiovascular (CV) disease and infection. Established treatments include erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), iron supplementation and blood transfusions. Oral hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) stabilisers are now available to manage anaemia in people with CKD. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the benefits and potential harms of HIF stabilisers for the management of anaemia in people with CKD. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 22 November 2021 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to our review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised studies evaluating hypoxia-inducible factors stabilisers compared to placebo, standard care, ESAs or iron supplementation in people with CKD were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Five authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Treatment estimates were summarised using random effects pair-wise meta-analysis and expressed as a relative risk (RR) or mean difference (MD), with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Evidence certainty was assessed using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included 51 studies randomising 30,994 adults. These studies compared HIF stabilisers to either placebo or an ESA. Compared to placebo, HIF stabiliser therapy had uncertain effects on CV death (10 studies, 1114 participants): RR 3.68, 95% CI 0.19 to 70.21; very low certainty evidence), and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) (3 studies, 822 participants): RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.31 to 5.36; I² = 0%; very low certainty evidence), probably decreases the proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion (8 studies, 4329 participants): RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.60; I² = 0%; moderate certainty evidence), and increases the proportion of patients reaching the target haemoglobin (Hb) (10 studies, 5102 participants): RR 8.36, 95% CI 6.42 to 10.89; I² = 37%; moderate certainty evidence). Compared to ESAs, HIF stabiliser therapy may make little or no difference to CV death (17 studies, 10,340 participants): RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.26; I² = 0%; low certainty evidence), nonfatal MI (7 studies, 7765 participants): RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.10; I² = 0%; low certainty evidence), and nonfatal stroke (5 studies, 7285 participants): RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.56; I² = 8%; low certainty evidence), and had uncertain effects on fatigue (2 studies, 3471 participants): RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.16; I² = 0%; very low certainty evidence). HIF stabiliser therapy probably decreased the proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion (11 studies, 10,786 participants): RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.00; I² = 25%; moderate certainty evidence), but may make little or no difference on the proportion of patients reaching the target Hb (14 studies, 4601 participants): RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.07; I² = 70%; low certainty evidence), compared to ESA. The effect of HIF stabilisers on hospitalisation for heart failure, peripheral arterial events, loss of unassisted dialysis vascular access patency, access intervention, cancer, infection, pulmonary hypertension and diabetic nephropathy was uncertain. None of the included studies reported life participation. Adverse events were rarely and inconsistently reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS HIF stabiliser management of anaemia had uncertain effects on CV death, fatigue, death (any cause), CV outcomes, and kidney failure compared to placebo or ESAs. Compared to placebo or ESAs, HIF stabiliser management of anaemia probably decreased the proportion of patients requiring blood transfusions, and probably increased the proportion of patients reaching the target Hb when compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Natale
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Suetonia C Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Allison Jaure
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Elisabeth M Hodson
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Cochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Marinella Ruospo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Tess E Cooper
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Cochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Deirdre Hahn
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Valeria M Saglimbene
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Craig
- Cochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Giovanni Fm Strippoli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Cochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
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10
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Flick AC, Leverett CA, Ding HX, McInturff EL, Fink SJ, Mahapatra S, Carney DW, Lindsey EA, DeForest JC, France SP, Berritt S, Bigi-Botterill SV, Gibson TS, Watson RB, Liu Y, O'Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2020. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9607-9661. [PMID: 35833579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New drugs introduced to the market are privileged structures that have affinities for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), provide insight into molecular recognition and simultaneously function as leads for the design of future medicines. This Review is part of a continuing series presenting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 44 new chemical entities approved for the first time anywhere in the world during 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Flick
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carolyn A Leverett
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong X Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Emma L McInturff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sarah J Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erick A Lindsey
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Tony S Gibson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rebecca B Watson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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11
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Miao M, Wu M, Li Y, Zhang L, Jin Q, Fan J, Xu X, Gu R, Hao H, Zhang A, Jia Z. Clinical Potential of Hypoxia Inducible Factors Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors in Treating Nonanemic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837249. [PMID: 35281917 PMCID: PMC8908211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and their regulatory hydroxylases the prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs) are the key mediators of the cellular response to hypoxia. HIFs are normally hydroxylated by PHDs and degraded, while under hypoxia, PHDs are suppressed, allowing HIF-α to accumulate and transactivate multiple target genes, including erythropoiesis, and genes participate in angiogenesis, iron metabolism, glycolysis, glucose transport, cell proliferation, survival, and so on. Aiming at stimulating HIFs, a group of small molecules antagonizing HIF-PHDs have been developed. Of these HIF-PHDs inhibitors (HIF-PHIs), roxadustat (FG-4592), daprodustat (GSK-1278863), vadadustat (AKB-6548), molidustat (BAY 85-3934) and enarodustat (JTZ-951) are approved for clinical usage or have progressed into clinical trials for chronic kidney disease (CKD) anemia treatment, based on their activation effect on erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. Since HIFs are involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, efforts have been made to extend the potential usage of HIF-PHIs beyond anemia. This paper reviewed the progress of preclinical and clinical research on clinically available HIF-PHIs in pathological conditions other than CKD anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiu Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengqiu Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingge Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Paulson SK, Martinez J, Sawant R, Burke SK, Chavan A. Effect of Phosphate Binders and a Dietary Iron Supplement on the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Vadadustat in Healthy Adults. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:475-485. [PMID: 35172045 PMCID: PMC9305443 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vadadustat is a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Sequelae of chronic kidney disease include hyperphosphatemia and anemia, which are frequently treated with phosphate binders and iron supplements, respectively. Two studies evaluating the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of a single oral dose of vadadustat coadministered with a phosphate binder or iron supplement were conducted in healthy adult participants. In study 1, 54 healthy women and men were administered vadadustat (300 mg) alone and 1 hour before, concurrently with, or 2 hours after a phosphate binder (sevelamer carbonate 1600 mg, calcium acetate 1334 mg, or ferric citrate 2000 mg). In study 2, 10 healthy men were administered vadadustat (450 mg) alone and concomitantly with the oral iron supplement ferrous sulfate (325 mg [equivalent to 65 mg of elemental iron]). Vadadustat exposure was reduced by coadministration with sevelamer carbonate, calcium acetate, ferric citrate, or ferrous sulfate. Geometric least squares mean ratios for area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity were reduced 37% to 55% by phosphate binders and 46% by ferrous sulfate. However, when vadadustat was administered 1 hour before phosphate binders, 90% confidence intervals for vadadustat exposure were within the no-effect boundaries of +50% to -33%, indicating that drug-drug interactions can be reduced by administering vadadustat 1 hour before phosphate binders. Vadadustat was well tolerated when administered in conjunction with phosphate binders or an iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steven K Burke
- Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ajit Chavan
- Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Xiong L, Zhang H, Guo Y, Song Y, Tao Y. Efficacy and Safety of Vadadustat for Anemia in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:795214. [PMID: 35115942 PMCID: PMC8804247 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.795214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vadadustat is a novel drug for treating anemia patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its effect and safety remain uncertain. This study aimed to summarize the evidence for vadadustat in the treatment of CKD patients with anemia.Methods: PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and an international trial register were searched from their inception to June 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy and safety of vadadustat to those of placebo or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in treating anemia in CKD patients. Data were pooled in a meta-analysis, with results expressed as the mean difference for continuous outcomes and relative risk for categorical outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The certainty of evidence was rated according to Cochrane methods and the GRADE approach.Results: Ten RCTs comparing vadadustat with placebo (4 RCTs) or darbepoetin alfa (6 RCTs) were included (n = 8,438 participants). Compared with placebo, vadadustat increased the hemoglobin (Hb) response rate (risk ratio 5.27; 95% CI: 2.69 to 10.31; p < 0.001; high certainty of evidence) and Hb level from baseline (∆Hb) (mean difference (MD) 1.28; 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.73; p < 0.001; low certainty of evidence). Compared with placebo or darbepoetin alfa, vadadustat decreased hepcidin (MD -36.62; 95% CI: −54.95 to −18.30; p < 0.001) and ferritin (MD −56.24; 95% CI: −77.37 to −35.11; p < 0.001) levels and increased iron-binding capacity (MD 24.38; 95% CI: 13.69 to 35.07; p < 0.001), with a low to moderate certainty of evidence. Moderate to high certainty evidence suggested that compared with placebo or darbepoetin alfa, vadadustat significantly increased the risk of nausea and diarrhea but did not significantly increase the risk of serious adverse events, especially all-cause mortality, cardiac events and nonfatal stroke.Conclusion: Vadadustat may safely improve Hb levels and promote iron utilization in CKD patients with anemia without increasing the incidence of serious adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Xiong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yannan Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Song
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Tao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Meishan Women and Children’s Hospital, Alliance Hospital of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Meishan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhong Tao,
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14
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of roxadustat are well characterized, with an apparent volume of distribution after oral administration of 22–57 L, apparent clearance of 1.2–2.65 L/h, and renal clearance of 0.030–0.026 L/h in healthy volunteers; the elimination half-life is 9.6–16 h. Plasma binding is 99% and the fraction eliminated by hemodialysis is 2.34%. As an interpretation of the pharmacodynamics of roxadustat, we proposed a concept with a hypothetical cascade of two subsequent effects, first on erythropoetin (EPO) and second on hemoglobin (delta Hb). The primary effect on EPO is observed within a few hours after roxadustat administration and can be modeled using the sigmoidal Hill equation. The concentration at half-maximum effect can be inferred at 10–36 µg/mL, the Hill coefficient at 3.3, and the effect bisection time at 10–17 h, corresponding to EPO half-life. The subsequent effect on hemoglobin (delta Hb) is observed after several weeks and can be interpreted as an irreversible, dose proportional, unsaturable effect, continuing in agreement with the lifespan of red blood cells of 63–112 days.
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15
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Aslan A, Aslan C, Zolbanin NM, Jafari R. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19: possible mechanisms and therapeutic management. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2021; 13:14. [PMID: 34872623 PMCID: PMC8647516 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-021-00092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is a serious concern in the new era. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and lung failure are the main lung diseases in COVID-19 patients. Even though COVID-19 vaccinations are available now, there is still an urgent need to find potential treatments to ease the effects of COVID-19 on already sick patients. Multiple experimental drugs have been approved by the FDA with unknown efficacy and possible adverse effects. Probably the increasing number of studies worldwide examining the potential COVID-19 related therapies will help to identification of effective ARDS treatment. In this review article, we first provide a summary on immunopathology of ARDS next we will give an overview of management of patients with COVID-19 requiring intensive care unit (ICU), while focusing on the current treatment strategies being evaluated in the clinical trials in COVID-19-induced ARDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anolin Aslan
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cynthia Aslan
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St., Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, Urmia, 57147, Iran. .,Hematology, Immune Cell Therapy, and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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16
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Kokado Y, Kawai K, Nanjo T, Kinoshita S, Kondo K. In Vitro and Clinical Pharmacokinetic Studies of the Effects of Iron-containing Agents on Vadadustat, an Oral Hypoxia-inducible Factor-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor. Clin Ther 2021; 43:1408-1418.e5. [PMID: 34511184 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor approved in Japan for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease. This study investigated drug-drug interactions between vadadustat and oral iron supplements or iron-containing phosphate binders commonly used in Japanese clinical practice by conducting in vitro mechanistic and clinical pharmacokinetic studies. METHODS In the in vitro assessment, chelate formation of vadadustat with iron-containing agents was investigated in water and in a fed-state simulated intestinal fluid. Chelate formation was assessed by observation of a chelate-specific color, and the concentration of vadadustat was determined. In the single-dose, open-label, randomized, crossover clinical study, healthy male participants received 150 mg of vadadustat with or without oral iron-containing agents. Pharmacokinetic data were collected for up to 24 hours after vadadustat administration. Participants were monitored for adverse events during the study. FINDINGS Vadadustat formed a chelate precipitate with ferrous sulfate and ferric nitrate, as shown by development of a specific bright orange color in water. The proportions of vadadustat dissolved in the supernatant were 2% and 18%, respectively. Vadadustat did not form a chelate precipitate in a fed-state simulated intestinal fluid in the presence of sodium ferrous citrate, ferric citrate hydrate, or sucroferric oxyhydroxide; the proportion of vadadustat in supernatant ranged from 63% to 89%. In the clinical pharmacokinetic study, coadministration of vadadustat with sodium ferrous citrate, ferric citrate hydrate, sucroferric oxyhydroxide, or ferrous sulfate decreased the AUC0-∞ by 54.0% to 89.7% and Cmax by 42.1% to 91.9%. No serious adverse events were reported. IMPLICATIONS Chelate formation of vadadustat with iron-containing agents was confirmed by in vitro analysis and depended on the type of iron-containing agent. The AUC0-∞ and Cmax of vadadustat decreased when coadministered with oral iron-containing agents. Our data suggest that the decreases in AUC0-∞ and Cmax are a result of chelation in the gastrointestinal tract; therefore, coadministration of iron-containing agents with vadadustat should use a dosing interval. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03645863.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kouji Kawai
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Weir MR. Managing Anemia across the Stages of Kidney Disease in Those Hyporesponsive to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents. Am J Nephrol 2021; 52:450-466. [PMID: 34280923 DOI: 10.1159/000516901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with CKD frequently have anemia that results from iron-restricted erythropoiesis and inflammation. Anemia of CKD is currently managed with iron supplements and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to promote erythropoiesis and with RBC transfusion in severe cases. Hyporesponse to ESAs, or the need for larger than usual doses to attain a given hemoglobin (Hb) level, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and presents a pressing clinical challenge, particularly for patients on dialysis. This paper reviews ESA hyporesponse and potential new therapeutic options in the management of anemia of CKD. SUMMARY The most common causes of ESA hyporesponse include iron deficiency and inflammation, and to a lesser degree, secondary hyperparathyroidism, inadequate dialysis, malnutrition, and concomitant medications. Management of ESA hyporesponse is multipronged and involves treating low level infections, ensuring adequate nutrition, and optimizing iron status and dialysis modality, although some patients can remain refractory. Inflammation directly increases production and secretion of hepcidin, contributes to an impaired response to hypoxia, and suppresses proliferation of erythroid progenitors. Coordination of renal and hepatic erythropoietin (EPO) production and iron metabolism is under the control of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), which are in turn regulated by HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (HIF-PHs). HIF-PHs and hepcidin are therefore attractive potential drug targets particularly in patients with ESA hyporesponse. Several oral HIF-PH inhibitors have been evaluated in patients with anemia of CKD and have been shown to increase Hb and reduce hepcidin regardless of inflammation, iron status, or dialysis modality. These sustained effects are achieved through more modest increases in endogenous EPO compared with ESAs. Key Messages: Treatments that address ESA hyporesponse remain a significant unmet clinical need in patients with anemia of CKD. New therapies such as HIF-PH inhibitors have the potential to address fundamental aspects of ESA hyporesponse and provide a new therapeutic option in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Nangaku M, Kondo K, Kokado Y, Ueta K, Kaneko G, Tandai T, Kawaguchi Y, Komatsu Y. Phase 3 Randomized Study Comparing Vadadustat with Darbepoetin Alfa for Anemia in Japanese Patients with Nondialysis-Dependent CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1779-1790. [PMID: 33883252 PMCID: PMC8425651 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard care for treating anemia in patients with CKD includes use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, which sometimes involves increased risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Previous studies in patients with anemia and nondialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) found significantly elevated hemoglobin levels with use of vadadustat, an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, compared with placebo. METHODS In this phase 3, open-label, active-controlled noninferiority trial, we randomized 304 Japanese adults with anemia in NDD-CKD (including erythropoiesis-stimulating agent users and nonusers) to oral vadadustat or subcutaneous darbepoetin alfa for 52 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was average hemoglobin at weeks 20 and 24. Safety data included adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs. RESULTS A total of 151 participants received vadadustat and 153 received darbepoetin alfa. Least squares mean of the average hemoglobin at weeks 20 and 24 was 11.66 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 11.49 to 11.84) g/dl for vadadustat and 11.93 (95% CI, 11.76 to 12.10) g/dl for darbepoetin alfa. The 95% CIs for both treatments were within the target hemoglobin range (11.0-13.0 g/dl), and the lower 95% confidence limit for the difference between groups (-0.50 g/dl) was above the predefined noninferiority margin (-0.75 g/dl), demonstrating noninferiority of vadadustat to darbepoetin alfa. Similar proportions of patients in each group reported AEs and serious AEs. The most frequent AEs with vadadustat were nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, and constipation. CONCLUSIONS In Japanese patients with NDD-CKD, vadadustat was noninferior to darbepoetin alfa, was effective up to week 52 in terms of average hemoglobin, and was generally well tolerated. These results suggest that vadadustat may be a potential treatment for anemia in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Nangaku
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Genki Kaneko
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Komatsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Abstract
Vadadustat (VAFSEO®) is a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor being developed by Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. (Akebia) for the treatment of anaemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Akebia is collaborating with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation on the development and commercialization of vadadustat in Japan and with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd on the development and commercialization of vadadustat in the USA, the EU and certain other territories. The drug is approved in Japan for use in adult patients with anaemia associated with CKD and regulatory submissions are planned in the USA and the EU. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of vadadustat leading to this first approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Markham
- Springer Nature, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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20
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Nangaku M, Kondo K, Takabe S, Ueta K, Tandai T, Kawaguchi Y, Komatsu Y. A phase 3, open-label, single-arm study of vadadustat for anemia in chronic kidney disease for Japanese patients on hemodialysis not receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Ther Apher Dial 2021; 26:45-54. [PMID: 34115437 PMCID: PMC9292398 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia‐inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor approved in Japan for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This phase 3, open‐label, single‐arm study evaluated the efficacy and safety of vadadustat in 24 Japanese patients with CKD‐associated anemia on hemodialysis who were not receiving erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs). Patients received vadadustat for 24 weeks; the starting dose was 300 mg/day and doses were adjusted to achieve the target hemoglobin (Hb) range of 10.0–12.0 g/dL. The least squares mean of average Hb at Weeks 20 and 24 (95% confidence interval) was 10.75 g/dL (10.35, 11.14). The most common adverse event was shunt stenosis (25.0%). Adverse drug reactions (diarrhea and vomiting) occurred in two patients (8.3%) and the severity was mild. Vadadustat increased and maintained Hb levels within the target range and was generally well‐tolerated in Japanese patients with anemia on hemodialysis not receiving ESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Nangaku
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasuhiro Komatsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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21
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Cardiovascular safety and efficacy of vadadustat for the treatment of anemia in non-dialysis-dependent CKD: Design and baseline characteristics. Am Heart J 2021; 235:1-11. [PMID: 33129989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical practice guidelines for anemia management in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) recommend the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) as standard of care. Vadadustat, an investigational oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor, stimulates endogenous erythropoietin production. The PRO2TECT program comprises 2 global, Phase 3, randomized, open-label, active-controlled, sponsor-blind clinical trials to evaluate safety and efficacy of vadadustat vs darbepoetin alfa in adult patients with anemia associated with NDD-CKD. Patients recruited into the ESA-untreated NDD-CKD trial (N = 1751) had hemoglobin <10 g/dL and had not received an ESA within 8 weeks prior to inclusion in the study. Patients recruited into the ESA-treated NDD-CKD trial (N = 1725) had hemoglobin between 8 and 11 g/dL (US) or 9 and 12 g/dL (non-US) and were actively treated with an ESA for anemia associated with CKD. Trial periods in both trials include (1) correction/conversion (weeks 0-23); (2) maintenance (weeks 24-52); (3) long-term treatment (week 53 to end of treatment); and (4) safety follow-up (end-of-treatment to 4 weeks later). The primary safety endpoint is time to first adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular event, defined as all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke, pooled across both trials. The primary efficacy endpoint in each trial is change in hemoglobin from baseline to primary evaluation period (weeks 24-36), comparing vadadustat vs darbepoetin alfa treatment groups. Demographics and baseline characteristics are similar among patients in both trials and broadly representative of the NDD-CKD population. These trials will help to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vadadustat for management of anemia associated with NDD-CKD.
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Chertow GM, Pergola PE, Farag YMK, Agarwal R, Arnold S, Bako G, Block GA, Burke S, Castillo FP, Jardine AG, Khawaja Z, Koury MJ, Lewis EF, Lin T, Luo W, Maroni BJ, Matsushita K, McCullough PA, Parfrey PS, Roy-Chaudhury P, Sarnak MJ, Sharma A, Spinowitz B, Tseng C, Tumlin J, Vargo DL, Walters KA, Winkelmayer WC, Wittes J, Eckardt KU. Vadadustat in Patients with Anemia and Non-Dialysis-Dependent CKD. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1589-1600. [PMID: 33913637 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2035938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, a class of drugs that stabilize HIF and stimulate erythropoietin and red-cell production. METHODS In two phase 3, randomized, open-label, active-controlled, noninferiority trials, we compared vadadustat with the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) darbepoetin alfa in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) not previously treated with an ESA who had a hemoglobin concentration of less than 10 g per deciliter and in patients with ESA-treated NDD-CKD and a hemoglobin concentration of 8 to 11 g per deciliter (in the United States) or 9 to 12 g per deciliter (in other countries). The primary safety end point, assessed in a time-to-event analysis, was the first major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE; a composite of death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke), pooled across the two trials. Secondary safety end points included expanded MACE (MACE plus hospitalization for either heart failure or a thromboembolic event). The primary and key secondary efficacy end points in each trial were the mean change in hemoglobin concentration from baseline during two evaluation periods: weeks 24 through 36 and weeks 40 through 52. RESULTS A total of 1751 patients with ESA-untreated NDD-CKD and 1725 with ESA-treated NDD-CKD underwent randomization in the two trials. In the pooled analysis, in which 1739 patients received vadadustat and 1732 received darbepoetin alfa, the hazard ratio for MACE was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.36), which did not meet the prespecified noninferiority margin of 1.25. The mean between-group differences in the change in the hemoglobin concentration at weeks 24 through 36 were 0.05 g per deciliter (95% CI, -0.04 to 0.15) in the trial involving ESA-untreated patients and -0.01 g per deciliter (95% CI, -0.09 to 0.07) in the trial involving ESA-treated patients, which met the prespecified noninferiority margin of -0.75 g per deciliter. CONCLUSIONS Vadadustat, as compared with darbepoetin alfa, met the prespecified noninferiority criterion for hematologic efficacy but not the prespecified noninferiority criterion for cardiovascular safety in patients with NDD-CKD. (Funded by Akebia Therapeutics and Otsuka Pharmaceutical; PRO2TECT ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02648347 and NCT02680574.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Chertow
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Pablo E Pergola
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Youssef M K Farag
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Susan Arnold
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Gabriel Bako
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Geoffrey A Block
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Steven Burke
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Fausto P Castillo
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Alan G Jardine
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Zeeshan Khawaja
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Mark J Koury
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Tim Lin
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Wenli Luo
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Bradley J Maroni
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Peter A McCullough
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Patrick S Parfrey
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Mark J Sarnak
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Amit Sharma
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Bruce Spinowitz
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Carol Tseng
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - James Tumlin
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Dennis L Vargo
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Kimberly A Walters
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Wolfgang C Winkelmayer
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Janet Wittes
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
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Eckardt KU, Agarwal R, Aswad A, Awad A, Block GA, Bacci MR, Farag YMK, Fishbane S, Hubert H, Jardine A, Khawaja Z, Koury MJ, Maroni BJ, Matsushita K, McCullough PA, Lewis EF, Luo W, Parfrey PS, Pergola P, Sarnak MJ, Spinowitz B, Tumlin J, Vargo DL, Walters KA, Winkelmayer WC, Wittes J, Zwiech R, Chertow GM. Safety and Efficacy of Vadadustat for Anemia in Patients Undergoing Dialysis. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1601-1612. [PMID: 33913638 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2025956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, a class of compounds that stimulate endogenous erythropoietin production. METHODS We conducted two randomized, open-label, noninferiority phase 3 trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vadadustat, as compared with darbepoetin alfa, in patients with anemia and incident or prevalent dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (DD-CKD). The primary safety end point, assessed in a time-to-event analysis, was the first occurrence of a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE, a composite of death from any cause, a nonfatal myocardial infarction, or a nonfatal stroke), pooled across the trials (noninferiority margin, 1.25). A key secondary safety end point was the first occurrence of a MACE plus hospitalization for either heart failure or a thromboembolic event. The primary and key secondary efficacy end points were the mean change in hemoglobin from baseline to weeks 24 to 36 and from baseline to weeks 40 to 52, respectively, in each trial (noninferiority margin, -0.75 g per deciliter). RESULTS A total of 3923 patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive vadadustat or darbepoetin alfa: 369 in the incident DD-CKD trial and 3554 in the prevalent DD-CKD trial. In the pooled analysis, a first MACE occurred in 355 patients (18.2%) in the vadadustat group and in 377 patients (19.3%) in the darbepoetin alfa group (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.11). The mean differences between the groups in the change in hemoglobin concentration were -0.31 g per deciliter (95% CI, -0.53 to -0.10) at weeks 24 to 36 and -0.07 g per deciliter (95% CI, -0.34 to 0.19) at weeks 40 to 52 in the incident DD-CKD trial and -0.17 g per deciliter (95% CI, -0.23 to -0.10) and -0.18 g per deciliter (95% CI, -0.25 to -0.12), respectively, in the prevalent DD-CKD trial. The incidence of serious adverse events in the vadadustat group was 49.7% in the incident DD-CKD trial and 55.0% in the prevalent DD-CKD trial, and the incidences in the darbepoetin alfa group were 56.5% and 58.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with anemia and CKD who were undergoing dialysis, vadadustat was noninferior to darbepoetin alfa with respect to cardiovascular safety and correction and maintenance of hemoglobin concentrations. (Funded by Akebia Therapeutics and Otsuka Pharmaceutical; INNO2VATE ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02865850 and NCT02892149.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Ahmad Aswad
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Ahmed Awad
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Geoffrey A Block
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Marcelo R Bacci
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Youssef M K Farag
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Steven Fishbane
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Harold Hubert
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Alan Jardine
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Zeeshan Khawaja
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Mark J Koury
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Bradley J Maroni
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Peter A McCullough
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Wenli Luo
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Patrick S Parfrey
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Pablo Pergola
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Mark J Sarnak
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Bruce Spinowitz
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - James Tumlin
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Dennis L Vargo
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Kimberly A Walters
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Wolfgang C Winkelmayer
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Janet Wittes
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Rafal Zwiech
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
| | - Glenn M Chertow
- From the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Gonzalez M.D. and Aswad M.D. Health Care Services, Miami (A. Aswad); Clinical Research Consultants, Kansas City, MO (A. Awad); U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), Renal Associates, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (P.P.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Praxis Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Practice, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, São Paulo (M.R.B.); Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., Z.K., B.J.M., W.L., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck (S.F.), and the Division of Nephrology, New York Presbyterian, Queens (B.S.) - both in New York; Nephrology Associates, Augusta (H.H.), and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.) - both in Georgia; the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L., G.M.C.); the Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada (P.S.P.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Kidney Transplantation-Dialysis Department, Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (R.Z.)
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Haase VH. Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2021; 11:8-25. [PMID: 33777492 PMCID: PMC7983025 DOI: 10.1016/j.kisu.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) are a promising new class of orally administered drugs currently in late-stage global clinical development for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). HIF-PHIs activate the HIF oxygen-sensing pathway and are efficacious in correcting and maintaining hemoglobin levels in patients with non-dialysis- and dialysis-dependent CKD. In addition to promoting erythropoiesis through the increase in endogenous erythropoietin production, HIF-PHIs reduce hepcidin levels and modulate iron metabolism, providing increases in total iron binding capacity and transferrin levels, and potentially reducing the need for i.v. iron supplementation. Furthermore, HIF-activating drugs are predicted to have effects that extend beyond erythropoiesis. This review summarizes clinical data from current HIF-PHI trials in patients with anemia of CKD, discusses mechanisms of action and pharmacologic properties of HIF-PHIs, and deliberates over safety concerns and potential impact on anemia management in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker H. Haase
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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25
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Hanudel MR, Wong S, Jung G, Qiao B, Gabayan V, Zuk A, Ganz T. Amelioration of chronic kidney disease-associated anemia by vadadustat in mice is not dependent on erythroferrone. Kidney Int 2021; 100:79-89. [PMID: 33811979 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vadadustat is an investigational hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that increases endogenous erythropoietin production and has been shown to decrease hepcidin levels, ameliorate iron restriction, and increase hemoglobin concentrations in anemic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In studies of physiological responses to other erythropoietic stimuli, erythropoietin induced erythroblast secretion of erythroferrone (ERFE), which acts on the liver to suppress hepcidin production and mobilize iron for erythropoiesis. We therefore investigated whether vadadustat effects on erythropoiesis and iron metabolism are dependent on ERFE. Wild type and ERFE knockout mice with and without CKD were treated with vadadustat or vehicle. In both wild type and ERFE knockout CKD models, vadadustat was similarly effective, as evidenced by normalized hemoglobin concentrations, increased expression of duodenal iron transporters, lower serum hepcidin levels, and decreased tissue iron concentrations. This is consistent with ERFE-independent increased iron mobilization. Vadadustat treatment also lowered serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations and decreased expression of kidney fibrosis markers. Lastly, vadadustat affected fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) profiles: in non-CKD mice, vadadustat increased plasma total FGF23 out of proportion to intact FGF23, consistent with the known effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and erythropoietin on FGF23 production and metabolism. However, in the mice with CKD, vadadustat markedly decreased both total and intact FGF23, effects likely contributed to by the reduced loss of kidney function. Thus, in this CKD model, vadadustat ameliorated anemia independently of ERFE, improved kidney parameters, and decreased FGF23. How vadadustat affects CKD progression in humans warrants future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hanudel
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Shirley Wong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grace Jung
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bo Qiao
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Victoria Gabayan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna Zuk
- Research and Development, Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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26
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Nangaku M, Kondo K, Takabe S, Ueta K, Kaneko G, Otsuka M, Kawaguchi Y, Komatsu Y. Vadadustat for anemia in chronic kidney disease patients on peritoneal dialysis: A phase 3 open-label study in Japan. Ther Apher Dial 2020; 25:642-653. [PMID: 33283981 PMCID: PMC8451920 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This phase 3, open-label, 24-week single-arm study evaluated the efficacy and safety of vadadustat in 42 Japanese CKD patients with anemia undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Patients received oral vadadustat for 24 weeks, initiated at 300 mg/day and doses were adjusted to achieve the target hemoglobin (Hb) range of 11.0-13.0 g/dL. Least squares mean of average Hb at weeks 20 and 24 was 11.35 g/dL, which was within the target range. The most frequent adverse events were catheter site infections (23.8%), which were not related to vadadustat treatment. Vadadustat was generally well tolerated and effective in controlling Hb levels within the target range, indicating the usefulness of vadadustat for treating anemia in Japanese CKD patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Nangaku
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuoki Kondo
- Integrated Value Development Division, Medical Intelligence Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Souichirou Takabe
- Integrated Value Development Division, Medical Intelligence Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Ueta
- Integrated Value Development Division, Medical Intelligence Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Kaneko
- Integrated Value Development Division, Medical Intelligence Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Otsuka
- Integrated Value Development Division, Medical Intelligence Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawaguchi
- Integrated Value Development Division, Medical Intelligence Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Komatsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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