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Dai Y, Yang W, Song H, He X, Guan R, Wu Z, Jiang X, Li M, Liu P, Chen J. Long-term effects of chronic exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol on the cardiovascular and pulmonary system in mice: A comparative study to cigarette smoke. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108521. [PMID: 38508052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have rapidly gained popularity as alternatives to traditional combustible cigarettes. However, their long-term health impact remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to e-cigarette aerosol (ECA) in mice compared to conventional cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. The mice were exposed to air (control), low, medium, or high doses of ECA, or a reference CS dose orally and nasally for eight months. Various cardiovascular and pulmonary assessments have been conducted to determine the biological and prosthetic effects. Histopathological analysis was used to determine structural changes in the heart and lungs. Biological markers associated with fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress were investigated. Cardiac proteomic analysis was applied to reveal the shared and unique protein expression changes in ECA and CS groups, which related to processes such as immune activation, lipid metabolism, and intracellular transport. Overall, chronic exposure to ECA led to adverse cardiovascular and pulmonary effects in mice, although they were less pronounced than those of CS exposure. This study provides evidence that e-cigarettes may be less harmful than combustible cigarettes for the long-term health of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in mice. However, further human studies are needed to clarify the long-term health risks associated with e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanchun Yang
- Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People's Hospital, Jieyang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjia Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiangjun He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruoqing Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Liu M, Wang H, Fu Y, Li X, Wu P, Liu G, Wang R, Zhang Y, Chen H, Hou H, Hu Q. The Role of Nicotine Metabolic Rate on Nicotine Dependence and Rewarding: Nicotine Metabolism in Chinese Male Smokers and Male Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04040-8. [PMID: 38427211 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The exact relationship between nicotine metabolism and dependence is not fully understood but is known to be influenced at a molecular level by genetic factors. A sample comprising 274 Chinese adult male smokers was categorized into groups based on their metabolic rates, namely fast, intermediate, and slow metabolizers. We then measured their smoking topography, evaluated their nicotine dependence, and assessed the rewarding effects. Based on these findings, we proposed the hypothesis that the rate of nicotine metabolism could influence the level of dopamine release which in turn had repercussions on the pleasurable and rewarding effects. To test this hypothesis, male mice were selected with different nicotine metabolic rates that closely resembled in the smoker group. We evaluated their nicotine dependence and rewarding effects through conditioned place preference and withdrawal symptom tests, supplemented with dopamine release measurements. In both animal and human, the slow metabolism group (SMG) required less nicotine to maintain a comparable level of dependence than the fast metabolism group (FMG). The SMG could achieve similar rewarding effects to FMG despite consuming less nicotine. Comparable dopamine levels released were therefore critical in setting the nicotine acquisition behavior in this animal model and also for the smokers tested. Our findings suggested that even within the same ethnicity of established smokers (Chinese Han), differences in nicotine metabolism were an important parameter to modulate the degree of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yaning Fu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute On Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglin Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ruiyan Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China
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Addicott MA, Sutfin EL, Reynolds LM, Donny E, Matich EK, Hsu PC. Biochemical validation of self-reported electronic nicotine delivery system and tobacco heaviness of use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:715-723. [PMID: 36107700 PMCID: PMC10184506 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on tobacco use disorder relies on a combination of self-reported use (e.g., cigarettes per day) and biochemical validation to quantify heaviness of use. However, electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users may be unaware of how much they have vaped per day. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between self-reported heaviness of ENDS/tobacco use and nicotine biomarkers. Young adults (n = 30) who currently use ENDS and other tobacco products completed a detailed tobacco use history, timeline follow-back, and an ENDS topography session. We evaluated the self-reports of own-brand ENDS use and tested correlations to determine which self-report measures of own-brand use, and which self-reported measures of puff topography, had the strongest correlations with urine and/or blood biomarkers of nicotine use. Participants reported using a variety of different ENDS devices and had a range of usage. The sum of the self-reported number of occasions or hours of ENDS use, along with the number of cigarettes and other tobacco products used, over the past 24 hr was significantly correlated with plasma cotinine levels. Puff topography measures correlated with increased nicotine concentrations, although participants underestimated the number of puffs they took during the topography session. This study provides preliminary evidence that summing together the hours of ENDS use, or the number of occasions of ENDS use, in addition to the number of other tobacco products used (i.e., cigarettes) based on self-report may be an accurate method of quantification. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Merideth A. Addicott
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Erin L. Sutfin
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Lindsay M. Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Eric Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Eryn K. Matich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Ping-Ching Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Smith JE, Brinkman HR, Aston ER, Zvolensky MJ, Leyro TM, Farris SG. Difficulties in emotion regulation and ad libitum smoking topography: A secondary analysis. Addict Behav 2023; 137:107498. [PMID: 36240535 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the well-known linkages between poor emotion regulation and subjective smoking motives, little is known about the role of emotion regulation in predicting smoking reinforcement behavior. This study examined the relation between difficulties in emotion regulation and puff velocity data, a behavioral index of smoking reinforcement, in adult daily cigarette smokers. METHOD The current study was a secondary analysis of data collected from non-treatment seeking daily smokers (N = 124). Participants completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) followed by an ad libitum smoking period during which puff topography data was collected via a handheld puffing device. Puff velocity served as our puff topography index and was examined at the average and puff-to-puff level using regression and multi-level models, respectively. RESULTS Regression analyses showed no significant association between DERS scores and average puff velocity. In contrast, multi-level modeling found a significant quadratic time × DERS effect at the puff-to-puff level, such that those with greater emotion regulation difficulties inhaled more quickly at the initiation of the cigarette, whereas those with lower emotion regulation difficulties evidenced consistent puffing over the course of the cigarette. DISCUSSION Smokers with greater difficulties in emotion regulation appear to smoke in a way that maximizes delivery of nicotine, perhaps to self-regulate distress. One's style of puffing may reflect a possible behavioral marker of negative reinforcement smoking, especially in the context of emotional distress. IMPLICATIONS This study was the first to explore the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and a behavioral measure of smoking reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Smith
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hannah R Brinkman
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Teresa M Leyro
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Samantha G Farris
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Belsare P, Senyurek VY, Imtiaz MH, Betts J, Motschman CA, Dowd AN, Tiffany ST, Sazonov E. Analyzing Impact of Mouthpiece-based Puff Topography Devices on Smoking Behavior using Wearable Sensors. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:1787-1791. [PMID: 36086477 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detailed assessment of smoking topography (puffing and post-puffing metrics) can lead to a better understanding of factors that influence tobacco use. Research suggests that portable mouthpiece-based devices used for puff topography measurement may alter natural smoking behavior. This paper evaluated the impact of a portable puff topography device (CReSS Pocket) on puffing & post-puffing topography using a wearable system, the Personal Automatic Cigarette Tracker v2 (PACT 2.0) as a reference measurement. Data from 45 smokers who smoked one cigarette in the lab and an unrestricted number of cigarettes under free-living conditions over 4 consecutive days were used for analysis. PACT 2.0 was worn on all four days. A puff topography instrument (CReSS pocket) was used for cigarette smoking on two random days during the four days of study in the laboratory and free-living conditions. Smoke inhalations were automatically detected using PACT2.0 signals. Respiratory smoke exposure metrics (i.e., puff count, duration of cigarette, puff duration, inhale-exhale duration, inhale-exhale volume, volume over time, smoke hold duration, inter-puff interval) were computed for each puff/smoke inhalation. Analysis comparing respiratory smoke exposure metrics during CReSS days and days without CReSS revealed a significant difference in puff duration, inhale-exhale duration and volume, smoke hold duration, inter-puff interval, and volume over time. However, the number of cigarettes per day and number of puffs per cigarette were statistically the same irrespective of the use of the CReSS device. The results suggested that the use of mouthpiece-based puff topography devices may influence measures of smoking topography with corresponding changes in smoking behavior and smoke exposure.
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Peters EN, Herrmann ES, Smith C, Wilhelm JA, Koszowski B, Halquist M, Kosmider L, Poklis J, Roth S, Bart S, Pickworth WB. Impact of smoked cannabis on tobacco cigarette smoking intensity and subjective effects: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, within-subjects human laboratory study. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:345-354. [PMID: 32463281 PMCID: PMC8457526 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Co-users of cannabis and tobacco frequently use cannabis, then tobacco cigarettes, in a sequential pattern within an occasion, that is, they "chase" smoked cannabis with a tobacco cigarette. The objective of this placebo-controlled, double-blind, within-subjects human laboratory study was to gather preliminary data on how smoking active versus placebo cannabis impacts tobacco cigarette smoking behavior, craving, and subjective effects. Adult daily cannabis and tobacco co-users (N = 9) were randomly assigned to two experimental visit orders (i.e., active cannabis (5.2% THC) first visit and placebo cannabis second visit, or vice versa). Participants smoked one cannabis cigarette, and approximately 30 min later were given a 5-min ad libitum period to smoke one of their own brand of tobacco cigarette. As expected, boost in plasma THC levels and cannabis-related subjective effects differed between active and placebo cannabis conditions. Tobacco cigarette puff topography measures and tobacco craving did not differ between cannabis conditions, but there appeared to be between-participants heterogeneity in cumulative total puff volume. After smoking active versus placebo cannabis, the changes in subjective effects of tobacco smoking after adjusting for pretobacco smoking levels were not significant. Results do not support the notion that immediate effects of smoked cannabis change the behavior of tobacco smoking. The strong overlap between cannabis and tobacco smoking may not be explained by primarily pharmacological factors, but may be driven by more nuanced and complex mechanisms involving pharmacological processes as well as learning factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Mercincavage M, Karelitz JL, Kreider CL, Souprountchouk V, Albelda B, Strasser AA. Comparing video observation to electronic topography device as a method for measuring cigarette puffing behavior. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108623. [PMID: 33618196 PMCID: PMC8026715 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking topography, or puffing behavior, is an important measure of how consumers may use tobacco products. However, numerous issues may prevent collection of this data via in-person, electronic topography device (e.g., CReSS). This study compared cigarette topography measures collected by video observation and electronic device. METHODS Laboratory smoking sessions were video recorded and scored for 96 cigarettes collected from 34 daily, adult non-treatment-seeking smokers (73.5 % male, 82.4 % White). Participants smoked three of their preferred brand cigarettes using an electronic topography device, providing carbon monoxide (CO) samples before and after each cigarette. Analyses compared measures from both assessment methods and examined associations with device-obtained total puff volume and CO boost. RESULTS Agreement analyses indicated robust similarity between methods for measures of puff count and total interpuff interval (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient [ICC]'s > 0.96,p's < 0.001; Bland-Altman [B-A] plotted differences within a priori limit of clinical significance) but diverged on total duration (ICC's > .93, p's < .001, yet B-A plots outside a priori limits). Regardless of assessment method, total duration and puff count (but not total interpuff interval) predicted total puff volume (p's < .001). None predicted CO boost (p's = .07-.90)." CONCLUSIONS Although some topography outcomes (e.g., total puff volume) cannot be assessed via video observation, video-observed measures of puff count, total duration, and total interpuff interval are generally interchangeable with their topography device-obtained counterparts. Thus, video observation is likely a sufficient substitute method for assessing cigarette topography when using an electronic device is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mercincavage
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Pennsylvania-Rutgers University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Joshua L. Karelitz
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Publich Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Catherine L. Kreider
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Valentina Souprountchouk
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Benjamin Albelda
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrew A. Strasser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,University of Pennsylvania-Rutgers University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Philadelphia, PA
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. A Forced-Choice Procedure to Assess the Acute Relative Reinforcing Effects of Nicotine Dose per se in Humans. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1685-1693. [PMID: 31800053 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A method to assess acute reinforcement due to nicotine may aid identification of doses needed to maintain dependence. After describing development of a forced-choice procedure, results are presented from two studies using it to determine the relative reinforcing effects of nicotine dose per se. AIMS AND METHODS Choice between a higher versus a very low or no nicotine option, via smoking (Study 1, n = 59) and via nasal spray (Study 2, n = 42), was assessed in nontreatment-seeking dependent smokers abstinent overnight. Using a within-subject design, different nicotine levels for each product were administered under blind conditions, initially to assess their discriminability (Study 1: 1.3-17 mg/g each vs. 0.4 mg/g nicotine Spectrum cigarettes; Study 2: 2.5 µg/kg vs. 0 µg/kg nicotine per spray). At the end of sessions for each study, participants engaged in forced-choice trials to assess preference, requiring a fixed number of puffs/sprays for one and/or the other. RESULTS Confirming the procedure's validity, the choice of the higher nicotine option was significantly greater than that for the very low or no nicotine option in both studies. In Study 1, choice relative to 0.4 mg/g was greater for cigarettes 5.3 mg/g or more but not 2.3 mg/g or less (p = .003 for the interaction of higher content vs. 0.4 mg/g comparison). In Study 2, choice was greater for the nicotine versus placebo spray (p < .005), as nicotine was preferred nearly twice as much as the placebo. CONCLUSION This forced-choice procedure may efficiently determine the relative reinforcing value of a nicotine dose per se. IMPLICATIONS The forced-choice procedure described here may identify nicotine doses that are acutely reinforcing in dependent smokers. A priori research of choice comparisons between small versus zero nicotine doses could inform clinical research in larger and more diverse samples to determine nicotine contents in cigarettes, and perhaps in other commercial products, that are not reinforcing and, thus, likely to reduce the risk of their addictiveness. This procedure may also be applicable to assessing changes in acute nicotine reinforcement due to different product formulations, novel drugs, or other manipulations, perhaps helping inform development of new interventions for cessation or harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Helweg-Larsen M, Pyakuryal M, Pisinger C. Reminders of a Stigmatized Status Might Help Smokers Quit. STIGMA AND HEALTH 2020; 5:273-283. [PMID: 34027059 PMCID: PMC8132603 DOI: 10.1037/sah0000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As members of a devalued group, it is not surprising that smokers experience stigmatization and discrimination. But it is not clear if smokers react to these experiences by moving toward or away from their group membership and identity as smokers. Guided by the identity threat model of stigma (Major and O'Brien, 2005) we examined the process of stigmatization and its emotional, cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioral consequences. We experimentally examined how reading a stigmatizing newspaper article or a control article (Experiment 1) and recalling one's experience with smoking discrimination or a control prompt (Experiment 2) affected smokers' responses. We also examined the role of cultural contexts (U.S. vs. Denmark; only in Experiment 1) and smoking identity. In Experiment 1, we used a community sample of smokers from the U.S. (N = 111) and Denmark (N = 111). We found that reading the stigmatizing article (compared to the control) caused more rejection sensitivity (U.S. participants only) and more intentions to quit smoking (both U.S. and Danish participants) for smokers low in smoking identity. In Experiment 2, we used an online sample of 194 U.S. smokers and found that recalling instances of mistreatment made smokers more stressed, rejection sensitive, and interested in smoking cessation, when smokers appraised the stigma cue as threatening. Thus, we generally found that identity threat moved smokers toward leaving their stigmatized group (e.g., quitting smoking) rather than away from it. Our studies highlight the importance of understanding psychological process by which smokers distance themselves from their spoiled identity.
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. Differences in acute reinforcement across reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1885-1891. [PMID: 32221696 PMCID: PMC7244375 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The smallest difference in nicotine that can change a smoker's cigarette preference is not clearly known. OBJECTIVE A procedure to efficiently identify the difference in nicotine needed to change cigarette preference could help inform research to gauge effects of a nicotine reduction policy. METHODS Using a within-subject design, we assessed preference for research cigarettes varying in nicotine contents (NIC; 18.7, 10.8, 5.3, 2.3, and 1.3 mg/g of tobacco), relative to a very low nicotine cigarette (VLNC; 0.4 mg/g), in 17 adult-dependent non-menthol smokers abstinent overnight. Only one NIC was compared vs. the VLNC per session, with order of the five NIC contents randomized across sessions on five separate days. Preference for each NIC vs. VLNC was determined by validated forced choice procedure, with those NIC chosen more than VLNC indicating greater reinforcement due to greater nicotine per se. Secondarily, less preference for lower NIC (vs. VLNC), relative to choice for the highest NIC, 18.7 mg/g (vs. VLNC), indexed reduced reinforcement. RESULTS Overall, NIC choices increased as their nicotine increased, as anticipated. Relative to the 0.4 mg/g VLNC, choice was greater for NIC ≥ 5.3 mg/g but not ≤ 2.3 mg/g. Correspondingly, relative to choice for 18.7 mg/g, choice was less for NIC ≤ 2.3 mg/g but not ≥ 5.3 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS Although replication with larger samples and longer access is needed, results indicate that nicotine reduction to ≤ 2.3 mg/g in cigarettes would attenuate reinforcement. This choice procedure may efficiently inform future clinical trials to assess relative reinforcing effects of smoking reduced nicotine cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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11
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Pauwels CG, Boots AW, Visser WF, Pennings JL, Talhout R, Van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A. Characteristic Human Individual Puffing Profiles Can Generate More TNCO than ISO and Health Canada Regimes on Smoking Machine When the Same Brand Is Smoked. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093225. [PMID: 32384697 PMCID: PMC7246490 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human smoking behavior influences exposure to smoke toxicants and is important for risk assessment. In a prospective observational study, the smoking behavior of Marlboro smokers was measured for 36 h. Puff volume, duration, frequency, flow and inter-puff interval were recorded with the portable CReSSmicro™ device, as has often been done by other scientists. However, the use of the CReSSmicro™ device may lead to some registration pitfalls since the method of insertion of the cigarette may influence the data collection. Participants demonstrated consistent individual characteristic puffing behavior over the course of the day, enabling the creation of a personalized puffing profile. These puffing profiles were subsequently used as settings for smoking machine experiments and tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) emissions were generated. The application of human puffing profiles led to TNCO exposures more in the range of Health Canada Intense (HCI)-TNCO emissions than for those of the International Standardization Organization (ISO). Compared to the ISO regime, which applies a low puff volume relative to human smokers, the generation of TNCO may be at least two times higher than when human puffing profiles were applied on the smoking machine. Human smokers showed a higher puffing intensity than HCI and ISO because of higher puffing frequency, which resulted in more puffs per cigarette, than both HCI and ISO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G.G.M. Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
| | - Wouter F. Visser
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Jeroen L.A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Frederik-Jan Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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12
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. A Procedure to Standardize Puff Topography During Evaluations of Acute Tobacco or Electronic Cigarette Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:689-698. [PMID: 30590778 PMCID: PMC7171283 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Documenting factors that influence differential sensitivity to acutely inhaled nicotine products requires carefully controlling the amount of exposure (dose), and thus a procedure by which to control such exposure. METHODS We evaluated consistency of puff volume from intermittent acute exposures to smoked tobacco cigarettes (study 1, n = 45, plus a comparison study of uninstructed use with n = 59) and to vaped electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes; study 2, n = 27 naive to e-cigarettes) in adult-dependent smokers. All in primary studies 1 and 2 participated in research administering different nicotine levels in each product under blind conditions, one per session using within-subject designs. In both studies, participants followed an automated instructional procedure on a computer monitor standardizing the timing and amount of exposure to each product during a given trial, with four trials per session, each separated by 20 minutes. Puff volume per trial via Clinical Research Support System (CReSS) was the primary dependent measure to determine consistency across trials via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS Control over topography with both inhaled products was demonstrated by highly significant ICCs for puff volume across trials. Instructed control with own brand was generally better in study 1 than with uninstructed smoking in the comparison sample, as expected. As intended, reliability of puff volume generally did not differ by menthol preference or sex in either study, but ICCs in study 2 tended to be lower for some men using the placebo e-cigarette. CONCLUSIONS This instructional procedure may substantially improve control over amounts of acute exposure to tobacco or e-cigarette use. IMPLICATIONS Control over topography in studies of acute exposure to these inhaled products can potentially aid validity of research into differential sensitivity to use, so findings can be attributed to factors of interest and not to variable exposure. Our procedure minimized variability in exposure to the same product and between moderate nicotine products, but remaining differences suggest that compensation for very low or no nicotine commercial products may be difficult to totally eliminate with these instructions alone. Further study is needed to determine this procedure's utility with other inhaled products among experienced users and when comparing different products in between-groups analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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13
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Farris SG, Aston ER, Leyro TM, Brown LA, Zvolensky MJ. Distress Intolerance and Smoking Topography in the Context of a Biological Challenge. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:568-575. [PMID: 30137455 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distress intolerance (DI), one's perceived or behavioral incapacity to withstand distress, is implicated in psychopathology and smoking. This study evaluated the effect of DI on smoking reinforcement in the context of a carbon dioxide (CO2) biological challenge. METHODS Adult daily smokers (n = 90; 48.9% female) were randomized to receive a single inhalation/breath of 35% CO2-enriched air (n = 45) or compressed room air (n = 45). Perceived DI was assessed before the challenge. Smoking reinforcement was examined via average post-challenge puff volume across puffs and at the puff-to-puff level. RESULTS Higher DI was associated with an increased average puff volume (b = -4.7, p = .031). CO2 produced decreased average puff volume compared with room air (b = -7.7, p = .018). There was a DI* condition interaction (ƒ2 = 0.02), such that CO2 decreased average puff volume compared with room air in smokers with higher DI (b = -13.9, t = -3.06, p = .003), but not lower DI. At the puff-to-puff level, there was a significant interaction between DI, condition, and cubic time (b = 0.0003, p =. 037). Specifically, room air produced large initial puff volumes that decreased from puff to puff over the cigarette for high- and low-DI smokers. CO2 produced persistent flat volumes from puff to puff over the cigarette for higher DI smokers, whereas CO2 produced puff volumes like that of room air in lower DI smokers. DISCUSSION Findings suggest DI heightens smoking reinforcement generally, and in the context of intense cardiorespiratory distress, is associated with stable and persistent smoking. DI is a promising therapeutic target that, if addressed through psychological intervention, may improve cessation outcomes by decreasing smoking reinforcement. IMPLICATIONS This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between DI and smoking reinforcement, via examining these processes in response to acute cardiorespiratory distress. Specifically, we found that smokers who are less tolerant of distress, as opposed to those who are more tolerant, evince a decrease in average puff volume, and consistently low puff-to-puff volume, in response to a biological stressor. These findings suggest that smokers high in DI alter smoking behavior following acute cardiorespiratory distress, perhaps to reduce overstimulation, yet also persist in smoking in a manner that suggests an inability to achieve satiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Farris
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.,Centers for Behavioral and Prevention Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Teresa M Leyro
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Lily A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX.,Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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14
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Pericot-Valverde I, Priest JS, Wagener TL, Gaalema DE. Examination of a mouthpiece-based topography device for assessing relative reinforcing effects of e-cigarettes: A preliminary study. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:13-18. [PMID: 31305091 PMCID: PMC7261006 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of vaping topography has helped to identify characteristics associated with distinct vaping patterns. Available puff topography devices do not alter the subjective effects of vaping. However, one central construct related to drug abuse, unexplored in prior studies, is whether relative reinforcing effects (RRE) of vaping change when using a topography device. We examined the RRE of vaping when individuals vape through an e-cigarette with a mouthpiece topography device attached versus their own e-cigarette. Associations of demand indices for participants' own e-cigarette and for a research e-cigarette with a topography device were also explored. Forty-three e-cigarette users attended 1 experimental session where they completed 2 purchase tasks in different units of consumption, ml and puffs, with their preferred e-cigarette and with an e-cigarette with a mouthpiece. Puff topography was measured in the mouthpiece condition. All four purchase tasks showed the predicted inverse relationship between purchase and price. No differences in most demand indices were observed between both e-cigarettes, except for breakpoint (lowest price that suppresses consumption) and Omax (maximum expenditure) in ml units which both decreased when participants vaped through the mouthpiece device. Demand indices in ml units were more strongly associated. Data from the purchase tasks suggests that the presence of a mouthpiece topography device does not influence the RRE of vaping among e-cigarette users. Demand for e-cigarettes seems more consistent in ml units. Our results further evidence that mouthpiece topography devices represent a valid and reliable instrument to study RRE of e-cigarettes and, by extension, abuse liability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pericot-Valverde
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Jeff S. Priest
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT,Department of Biostatistical Unit, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Theodore L. Wagener
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Diann E. Gaalema
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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15
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McClure EA, Baker NL, Gray KM, Hood CO, Tomko RL, Carpenter MJ, Ramakrishnan VR, Buchanan CJ, Saladin ME. The influence of gender and oxytocin on stress reactivity, cigarette craving, and smoking in a randomized, placebo-controlled laboratory relapse paradigm. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:543-555. [PMID: 31792646 PMCID: PMC7024045 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Female cigarette smokers tend to show greater cessation failure compared with males. Variables that contribute to the maintenance of smoking, including stress and craving, may differentially impact male and female smokers. Novel pharmacotherapies, such as oxytocin, may attenuate stress reactivity and craving in smokers, but work in this area is limited. OBJECTIVES This study assessed the influence of gender and oxytocin on stress reactivity, craving, and smoking in a randomized, placebo-controlled laboratory relapse paradigm. METHODS Male and female adult cigarette smokers (ages 18-45) were enrolled (women oversampled 2:1) and completed a laboratory session, in which intranasal oxytocin or placebo was administered followed by a laboratory social stress task. The role of gender and oxytocin were assessed on measures of stress reactivity, cigarette craving, latency to smoke in a resistance task, subjective responses to smoking, and ad-libitum smoking. RESULTS Participants (N = 144) had a mean age of 31 were 63% female and 56% White. Following stress induction, female smokers evidenced greater subjective stress than males, though males demonstrated greater neuroendocrine reactivity and smoking intensity than females. No gender differences were demonstrated for craving. Oxytocin did not attenuate any aspect of stress reactivity, craving, smoking, or subjective responses to smoking compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Gender differences in stress reactivity were shown in the hypothesized direction, but oxytocin appeared to exert little impact on subjective or behavioral metrics. Results highlight the complex relationship between gender, stress, and smoking, as well as the implications for oxytocin as a potential pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A McClure
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Nathaniel L Baker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kevin M Gray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Caitlyn O Hood
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rachel L Tomko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Matthew J Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Viswanathan R Ramakrishnan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Cole J Buchanan
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael E Saladin
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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16
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Borges AM, Leyro TM, Rosen RL, Zvolensky MJ, Farris SG. Negative urgency and ad-libitum smoking topography. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 201:220-226. [PMID: 31252356 PMCID: PMC6631337 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative urgency (NU), the tendency to act rashly in response to distress, is associated with negative reinforcement smoking expectancies. The study examined whether NU was associated with behavioral smoking reinforcement in the context of self-reported distress. METHOD Non-treatment seeking daily smokers (n = 124) completed an ad-libitum smoking trial. Puff topography, including puff volume, duration, velocity, and inter-puff interval, was averaged across the cigarette and evaluated at the puff level. RESULTS Multilevel models revealed a significant interaction of NU and distress as reported on the Subjective Units of Distress scale over the course of smoking in relation to puff duration and inter-puff interval. There was a significant effect of quadratic time x NU x distress on duration (b=-0.00004, p = 0.04). Smokers lower in NU reporting lower baseline distress evidenced a puff duration that decreased at a faster rate over the course of a cigarette following a quadratic function. Persistently elevated puff durations over the course of a cigarette were observed among smokers with elevated NU, regardless of basal distress. There was also a linear time x NU x distress interaction on inter-puff interval (b=-0.01, p = 0.04). Lower NU smokers, regardless of acute distress, exhibited increasing inter-puff intervals that stabilized over the course of a cigarette. Smokers with elevated NU in the context of low distress also demonstrated linearly increasing inter-puff intervals, while they demonstrated increasing intervals followed by decreasing intervals in the context of higher distress. DISCUSSION Trait NU in the context of acute distress may contribute to differences in puff topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Borges
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Teresa M Leyro
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rachel L Rosen
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Anxiety and Health Research Laboratory and Substance Use Treatment Clinic, USA
| | - Samantha G Farris
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL, Kunkle N. Sex Differences in Subjective Responses To Moderate Versus Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:1258-1264. [PMID: 29059330 PMCID: PMC6121913 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Men and women may be differentially sensitive to the acute perceptual responses to smoking cigarettes that vary in nicotine content ("dose") but are matched on non-nicotine constituents. Methods Dependent adult smokers (43 M, 31 F) took four controlled puffs from Spectrum research cigarettes that were moderate (16-17 mg/g) or very low (0.4 mg/g) in nicotine content, and matched on "tar." To ensure reliable responses, each cigarette was administered singly five times in random order under blind conditions, with one or the other provided every 15 minutes over a 2.5-hour session following overnight abstinence. Subjective perceptions (eg, "satisfying", "how much nicotine") were rated after each cigarette. Results Subjective ratings differed due to cigarette nicotine content, as expected, and did so differentially between men and women. The interaction of nicotine content by sex was significant for most rated subjective perceptions of the cigarette, as multivariate analyses showed that differences due to nicotine content were highly significant for men (p < .001) but only marginal for women (p = .08). Conclusions Relative to men, women's subjective responses to acute smoking are less sensitive to differences in cigarette nicotine content. To our knowledge, this is the first comparison of sex differences in response to very carefully controlled doses of smoked nicotine per se. Further research should examine possible sex differences in nicotine dosing administered by other smoked and nonsmoked methods, as well as the developmental pattern of these differences during onset and during cessation of dependent smoking. Implications Subjective perceptions of smoking cigarettes varying in nicotine contents differ between men and women. These results with research cigarettes are similar to other studies with carefully dosed nicotine administration by other means, supporting the notion that women, relative to men, are less sensitive to pharmacological factors and more sensitive to nonpharmacological factors in acute cigarette smoking. Future studies are warranted to examine sex differences in other responses to controlled nicotine intake via smoking, and via other smoked and nonsmoked methods of administering nicotine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nicole Kunkle
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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18
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. Acute perceptions of preferred cigarettes when blinded to brand. Tob Control 2018; 28:311-316. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundMarketing claims often have promoted specific perceptions that users should expect from acutely smoking that cigarette brand. Yet, little controlled study has determined the degree to which actual perceptions are based on the cigarette’s tobacco constituents in the absence of knowledge about the brand’s identity.Methods194 adult dependent smokers rated their perceptions on ‘liking’, ‘satisfying’, ‘strong’ and perceived amount of ‘nicotine’ after smoking ad lib one of their preferred brands of cigarettes. All did so either when blinded (n=118) or unblinded (n=76) to the brand they were given, with the blinding conditions from separate studies. These between-groups secondary analyses determined differences in perceptions based on blinding to brand, controlling for age and cigarettes/day.ResultsAll perceptions were lower for those smoking own brand under blinded versus unblinded conditions, as hypothesised. Consistent with lowered perceptions for smoking one’s own brand obtained from the 118 blinded to brand, their ‘somewhat’ ratings for a ‘how similar to own brand’ item indicated uncertainty, just mid-way between ‘not at all’ and ‘very much’ on the 0–100 visual analogue scale. (The 76 unblinded were already informed it was their own brand.)ConclusionsAcute perceptions of one’s own cigarette are substantially lower when smokers are simply unaware of brand, relative to those aware it is their preferred brand. Results support the notion that perceptions of smoking own brand are enhanced by marketing efforts to associate brands with expectations of pleasurable subjective effects, beyond the impact due solely to the cigarette’s manufactured product constituents.
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19
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Pickworth WB, Rosenberry ZR, Yi D, Pitts EN, Lord-Adem W, Koszowski B. Cigarillo and Little Cigar Mainstream Smoke Constituents from Replicated Human Smoking. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:251-258. [PMID: 29582659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Little cigar and cigarillo smoking is increasing in popularity in the U.S., but little is known about the topography and mainstream smoke (MSS) constituents of these types of cigar products. This report describes the quantity of selected MSS toxicants generated from puff-by-puff replication of human laboratory smoking. Participants were dual users of cigarettes and either little cigars ( n = 21) or cigarillos ( n = 23). In the laboratory smoking session, participants of the little cigar group smoked a filtered unflavored Winchester Little Cigar; those in the cigarillo group smoked an unfiltered, unflavored Black & Mild cigarillo. MSS components included both volatiles and semivolatile compounds. The MSS of five representative U.S. domestic cigarettes was generated using smoking topography profiles of the participants smoking their own brand of cigarettes. Machine smoking accurately replicated individual puff profiles as indicated by a high correlation between lab and machine smoked: time to smoke, number of puffs, and total puff volume. There was wide variability in smoking patterns across subjects of both little cigars and cigarillos. For example, total puff volume ranged from 84 to 732 mL after the little cigar and from 270 to 2089 mL after the cigarillo. Qualitatively, cigar smoke from little cigars and cigarillos were similar and resembles cigarette smoke. All analytes (VOC and SVOCs) were greater in cigarillo smoke compared to that of little cigars and cigarettes. However, when the toxicants were adjusted for grams of tobacco burned, little cigar smoke contained more nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, acetonitrile, and acrylonitrile compared with cigarillo smoke. When the constituents were adjusted for nicotine content, cigarillo MSS contained more of all toxicants compared with little cigar. Cigarillos and little cigars, like cigarettes, deliver nicotine and other toxicants known to be harmful to health; their regulation by the FDA is appropriate for their public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B Pickworth
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, 6115 Falls Road Suite 200 , Baltimore , Maryland 21209 , United States
| | - Zachary R Rosenberry
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, 6115 Falls Road Suite 200 , Baltimore , Maryland 21209 , United States
| | - Daniel Yi
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , 20 North Pine Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Emily N Pitts
- Notre Dame of Maryland University School of Pharmacy , 4701 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21210 , United States
| | - Wilhelmina Lord-Adem
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , 20 North Pine Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Bartosz Koszowski
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, 6115 Falls Road Suite 200 , Baltimore , Maryland 21209 , United States
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20
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL, Kunkle N. Evaluation of menthol per se on acute perceptions and behavioral choice of cigarettes differing in nicotine content. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:324-331. [PMID: 29468937 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117742660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subjective perceptions and self-administration of cigarettes are each influenced by nicotine. Yet, differences specifically due to menthol in perceptions and choice of cigarettes varying in nicotine, and the association between these responses, have not been directly tested. Using a mixed between- and within-subjects design, acute responses to each of two menthol or non-menthol Spectrum research cigarettes, moderate (16-17 mg/g) versus very low (0.4 mg/g) in nicotine contents, were compared following brief abstinence in adult smokers preferring menthol ( n=44) or non-menthol ( n=29) brands. To ensure reliable perceptions, they experienced five exposures to each cigarette, then chose between them. All perceptions and choices were greater for moderate vs very low nicotine, as expected, and the magnitude of difference in four of six perceptions was associated with subsequently greater choice of the moderate nicotine cigarette. Importantly, virtually no differences were found between menthol and non-menthol, as nearly all perceptions, cigarette choices, and the association between perceptions and choice were not moderated by menthol or the interaction of nicotine by menthol. Our results indicate perceptions and reinforcement from cigarettes do not differ due to menthol when nicotine content and smoking topography are carefully controlled. Thus, regardless of menthol, smoking perceptions directly predict self-administration behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole Kunkle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Farris SG, Aston ER, Abrantes AM, Zvolensky MJ. Tobacco demand, delay discounting, and smoking topography among smokers with and without psychopathology. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:247-253. [PMID: 28810196 PMCID: PMC5599347 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco demand (i.e., relative value attributed to a given reinforcer) and delay discounting (i.e., relative preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards) are two behavioral economic processes that are linked to the progression of problematic substance use. These processes have not been studied among those with psychopathology, a vulnerable group of smokers. The current study examined differences in tobacco demand and delay discounting, and their association with smoking topography among smokers with (n=43) and without (n=64) past-year psychopathology. METHOD Adult daily smokers (n=107,Mage=43.5; SD=9.7) participated in a study on "smoking behavior." Past-year psychological disorders were assessed via a clinician-administered diagnostic assessment. All subjects participated in an ad libitum smoking trial and then completed an assessment of delay discounting (Monetary Choice Questionnaire) and tobacco demand (Cigarette Purchase Task) approximately 45-60min post-smoking. RESULTS Smokers with psychopathology, compared to those without, had significantly higher demand intensity and maximum expenditure on tobacco (Omax), but did not differ on other demand indices or delay discounting. Smokers with psychopathology had shorter average inter-puff intervals and shorter time to cigarette completion than smokers without psychopathology. Tobacco demand and delay discounting measures were significantly intercorrelated among smokers with psychopathology, but not those without. Both behavioral economic measures were associated with specific aspects of smoking topography in smokers with psychopathology. DISCUSSION The association between tobacco demand and delay discounting is evident among smokers with psychopathology and both measures were most consistently related to smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Farris
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA; The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, 164 Summit St., Providence, RI 02906 USA; Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
| | - Ana M Abrantes
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA; Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA.
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Fred J. Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77230 USA.
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Protano C, Manigrasso M, Avino P, Vitali M. Second-hand smoke generated by combustion and electronic smoking devices used in real scenarios: Ultrafine particle pollution and age-related dose assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:190-195. [PMID: 28750224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol measurements were carried out in a model room where both combustion (conventional and hand-rolled cigarettes, a cigar and tobacco pipe) and non-combustion (e-cigarette and IQOS®) devices were smoked. The data were used to estimate the dose of particles deposited in the respiratory systems of individuals from 3months to 21years of age using the multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model. Regardless of the smoking device, the highest doses were received by infants, which reached 9.88×108particles/kg bw during a cigar smoking session. Moreover, 60% to 80% of the particles deposited in the head region of a 3-month-old infant were smaller than 100nm and could be translocated to the brain via the olfactory bulb. The doses due to second-hand smoke from electronic devices were significantly lower, below 1.60×108particles/kg bw, than those due to combustion devices. Dosimetry estimates were 50% to 110% higher for IQOS® than for e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187 Rome, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL, Michael VC. Effects of nicotine versus placebo e-cigarette use on symptom relief during initial tobacco abstinence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28650184 PMCID: PMC5546939 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Because electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) containing nicotine may relieve smoking abstinence symptoms similar to nicotine replacement therapy medication, we used within-subjects designs to test these effects with a first-generation e-cig in nonquitting and quitting smokers. In Study 1, 28 nontreatment-seeking smokers abstained overnight prior to each of 3 sessions. Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) withdrawal (and craving item) relief was assessed following 4 exposures (each 10 puffs) over 2 hr to e-cigs that either did (36 mg/ml) or did not (i.e., placebo, 0 mg/ml) contain nicotine or after no e-cig. Relief was greater after nicotine versus placebo e-cig (p < .05) but not after placebo versus no e-cig, showing relief was due to nicotine per se and not simple e-cig use behavior. Using a crossover design in Study 2, smokers preparing to quit soon engaged in 2 experimental 4-day quit periods on separate weeks. In weeks 1 and 3, all received a nicotine or placebo e-cig on Monday to use ad libitum while trying to abstain from smoking on Tuesday through Friday. (Week 2 involved resumption of ad libitum smoking.) MNWS and Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU) craving were assessed at daily visits following 24-hr abstinence. Of 17 enrolled, 12 quit for ≥24 hr at least once, allowing test of relief because of e-cig use on quit days. Withdrawal and craving were reduced because of nicotine versus placebo e-cig use (both p < .05). In sum, compared with placebo e-cigs, nicotine e-cigs can relieve smoking abstinence symptoms, perhaps in a manner similar to Food and Drug Administration-approved nicotine replacement therapy products, although much more research with larger samples is needed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Perkins KA, Kunkle N, Karelitz JL, Perkins KA, Kunkle N, Karelitz JL. Preliminary test of cigarette nicotine discrimination threshold in non-dependent versus dependent smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 175:36-41. [PMID: 28380366 PMCID: PMC5480896 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its potential for understanding tobacco dependence, behavioral discrimination of nicotine via smoking has not been formally examined as a function of nicotine dependence level. METHODS Spectrum research cigarettes were used to compare non-dependent with dependent smokers on the lowest content of nicotine they could discriminate (i.e., "threshold"). Dependent (n=21; 16M, 5F) or non-dependent (n=7; 4M, 3F) smokers were tested on ability to discriminate between cigarettes with nicotine contents of 17, 11, 5, 2, and 1mg/g, one per session, from an "ultra-low" cigarette with 0.4mg/g (all had 9-10mg "tar"). All abstained from smoking overnight prior to sessions, and number of sessions was determined by the lowest nicotine content they could reliably discriminate from the ultra-low on >80% of trials (i.e., ≥5 of 6). Subjective perceptions and cigarette choice behavior were also assessed and related to discrimination behavior. RESULTS Discrimination thresholds (and most perceptions) did not differ between dependent and non-dependent smokers, with median thresholds of 11mg/g for both subgroups. Yet, "liking" and puff choice for threshold cigarettes were greater in dependent but not non-dependent smokers, while cigarettes with nicotine contents below threshold did not support "liking" or choice in both groups. CONCLUSIONS In sum, this preliminary study suggests threshold for discriminating nicotine via smoking may not vary by dependence level, and further study is needed to confirm that cigarettes unable to be discriminated are also not reinforcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Nicole Kunkle
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - K A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - N Kunkle
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Perkins KA, Kunkle N, Karelitz JL. Threshold dose for behavioral discrimination of cigarette nicotine content in menthol vs. non-menthol smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1255-1265. [PMID: 28210778 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The lowest threshold content (or "dose") of nicotine discriminated in cigarettes may differ due to menthol preference. OBJECTIVES Menthol and non-menthol Spectrum research cigarettes differing in nicotine content were used to determine discrimination thresholds. METHODS Dependent smokers preferring menthol (n = 40) or non-menthol (n = 21) brands were tested on ability to discriminate cigarettes (matched for their menthol preference) with nicotine contents of 16-17, 11-12, 5, 2, and 1 mg/g, one per session, from an "ultra-low" cigarette with 0.4 mg/g. Controlled exposure to each cigarette was four puffs/trial, and the number of sessions was determined by the lowest nicotine content they could discriminate on >80% of trials (i.e., ≥5 of 6). We also assessed subjective perceptions and behavioral choice between cigarettes to relate them to discrimination responses. RESULTS Controlling for Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence score, discrimination thresholds were more likely to be at higher nicotine content cigarettes for menthol vs. non-menthol smokers (p < .005), with medians of 16 vs. 11 mg/g, respectively. Compared to the ultra-low, threshold and subthreshold (next lowest) cigarettes differed on most perceptions and puff choice, but menthol preference did not alter these associations. Notably, threshold cigarettes did, but subthreshold did not, increase choice over the ultra-low. CONCLUSIONS Threshold for discriminating nicotine via smoking may be generally higher for menthol vs. non-menthol smokers. More research is needed to identify why menthol smoking is related to higher nicotine thresholds and to verify that cigarettes unable to be discriminated do not support reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Nicole Kunkle
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Farris SG, Brown LA, Goodwin RD, Zvolensky MJ. Panic attack history and smoking topography. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 171:84-90. [PMID: 28033542 PMCID: PMC5263108 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about panic attacks and puffing topography, a behavioral index of the value of smoking reinforcement. This study examined smoking style during the course of smoking of a single cigarette among adult daily smokers with and without a history of panic attacks. METHOD Participants (n=124, Mage=43.9, SD=9.7; 44.4% female) were non-treatment seeking daily smokers. Lifetime panic attack history was assessed via diagnostic assessment; 28.2% (n=35) of the sample had a panic attack history. Participants smoked one cigarette during an ad libitum smoking trial. Puff volume, duration, and inter-puff interval were measured using the Clinical Research Support System (CReSS) pocket device. RESULTS Regression analyses revealed that panic attack status was not associated with significant differences in average puff volume, duration, or inter-puff interval. Multi-level modeling was used to examine puffing trajectories. Puff-level data revealed that there was a significant quadratic time x panic effect for puff volume and duration. Those with a panic attack history demonstrated relatively sustained levels of both puff volume and duration over time, whereas those without a history of panic attacks demonstrated an increase followed by a decrease in volume and duration over time. These effects were not accounted for by the presence of general psychopathology. DISCUSSION Smokers with a panic attack history demonstrate more persistent efforts to self-regulate the delivery of nicotine, and thus may be at risk for continued smoking and dependence. Tailored treatment may be needed to address unique vulnerabilities among this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Farris
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA,The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, 164 Summit St., Providence, RI 02906 USA,Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA,Corresponding author: Samantha G. Farris, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior; 345 Blackstone Blvd, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906. ; Phone: 401-455-6219; Fax: 401-455-6685
| | - Lily A. Brown
- University of Pennsylvania Perlman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Renee D. Goodwin
- Queens College, Department of Psychology and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), 6530 Kissena Blvd., Queens, NY 11367 USA,Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Fred J. Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77230 USA
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Hsu PC, Lan RS, Brasky TM, Marian C, Cheema AK, Ressom HW, Loffredo CA, Pickworth WB, Shields PG. Menthol Smokers: Metabolomic Profiling and Smoking Behavior. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:51-60. [PMID: 27628308 PMCID: PMC5386404 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of menthol in cigarettes and marketing is under consideration for regulation by the FDA. However, the effects of menthol on smoking behavior and carcinogen exposure have been inconclusive. We previously reported metabolomic profiling for cigarette smokers, and novelly identified a menthol-glucuronide (MG) as the most significant metabolite directly related to smoking. Here, MG is studied in relation to smoking behavior and metabolomic profiles. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 105 smokers who smoked two cigarettes in the laboratory one hour apart. Blood nicotine, MG, and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) boosts were determined (the difference before and after smoking). Spearman correlation, χ2, and ANCOVA adjusted for gender, race, and cotinine levels for menthol smokers assessed the relationship of MG boost, smoking behavior, and metabolic profiles. Multivariate metabolite characterization using supervised partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was carried out for the classification of metabolomics profiles. RESULTS MG boost was positively correlated with CO boost, nicotine boost, average puff volume, puff duration, and total smoke exposure. Classification using PLS-DA, MG was the top metabolite discriminating metabolome of menthol versus nonmenthol smokers. Among menthol smokers, 42 metabolites were significantly correlated with MG boost, which linked to cellular functions, such as of cell death, survival, and movement. CONCLUSIONS Plasma MG boost is a new smoking behavior biomarker that may provide novel information over self-reported use of menthol cigarettes by integrating different smoking measures for understanding smoking behavior and harm of menthol cigarettes. IMPACT These results provide insight into the biological effect of menthol smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(1); 51-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ching Hsu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Renny S Lan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Catalin Marian
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Biochemistry Department, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C
| | - Habtom W Ressom
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C
| | | | | | - Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Cochran JR, Consedine NS, Lee JMJ, Pandit C, Sollers JJ, Kydd RR. Visual cue-specific craving is diminished in stressed smokers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 43:525-533. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1253094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justinn R. Cochran
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S. Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John M. J. Lee
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chinmay Pandit
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John J. Sollers
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert R. Kydd
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Green R, Bujarski S, Roche DJO, Ray LA. Relationship between negative affect and smoking topography in heavy drinking smokers. Addict Behav 2016; 61:53-7. [PMID: 27240211 PMCID: PMC6090554 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heavy drinking smokers represent a sizeable subgroup of smokers for whom nicotine deprivation and alcohol use increases the urge to smoke in the laboratory and predicts lapses during smoking cessation. The manner in which individuals smoke a cigarette (i.e. smoking topography) provides a reliable index of smoking intensity and reinforcement, yet the effects of affect on smoking topography have not been thoroughly examined in heavy drinking smokers. The current study examined how affect and nicotine deprivation predict smoking behavior as participants (N=27) smoked one cigarette using a smoking topography device after 12-h of nicotine abstinence and after a priming dose of alcohol (target BrAC=0.06g/dl). Primary smoking topography measures were puff volume, velocity, duration, and inter-puff interval (IPI). The effect of nicotine deprivation was measured by the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Measures were obtained at baseline (i.e. 12-h of nicotine abstinence and pre-alcohol) and 30-minutes after alcohol administration (i.e. peak BrAC). Results revealed post-priming negative affect significantly moderated the trajectories of puff volume, puff duration and IPI (p's<0.05) over the course of the cigarette, such that those with greater negative affect had flatter slopes for volume and duration and increasingly infrequent puffs. Our results suggest that baseline and post-priming negative affect following nicotine deprivation alters smoking patterns and increases nicotine exposure throughout a single cigarette. Future studies need to examine differential amounts of nicotine deprivation on response to alcohol and smoking in heavy drinking smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- ReJoyce Green
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Spencer Bujarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Daniel J O Roche
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Perkins KA, Kunkle N, Michael VC, Karelitz JL, Donny EC. Assessing Discrimination of Nicotine in Humans Via Cigarette Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1830-6. [PMID: 27013335 PMCID: PMC4978980 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine's interoceptive stimulus effects likely help explain smoking's reinforcing efficacy, but human studies have been limited by difficulties controlling dosing via tobacco inhalation. Our objective was to describe a procedure to study nicotine discrimination via smoking. METHODS Dependent smokers abstinent overnight (>12 hours) were first "trained" to discriminate between two cigarettes differing in nicotine content, based on four puffs of exposure, and then tested on whether they successfully acquired that discrimination. After piloting with Quest brand commercial cigarettes, 29 subjects engaged in the main study with cigarettes available through NIDA (Spectrum; 16mg vs. 0.4mg nicotine content). Discrimination training first involved two trials, one with each cigarette, prior to six testing trials. Due to results with the first 20 subjects, the remaining nine received two training trials with each cigarette (four total). Subjective perceptions were also assessed during each testing trial, and puff choice between the two cigarettes available concurrently was assessed after testing, on the last two trials. RESULTS All five pilot subjects successfully discriminated Quest 1 versus Quest 3 (defined by at least five out of six trials correct, ie, >80%). Yet, only 10 of 20 subjects (50%) were able to discriminate the two Spectrum cigarettes based on two training trials. After changing to four training trials, eight of nine subjects were able to discriminate (89%). Subjective perceptions and puff choice differed between cigarettes more in those able versus unable to discriminate them. CONCLUSIONS With sufficient training exposures, smokers can discriminate nicotine between cigarettes differing in nicotine contents. IMPLICATIONS The interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine are critical to understanding reinforcement from cigarette smoking behavior. Because of the very recent availability of Spectrum research cigarettes from NIDA, with specific known amounts of nicotine content, the study of nicotine discrimination in humans via cigarette smoking may now be feasible. Our results demonstrate that, with sufficient training, smokers can behaviorally discriminate nicotine from four puffs' exposure between cigarettes differing in nicotine contents. Future research should evaluate human discrimination of nicotine from greater amounts of cigarette smoke exposure, as well as in response to other procedural variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA;
| | - Nicole Kunkle
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Valerie C Michael
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Farris SG, Zvolensky MJ. An experimental test of the effect of acute anxious arousal and anxiety sensitivity on negative reinforcement smoking. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:641-53. [PMID: 27097735 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116642880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although anxiety sensitivity has been reliably associated with smoking-anxiety comorbidity, there has not been a test of whether this construct moderates the effect of acute anxious arousal on actual smoking behavior. The present study utilized an experimental design to test the moderating role of anxiety sensitivity on laboratory-induced anxious arousal in terms of smoking urges and topography (puff style). METHOD Participants were adult daily smokers (n=90; Mage=43.6 SD =9.7); average 15.8 cigarettes per day). A between-subjects design was used; participants were randomly assigned to complete a biological challenge procedure consisting of either a single vital capacity inhalation of 35% carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched air mixture or compressed room air. Smoking urges and smoking topography (puff behavior) were assessed before and after the challenge. RESULTS Results revealed a significant interaction between anxiety sensitivity and experimental condition (b=-9.96, p=0.014), such that high anxiety sensitive smokers exposed to 35% CO2-enriched air reported significantly lower levels of smoking urges, relative to low anxiety sensitive smokers; the conditional effect of anxiety sensitivity was not observed for the room air condition. There were no significant interaction effects of experimental manipulation by anxiety sensitivity for any of the smoking topography outcomes. DISCUSSION The present results suggest for smokers with higher levels of anxiety sensitivity, the acute experience of anxious arousal is related to decreased subjective smoking urges. These data invite future research to explore the reasons for dampened smoking urges, including cardiorespiratory symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Farris
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Perkins KA, Kunkle N, Karelitz JL, Michael VC, Donny EC. Threshold dose for discrimination of nicotine via cigarette smoking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2309-17. [PMID: 27037937 PMCID: PMC4873331 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The lowest nicotine threshold "dose" in cigarettes discriminated from a cigarette containing virtually no nicotine may help inform the minimum dose maintaining dependence. OBJECTIVES Spectrum research cigarettes (from NIDA) differing in nicotine content were used to evaluate a procedure to determine discrimination thresholds. METHODS Dependent smokers (n = 18; 13 M, 5 F) were tested on ability to discriminate cigarettes with nicotine contents of 11, 5, 2.4, and 1.3 mg/g, one per session, from the "ultralow" cigarette with 0.4 mg/g, after having discriminated 16 mg/g from 0.4 mg/g (all had 9-10 mg "tar"). Exposure to each was limited to 4 puffs/trial. All subjects were abstinent from smoking overnight prior to each session, and the number of sessions was determined by the participant's success in discrimination behavior on >80 % of trials. Subjective perceptions and behavioral choice between cigarettes were also assessed and related to discrimination behavior. RESULTS The median threshold was 11 mg/g, but the range was 2.4 to 16 mg/g, suggesting wide variability in discrimination threshold. Compared to the ultralow, puff choice was greater for the subject's threshold dose but only marginal for the subthreshold (next lowest nicotine) cigarette. Threshold and subthreshold also differed on subjective perceptions but not withdrawal relief. CONCLUSIONS Under these testing conditions, threshold content for discriminating nicotine via cigarettes may be 11 mg/g or greater for most smokers, but some can discriminate nicotine contents one-half or one-quarter this amount. Further study with other procedures and cigarette exposure amounts may identify systematic differences in nicotine discrimination thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Nicole Kunkle
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Valerie C Michael
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Gass JC, Germeroth LJ, Wray JM, Tiffany ST. The Reliability and Stability of Puff Topography Variables in Non-Daily Smokers Assessed in the Laboratory. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:484-90. [PMID: 25744955 PMCID: PMC6091051 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Puff topography variables, often measured using the Clinical Research Support System device, have traditionally been studied in regular, daily smokers and have been shown to be highly stable. However, more recent research has focused on non-daily smokers as a population of interest. As such, the aim of this article was to examine puff topography stability (cross-cigarette agreement over time) and reliability (within-cigarette consistency) in non-daily smokers across six laboratory sessions. METHODS One hundred seven non-daily smokers attended six laboratory sessions over the course of 3 months. At each session, they smoked one cigarette through the Clinical Research Support System pocket, in addition to completing questionnaires about their smoking history and dependence. RESULTS Puff topography measurements were highly reliable (α values ranged from 0.87-0.95) and puff behavior was highly stable across sessions (r values ranged from 0.38-0.84). Adding sessions substantially improved reliability estimates. Aspects of puffing behavior observed in session, including puff volume, puff duration, time of puff peak, and total cigarette volume were related to level of smoke exposure, measured by expired carbon monoxide. Instability in puffing behavior was not predicted by recent or long-term smoking patterns. CONCLUSIONS Puff topography appears to be a stable and routinized aspect of smoking in non-daily smokers. The feasibility of assessing puff topography in this population is supported by the high reliabilities observed, though it should be noted that reliability greatly improved by having more than one session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Gass
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lisa J Germeroth
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jennifer M Wray
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Stephen T Tiffany
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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Ross KC, Dempsey DA, St Helen G, Delucchi K, Benowitz NL. The Influence of Puff Characteristics, Nicotine Dependence, and Rate of Nicotine Metabolism on Daily Nicotine Exposure in African American Smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:936-43. [PMID: 27030603 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American (AA) smokers experience greater tobacco-related disease burden than Whites, despite smoking fewer cigarettes per day (CPD). Understanding factors that influence daily nicotine intake in AA smokers is an important step toward decreasing tobacco-related health disparities. One factor of interest is smoking topography, or the study of puffing behavior. AIMS (i) to create a model using puff characteristics, nicotine dependence, and nicotine metabolism to predict daily nicotine exposure, and (ii) to compare puff characteristics and nicotine intake from two cigarettes smoked at different times to ensure the reliability of the puff characteristics included in our model. METHODS Sixty AA smokers smoked their preferred brand of cigarette at two time points through a topography device. Plasma nicotine, expired CO, and changes in subjective measures were measured before and after each cigarette. Total nicotine equivalents (TNE) was measured from 24-hour urine collected during ad libitum smoking. RESULTS In a model predicting daily nicotine exposure, total puff volume, CPD, sex, and menthol status were significant predictors (R(2) = 0.44, P < 0.001). Total puff volume was significantly greater and inter-puff intervals were significantly shorter after ad lib smoking compared with the first cigarette of the day, but puffing behaviors for both cigarettes were highly correlated (r range = 0.69-0.89, P < 0.001) within-subjects. CONCLUSION This is the first study, to our knowledge, to show that puff characteristics of individual cigarettes are predictive of daily nicotine intake. IMPACT These findings enhance our understanding of the relationship between smoking behavior and nicotine intake in AA smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(6); 936-43. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Ross
- Center for Tobacco Control, Research, and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Delia A Dempsey
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Center for Tobacco Control, Research, and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kevin Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Center for Tobacco Control, Research, and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Soule EK, Lipato T, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: A new smoking epidemic among the young? CURRENT PULMONOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 4:163-172. [PMID: 26756025 PMCID: PMC4706079 DOI: 10.1007/s13665-015-0124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Waterpipe (hookah, narghile) tobacco smoking (WTS) is becoming prevalent worldwide and is one of the most popular forms of tobacco use among youth. WTS prevalence has increased dramatically among youth in the United States within the past decade. Misperceived as less harmful than cigarette smoking, WTS is associated with many of the same chronic health effects such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, bronchitis, and asthma. Much of this risk is due to the fact that a single WTS session exposes users to large volumes of smoke that contain toxic chemicals such as carbon monoxide, cancer-causing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile aldehydes. Unlike cigarette smoking, WTS poses unique risks of acute negative health outcomes including carbon monoxide poisoning and the spread of communicable diseases such as herpes and tuberculosis. Because waterpipe tobacco smoke contains the addictive chemical nicotine, youth who smoke tobacco from a waterpipe may be at risk for dependence. As a result, many youth may initiate WTS and continue to use despite negative health effects. Considering many of the potential negative health effects associated with WTS affect the pulmonary system, pulmonologists and primary care providers may treat patients who are waterpipe tobacco smokers and should be aware of the risk associated with WTS. The purpose of this review is to describe a waterpipe, the prevalence and correlates of WTS, the toxicants found in waterpipe tobacco smoke, the health effects of WTS, and implications for pulmonologists and other clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. Soule
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, PO Box 980205, Richmond, VA 23298, USA, Phone: 804-827-3562
| | - Thokozeni Lipato
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, PO Box 980102, Richmond, VA 23298, USA, Phone: 804-628-3626
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, PO Box 980205, Richmond, VA 23298, Phone: 804-827-4617, Fax: 804-828-7862
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The Effect of Acute Exercise on Smoking Topography: No Evidence for Cutting Down One Puff at a Time. J Smok Cessat 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent systematic reviews have concluded that a single session of exercise ameliorates cravings and tobacco withdrawal symptoms; however, smoking behaviour (topography) has not been adequately addressed in the literature. This study examined the effect of an acute bout of exercise on smoking topography following a temporary period of smoking abstinence. Forty-eight adult smokers (Nfemale = 34, Mage = 43.14), who had been smoking for an average of 23.90 years, were randomised to an acute (10 minutes) bout of exercise (N = 23) or passive sitting (control) group. Cigarette cravings were assessed at baseline and immediately pre and post treatment condition during a 15-hour smoking abstinence period. Smoking topography which included puff count, puff volume, puff duration, inter-puff interval, and total cigarette duration was assessed at baseline and post treatment. Although exercise reduced cravings, compared to the control group, smoking topography remained unchanged across time between groups. Furthermore, craving reduction was unrelated to any smoking topography variables. Although there is evidence that exercise can delay time to first cigarette, this study demonstrates that the change to smoking topography is negligible when participants are invited to smoke.
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Koszowski B, Rosenberry ZR, Kanu A, Viray LC, Potts JL, Pickworth WB. Nicotine and carbon monoxide exposure from inhalation of cigarillo smoke. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 139:7-14. [PMID: 26459155 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increase in the use of cigarillos in the US. People who smoke cigarillos typically also regularly smoke cigarettes (dual users). METHODS We compared puffing topography, biomarkers of acute exposure [exhaled carbon monoxide (COex) and plasma nicotine] and physiologic effects from usual brand cigarette and Black & Mild cigarillo smoking in dual users (N=23) in two laboratory sessions. RESULTS Participants (21 men) smoked an average of 17.5cigarettes/day. Cigarillo consumption varied widely from as few as 1/week to daily. Participants were highly nicotine dependent (average FTND score: 6.3). There were statistically significant differences in smoking behavior between cigarette and cigarillo smoking in time to smoke, number of puffs, and total puff volume (all P<0.001). Average puff duration, interpuff interval average puff volume, and puff velocity did not differ between cigarettes and cigarillos. Nicotine boost was similar after both cigarettes and cigarillos. COex boost was significantly greater after cigarillo smoking compared to cigarette smoking (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The smoking pattern and exposure profile indicate that dual users inhale cigarillo smoke just as they inhale cigarette smoke thereby exposing themselves to considerable amounts of nicotine and other components of tobacco smoke. COex exposure results imply that cigarillo smoking may be associated with higher exposure to smoke-delivered volatile components of mainstream cigarillo smoke including carcinogens when compared to cigarettes. IMPACT The findings that cigarillos and cigarettes are smoked similarly in dual users are relevant to health and regulatory considerations on cigar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Koszowski
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Zachary R Rosenberry
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alieu Kanu
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren C Viray
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Potts
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wallace B Pickworth
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL, Michael VC. Reinforcement enhancing effects of acute nicotine via electronic cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:104-8. [PMID: 26070455 PMCID: PMC4509912 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent human studies confirm animal research showing that nicotine enhances reinforcement from rewards unrelated to nicotine. These effects of acute nicotine via tobacco smoking may also occur when consumed from non-tobacco products. METHODS We assessed acute effects of nicotine via electronic cigarettes ("e-cigarettes") on responding reinforced by music, video, or monetary rewards, or for no reward (control). In a fully within-subjects design, adult dependent smokers (N=28) participated in three similar experimental sessions, each following overnight abstinence (verified by CO≤10ppm). Varying only in e-cigarette condition, sessions involved controlled exposure to a nicotine (labeled "36mg/ml") or placebo ("0″) e-cigarette, or no e-cigarette use. A fourth session involved smoking one's own tobacco cigarette brand after no abstinence, specifically to compare responses under typical nicotine satiation with these acute e-cigarette conditions after abstinence. RESULTS Reinforced responding for video reward, but not the other rewards, was greater due to use of the nicotine versus placebo e-cigarette (i.e., nicotine per se), while no differences were found between the placebo e-cigarette and no e-cigarette conditions (i.e., e-cigarette use per se). For nicotine via tobacco smoking, responding compared to the nicotine e-cigarette was similar for video but greater for music, while both video and music reward were enhanced relative to the non-nicotine conditions (placebo and no e-cigarette). CONCLUSIONS Acute nicotine from a non-tobacco product has some reinforcement enhancing effects in humans, in a manner partly consistent with nicotine via tobacco smoking and perhaps contributing to the rising popularity of nicotine e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Valerie C Michael
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Ross KC, Juliano LM. Smoking Through a Topography Device Diminishes Some of the Acute Rewarding Effects of Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2015. [PMID: 26209851 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking topography (ST) devices are an important methodological tool for quantifying puffing behavior (eg, puff volume, puff velocity) as well as identifying puffing differences across individuals and situations. Available ST devices are designed such that the smoker's mouth and hands have direct contact with the device rather than the cigarette itself. Given the importance of the sensorimotor aspects of cigarette smoking in smoking reward, it is possible that ST devices may interfere with the acute rewarding effects of smoking. Despite the methodological importance of this issue, few studies have directly compared subjective reactions to smoking through a topography device to naturalistic smoking. METHODS Smokers (N = 58; 38% female) smoked their preferred brand of cigarettes one time through a portable topography device and one time naturalistically, in counterbalanced order across two laboratory sessions. Smoking behavior (eg, number of puffs) and subjective effects (eg, urge reduction, affect, smoking satisfaction) were assessed. RESULTS Negative affect reduction was greater in the natural smoking condition relative to the topography condition, but differences were not significant on measures of urge, withdrawal, or positive affect. Self-reported smoking satisfaction, enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations, psychological reward, craving reduction, and other rewarding effects of smoking were also significantly greater in the naturalistic smoking condition. CONCLUSIONS The effects of using a ST device on the smoking experience should be considered when it is used in research as it may diminish some of the rewarding effects of smoking. IMPLICATIONS When considering the inclusion of a smoking topography device in one's research, it is important to know if use of that device will alter the smoker's experience. This study assessed affective and subjective reactions to smoking through a topography device compared to naturalistic smoking. We found that smoking satisfaction, psychological reward, enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations and other rewarding effects were all diminished when smoking through the topography device. The effects of using a smoking topography device on the smoking experience should be considered when it is used in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Ross
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC
| | - Laura M Juliano
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC
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Roche DJO, Bujarski S, Hartwell E, Green R, Ray LA. Combined varenicline and naltrexone treatment reduces smoking topography intensity in heavy-drinking smokers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 134:92-8. [PMID: 25933795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heavy drinking smokers constitute a distinct sub-population of smokers for whom traditional smoking cessation therapies may not be effective. Recent evidence suggested that combined varenicline (VAR) and naltrexone (NTX) therapy may be more efficacious than either monotherapy alone in reducing smoking and drinking-related behavior in this population. The manner in which individuals smoke a cigarette (i.e., smoking topography) may be predictive of smoking cessation outcomes, yet the effects of smoking pharmacotherapies on puffing behavior have not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, the current double-blind medication study examined the effects of VAR alone (1mg BID), low dose NTX alone (25mg QD), the combination of VAR+NTX, and placebo on smoking topography measures in heavy drinking, non-treatment seeking daily smokers (n=120). After a 9-day titration period, participants completed a laboratory session in which they smoked their first cigarette of the day using a smoking topography device following 12h of nicotine abstinence and consumption of an alcoholic beverage (BrAC=0.06g/dl). The primary measures were puff count, volume, duration, and velocity and inter-puff interval (IPI). Independent of medication group, puff velocity and IPI increased, while puff volume and duration decreased, over the course of the cigarette. The active medication groups, vs. the placebo group, had significantly blunted puff duration and velocity slopes over the course of the cigarette, and this effect was particularly evident in the VAR+NTX group. Additionally, the VAR+NTX group demonstrated lower average IPI than the monotherapy groups and lower average puff volume than all other groups. These results suggest that smoking pharmacotherapies, particularly the combination of VAR+NTX, alter smoking topography in heavy drinking smokers, producing a pattern of less intense puffing behavior. As smoking topography has been predictive of the ability to quit smoking, future studies should examine how smoking pharmacotherapies' effects on puffing behavior relate to smoking cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J O Roche
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Spencer Bujarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Emily Hartwell
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - ReJoyce Green
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. Sex differences in acute relief of abstinence-induced withdrawal and negative affect due to nicotine content in cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:443-8. [PMID: 25762754 PMCID: PMC4425834 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute cigarette smoking may relieve withdrawal and negative affect due to tobacco abstinence to a greater extent in women versus men. Yet, the relative contribution of the cigarette's nicotine content to this sex difference is not clear. METHODS Non-quitting dependent adult smokers (N = 44; 21 males, 23 females) participated in 2 virtually identical sessions, each after abstaining overnight (CO < 10 ppm) and differing only in the nicotine content of the designated cigarette. While blind to brand markings, they consumed a total of 24 puffs in controlled fashion for 2 hr in each session, either from a nicotine (Quest 1, 0.6 mg) or denicotinized (Quest 3, 0.05 mg) cigarette. Withdrawal symptoms were obtained before and after smoking, and negative affect was assessed after each period of cigarette exposure consisting of 6 puffs every 25 min. RESULTS Men and women did not differ in baseline withdrawal and negative affect due to overnight abstinence, but reductions in each symptom were significantly influenced by the interaction of sex × nicotine/denicotinized cigarette (both p < .05). In men, but not in women, each symptom was generally decreased more by the nicotine versus denicotinized cigarette, and the nicotine cigarette reduced each to a greater degree in men versus women. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in relief of abstinence-induced withdrawal and negative affect due to the nicotine content in cigarettes are consistent with prior research indicating that nicotine per se, compared to non-nicotine smoke stimuli, is less rewarding in women versus men.
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Veilleux JC, Skinner KD. Smoking, food, and alcohol cues on subsequent behavior: A qualitative systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 36:13-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
As has been found in nicotine research on animals, research on humans has shown that acute nicotine enhances reinforcement from rewards unrelated to nicotine intake, but this effect may be specific to rewards from stimuli that are "sensory" in nature. We assessed acute effects of nicotine via smoking on responding for music or video rewards (sensory), for monetary reward (nonsensory), or for no reward (control), to gauge the generalizability of nicotine's reinforcement-enhancing effects. Using a fully within-subjects design, dependent smokers (N = 20) participated in 3 similar experimental sessions, each following overnight abstinence (verified by carbon monoxide <10 ppm) and varying only in the smoking condition. Sessions involved no smoking or smoking "denicotinized" ("denic;" 0.05 mg) or nicotine (0.6 mg) Quest brand cigarettes in controlled fashion prior to responding on a simple operant computer task for each reward separately using a progressive ratio schedule. The reinforcing effects of music and video rewards, but not money, were significantly greater due to the nicotine versus denic cigarette (i.e., nicotine per se), whereas there were no differences between denic cigarette smoking and no smoking (i.e., smoking behavior per se), except for no reward. These effects were not influenced by withdrawal relief from either cigarette. Results that generalize from an auditory to a visual reward confirm that acute nicotine intake per se enhances the reinforcing value of sensory rewards, but its effects on the value of other (perhaps nonsensory) types of rewards may be more modest.
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Bloom AJ, Hartz SM, Baker TB, Chen LS, Piper ME, Fox L, Martinez M, Hatsukami D, Johnson EO, Laurie CC, Saccone NL, Goate A, Bierut LJ. Beyond cigarettes per day. A genome-wide association study of the biomarker carbon monoxide. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11:1003-10. [PMID: 25072098 PMCID: PMC4214060 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201401-010oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 locus is associated with self-reported smoking behavior and also harbors the strongest genetic associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Because the associations with lung disease remain after adjustment for self-reported smoking behaviors, it has been asserted that CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 variants increase COPD and lung cancer susceptibility independently of their effects on smoking. OBJECTIVES To compare the genetic associations of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), a biomarker of current cigarette exposure, with self-reported smoking behaviors. METHODS A total of 1,521 European American and 247 African American current smokers recruited into smoking cessation studies were assessed for CO at intake before smoking cessation. DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumina Omni2.5 microarray. Genetic associations with CO and smoking behaviors (cigarettes smoked per day, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence) were studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 locus, including rs16969968, a nonsynonymous variant in CHRNA5, are genomewide association study-significantly associated with CO (β = 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-3.58; P = 1.65 × 10(-8)), and this association remains strong after adjusting for smoking behavior (β = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.32-3.04; P = 7.47 × 10(-7)). The correlation between CO and cigarettes per day is statistically significantly lower (z = 3.43; P = 6.07 × 10(-4)) in African Americans (r = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-0.26; P = 0.003) than in European-Americans (r = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.31-0.40; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Exhaled CO, a biomarker that is simple to measure, captures aspects of cigarette smoke exposure in current smokers beyond the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Behavioral measures of smoking are therefore insufficient indices of cigarette smoke exposure, suggesting that genetic associations with COPD or lung cancer that persist after adjusting for self-reported smoking behavior may still reflect genetic effects on smoking exposure.
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Koszowski B, Rosenberry ZR, Viray LC, Potts JL, Pickworth WB. Make your own cigarettes: toxicant exposure, smoking topography, and subjective effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1793-803. [PMID: 24925675 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable use of make your own (MYO) cigarettes worldwide and increasing use in the United States, relatively little is known about how these cigarettes are smoked and the resultant toxicant exposure. METHODS In a laboratory study, we compared two types of MYO cigarettes-roll your own (RYO) and personal machine made (PMM)-with factory-made (FM) cigarettes in three groups of smokers who exclusively used RYO (n = 34), PMM (n = 23), or FM (n = 20). Within each group, cigarettes were smoked in three conditions: (i) after confirmed overnight tobacco abstinence; (ii) in an intense smoking paradigm; and (iii) without restrictions. All cigarettes were smoked ad lib through a smoking topography unit. RESULTS Plasma nicotine significantly increased after cigarettes in all conditions except PMM in the intense smoking paradigm. Puff volume, puff duration, total puff volume, and puff velocity did not differ between cigarette types but the puffs per cigarette and time to smoke were significantly smaller for RYO compared with PMM and FM. Regardless of the cigarette, participants consumed the first three puffs more vigorously than the last three puffs. CONCLUSIONS Despite the belief of many of their consumers, smoking MYO cigarettes is not a safe alternative to FM cigarettes. Like FM, MYO cigarettes expose their users to harmful constituents of tobacco smoke. Despite differences in size and design their puffing profiles are remarkably similar. IMPACT These data are relevant to health and regulatory considerations on the MYO cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Koszowski
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Zachary R Rosenberry
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren C Viray
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Potts
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wallace B Pickworth
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Human Exposure Assessment Laboratory (HEAL), Baltimore, Maryland
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McClure EA, Saladin ME, Baker NL, Carpenter MJ, Gray KM. Smoking topography and abstinence in adult female smokers. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2833-6. [PMID: 24018226 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary evidence, within both adults and adolescents, suggests that the intensity with which cigarettes are smoked (i.e., smoking topography) is predictive of success during a cessation attempt. These reports have also shown topography to be superior compared to other variables, such as cigarettes per day, in the prediction of abstinence. The possibility that gender may influence this predictive relationship has not been evaluated but may be clinically useful in tailoring gender-specific interventions. Within the context of a clinical trial for smoking cessation among women, adult daily smokers completed a laboratory session that included a 1-hour ad libitum smoking period in which measures of topography were collected (N=135). Participants were then randomized to active medication (nicotine patch vs. varenicline) and abstinence was monitored for 4weeks. Among all smoking topography measures and all abstinence outcomes, a moderate association was found between longer puff duration and greater puff volume and continued smoking during the active 4-week treatment phase, but only within the nicotine patch group. Based on the weak topography-abstinence relationship among female smokers found in the current study, future studies should focus on explicit gender comparisons to examine if these associations are specific to or more robust in male smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A McClure
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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A systematic review and analysis of data reduction techniques for the CReSS smoking topography device. J Smok Cessat 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Characterising smoking behaviour in an objective and ecologically valid manner is integral to understanding health complications associated with tobacco use. Smoking topography (ST) provides a representation of the physical attributes of smoking. However, there is no clear guidance on ST data exclusion and reduction techniques and the impact of different techniques.Methods: A search was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus and limited to studies published between 2001‒2012. The search identified 23 studies using the CReSS device.Results: Few studies reported data reduction (n = 9) and exclusion (n = 4) criteria. Four data reduction techniques emerged and were applied to an existing dataset (n = 193, Mage = 38.98, FTND = 5.19, mean 17.23 cigarettes/day). Using repeated measures ANOVA, there were significant (p < 0.05) differences among all techniques for puff volume, peak flow, puff duration and interpuff interval, which were attenuated upon controlling for puff count.Conclusions: This review highlights the inconsistency in the literature regarding the disclosure of smoking topography data treatment and provides clear evidence that outcomes vary depending on the technique used. Greater transparency is needed and consideration should be given by researchers to the potential impact of methodological decisions on study findings.
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. Influence of reinforcer magnitude and nicotine amount on smoking's acute reinforcement enhancing effects. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:167-71. [PMID: 23768842 PMCID: PMC3786025 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine's acute effects on enhancing reinforcement from sensory rewards, shown in animal models, appear to occur with smoking in humans. These effects may vary due to reinforcer magnitude and amount of acute smoke intake (dose). METHODS In a fully within-subjects design, dependent smokers (n=23) participated in 3 sessions. Each session followed overnight abstinence and involved 4 trials to assess responding via progressive ratio (PR 50%) for sensory reinforcement from high, moderate, or low preference music, or no reward (counter-balanced, 30-s/reinforcer). Sessions differed in smoking prior to each trial: 8 puffs on arrival and 2 puffs/trial ("8+2″), 2 puffs/trial only ("0+2″), or no smoking. Puffs were consumed via CReSS (Clinical Research Support System) to control topography, and smoking involved own brand to ensure palatability and increase generalizability of results. RESULTS Reinforced responding was influenced by main effects of smoking condition (p<.05) and music reward type (p<.001). Compared to no smoking, responding for music was increased after smoking 8+2/trial puffs (p<.005), but not after 0+2/trial puffs. Smoking condition significantly increased reinforced responding only for the high preference music (p=.01), and not for moderate or low preference music, or for no reward. Withdrawal did not differ between the two smoking sessions, ruling out withdrawal relief as an explanation for differential reinforcement enhancement. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm that just one cigarette after abstinence is sufficient for reinforcement enhancing effects and suggest that such enhancement is greater as magnitude of a reward's reinforcing efficacy increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Perkins
- Corresponding author: Kenneth A Perkins, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA; phone: (412) 246-5395; fax: (412) 246-5390;
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Bloom AJ, Baker TB, Chen LS, Breslau N, Hatsukami D, Bierut LJ, Goate A. Variants in two adjacent genes, EGLN2 and CYP2A6, influence smoking behavior related to disease risk via different mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:555-61. [PMID: 24045616 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide significant associations with cigarettes per day (CPD) and risk for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were previously reported in a region of 19q13, including CYP2A6 (nicotine metabolism enzyme) and EGLN2 (hypoxia response). The associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assumed to be proxies for functional variation in CYP2A6. Here, we demonstrate that when CYP2A6 and EGLN2 genotypes are analyzed together, the key EGLN2 variant, rs3733829, is not associated with nicotine metabolism independent of CYP2A6, but is nevertheless independently associated with CPD, and with breath carbon monoxide (CO), a phenotype associated with cigarette consumption and relevant to hypoxia. SNPs in EGLN2 are also associated with nicotine dependence and with smoking efficiency (CO/CPD). These results indicate a previously unappreciated novel mechanism behind genome-wide significant associations with cigarette consumption and disease risk unrelated to nicotine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joseph Bloom
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 228:479-86. [PMID: 23494236 PMCID: PMC3707934 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In animals, nicotine enhances reinforcement from stimuli unrelated to nicotine intake. Human research is suggestive but has not clearly shown a similar influence of nicotine. OBJECTIVES We assessed acute effects of nicotine via smoking on enhancement of positive (money, music) or negative (termination of noise) reinforcers, or no "reward" (control). These different rewards determined the generalizability of nicotine effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dependent (n = 25) and nondependent (n = 27) smokers participated in three sessions, each after overnight abstinence. Using a within-subjects design, sessions involved no smoking or smoking denicotinized (0.05 mg) or nicotine (0.6 mg) Quest(R) brand cigarettes. For comparison, a fourth session involved no abstinence prior to smoking one's own brand to gauge responses under typical nicotine satiation. Reinforcement was assessed by responses on a simple operant computer task for the rewards, each available singly on a progressive ratio schedule during separate trials. RESULTS The reinforcing effect of music, but not other rewards, was greater due to the nicotine cigarette, compared to the denicotinized cigarette or no smoking. Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine did not differ between dependent and nondependent groups, indicating no influence of withdrawal relief. Responding due to acute nicotine after abstinence was very similar to responding to one's own brand after no abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Acute nicotine intake per se from smoking after abstinence enhances the reinforcing value of rewards unassociated with smoking, perhaps in a manner comparable to ad lib smoking after no abstinence. Nicotine's reinforcement enhancing effects may be specific to certain rewards, perhaps those sensory in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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