1
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Ge P, Ross TM. COBRA HA and NA vaccination elicits long-live protective immune responses against pre-pandemic H2, H5, and H7 influenza virus subtypes. Virology 2024; 597:110119. [PMID: 38850895 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses remain a major threat to both the poultry industry and human public health, and these viruses continue to spread worldwide. In this study, mice were vaccinated with COBRA H2, H5, and H7 hemagglutinin (HA) and two neuraminidase (NA) proteins, N1 and N2. Vaccinated mice were fully protected against lethal challenge with H5N6 influenza virus. Sera collected after vaccination showed cross-reactive IgG antibodies against a panel of wild-type H2, H5, and H7 HA proteins, and N1 and N2 NA proteins. Mice with pre-existing immunity to H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses that were subsequently vaccinated with COBRA HA/NA vaccines had enhanced anti-HA stem antibodies compared to vaccinated mice without pre-existing immunity. In addition, sera collected after vaccination had hemagglutinin inhibitory activity against a panel of H2Nx, H5Nx, and H7Nx influenza viruses. These protective antibodies were maintained up for up to 4 months after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ge
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA; Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Otani N, Nakajima K, Yamada K, Ishikawa K, Ichiki K, Ueda T, Takesue Y, Yamamoto T, Higasa S, Tanimura S, Inai Y, Okuno T. Timing of Assessment of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity after Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:584. [PMID: 38932313 PMCID: PMC11209235 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the immune response to influenza vaccines should include an assessment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the timing of immunological assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immunity after vaccination. Therefore, we investigated the timing of immunological assessments after vaccination using markers of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. In the 2018/2019 influenza season, blood was collected from 29 healthy adults before and after vaccination with a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, and we performed serial measurements of humoral immunity (hemagglutination inhibition [HAI] and neutralizing antibody [NT]) and cell-mediated immunity (interferon-gamma [IFN-γ]). The HAI and NT titers before and after vaccination were strongly correlated, but no correlation was observed between the markers of cell-mediated and humoral immunity. The geometric mean titer and geometric mean concentration of humoral and cellular immune markers increased within 2 weeks after vaccination and had already declined by 8 weeks. This study suggests that the optimal time to assess the immune response is 2 weeks after vaccination. Appropriately timed immunological assessments can help ensure that vaccination is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruhito Otani
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.U.); (Y.T.)
| | - Kazuhiko Nakajima
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.U.); (Y.T.)
| | - Kumiko Yamada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.U.); (Y.T.)
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.U.); (Y.T.)
| | - Kaoru Ichiki
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.U.); (Y.T.)
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.U.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yoshio Takesue
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan; (K.N.); (K.Y.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.U.); (Y.T.)
| | - Takuma Yamamoto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Higasa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Hematology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Susumu Tanimura
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-0001, Mie, Japan;
| | - Yuta Inai
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji 768-0065, Kagawa, Japan;
| | - Toshiomi Okuno
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan;
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3
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Liu X, Zhao T, Wang L, Yang Z, Luo C, Li M, Luo H, Sun C, Yan H, Shu Y. A mosaic influenza virus-like particles vaccine provides broad humoral and cellular immune responses against influenza A viruses. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:132. [PMID: 37679361 PMCID: PMC10485063 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a universal influenza vaccine to elicit broad immune responses is essential in reducing disease burden and pandemic impact. In this study, the mosaic vaccine design strategy and genetic algorithms were utilized to optimize the seasonal influenza A virus (H1N1, H3N2) hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens, which also contain most potential T-cell epitopes. These mosaic immunogens were then expressed as virus-like particles (VLPs) using the baculovirus expression system. The immunogenicity and protection effectiveness of the mosaic VLPs were compared to the commercial quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV) in the mice model. Strong cross-reactive antibody responses were observed in mice following two doses of vaccination with the mosaic VLPs, with HI titers higher than 40 in 15 of 16 tested strains as opposed to limited cross HI antibody levels with QIV vaccination. After a single vaccination, mice also show a stronger level of cross-reactive antibody responses than the QIV. The QIV vaccinations only elicited NI antibodies to a small number of vaccine strains, and not even strong NI antibodies to its corresponding vaccine components. In contrast, the mosaic VLPs caused robust NI antibodies to all tested seasonal influenza virus vaccine strains. Here, we demonstrated the mosaic vaccines induces stronger cross-reactive antibodies and robust more T-cell responses compared to the QIV. The mosaic VLPs also provided protection against challenges with ancestral influenza A viruses of both H1 and H3 subtypes. These findings indicated that the mosaic VLPs were a promising strategy for developing a broad influenza vaccine in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianyi Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuolin Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuming Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanle Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Huacheng Yan
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Southern Military Theatre, 510610, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China.
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4
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Kurasawa K. Maternal vaccination-current status, challenges, and opportunities. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:493-509. [PMID: 36444417 PMCID: PMC10100318 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM Maternal vaccination is a promising strategy for protecting pregnant women and newborns against severe infections. This review aims to describe the current status and challenges associated with maternal vaccination against seasonal influenza, tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Tdap/DTaP), and novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan and other countries, mainly the United States and the United Kingdom. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed and other public websites (e.g., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) to obtain information on maternal vaccination. RESULTS Inactivated vaccines are recommended for pregnant women by gynecologic societies in Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Among pregnant Japanese women, the influenza and COVID-19 (two doses) vaccine coverage rates were 27.0%-53.5% (six studies) and 73.6% (one study), respectively; there are no studies on maternal vaccination with DTaP. Concerns regarding vaccine safety are a major barrier to maternal vaccination across countries. Maternal vaccination is effective in preventing severe disease in pregnant women and protecting infants aged <6 months, is generally safe, and does not increase the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Providing accurate information regarding vaccination through healthcare providers and the government and government funding for vaccines may help improve maternal vaccination rates in Japan. CONCLUSION Current coverage for maternal vaccination is still low globally mainly because of vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women. The government, drug-regulatory authorities, and healthcare professionals must educate pregnant women about the effectiveness and safety of maternal vaccines and encourage vaccination when the benefits outweigh the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kurasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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5
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Okuda M, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Koga M, Koibuchi T, Kikuchi T, Adachi E, Ahyoung Lim L, Yamamoto S, Yotsuyanagi H, Negishi K, Jubishi D, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. Immunological Correlates of Prevention of the Onset of Seasonal H3N2 Influenza. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1800-1808. [PMID: 35478039 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
On influenza virus infection or vaccination, immune responses occur, including the production of antibodies with various functions that contribute to protection from seasonal influenza virus infection. In the current study, we attempted to identify the antibody functions that play a central role in preventing the onset of seasonal influenza by comparing the levels of several antibody titers for different antibody functions between 5 subclinically infected individuals and 16 patients infected with seasonal H3N2 virus. For antibody titers before influenza virus exposure, we found that the nAb titers and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers against hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (NA) proteins in the subclinically infected individuals were significantly higher than those in the patients, whereas the NA inhibition titers and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activities did not significantly differ between subclinically infected individuals and infected patients. These results suggest that nAb and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers against hemagglutinin and NA serve as correlates of symptomatic influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Okuda
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Koga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Koibuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kikuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lay Ahyoung Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyota Negishi
- Tokyo Health Cooperative Association, Nezu Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Jubishi
- Tokyo Health Cooperative Association, Nezu Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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6
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Levine MZ, Holiday C, Bai Y, Zhong W, Liu F, Jefferson S, Gross FL, Tzeng WP, Fries L, Smith G, Boutet P, Friel D, Innis BL, Mallett CP, Davis CT, Wentworth DE, York IA, Stevens J, Katz JM, Tumpey T. Influenza A(H7N9) Pandemic Preparedness: Assessment of the Breadth of Heterologous Antibody Responses to Emerging Viruses from Multiple Pre-Pandemic Vaccines and Population Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1856. [PMID: 36366364 PMCID: PMC9694415 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A(H7N9) viruses remain as a high pandemic threat. The continued evolution of the A(H7N9) viruses poses major challenges in pandemic preparedness strategies through vaccination. We assessed the breadth of the heterologous neutralizing antibody responses against the 3rd and 5th wave A(H7N9) viruses using the 1st wave vaccine sera from 4 vaccine groups: 1. inactivated vaccine with 2.8 μg hemagglutinin (HA)/dose + AS03A; 2. inactivated vaccine with 5.75 μg HA/dose + AS03A; 3. inactivated vaccine with 11.5 μg HA/dose + MF59; and 4. recombinant virus like particle (VLP) vaccine with 15 μg HA/dose + ISCOMATRIX™. Vaccine group 1 had the highest antibody responses to the vaccine virus and the 3rd/5th wave drifted viruses. Notably, the relative levels of cross-reactivity to the drifted viruses as measured by the antibody GMT ratios to the 5th wave viruses were similar across all 4 vaccine groups. The 1st wave vaccines induced robust responses to the 3rd and Pearl River Delta lineage 5th wave viruses but lower cross-reactivity to the highly pathogenic 5th wave A(H7N9) virus. The population in the United States was largely immunologically naive to the A(H7N9) HA. Seasonal vaccination induced cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibition and binding antibodies to N9, but minimal cross-reactive antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies to A(H7N9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Z. Levine
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Crystal Holiday
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaohui Bai
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Weimin Zhong
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stacie Jefferson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - F. Liaini Gross
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Wen-pin Tzeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - C. Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ian A. York
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Terrence Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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7
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An epitope-optimized human H3N2 influenza vaccine induces broadly protective immunity in mice and ferrets. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:65. [PMID: 35739199 PMCID: PMC9226166 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a crucial need for an improved H3N2 influenza virus vaccine due to low vaccine efficacy rates and increased morbidity and mortality associated with H3N2-dominated influenza seasons. Here, we utilize a computational design strategy to produce epitope-optimized, broadly cross-reactive H3 hemagglutinins in order to create a universal H3N2 influenza vaccine. The Epigraph immunogens are designed to maximize the viral population frequency of epitopes incorporated into the immunogen. We compared our Epigraph H3 vaccine to the traditional egg-based inactivated influenza vaccine from 2018-19, FluZone. Epigraph vaccination-induced stronger cross-reactive antibody responses than FluZone against 18 H3N2 viruses isolated from 1968 to 2019 in both mice and ferrets, with protective hemagglutination inhibition titers against 93-100% of the contemporary H3N2 strains compared to only 27% protection measured from FluZone. In addition, Epigraph vaccination-induced strong cross-reactive T-cell immunity which significantly contributes to protection against lethal influenza virus infection. Finally, Epigraph vaccination protected ferrets from influenza disease after challenge with two H3N2 viruses. The superior cross-reactive immunity induced by these Epigraph immunogens supports their development as a universal H3N2 influenza vaccine.
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8
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Díez JM, Casals D, Romero C, Gajardo R. Medicinal IgG products (2020) show high infectivity neutralizing activity against seasonal influenza virus strains selected for future vaccines (2020-22). Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac216. [PMID: 35794931 PMCID: PMC9253882 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig)G medicinal products manufactured in 2020 were tested for infectivity neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition against World Health Organization-selected influenza strains included in worldwide vaccines 2020–2022. The IgG batches (from US plasma) showed potent activity. Intravenous immunoglobulin could potentially add to therapies for serious influenza cases in immunocompromised patients. Further study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Díez
- Immunotherapies Unit, Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Carrer Palou, 3 - Polígon Industrial Llevant 08150 Parets del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Casals
- Immunotherapies Unit, Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Carrer Palou, 3 - Polígon Industrial Llevant 08150 Parets del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Romero
- Immunotherapies Unit, Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Carrer Palou, 3 - Polígon Industrial Llevant 08150 Parets del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Gajardo
- Immunotherapies Unit, Bioscience Research & Development, Scientific Innovation Office, Grifols, Carrer Palou, 3 - Polígon Industrial Llevant 08150 Parets del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Krivitskaya VZ, Kuznecova EV, Maiorova VG, Petrova ER, Sominina AA, Danilenko DM. Influenza vaccination influencing level of specific humoral immunity in healthy individuals. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-ivi-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To assess an effect of vaccination on the level of humoral anti-influenza herd immunity, 2955 sera were collected and analyzed by HIT in the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 epidemiological seasons. All sera were obtained from healthy adult donors residing in various cities of the Russian Federation. Among them, 1057 volunteers were vaccinated with seasonal influenza trivalent inactivated vaccine. Characteristics of humoral anti-influenza immunity (average geometric antibody titers and the proportion of individuals seropositive for the vaccine viruses) obtained in autumn 2019 and 2020 (1–2 months after vaccination) in vaccinated individuals vs. unvaccinated subjects were found to be markedly higher evidencing about a positive vaccination-related contribution to developing herd immunity against influenza in the preepidemic periods. After the 2019–2020 influenza epidemic, in spring 2020 (6–7 months after vaccination), the levels of antibodies to all vaccine components decreased by 2.6–3.5-fold in vaccinated donors compared to the pre-epidemic period in 2019 autumn. Antibody titers became substantially lower than the protective level (titer by HIT 1/40). At the same time, no significant differences between the groups of vaccinated vs. unvaccinated individuals were observed afterwards. This indicates instability of post-vaccination anti-influenza humoral immunity. As a result, it may decrease an influenza-resistant population cohort of working age on the eve of new epidemic season. The immunogenicity of the inactivated trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine was estimated by HIT while analyzing paired sera obtained from 295 and 112 healthy individuals of various ages vaccinated in autumn 2019 and 2020, respectively. The response to the vaccine was found to be age-related. Children aged 3–14 years vs. older subjects showed a more efficient response. Insufficient immunogenicity of influenza B virus vaccine components was shown. In all age groups, average geometric titers for influenza B virus antibodies were lower (2–8-fold) than for current A(H1N1)pdm09-like strains and influenza A(H3N2) viruses 1–1.5 months post-vaccination. Analyzing vaccine immunogenicity showed a significant inverse relationship between the level of preexisting strain-specific serum antibodies before vaccination and formation of antibodies to the corresponding vaccine virus 1–1.5 months after vaccination. Seroconversion to each vaccine component was remarkably more frequent in individuals with a low preexisting level of antibodies specific to the corresponding virus.
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10
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Gorse GJ, Rattigan SM, Kirpich A, Simberkoff MS, Bessesen MT, Gibert C, Nyquist AC, Price CS, Gaydos CA, Radonovich LJ, Perl TM, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Cummings DAT. Influence of Pre-Season Antibodies against Influenza Virus on Risk of Influenza Infection among Health Care Personnel. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:891-902. [PMID: 34534319 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies with protection from influenza among healthcare personnel (HCP) with occupational exposure to influenza viruses has not been well-described. METHODS The Respiratory Protection Effectiveness Clinical Trial was a cluster-randomized, multi-site study that compared medical masks to N95 respirators in preventing viral respiratory infections among HCP in outpatient healthcare settings for 5,180 participant-seasons. Serum HAI antibody titers before each influenza season and influenza virus infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction were studied over four study years. RESULTS In univariate models, the risk of influenza A(H3N2) and B virus infections was associated with HAI titers to each virus, study year, and site. HAI titers were strongly associated with vaccination. Within multivariate models, each log base 2 increase in titer was associated with 15%, 26% and 33-35% reductions in the hazard of influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1) and B infections, respectively. Best models included pre-season antibody titers and study year, but not other variables. CONCLUSIONS HAI titers were associated with protection from influenza among HCP with routine exposure to patients with respiratory illness and influenza season contributed to risk. HCP can be reassured about receiving influenza vaccination to stimulate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Gorse
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, MO, 63106 USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104 USA
| | - Susan M Rattigan
- Department of Biology and the Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexander Kirpich
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Michael S Simberkoff
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary T Bessesen
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cynthia Gibert
- Medical Service, Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ann-Christine Nyquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Connie Savor Price
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Infectious Diseases, Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Department of Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lewis J Radonovich
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Trish M Perl
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas
- Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology and the Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Shin JH, Lee JH, Jeong SD, Noh JY, Lee HW, Song CS, Kim YC. C-di-GMP with influenza vaccine showed enhanced and shifted immune responses in microneedle vaccination in the skin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:815-825. [PMID: 32141036 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A microneedle is a biomedical device which consists of multiple micron scale needles. It is widely used in various fields to deliver drugs and vaccines to the skin effectively. However, when considering improved vaccine efficacy in microneedle vaccination, it is important to find an appropriate adjuvant that is able to be used in transdermal delivery. Herein, we demonstrated the applicability of c-di-GMP, which is a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, as an adjuvant for influenza microneedle vaccination. Thus, 2 and 10 μg of GMP with the influenza vaccine were coated onto a microneedle, and then, BALB/c mice were immunized with the coated microneedle to investigate the immunogenicity and protection efficacy of the influenza microneedle vaccination. As a result, the adjuvant groups had an enhanced IgG response, IgG subtypes and HI titer compared to the vaccine only group. In addition to the humoral immunity, the use of an adjuvant has also been shown to improve the cellular immune response. In a challenge study, adjuvant groups had a 100% survival rate and rapid weight recovery. Taken together, this study confirms that GMP is an effective adjuvant for influenza microneedle vaccination. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Dong Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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12
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BOCCALINI SARA, PARIANI ELENA, CALABRÒ GIOVANNAELISA, DE WAURE CHIARA, PANATTO DONATELLA, AMICIZIA DANIELA, LAI PIEROLUIGI, RIZZO CATERINA, AMODIO EMANUELE, VITALE FRANCESCO, CASUCCIO ALESSANDRA, DI PIETRO MARIALUISA, GALLI CRISTINA, BUBBA LAURA, PELLEGRINELLI LAURA, VILLANI LEONARDO, D’AMBROSIO FLORIANA, CAMINITI MARTA, LORENZINI ELISA, FIORETTI PAOLA, MICALE ROSANNATINDARA, FRUMENTO DAVIDE, CANTOVA ELISA, PARENTE FLAVIO, TRENTO GIACOMO, SOTTILE SARA, PUGLIESE ANDREA, BIAMONTE MASSIMILIANOALBERTO, GIORGETTI DUCCIO, MENICACCI MARCO, D’ANNA ANTONIO, AMMOSCATO CLAUDIA, LA GATTA EMANUELE, BECHINI ANGELA, BONANNI PAOLO. [Health Technology Assessment (HTA) of the introduction of influenza vaccination for Italian children with Fluenz Tetra ®]. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E1-E118. [PMID: 34909481 PMCID: PMC8639053 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.2s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SARA BOCCALINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
- Autore corrispondente: Sara Boccalini, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italia - Tel.: 055-2751084 - E-mail:
| | - ELENA PARIANI
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sull'Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili CIRI-IT, Italia
| | - GIOVANNA ELISA CALABRÒ
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
- VIHTALI (Value In Health Technology and Academy for Leadership & Innovation), spin off dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - CHIARA DE WAURE
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italia
| | - DONATELLA PANATTO
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sull'Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili CIRI-IT, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - DANIELA AMICIZIA
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sull'Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili CIRI-IT, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - PIERO LUIGI LAI
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sull'Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili CIRI-IT, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - CATERINA RIZZO
- Area Funzionale Percorsi Clinici ed Epidemiologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - EMANUELE AMODIO
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - FRANCESCO VITALE
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - ALESSANDRA CASUCCIO
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - MARIA LUISA DI PIETRO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - CRISTINA GALLI
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - LAURA BUBBA
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - LAURA PELLEGRINELLI
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - LEONARDO VILLANI
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - FLORIANA D’AMBROSIO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - MARTA CAMINITI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italia
| | - ELISA LORENZINI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italia
| | - PAOLA FIORETTI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italia
| | | | - DAVIDE FRUMENTO
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - ELISA CANTOVA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - FLAVIO PARENTE
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - GIACOMO TRENTO
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - SARA SOTTILE
- Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italia
| | | | | | - DUCCIO GIORGETTI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - MARCO MENICACCI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - ANTONIO D’ANNA
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - CLAUDIA AMMOSCATO
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - EMANUELE LA GATTA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - ANGELA BECHINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - PAOLO BONANNI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
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13
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Jang H, Ross TM. Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI) antibody landscapes after vaccination with H7Nx virus like particles. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246613. [PMID: 33735274 PMCID: PMC7971484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systemic evaluation of the antigenic differences of the H7 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, especially for the viruses isolated after 2016, are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antigenic differences of major H7 strains with an ultimate aim to discover H7 HA proteins that can elicit protective receptor-binding antibodies against co-circulating H7 influenza strains. METHOD A panel of eight H7 influenza strains were selected from 3,633 H7 HA amino acid sequences identified over the past two decades (2000-2018). The sequences were expressed on the surface of virus like particles (VLPs) and used to vaccinate C57BL/6 mice. Serum samples were collected and tested for hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) activity. The vaccinated mice were challenged with lethal dose of H7N9 virus, A/Anhui/1/2013. RESULTS VLPs expressing the H7 HA antigens elicited broadly reactive antibodies each of the selected H7 HAs, except the A/Turkey/Italy/589/2000 (Italy/00) H7 HA. A putative glycosylation due to an A169T substitution in antigenic site B was identified as a unique antigenic profile of Italy/00. Introduction of the putative glycosylation site (H7 HA-A169T) significantly altered the antigenic profile of HA of the A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) strain. CONCLUSION This study identified key amino acid mutations that result in severe vaccine mismatches for future H7 epidemics. Future universal influenza vaccine candidates will need to focus on viral variants with these key mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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14
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Jin P, Li J, Pan H, Wu Y, Zhu F. Immunological surrogate endpoints of COVID-2019 vaccines: the evidence we have versus the evidence we need. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:48. [PMID: 33531462 PMCID: PMC7851657 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, over 200 vaccine candidates against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) are under development and currently moving forward at an unparalleled speed. The availability of surrogate endpoints would help to avoid large-scale filed efficacy trials and facilitate the approval of vaccine candidates, which is crucial to control COVID-19 pandemic. Several phase 3 efficacy trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidates are under way, which provide opportunities for the determination of COVID-19 correlates of protection. In this paper, we review current knowledge for existence of COVID-19 correlates of protection, methods for assessment of immune correlates of protection and issues related to COVID-19 correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jin
- Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxing Pan
- Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China. .,NHC Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Liu Y, Wang K, Massoud TF, Paulmurugan R. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development: An Overview and Perspectives. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:844-858. [PMID: 33062951 PMCID: PMC7526333 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19, is caused by a new strain of coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It started in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and by mid-March 2020, the disease had spread globally. As of July 17, 2020, this pandemic virus has infected 13.9 million people and claimed the life of approximately 593 000 people globally, and the numbers continue to climb. An unprecedented effort is underway to develop therapeutic and prophylactic strategies against this disease. Various drugs and vaccines are undergoing rapid development, and some of these are already in phase III clinical trials. Although Russia was the first to release a vaccine by skipping phase III clinical trials, there is no evidence of large-scale clinical trials, and the safety and efficacy of the vaccine are still a concern. Nevertheless, critical lessons can be learned and data garnered for developing promising vaccines against this rapidly emerging virus or other similar pathogens in the future. In this overview, we cover the available information on the various vaccine development initiatives by different companies, the potential strategies adopted for vaccine design, and the challenges and clinical impact expected from these vaccines. We also briefly discuss the possible role of these vaccines and the specific concerns for their use in patients with pre-existing disease conditions such as cardiovascular, lung, kidney, and liver diseases, cancer patients who are receiving immunosuppressive medications, including anticancer chemotherapies, and many other sensitive populations, such as children and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford
University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
- Department
of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford
University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Tarik F. Massoud
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford
University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford
University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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16
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Phan HT, Pham VT, Ho TT, Pham NB, Chu HH, Vu TH, Abdelwhab EM, Scheibner D, Mettenleiter TC, Hanh TX, Meister A, Gresch U, Conrad U. Immunization with Plant-Derived Multimeric H5 Hemagglutinins Protect Chicken against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E593. [PMID: 33050224 PMCID: PMC7712794 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2003, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have not only caused outbreaks in poultry but were also transmitted to humans with high mortality rates. Vaccination is an efficient and economical means of increasing immunity against infections to decrease the shedding of infectious agents in immunized animals and to reduce the probability of further infections. Subunit vaccines from plants are the focus of modern vaccine developments. In this study, plant-made hemagglutinin (H5) trimers were purified from transiently transformed N. benthamiana plants. All chickens immunized with purified H5 trimers were fully protected against the severe HPAIV H5N1 challenge. We further developed a proof-of-principle approach by using disulfide bonds, homoantiparallel peptides or homodimer proteins to combine H5 trimers leading to production of H5 oligomers. Mice vaccinated with crude leaf extracts containing H5 oligomers induced neutralizing antibodies better than those induced by crude leaf extracts containing trimers. As a major result, eleven out of twelve chickens (92%) immunized with adjuvanted H5 oligomer crude extracts were protected from lethal disease while nine out of twelve chickens (75%) vaccinated with adjuvanted H5 trimer crude extracts survived. The solid protective immune response achieved by immunization with crude extracts and the stability of the oligomers form the basis for the development of inexpensive protective veterinary vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Trong Phan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Van Thi Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thuong Thi Ho
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
| | - Ngoc Bich Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Trang Huyen Vu
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.M.A.); (D.S.); (T.C.M.)
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.M.A.); (D.S.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.M.A.); (D.S.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Tran Xuan Hanh
- National Veterinary Joint Stock Company (NAVETCO), 29 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Dist 1, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Armin Meister
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Ulrike Gresch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Udo Conrad
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.); (U.G.)
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17
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Ciabattini A, Garagnani P, Santoro F, Rappuoli R, Franceschi C, Medaglini D. Shelter from the cytokine storm: pitfalls and prospects in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for an elderly population. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:619-634. [PMID: 33159214 PMCID: PMC7646713 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic urgently calls for the development of effective preventive tools. COVID-19 hits greatly the elder and more fragile fraction of the population boosting the evergreen issue of the vaccination of older people. The development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 tailored for the elderly population faces the challenge of the poor immune responsiveness of the older population due to immunosenescence, comorbidities, and pharmacological treatments. Moreover, it is likely that the inflammaging phenotype associated with age could both influence vaccination efficacy and exacerbate the risk of COVID-19-related "cytokine storm syndrome" with an overlap between the factors which impact vaccination effectiveness and those that boost virulence and worsen the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The complex and still unclear immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the progressive age-related decline of immune responses, and the lack of clear correlates of protection, make the design of vaccination strategies for older people extremely challenging. In the ongoing effort in vaccine development, different SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have been developed, tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies and are undergoing clinical testing, but only a small fraction of these are currently being tested in the older fraction of the population. Recent advances in systems biology integrating clinical, immunologic, and omics data can help to identify stable and robust markers of vaccine response and move towards a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40139, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre 'L. Galvan' (CIG), University of Bologna, Via G. Petroni 26, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Santoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- vAMRes Lab, Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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18
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Jia Q, Yu F, Zhou Q, Chen X, Gu Z, Ma C. Predictive effect of five hepatitis B virus markers on re-vaccination time of hepatitis B vaccine. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1709-1715. [PMID: 32742400 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of predictive effect of five hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers on the re-vaccination time of hepatitis B vaccine was assessed. A total of 3,243 patients examined by five HBV markers in Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi from January 2015 to December 2017 were selected as the subjects and analyzed retrospectively. According to the previous time of hepatitis B antibody vaccination, subjects were divided into three groups: Short-term group (previous time of hepatitis B vaccination <5 years, n=798); medium-term group (>5 years - ≤10 years, n=1,242); long-term group (>10 years, n=1,203). The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to qualitatively analyze the five HBV markers, and chemiluminescence immunoassay was used to quantitatively analyze the five HBV markers. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the long-term group and the medium-term group was significantly lower than that in the short-term group (P<0.001). HBsAg, hepatitis B e antigen, hepatitis B e antibody, hepatitis B core antibody in the long-term group was significantly higher than that in the medium-term and short-term group (P<0.050). The hepatitis B surface antibody in the long-term group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (P<0.050). According to the previous time of the hepatitis B antibody vaccination, the patients in the long-term group were subdivided into three groups: Group A (vaccination time: 10-13 years, n=420); group B (13-15 years, n=377) and group C (>15 years, n=406). Geometric mean titer in group A was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (P<0.050). In conclusion, the protective effect of hepatitis B antibody vaccine is satisfactory for 10 years after vaccination, and re-vaccination is recommended after more than 13 years of vaccination when the virus begins to increase significantly, in order to prevent the occurrence of hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Jia
- Department of Medical Test, Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Medical College, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Medical Test, Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Medical Test, Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Gu
- Department of Medical Test, Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Experimental Center of Molecular Biology, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of COVID-19, first emerged in late 2019 in China. It has since infected more than 870,000 individuals and caused more than 43,000 deaths globally. Here, we discuss therapeutic and prophylactic interventions for SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on vaccine development and its challenges. Vaccines are being rapidly developed but will likely come too late to affect the first wave of a potential pandemic. Nevertheless, critical lessons can be learned for the development of vaccines against rapidly emerging viruses. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be essential to reducing morbidity and mortality if the virus establishes itself in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amanat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Xu Z, Wise MC, Chokkalingam N, Walker S, Tello‐Ruiz E, Elliott STC, Perales‐Puchalt A, Xiao P, Zhu X, Pumroy RA, Fisher PD, Schultheis K, Schade E, Menis S, Guzman S, Andersen H, Broderick KE, Humeau LM, Muthumani K, Moiseenkova‐Bell V, Schief WR, Weiner DB, Kulp DW. In Vivo Assembly of Nanoparticles Achieved through Synergy of Structure-Based Protein Engineering and Synthetic DNA Generates Enhanced Adaptive Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902802. [PMID: 32328416 PMCID: PMC7175333 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies are considered to be of growing importance to the vaccine field. Through decoration of immunogens on multivalent nanoparticles, designed nanovaccines can elicit improved humoral immunity. However, significant practical and monetary challenges in large-scale production of nanovaccines have impeded their widespread clinical translation. Here, an alternative approach is illustrated integrating computational protein modeling and adaptive electroporation-mediated synthetic DNA delivery, thus enabling direct in vivo production of nanovaccines. DNA-launched nanoparticles are demonstrated displaying an HIV immunogen spontaneously self-assembled in vivo. DNA-launched nanovaccines induce stronger humoral responses than their monomeric counterparts in both mice and guinea pigs, and uniquely elicit CD8+ effector T-cell immunity as compared to recombinant protein nanovaccines. Improvements in vaccine responses recapitulate when DNA-launched nanovaccines with alternative scaffolds and decorated antigen are designed and evaluated. Finally, evaluation of functional immune responses induced by DLnanovaccines demonstrates that, in comparison to control mice or mice immunized with DNA-encoded hemagglutinin monomer, mice immunized with a DNA-launched hemagglutinin nanoparticle vaccine fully survive a lethal influenza challenge, and have substantially lower viral load, weight loss, and influenza-induced lung pathology. Additional study of these next-generation in vivo-produced nanovaccines may offer advantages for immunization against multiple disease targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xu
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
- Department of PharmacologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Megan C. Wise
- Inovio PharmaceuticalsPlymouth MeetingPhiladelphiaPA19422USA
| | - Neethu Chokkalingam
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Susanne Walker
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Edgar Tello‐Ruiz
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Sarah T. C. Elliott
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | | | - Peng Xiao
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Xizhou Zhu
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Ruth A. Pumroy
- Department of PharmacologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Paul D. Fisher
- Inovio PharmaceuticalsPlymouth MeetingPhiladelphiaPA19422USA
| | | | - Eric Schade
- Inovio PharmaceuticalsPlymouth MeetingPhiladelphiaPA19422USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody CenterThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen DiscoveryThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Stacy Guzman
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | | | | | | | - Kar Muthumani
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Vera Moiseenkova‐Bell
- Department of PharmacologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody CenterThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen DiscoveryThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
- Ragon Institute of MGHMIT and HarvardCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Daniel W. Kulp
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy CenterThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA19104USA
- Department of MicrobiologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
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21
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The enhanced immunological activity of Paulownia tomentosa flower polysaccharide on Newcastle disease vaccine in chicken. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190224. [PMID: 30971500 PMCID: PMC6500895 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracts of Paulownia tomentosa (P. tomentosa) exhibit multiple pharmacological activities. In the present study, P. tomentosa flower polysaccharides (PTFP) were extracted by water decoction and ethanol precipitation, and the immunologic modulations of PTFP against Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine was investigated in chickens. The results showed that in a certain range of concentrations, PTFP treatment can dose-dependently enhance lymphocyte proliferation. Then, 280 14-days-old chickens were randomly divided into seven groups, and vaccinated with ND vaccine except blank control (BC) group. At the first vaccination, chickens were orally administrated with PTFP at concentration ranging from 0 to 50 mg/kg once a day for 3 successive days, and the BC group was treated with physiological saline. The lymphocyte proliferation rate, serum antibody titer, and levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were respectively measured on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after the first vaccination. The results showed that PTFP at the suitable doses could significantly promote lymphocyte proliferation, enhance serum antibody titer, and improve serum IFN-γ concentrations. Taken together, these data indicated that PTFP could improve the immune efficacy against ND vaccine in chickens, and could be as the candidate of a new-type immune adjuvant.
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Abstract
Clinical trials of vaccines differ from those of drugs both practically and ethically. Influenza vaccine trials pose additional challenges which flow from the seasonality of the disease and vaccine programmes and the changeability of circulating strains and epidemic size. Serological correlates are widely used in evaluating influenza vaccines but interpreting such responses is also difficult. Development and testing of vaccines for deployment in an influenza pandemic combines all these obstacles with extreme unpredictability, enormous urgency and the need for very large numbers of doses. Advances in manufacturing technology, diagnostics, identification of stable protective antigens and epitopes, new adjuvants and improved understanding of indirect and downstream effects may help to alleviate these difficulties in the future.
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23
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Gianchecchi E, Torelli A, Montomoli E. The use of cell-mediated immunity for the evaluation of influenza vaccines: an upcoming necessity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1021-1030. [PMID: 30614754 PMCID: PMC6605831 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1565269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines are a fundamental tool for preventing the disease and reducing its consequences, particularly in specific high-risk groups. In order to be licensed, influenza vaccines have to meet strict criteria established by European Medicines Agency. Although the licensure of influenza vaccines started 65 years ago, Hemagglutination Inhibition and Single Radial Hemolysis are the only serological assays that can ascertain correlates of protection. However, they present evident limitations. The present review focuses on the evaluation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which plays an important role in the host immune response in protecting against virus-related illness and in the establishment of long-term immunological memory. Although correlates of protection are not currently available for CMI, it would be advisable to investigate this kind of immunological response for the evaluation of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Torelli
- a VisMederi srl , Siena , Italy.,b Department of Life Sciences , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - E Montomoli
- a VisMederi srl , Siena , Italy.,c Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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24
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Immunosenescence Modulation by Vaccination. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A decline in immune function is a hallmark of aging that leads to complicated illness from a variety of infectious diseases, cancer and other immune-mediated disorders, and may limit the ability to appropriately respond to vaccination. How vaccines might alter the senescent immune response and what are the immune correlates of protection will be addressed from the perspective of (1) stimulating a previously primed response as in the case of vaccines for seasonal influenza and herpes zoster, (2) priming the response to novel antigens such as pandemic influenza or West Nile virus, (3) vaccination against bacterial pathogens such as pneumococcus and pertussis, (4) vaccines against bacterial toxins such as tetanus and Clostridium difficile, and (5) vaccine approaches to mitigate effects of cytomegalovirus on immune senescence. New or improved vaccines developed over recent years demonstrate the considerable opportunity to improve current vaccines and develop new vaccines as a preventive approach to a variety of diseases in older adults. Strategies for selecting appropriate immunologic targets for new vaccine development and evaluating how vaccines may alter the senescent immune response in terms of potential benefits and risks in the preclinical and clinical trial phases of vaccine development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Immunodominance of Antigenic Site B in the Hemagglutinin of the Current H3N2 Influenza Virus in Humans and Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01100-18. [PMID: 30045991 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01100-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin protein of H3N2 influenza viruses is the major target of neutralizing antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. However, the virus frequently escapes antibody-mediated neutralization due to mutations in the globular head domain. Five topologically distinct antigenic sites in the head domain of H3 hemagglutinin, A to E, have been previously described by mapping the binding sites of monoclonal antibodies, yet little is known about the contribution of each site to the immunogenicity of modern H3 hemagglutinins, as measured by hemagglutination inhibition activity, which is known to correlate with protection. To investigate the hierarchy of antibody immunodominance, five Δ1 recombinant influenza viruses expressing hemagglutinin of the A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2) strain with mutations in single antigenic sites were generated. Next, the Δ1 viruses were used to determine the hierarchy of immunodominance by measuring the hemagglutination inhibition reactivity of mouse antisera and plasma from 18 human subjects before and after seasonal influenza vaccination in 2017-2018. In both mice and humans, mutations in antigenic site B caused the most significant decrease in hemagglutination inhibition titers compared to wild-type hemagglutinin. This study revealed that antigenic site B is immunodominant in the H3N2 influenza virus strain included in the current vaccine preparations.IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses rapidly evade humoral immunity through antigenic drift, making current vaccines poorly effective and antibody-mediated protection short-lived. The majority of neutralizing antibodies target five antigenic sites in the head domain of the hemagglutinin protein that are also the most sequence-variable regions. A better understanding of the contribution of each antigenic site to the overall antibody response to hemagglutinin may help in the design of improved influenza virus vaccines.
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26
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Insertion-responsive microneedles for rapid intradermal delivery of canine influenza vaccine. J Control Release 2018; 286:460-466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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The Potential Role of Fc-Receptor Functions in the Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020027. [PMID: 29772781 PMCID: PMC6027188 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite global vaccination efforts, influenza virus continues to cause yearly epidemics and periodic pandemics throughout most of the world. Many of us consider the generation of broader, potent and long-lasting immunity against influenza viruses as critical in curtailing the global health and economic impact that influenza currently plays. To date, classical vaccinology has relied on the generation of neutralizing antibodies as the benchmark to measure vaccine effectiveness. However, recent developments in numerous related fields of biomedical research including, HIV, HSV and DENV have emphasized the importance of Fc-mediate effector functions in pathogenesis and immunity. The concept of Fc effector functions in contributing to protection from illness is not a new concept and has been investigated in the field for over four decades. However, in recent years the application and study of Fc effector functions has become revitalized with new knowledge and technologies to characterize their potential importance in immunity. In this perspective, we describe the current state of the field of Influenza Fc effector functions and discuss its potential utility in universal vaccine design in the future.
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28
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Ortiz JR, Hickling J, Jones R, Donabedian A, Engelhardt OG, Katz JM, Madhi SA, Neuzil KM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Southern J, Spiro DJ, Hombach J. Report on eighth WHO meeting on development of influenza vaccines that induce broadly protective and long-lasting immune responses: Chicago, USA, 23-24 August 2016. Vaccine 2017; 36:932-938. [PMID: 29221895 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In August 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened the "Eighth meeting on development of influenza vaccines that induce broadly protective and long-lasting immune responses" to discuss the regulatory requirements and pathways for licensure of next-generation influenza vaccines, and to identify areas where WHO can promote the development of such vaccines. Participants included approximately 120 representatives of academia, the vaccine industry, research and development funders, and regulatory and public health agencies. They reviewed the draft WHO preferred product characteristics (PPCs) of vaccines that could address prioritized unmet public health needs and discussed the challenges facing the development of such vaccines, especially for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). They defined the data desired by public-health decision makers globally and explored how to support the progression of promising candidates into late-stage clinical trials and for all countries. This report highlights the major discussions of the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Ortiz
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Julian Hickling
- Working in Tandem Ltd, Cambridge, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Working in Tandem Ltd, Cambridge, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Armen Donabedian
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, United States.
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, United States.
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - James Southern
- Advisor to Medicines Control Council, Simon's Town, South Africa.
| | - David J Spiro
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.
| | - Joachim Hombach
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland.
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29
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Lingel A, Bullard BL, Weaver EA. Efficacy of an Adenoviral Vectored Multivalent Centralized Influenza Vaccine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14912. [PMID: 29097763 PMCID: PMC5668234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice were immunized with Adenovirus expressing the H1-con, H2-con, H3-con and H5-con HA consensus genes in combination (multivalent) and compared to mice immunized with the traditional 2010-2011 FluZone and FluMist seasonal vaccines. Immunized mice were challenged with 10-100 MLD50 of H1N1, H3N1, H3N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses. The traditional vaccines induced robust levels of HA inhibition (HI) titers, but failed to protect against five different heterologous lethal influenza challenges. Conversely, the multivalent consensus vaccine (1 × 1010 virus particles (vp)/mouse) induced protective HI titers of ≥40 against 8 of 10 influenza viruses that represent a wide degree of divergence within the HA subtypes and protected 100% of mice from 8 of 9 lethal heterologous influenza virus challenges. The vaccine protection was dose dependent, in general, and a dose as low as 5 × 107 vp/mouse still provided 100% survival against 7 of 9 lethal heterologous influenza challenges. These data indicate that very low doses of Adenovirus-vectored consensus vaccines induce superior levels of immunity against a wide divergence of influenza subtypes as compared to traditional vaccines. These doses are scalable and translatable to humans and may provide the foundation for complete and long-lasting anti-influenza immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lingel
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
| | - Brianna L Bullard
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
| | - Eric A Weaver
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA.
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30
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Phan HT, Ho TT, Chu HH, Vu TH, Gresch U, Conrad U. Neutralizing immune responses induced by oligomeric H5N1-hemagglutinins from plants. Vet Res 2017; 48:53. [PMID: 28931425 PMCID: PMC5607582 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based transient expression is an alternative platform to produce hemagglutinin-based subunit vaccines. This production system provides not only fast and effective response in the context of a pandemic but also enables the supply of big volume vaccines at low cost. Crude plant extracts containing influenza hemagglutinin are considered to use as vaccine sources because of avoidance of related purification steps resulting in low cost production allowing veterinary applications. Highly immunogenic influenza hemagglutinins are urgently required to meet these pre-conditions. Here, we present a new and innovative way to generate functional H5 oligomers from avian flu hemagglutinin in planta by the specific interaction of S·Tag and S·Protein. A S·Tag was fused to H5 trimers and this construct was transiently co-expressed in planta with S·Protein-TPs which was multimerized by disulfide bonds via cysteine residues in tailpiece sequences (TP) of IgM antibody. Multimerized S·Protein-TPs serve as bridges/molecular docks to combine S·Tag-fused hemagglutinin trimers to form very large hemagglutinin H5 oligomers. H5 oligomers in the plant crude extract were highly active in hemagglutination resulting in high titers. Immunization of mice with two doses of plant crude extracts containing H5 oligomers after storage for 1 week at 4 °C caused strong immune responses and induced neutralizing specific humoral immune responses in mice. These results allow for the development of cheap influenza vaccines for veterinary application in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Trong Phan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuong Thi Ho
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Ulrike Gresch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Udo Conrad
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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31
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Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Stalk-Specific Antibodies in Human Serum are a Surrogate Marker for In Vivo Protection in a Serum Transfer Mouse Challenge Model. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01463-17. [PMID: 28928215 PMCID: PMC5605943 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01463-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of current influenza virus vaccines is assessed by measuring an increase of influenza virus-specific antibodies in a hemagglutination inhibition assay. This method exclusively measures antibodies against the hemagglutinin head domain. While this domain is immunodominant, it has been shown that hemagglutination inhibition titers do not always accurately predict protection from disease. In addition, several novel influenza virus vaccines that are currently under development do not target the hemagglutinin head domain, but rather more conserved sites, including the hemagglutinin stalk. Importantly, antibodies against the hemagglutinin stalk do not show activity in hemagglutination inhibition assays and will require different methods for quantification. In this study, we tested human serum samples from a seasonal influenza virus vaccination trial and an avian H5N1 virus vaccination trial for antibody activities in multiple types of assays, including binding assays and also functional assays. We then performed serum transfer experiments in mice which then received an H1N1 virus challenge to assess the in vivo protective effects of the antibodies. We found that hemagglutinin-specific antibody levels measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) correlated well with protection from weight loss in mice. In addition, we found that weight loss was also inversely correlated with the level of serum antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as measured in a reporter assay. These findings indicate that protection is in part conferred by Fc-dependent mechanisms. In conclusion, ELISAs can be used to measure hemagglutinin-specific antibody levels that could serve as a surrogate marker of protection for universal influenza virus vaccines.IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses are a serious concern for public health and cause a large number of deaths worldwide every year. Current influenza virus vaccines can confer protection from disease, but they often show low efficacy due to the ever-changing nature of the viruses. Novel vaccination approaches target conserved epitopes of the virus, including the hemagglutinin stalk domain, to elicit universally protective antibodies that also bind to mutated viruses or new subtypes of viruses. Importantly, the hemagglutination inhibition assay-the only assay that has been accepted as a correlate of protection by regulatory authorities-cannot measure antibodies against the hemagglutinin stalk domain. Therefore, novel correlates of protection and assays to measure vaccine immunogenicity need to be developed. In this study, we correlated the results from multiple assays with protection in mice after transfer of human serum and a lethal virus challenge to investigate potential novel serological surrogate markers for protection.
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32
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D'Angio CT, Wyman CP, Misra RS, Halliley JL, Wang H, Hunn JE, Fallone CM, Lee FEH. Plasma cell and serum antibody responses to influenza vaccine in preterm and full-term infants. Vaccine 2017; 35:5163-5171. [PMID: 28807607 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm (PT) infants are at greater risk for severe influenza infection and experience decrements in long-term antibody responses to vaccines. This may related to defects in antibody secreting cell (ASC) generation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships among the frequencies of influenza-specific antibody secreting cells, ASC numbers and subsets, and antibody responses to influenza vaccines (IV) among PT and full-term (FT) infants. DESIGN/METHODS We enrolled 11 former PT (≤32weeks' gestation, ≤1500 g' birth weight) and 11FT infants, 6-17months of age, receiving their first influenza immunizations. Infants received two doses of inactivated trivalent (T)IV or quadrivalent (Q)IV during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 influenza seasons, respectively, at 0 and 28days, and blood was drawn at 0, 10, 35, and 56days and 9months. Vaccine-specific antibody was measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) at 0 and 56days and 9months, vaccine-specific ASC numbers by enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) at 10 and 35days, and ASC subsets by flow cytometry at 0, 10 and 35days. RESULTS PT infants had post-vaccine HAI titers to all 4 vaccine strains at least equal to FT infants at 56days and 9months after beginning immunization. Influenza-specific ASC ELISPOT responses at 35days were higher among PT than FT infants (median 100 v. 30 per 106 PBMC, p=0.04). ASC numbers at 35days were positively correlated with serum HAI titers at 56days (ρ=0.50-0.80). There were no statistical differences between PT and FT infants in the frequency of five ASC subsets and no specific ASC subset correlated with durability of serum antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS Influenza-specific ASC numbers in both FT and PT infants correlated with peak antibody titers, but ASC subsets did not correlate with durability of antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl T D'Angio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Claire P Wyman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ravi S Misra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jessica L Halliley
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hongyue Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Julianne E Hunn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Caitlin M Fallone
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
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33
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Different Repeat Annual Influenza Vaccinations Improve the Antibody Response to Drifted Influenza Strains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5258. [PMID: 28701762 PMCID: PMC5507920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccine formulas change almost every year yet information about how this affects the antibody repertoire of vaccine recipients is inadequate. New vaccine virus strains are selected, replacing older strains to better match the currently circulating strains. But even while the vaccine is being manufactured the circulating strains can evolve. The ideal response to a seasonal vaccine would maintain antibodies toward existing strains that might continue to circulate, and to generate cross-reactive antibodies, particularly towards conserved influenza epitopes, potentially limiting infections caused by newly evolving strains. Here we use the hemagglutination inhibition assay to analyze the antibody repertoire in subjects vaccinated two years in a row with either identical vaccine virus strains or with differing vaccine virus strains. The data indicates that changing the vaccine formulation results in an antibody repertoire that is better able to react with strains emerging after the vaccine virus strains are selected. The effect is observed for both influenza A and B strains in groups of subjects vaccinated in three different seasons. Analyses include stratification by age and sex.
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Levine MZ, Martin JM, Gross FL, Jefferson S, Cole KS, Archibald CA, Nowalk MP, Susick M, Moehling K, Spencer S, Chung JR, Flannery B, Zimmerman RK. Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses among Children and Adolescents following 2014-2015 Inactivated and Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccination. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:831-839. [PMID: 27558294 PMCID: PMC5051070 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00297-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human influenza A(H3N2) viruses that predominated during the moderately severe 2014-2015 influenza season differed antigenically from the vaccine component, resulting in reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE). To examine antibody responses to 2014-2015 inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) among children and adolescents, we collected sera before and after vaccination from 150 children aged 3 to 17 years enrolled at health care facilities. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were used to assess the antibody responses to vaccine strains. We evaluated cross-reactive antibody responses against two representative A(H3N2) viruses that had antigenically drifted from the A(H3N2) vaccine component using microneutralization (MN) assays. Postvaccination antibody titers to drifted A(H3N2) viruses were higher following receipt of IIV (MN geometric mean titers [GMTs], 63 to 68; 38 to 45% achieved seroconversion) versus LAIV (MN GMT, 22; only 3 to 5% achieved seroconversion). In 9- to 17-year-olds, the highest MN titers were observed among IIV-vaccinated individuals who had received LAIV in the previous season. Among all IIV recipients aged 3 to 17 years, the strongest predictor of antibody responses to the drifted viruses was the prevaccination titers to the vaccine strain. The results of our study suggest that in an antigenically drifted influenza season, vaccination still induced cross-reactive antibody responses to drifted circulating A(H3N2) viruses, although higher antibody titers may be required for protection. Antibody responses to drifted A(H3N2) viruses following vaccination were influenced by multiple factors, including vaccine type and preexisting immunity from prior exposure.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigenic Variation
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cross Reactions
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Male
- Seasons
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Judith M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F Liaini Gross
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Battelle, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stacie Jefferson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelly Stefano Cole
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Crystal Ann Archibald
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Susick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Krissy Moehling
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Spencer
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessie R Chung
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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