1
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Tessi TM, Maurino VG. AZGs: a new family of cytokinin transporters. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1841-1848. [PMID: 38979638 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones structurally similar to purines that play important roles in various aspects of plant physiology and development. The local and long-distance distribution of CKs is very important to control their action throughout the plant body. Over the past decade, several novel CK transporters have been described, many of which have been linked to a physiological function rather than simply their ability to transport the hormone in vitro. Purine permeases, equilibrative nucleotide transporters and ATP-binding cassette transporters are involved in the local and long-range distribution of CK. In addition, members of the Arabidopsis AZA-GUANINE RESISTANT (AZG) protein family, AZG1 and AZG2, have recently been shown to mediate CK uptake at the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Despite sharing ∼50% homology, AZG1 and AZG2 have unique transport mechanisms, tissue-specific expression patterns, and subcellular localizations that underlie their distinct physiological functions. AZG2 is expressed in a small group of cells in the overlying tissue around the lateral root primordia, where its expression is induced by auxins and it is involved in the regulation of lateral root growth. AZG1 is ubiquitously expressed, with high levels in the division zone of the root apical meristem. Here, it binds and stabilises the auxin efflux carrier PIN1, thereby shaping root architecture, particularly under salt stress. This review highlights the latest findings on the protein properties, transport mechanisms and cellular functions of this new family of CK transporters and discusses perspectives for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas M Tessi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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2
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Dziewit K, Amakorová P, Novák O, Szal B, Podgórska A. Systemic strategies for cytokinin biosynthesis and catabolism in Arabidopsis roots and leaves under prolonged ammonium nutrition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108858. [PMID: 38924907 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins are growth-regulating plant hormones that are considered to adjust plant development under environmental stresses. During sole ammonium nutrition, a condition known to induce growth retardation of plants, altered cytokinin content can contribute to the characteristic ammonium toxicity syndrome. To understand the metabolic changes in cytokinin pools, cytokinin biosynthesis and degradation were analyzed in the leaves and roots of mature Arabidopsis plants. We found that in leaves of ammonium-grown plants, despite induction of biosynthesis on the expression level, there was no active cytokinin build-up because they were effectively routed toward their downstream catabolites. In roots, cytokinin conjugation was also induced, together with low expression of major synthetic enzymes, resulting in a decreased content of the trans-zeatin form under ammonium conditions. Based on these results, we hypothesized that in leaves and roots, cytokinin turnover is the major regulator of the cytokinin pool and does not allow active cytokinins to accumulate. A potent negative-regulator of root development is trans-zeatin, therefore its low level in mature root tissues of ammonium-grown plants may be responsible for occurrence of a wide root system. Additionally, specific cytokinin enhancement in apical root tips may evoke a short root phenotype in plants under ammonium conditions. The ability to flexibly regulate cytokinin metabolism and distribution in root and shoot tissues can contribute to adjusting plant development in response to ammonium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Dziewit
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 01, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Petra Amakorová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic.
| | - Bożena Szal
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 01, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Podgórska
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 01, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Zhao J, Wang J, Liu J, Zhang P, Kudoyarova G, Liu CJ, Zhang K. Spatially distributed cytokinins: Metabolism, signaling, and transport. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100936. [PMID: 38689499 PMCID: PMC11287186 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins are mobile phytohormones that regulate plant growth, development, and environmental adaptability. The major cytokinin species include isopentenyl adenine (iP), trans-zeatin (tZ), cis-zeatin (cZ), and dihydrozeatin (DZ). The spatial distributions of different cytokinin species in different organelles, cells, tissues, and organs are primarily shaped by biosynthesis via isopentenyltransferases (IPT), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, and 5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase and by conjugation or catabolism via glycosyltransferase or cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase. Cytokinins bind to histidine receptor kinases in the endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane and relay signals to response regulators in the nucleus via shuttle proteins known as histidine phosphotransfer proteins. The movements of cytokinins from sites of biosynthesis to sites of signal perception usually require long-distance, intercellular, and intracellular transport. In the past decade, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, purine permeases (PUP), AZA-GUANINE RESISTANT (AZG) transporters, equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT), and Sugars Will Eventually Be Exported transporters (SWEET) have been characterized as involved in cytokinin transport processes. This review begins by introducing the spatial distributions of various cytokinins and the subcellular localizations of the proteins involved in their metabolism and signaling. Highlights focus on an inventory of the characterized transporters involved in cytokinin compartmentalization, including long-distance, intercellular, and intracellular transport, and the regulation of the spatial distributions of cytokinins by environmental cues. Future directions for cytokinin research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhe Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Penghong Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Center, RAS, Prospekt Oktyabrya 69, Ufa 450054, Russia
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China.
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4
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Lodovici A, Buoso S, Miras-Moreno B, Lucini L, Garcia-Perez P, Tomasi N, Pinton R, Zanin L. Peculiarity of the early metabolomic response in tomato after urea, ammonium or nitrate supply. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108666. [PMID: 38723490 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient most applied in agriculture as fertilizer (as nitrate, Nit; ammonium, A; and/or urea, U, forms) and its availability strongly constrains the crop growth and yield. To investigate the early response (24 h) of N-deficient tomato plants to these three N forms, a physiological and molecular study was performed. In comparison to N-deficient plants, significant changes in the transcriptional, metabolomic and ionomic profiles were observed. As a probable consequence of N mobility in plants, a wide metabolic modulation occurred in old leaves rather than in young leaves. The metabolic profile of U and A-treated plants was more similar than Nit-treated plant profile, which in turn presented the lowest metabolic modulation with respect to N-deficient condition. Urea and A forms induced some changes at the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, amino acids and phytohormones. Interestingly, a specific up-regulation by U and down-regulation by A of carbon synthesis occurred in roots. Along with the gene expression, data suggest that the specific N form influences the activation of metabolic pathways for its assimilation (cytosolic GS/AS and/or plastidial GS/GOGAT cycle). Urea induced an up-concentration of Cu and Mn in leaves and Zn in whole plant. This study highlights a metabolic reprogramming depending on the N form applied, and it also provide evidence of a direct relationship between urea nutrition and Zn concentration. The understanding of the metabolic pathways activated by the different N forms represents a milestone in improving the efficiency of urea fertilization in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Lodovici
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Pascual Garcia-Perez
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Nicola Tomasi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pinton
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Laura Zanin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
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5
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Argueso CT, Kieber JJ. Cytokinin: From autoclaved DNA to two-component signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1429-1450. [PMID: 38163638 PMCID: PMC11062471 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Since its first identification in the 1950s as a regulator of cell division, cytokinin has been linked to many physiological processes in plants, spanning growth and development and various responses to the environment. Studies from the last two and one-half decades have revealed the pathways underlying the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinin and have elucidated the mechanisms of its perception and signaling, which reflects an ancient signaling system evolved from two-component elements in bacteria. Mutants in the genes encoding elements involved in these processes have helped refine our understanding of cytokinin functions in plants. Further, recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms of intracellular and long-distance cytokinin transport and the identification of several proteins that operate downstream of cytokinin signaling. Here, we review these processes through a historical lens, providing an overview of cytokinin metabolism, transport, signaling, and functions in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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6
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Huang Y, Ji Z, Zhang S, Li S. Function of hormone signaling in regulating nitrogen-use efficiency in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154191. [PMID: 38335845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for crop plant performance, however, the excessive application of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture significantly increases production costs and causes severe environmental problems. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanisms of N-use efficiency (NUE) with the aim of developing new crop varieties that combine high yields with improved NUE is an urgent goal for achieving more sustainable agriculture. Plant NUE is a complex trait that is affected by multiple factors, of which hormones are known to play pivotal roles. In this review, we focus on the interaction between the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of plant hormones with N metabolism, and summarize recent studies on the interplay between hormones and N, including how N regulates multiple hormone biosynthesis, transport and signaling and how hormones modulate root system architecture (RSA) in response to external N sources. Finally, we explore potential strategies for promoting crop NUE by modulating hormone synthesis, transport and signaling. This provides insights for future breeding of N-efficient crop varieties and the advancement of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Siyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Cao H, Liu Z, Guo J, Jia Z, Shi Y, Kang K, Peng W, Wang Z, Chen L, Neuhaeuser B, Wang Y, Liu X, Hao D, Yuan L. ZmNRT1.1B (ZmNPF6.6) determines nitrogen use efficiency via regulation of nitrate transport and signalling in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:316-329. [PMID: 37786281 PMCID: PMC10826987 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3 - ) is crucial for optimal plant growth and development and often limits crop productivity under low availability. In comparison with model plant Arabidopsis, the molecular mechanisms underlying NO3 - acquisition and utilization remain largely unclear in maize. In particular, only a few genes have been exploited to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Here, we demonstrated that NO3 - -inducible ZmNRT1.1B (ZmNPF6.6) positively regulated NO3 - -dependent growth and NUE in maize. We showed that the tandem duplicated proteoform ZmNRT1.1C is irrelevant to maize seedling growth under NO3 - supply; however, the loss of function of ZmNRT1.1B significantly weakened plant growth under adequate NO3 - supply under both hydroponic and field conditions. The 15 N-labelled NO3 - absorption assay indicated that ZmNRT1.1B mediated the high-affinity NO3 - -transport and root-to-shoot NO3 - translocation. Transcriptome analysis further showed, upon NO3 - supply, ZmNRT1.1B promotes cytoplasmic-to-nuclear shuttling of ZmNLP3.1 (ZmNLP8), which co-regulates the expression of genes involved in NO3 - response, cytokinin biosynthesis and carbon metabolism. Remarkably, overexpression of ZmNRT1.1B in modern maize hybrids improved grain yield under N-limiting fields. Taken together, our study revealed a crucial role of ZmNRT1.1B in high-affinity NO3 - transport and signalling and offers valuable genetic resource for breeding N use efficient high-yield cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huairong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jia Guo
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biotechnology of Jilin ProvincialInstitute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (JAAS)JilinChina
| | - Zhongtao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yandong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kai Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wushuang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhangkui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Limei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Benjamin Neuhaeuser
- Department of Nutritional Crop Physiology, Institute of Crop ScienceUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Yong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandongChina
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biotechnology of Jilin ProvincialInstitute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (JAAS)JilinChina
| | - Dongyun Hao
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biotechnology of Jilin ProvincialInstitute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (JAAS)JilinChina
| | - Lixing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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8
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Taleski M, Jin M, Chapman K, Taylor K, Winning C, Frank M, Imin N, Djordjevic MA. CEP hormones at the nexus of nutrient acquisition and allocation, root development, and plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:538-552. [PMID: 37946363 PMCID: PMC10773996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A growing understanding is emerging of the roles of peptide hormones in local and long-distance signalling that coordinates plant growth and development as well as responses to the environment. C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) signalling triggered by its interaction with CEP RECEPTOR 1 (CEPR1) is known to play roles in systemic nitrogen (N) demand signalling, legume nodulation, and root system architecture. Recent research provides further insight into how CEP signalling operates, which involves diverse downstream targets and interactions with other hormone pathways. Additionally, there is emerging evidence of CEP signalling playing roles in N allocation, root responses to carbon levels, the uptake of other soil nutrients such as phosphorus and sulfur, root responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant immunity, and reproductive development. These findings suggest that CEP signalling more broadly coordinates growth across the whole plant in response to diverse environmental cues. Moreover, CEP signalling and function appear to be conserved in angiosperms. We review recent advances in CEP biology with a focus on soil nutrient uptake, root system architecture and organogenesis, and roles in plant-microbe interactions. Furthermore, we address knowledge gaps and future directions in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taleski
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Marvin Jin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Kelly Chapman
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Katia Taylor
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Courtney Winning
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Manuel Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nijat Imin
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Michael A Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
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9
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Asad MAU, Guan X, Zhou L, Qian Z, Yan Z, Cheng F. Involvement of plant signaling network and cell metabolic homeostasis in nitrogen deficiency-induced early leaf senescence. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111855. [PMID: 37678563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a basic building block that plays an essential role in the maintenance of normal plant growth and its metabolic functions through complex regulatory networks. Such the N metabolic network comprises a series of transcription factors (TFs), with the coordinated actions of phytohormone and sugar signaling to sustain cell homeostasis. The fluctuating N concentration in plant tissues alters the sensitivity of several signaling pathways to stressful environments and regulates the senescent-associated changes in cellular structure and metabolic process. Here, we review recent advances in the interaction between N assimilation and carbon metabolism in response to N deficiency and its regulation to the nutrient remobilization from source to sink during leaf senescence. The regulatory networks of N and sugar signaling for N deficiency-induced leaf senescence is further discussed to explain the effects of N deficiency on chloroplast disassembly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, asparagine metabolism, sugar transport, autophagy process, Ca2+ signaling, circadian clock response, brassinazole-resistant 1 (BZRI), and other stress cell signaling. A comprehensive understanding for the metabolic mechanism and regulatory network underlying N deficiency-induced leaf senescence may provide a theoretical guide to optimize the source-sink relationship during grain filling for the achievement of high yield by a selection of crop cultivars with the properly prolonged lifespan of functional leaves and/or by appropriate agronomic managements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asad Ullah Asad
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianyue Guan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lujian Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhao Qian
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhang Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangmin Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Fan K, Wang Z, Sze CC, Niu Y, Wong FL, Li MW, Lam HM. MicroRNA 4407 modulates nodulation in soybean by repressing a root-specific ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE (GmIPT3). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1034-1051. [PMID: 37653681 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of plant biological processes, including soybean nodulation. One miRNA, miR4407, was identified in soybean roots and nodules. However, the function of miR4407 in soybean is still unknown. MiR4407, unique to soybean, positively regulates lateral root emergence and root structures and represses a root-specific ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE (GmIPT3). By altering the expression of miR4407 and GmIPT3, we investigated the role of miR4407 in lateral root and nodule development. Both miR4407 and GmIPT3 are expressed in the inner root cortex and nodule primordia. Upon rhizobial inoculation, miR4407 was downregulated while GmIPT3 was upregulated. Overexpressing miR4407 reduced the number of nodules in transgenic soybean hairy roots while overexpressing the wild-type GmIPT3 or a miR4407-resistant GmIPT3 mutant (mGmIPT3) significantly increased the nodule number. The mechanism of miR4407 and GmIPT3 functions was also linked to autoregulation of nodulation (AON), where miR4407 overexpression repressed miR172c and activated its target, GmNNC1, turning on AON. Exogenous CK mimicked the effects of GmIPT3 overexpression on miR172c, supporting the notion that GmIPT3 regulates nodulation by enhancing root-derived CK. Overall, our data revealed a new miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism of nodulation in soybean. MiR4407 showed a dual role in lateral root and nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Fan
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhili Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ching-Ching Sze
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yongchao Niu
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fuk-Ling Wong
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man-Wah Li
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Bajguz A, Piotrowska-Niczyporuk A. Biosynthetic Pathways of Hormones in Plants. Metabolites 2023; 13:884. [PMID: 37623827 PMCID: PMC10456939 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones exhibit a wide range of chemical structures, though they primarily originate from three key metabolic precursors: amino acids, isoprenoids, and lipids. Specific amino acids, such as tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, and arginine, contribute to the production of various phytohormones, including auxins, melatonin, ethylene, salicylic acid, and polyamines. Isoprenoids are the foundation of five phytohormone categories: cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. Furthermore, lipids, i.e., α-linolenic acid, function as a precursor for jasmonic acid. The biosynthesis routes of these different plant hormones are intricately complex. Understanding of these processes can greatly enhance our knowledge of how these hormones regulate plant growth, development, and physiology. This review focuses on detailing the biosynthetic pathways of phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
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12
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Abualia R, Riegler S, Benkova E. Nitrate, Auxin and Cytokinin-A Trio to Tango. Cells 2023; 12:1613. [PMID: 37371083 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an important macronutrient required for plant growth and development, thus directly impacting agricultural productivity. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that nitrogen-driven growth depends on pathways that control nitrate/nitrogen homeostasis and hormonal networks that act both locally and systemically to coordinate growth and development of plant organs. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in understanding the role of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin and their crosstalk in nitrate-regulated growth and discuss the significance of novel findings and possible missing links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Abualia
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Stefan Riegler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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13
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Tessi TM, Maurino VG, Shahriari M, Meissner E, Novak O, Pasternak T, Schumacher BS, Ditengou F, Li Z, Duerr J, Flubacher NS, Nautscher M, Williams A, Kazimierczak Z, Strnad M, Thumfart JO, Palme K, Desimone M, Teale WD. AZG1 is a cytokinin transporter that interacts with auxin transporter PIN1 and regulates the root stress response. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1924-1941. [PMID: 36918499 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally responsive root system is crucial for plant growth and crop yield, especially in suboptimal soil conditions. This responsiveness enables the plant to exploit regions of high nutrient density while simultaneously minimizing abiotic stress. Despite the vital importance of root systems in regulating plant growth, significant gaps of knowledge exist in the mechanisms that regulate their architecture. Auxin defines both the frequency of lateral root (LR) initiation and the rate of LR outgrowth. Here, we describe a search for proteins that regulate root system architecture (RSA) by interacting directly with a key auxin transporter, PIN1. The native separation of Arabidopsis plasma membrane protein complexes identified several PIN1 co-purifying proteins. Among them, AZG1 was subsequently confirmed as a PIN1 interactor. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis, AZG1 is a cytokinin (CK) import protein that co-localizes with and stabilizes PIN1, linking auxin and CK transport streams. AZG1 expression in LR primordia is sensitive to NaCl, and the frequency of LRs is AZG1-dependent under salt stress. This report therefore identifies a potential point for auxin:cytokinin crosstalk, which shapes RSA in response to NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás M Tessi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Velez Sarsfield 249, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mojgan Shahriari
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Meissner
- Conservation Ecology, Department Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacky, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Schumacher
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franck Ditengou
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zenglin Li
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Duerr
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Noemi S Flubacher
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Nautscher
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alyssa Williams
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zuzanna Kazimierczak
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacky, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg-Oliver Thumfart
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology II, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Ostschweiz, Lagerstrasse 30, 9470, Buchs, SG, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Palme
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Centre of Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcelo Desimone
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Velez Sarsfield 249, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - William D Teale
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Sun H, Guo X, Zhu X, Gu P, Zhang W, Tao W, Wang D, Wu Y, Zhao Q, Xu G, Fu X, Zhang Y. Strigolactone and gibberellin signaling coordinately regulate metabolic adaptations to changes in nitrogen availability in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:588-598. [PMID: 36683328 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Modern semi-dwarf rice varieties of the "Green Revolution" require a high supply of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to produce high yields. A better understanding of the interplay between N metabolism and plant developmental processes is required for improved N-use efficiency and agricultural sustainability. Here, we show that strigolactones (SLs) modulate root metabolic and developmental adaptations to low N availability for ensuring efficient uptake and translocation of available N. The key repressor DWARF 53 (D53) of the SL signaling pathway interacts with the transcription factor GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 4 (GRF4) and prevents GRF4 from binding to its target gene promoters. N limitation induces the accumulation of SLs, which in turn promotes SL-mediated degradation of D53, leading to the release of GRF4 and thus promoting the expression of genes associated with N metabolism. N limitation also induces degradation of the DELLA protein SLENDER RICE 1 (SLR1) in an D14- and D53-dependent manner, effectively releasing GRF4 from competitive inhibition caused by SLR1. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying SL and gibberellin crosstalk in response to N availability, advancing our understanding of plant growth-metabolic coordination and facilitating the design of the strategies for improving N-use efficiency in high-yield crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiuli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pengyuan Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenqing Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daojian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunzhe Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiangdong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yali Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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15
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Wei M, Zhang M, Sun J, Zhao Y, Pak S, Ma M, Chen Y, Lu H, Yang J, Wei H, Li Y, Li C. PuHox52 promotes coordinated uptake of nitrate, phosphate, and iron under nitrogen deficiency in Populus ussuriensis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:791-809. [PMID: 36226597 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance to better understand how trees regulate nitrogen (N) uptake under N deficiency conditions which severely challenge afforestation practices, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been well elucidated. Here, we functionally characterized PuHox52, a Populus ussuriensis HD-ZIP transcription factor, whose overexpression greatly enhanced nutrient uptake and plant growth under N deficiency. We first conducted an RNA sequencing experiment to obtain root transcriptome using PuHox52-overexpression lines of P. ussuriensis under low N treatment. We then performed multiple genetic and phenotypic analyses to identify key target genes of PuHox52 and validated how they acted against N deficiency under PuHox52 regulation. PuHox52 was specifically induced in roots by N deficiency, and overexpression of PuHox52 promoted N uptake, plant growth, and root development. We demonstrated that several nitrate-responsive genes (PuNRT1.1, PuNRT2.4, PuCLC-b, PuNIA2, PuNIR1, and PuNLP1), phosphate-responsive genes (PuPHL1A and PuPHL1B), and an iron transporter gene (PuIRT1) were substantiated to be direct targets of PuHox52. Among them, PuNRT1.1, PuPHL1A/B, and PuIRT1 were upregulated to relatively higher levels during PuHox52-mediated responses against N deficiency in PuHox52-overexpression lines compared to WT. Our study revealed a novel regulatory mechanism underlying root adaption to N deficiency where PuHox52 modulated a coordinated uptake of nitrate, phosphate, and iron through 'PuHox52-PuNRT1.1', 'PuHox52-PuPHL1A/PuPHL1B', and 'PuHox52-PuIRT1' regulatory relationships in poplar roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Mengqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jiali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Solme Pak
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Miaomiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yingxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Han Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jingli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931, USA
| | - Yuhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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16
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Ahmad N, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Hussain I, Yang X. Insights on Phytohormonal Crosstalk in Plant Response to Nitrogen Stress: A Focus on Plant Root Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043631. [PMID: 36835044 PMCID: PMC9958644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a vital mineral component that can restrict the growth and development of plants if supplied inappropriately. In order to benefit their growth and development, plants have complex physiological and structural responses to changes in their nitrogen supply. As higher plants have multiple organs with varying functions and nutritional requirements, they coordinate their responses at the whole-plant level based on local and long-distance signaling pathways. It has been suggested that phytohormones are signaling substances in such pathways. The nitrogen signaling pathway is closely associated with phytohormones such as auxin (AUX), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroid (BR), strigolactones (SLs), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). Recent research has shed light on how nitrogen and phytohormones interact to modulate physiology and morphology. This review provides a summary of the research on how phytohormone signaling affects root system architecture (RSA) in response to nitrogen availability. Overall, this review contributes to identifying recent developments in the interaction between phytohormones and N, as well as serving as a foundation for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhengjie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, Institute of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Sutton M, Roussel B, Chavez DJ, Malladi A. Synthesis of active cytokinins mediated by LONELY GUY is associated with cell production during early fruit growth in peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1155755. [PMID: 37152121 PMCID: PMC10157650 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1155755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Early fruit growth in peach is characterized by cell production. Cytokinins have established roles in regulating cell division and may regulate cell production during early fruit growth. However, the role of active cytokinins and regulation of their metabolism are not well characterized in the peach fruit. In this study, fruit growth parameters, concentrations of active cytokinin bases and a cytokinin riboside, and expression of three key cytokinin metabolism-related gene families were determined during early fruit growth. Early fruit growth was associated with intensive cell production until around 40 days after full bloom. During the early stages of this period, trans-zeatin (tZ), isopentenyladenine (iP), dihydrozeatin (DHZ) and tZ-riboside (tZR), displayed higher abundance which declined rapidly by 3.5- to 16-fold during the later stages. Changes in concentration of active cytokinin bases were consistent with roles for them in regulating cell production. Expression analyses of members of cytokinin biosynthesis-related gene families, ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE (IPT) and LONELY GUY (LOG), further indicated that mechanisms of synthesis of cytokinin metabolites and their activation are functional within the fruit pericarp. Changes in expression of multiple members of the LOG family paralleled changes in active cytokinin concentrations. Specifically, transcript abundance of LOG3 and LOG8 were correlated with concentrations of tZ, and iP and DHZ, respectively, suggesting that the direct activation pathway is an important route for active cytokinin base synthesis during early fruit development. Transcript abundance of two CYTOKININ OXIDASE (CKX) genes, CKX1 and CKX2, was consistent with roles in cytokinin catabolism during later stages of early fruit growth. Together, these data support a role for active cytokinins synthesized in the fruit pericarp in regulating early fruit growth in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sutton
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Bayleigh Roussel
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Dario J. Chavez
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Anish Malladi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anish Malladi,
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Pavlů J, Kerchev P, Černý M, Novák J, Berka M, Jobe TO, López Ramos JM, Saiz-Fernández I, Rashotte AM, Kopriva S, Brzobohatý B. Cytokinin modulates the metabolic network of sulfur and glutathione. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7417-7433. [PMID: 36226742 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin is implicated in a range of growth, developmental, and defense processes. A growing body of evidence supports a crosstalk between cytokinin and nutrient signaling pathways, such as nitrate availability. Cytokinin signaling regulates sulfur-responsive gene expression, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and their impact on sulfur-containing metabolites have not been systematically explored. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological tools, we investigated the interplay between cytokinin signaling and sulfur homeostasis. Exogenous cytokinin triggered sulfur starvation-like gene expression accompanied by a decrease in sulfate and glutathione content. This process was uncoupled from the activity of the major transcriptional regulator of sulfate starvation signaling SULFUR LIMITATION 1 and an important glutathione-degrading enzyme, γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase 2;1, expression of which was robustly up-regulated by cytokinin. Conversely, glutathione accumulation was observed in mutants lacking the cytokinin receptor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE 3 and in cytokinin-deficient plants. Cytokinin-deficient plants displayed improved root growth upon exposure to glutathione-depleting chemicals which was attributed to a higher capacity to maintain glutathione levels. These results shed new light on the interplay between cytokinin signaling and sulfur homeostasis. They position cytokinin as an important modulator of sulfur uptake, assimilation, and remobilization in plant defense against xenobiotics and root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pavlů
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kerchev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy O Jobe
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - José Maria López Ramos
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron Michael Rashotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Aki SS, Morimoto T, Ohnishi T, Oda A, Kato H, Ishizaki K, Nishihama R, Kohchi T, Umeda M. R2R3-MYB transcription factor GEMMA CUP-ASSOCIATED MYB1 mediates the cytokinin signal to achieve proper organ development in Marchantia polymorpha. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21123. [PMID: 36477255 PMCID: PMC9729187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinin, a plant hormone, plays essential roles in organ growth and development. The type-B response regulator-mediated cytokinin signaling is repressed by type-A response regulators and is conserved in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Its signal coordinates the development of diverse organs on the thallus body, such as the gemma cup, rhizoid, and air pores. Here we report that the type-B response regulator MpRRB upregulates the expression of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor GEMMA CUP-ASSOCIATED MYB1 (MpGCAM1) in M. polymorpha. Whereas both Mpgcam1 and Mprrb knockout mutants exhibited defects in gemma cup formation, the Mpgcam1 Mprra double mutant, in which cytokinin signaling is activated due to the lack of type-A response regulator, also formed no gemma cups. This suggests that MpGCAM1 functions downstream of cytokinin signaling. Inducible overexpression of MpGCAM1 produced undifferentiated cell clumps on the thalli of both wild-type and Mprrb. However, smaller thalli were formed in Mprrb compared to the wild-type after the cessation of overexpression. These results suggest that cytokinin signaling promotes gemma cup formation and cellular reprogramming through MpGCAM1, while cytokinin signals also participate in activating cell division during thallus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori S. Aki
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Tomoyo Morimoto
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Taiki Ohnishi
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Ayumi Oda
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kato
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan ,grid.255464.40000 0001 1011 3808Present Address: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- grid.143643.70000 0001 0660 6861Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278‐8510 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
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20
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Xing J, Cao X, Zhang M, Wei X, Zhang J, Wan X. Plant nitrogen availability and crosstalk with phytohormones signallings and their biotechnology breeding application in crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022. [PMID: 36435985 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), one of the most important nutrients, limits plant growth and crop yields in sustainable agriculture system, in which phytohormones are known to play essential roles in N availability. Hence, it is not surprising that massive studies about the crosstalk between N and phytohormones have been constantly emerging. In this review, with the intellectual landscape of N and phytohormones crosstalk provided by the bibliometric analysis, we trace the research story of best-known crosstalk between N and various phytohormones over the last 20 years. Then, we discuss how N regulates various phytohormones biosynthesis and transport in plants. In reverse, we also summarize how phytohormones signallings modulate root system architecture (RSA) in response to N availability. Besides, we expand to outline how phytohormones signallings regulate uptake, transport, and assimilation of N in plants. Further, we conclude advanced biotechnology strategies, explain their application, and provide potential phytohormones-regulated N use efficiency (NUE) targets in crops. Collectively, this review provides not only a better understanding on the recent progress of crosstalk between N and phytohormones, but also targeted strategies for improvement of NUE to increase crop yields in future biotechnology breeding of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Xing
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocong Cao
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Wei
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Molecular framework integrating nitrate sensing in root and auxin-guided shoot adaptive responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122460119. [PMID: 35878040 PMCID: PMC9351359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122460119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral nutrition is one of the key environmental factors determining plant development and growth. Nitrate is the major form of macronutrient nitrogen that plants take up from the soil. Fluctuating availability or deficiency of this element severely limits plant growth and negatively affects crop production in the agricultural system. To cope with the heterogeneity of nitrate distribution in soil, plants evolved a complex regulatory mechanism that allows rapid adjustment of physiological and developmental processes to the status of this nutrient. The root, as a major exploitation organ that controls the uptake of nitrate to the plant body, acts as a regulatory hub that, according to nitrate availability, coordinates the growth and development of other plant organs. Here, we identified a regulatory framework, where cytokinin response factors (CRFs) play a central role as a molecular readout of the nitrate status in roots to guide shoot adaptive developmental response. We show that nitrate-driven activation of NLP7, a master regulator of nitrate response in plants, fine tunes biosynthesis of cytokinin in roots and its translocation to shoots where it enhances expression of CRFs. CRFs, through direct transcriptional regulation of PIN auxin transporters, promote the flow of auxin and thereby stimulate the development of shoot organs.
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22
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Yang S, de Haan M, Mayer J, Janacek DP, Hammes UZ, Poppenberger B, Sieberer T. A novel chemical inhibitor of polar auxin transport promotes shoot regeneration by local enhancement of HD-ZIP III transcription. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1111-1128. [PMID: 35491431 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
De novo shoot organogenesis is a prerequisite for numerous applications in plant research and breeding but is often a limiting factor, for example, in genome editing approaches. Class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP III) transcription factors have been characterized as crucial regulators of shoot specification, however up-stream components controlling their activity during shoot regeneration are only partially identified. In a chemical genetic screen, we isolated ZIC2, a novel activator of HD-ZIP III activity. Using molecular, physiological and hormone transport analyses in Arabidopsis and sunflower (Helianthus annuus), we examined the molecular mechanism by which the drug promotes HD-ZIP III expression. ZIC2-dependent upregulation of HD-ZIP III transcription promotes shoot regeneration in Arabidopsis and is accompanied by the induction of shoot specifying factors WUS and RAP2.6L and a subset of cytokinin biosynthesis enzymes. ZIC2's effect on HD-ZIP III expression and regeneration is based on its ability to limit polar auxin transport. We further provide evidence that chemical modulation of auxin efflux can enhance de novo shoot formation in the regeneration recalcitrant species sunflower. Activation of HD-ZIP III transcription during shoot regeneration depends on the local distribution of auxin and chemical modulation of auxin transport can be used to overcome poor shoot organogenesis in tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqi Yang
- Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marjolein de Haan
- Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Julius Mayer
- Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Dorina P Janacek
- Plant Systems Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Sieberer
- Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
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23
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Zha M, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Chen B, Tan Z. Strigolactones and Cytokinin Interaction in Buds in the Control of Rice Tillering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837136. [PMID: 35845690 PMCID: PMC9286680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching is among the most crucial morphological traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and is physiologically modulated by auxins, cytokinins (CKs), and strigolactones (SLs) cumulatively in rice. A number of studies focused on the interplay of these three hormones in regulating rice tiller extension. The present study primarily aimed at determining the impact of different treatments, which were used to regulate rice tiller and axillary bud development on node 2 at the tillering stage and full heading stage, respectively. Transcription levels of several genes were quantified through qRT-PCR analysis, and an endogenous auxin and four types of CKs were determined through LC-MS/MS. Both nutrient deficiency and exogenous SL supply were found to inhibit rice tiller outgrowth by reducing the CK content in the tiller buds. Furthermore, supplying the inhibitor of both exogenous SLs and endogenous SL synthesis could also affect the expression level of OsCKX genes but not the OsIPT genes. Comparison of OsCKX gene expression pattern under exogenous SL and CK supply suggested that the induction of OsCKX expression was most likely via a CK-induced independent pathway. These results combined with the expression of CK type-A RR genes in bud support a role for SLs in regulating bud outgrowth through the regulation of local CK levels. SL functioned antagonistically with CK in regulating the outgrowth of buds on node 2, by promoting the OsCKX gene expression in buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manrong Zha
- College of Biology Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Hunan Province, Jishou, China
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- College of Biology Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Hunan Province, Jishou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Biology Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Hunan Province, Jishou, China
| | - Bingxian Chen
- Guangdong Key Lab for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zecheng Tan
- College of Biology Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Hunan Province, Jishou, China
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24
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Nitrogen represses haustoria formation through abscisic acid in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2976. [PMID: 35624089 PMCID: PMC9142502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants are globally prevalent pathogens that withdraw nutrients from their host plants using an organ known as the haustorium. The external environment including nutrient availability affects the extent of parasitism and to understand this phenomenon, we investigated the role of nutrients and found that nitrogen is sufficient to repress haustoria formation in the root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum. Nitrogen increases levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in P. japonicum and prevents the activation of hundreds of genes including cell cycle and xylem development genes. Blocking ABA signaling overcomes nitrogen’s inhibitory effects indicating that nitrogen represses haustoria formation by increasing ABA. The effect of nitrogen appears more widespread since nitrogen also inhibits haustoria in the obligate root parasite Striga hermonthica. Together, our data show that nitrogen acts as a haustoria repressing factor and suggests a mechanism whereby parasitic plants use nitrogen availability in the external environment to regulate the extent of parasitism. Parasitic plants obtain nutrients from their hosts. Here the authors show that nitrogen sufficiency suppresses parasitism in the root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum by increasing levels of the phytohormone ABA suggesting that the degree of parasitism is regulated by nutrient availability.
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25
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ADA2b and GCN5 Affect Cytokinin Signaling by Modulating Histone Acetylation and Gene Expression during Root Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101335. [PMID: 35631760 PMCID: PMC9148027 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and the associated coactivator ADA2b regulate root growth and affect gene expression. The cytokinin signaling reporter TCS::GFP was introduced into gcn5-1, ada2b-1, and ada2a-2, as well as the ada2a-2ada2b-1 mutants. The early root growth (4 to 7 days post-germination) was analyzed using cellular and molecular approaches. TCS signal accumulated from the fourth to seventh days of root growth in the wild-type columella cells. In contrast, ada2b-1 and gcn5-1 and ada2a-2ada2b-1 double mutants displayed reduced TCS expression relative to wild type. Gene expression analysis showed that genes associated with cytokinin homeostasis were downregulated in the roots of gcn5-1 and ada2b-1 mutants compared to wild-type plants. H3K14 acetylation was affected in the promoters of cytokinin synthesis and catabolism genes during root growth of Arabidopsis. Therefore, GCN5 and ADA2b are positive regulators of cytokinin signaling during root growth by modulating histone acetylation and the expression of genes involved in cytokinin synthesis and catabolism. Auxin application in the roots of wild-type seedlings increased TCS::GFP expression. In contrast, ada2b and ada2ada2b mutant plants do not show the auxin-induced TCS signal, suggesting that GCN5 and ADA2b are required for the auxin-induced cytokinin signaling in early root growth.
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26
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Kawai M, Tabata R, Ohashi M, Honda H, Kamiya T, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Oishi S, Okamoto S, Hachiya T, Sakakibara H. Regulation of ammonium acquisition and use in Oryza longistaminata ramets under nitrogen source heterogeneity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2364-2376. [PMID: 35134987 PMCID: PMC8968255 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Oryza longistaminata, a wild rice, vegetatively reproduces and forms a networked clonal colony consisting of ramets connected by rhizomes. Although water, nutrients, and other molecules can be transferred between ramets via the rhizomes, inter-ramet communication in response to spatially heterogeneous nitrogen availability is not well understood. We studied the response of ramet pairs to heterogeneous nitrogen availability using a split hydroponic system that allowed each ramet root to be exposed to different conditions. Ammonium uptake was compensatively enhanced in the sufficient-side root when roots of the ramet pairs were exposed to ammonium-sufficient and ammonium-deficient conditions. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that a gene regulatory network for effective ammonium assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis was activated in the sufficient-side roots. Allocation of absorbed nitrogen from the nitrogen-sufficient to the nitrogen-deficient ramets was rather limited. Nitrogen was preferentially used for newly growing axillary buds on the sufficient-side ramets. Biosynthesis of trans-zeatin (tZ), a cytokinin, was upregulated in response to the nitrogen supply, but tZ appeared not to target the compensatory regulation. Our results also implied that the O. longistaminata putative ortholog of rice (Oryza sativa) C-terminally encoded peptide1 plays a role as a nitrogen-deficient signal in inter-ramet communication, providing compensatory upregulation of nitrogen assimilatory genes. These results provide insights into the molecular basis for efficient growth strategies of asexually proliferating plants growing in areas where the distribution of ammonium ions is spatially heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Kawai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryo Tabata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Miwa Ohashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Haruno Honda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Oishi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoru Okamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takushi Hachiya
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Function Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
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27
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Hernández-Reyes C, Lichtenberg E, Keller J, Delaux PM, Ott T, Schenk ST. NIN-Like Proteins: Interesting Players in Rhizobia-Induced Nitrate Signaling Response During Interaction with Non-Legume Host Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:230-243. [PMID: 34813707 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-21-0261-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient and a key cellular messenger. Plants have evolved refined molecular systems to sense the cellular nitrogen status. This is exemplified by the root nodule symbiosis between legumes and symbiotic rhizobia, where nitrate availability inhibits this mutualistic interaction. Additionally, nitrate also functions as a metabolic messenger, resulting in nitrate signaling cascades which intensively crosstalk with other physiological pathways. Nodule inception-like proteins (NLPs) are key players in nitrate signaling and regulate nitrate-dependent transcription during legume-rhizobia interactions. Nevertheless, the coordinated interplay between nitrate signaling pathways and rhizobacteria-induced responses remains to be elucidated. In our study, we investigated rhizobia-induced changes in the root system architecture of the non-legume host arabidopsis under different nitrate conditions. We demonstrate that rhizobium-induced lateral root growth and increased root hair length and density are regulated by a nitrate-related signaling pathway. Key players in this process are AtNLP4 and AtNLP5, because the corresponding mutants failed to respond to rhizobia. At the cellular level, AtNLP4 and AtNLP5 control a rhizobia-induced decrease in cell elongation rates, while additional cell divisions occurred independently of AtNLP4. In summary, our data suggest that root morphological responses to rhizobia are coordinated by a newly considered nitrate-related NLP pathway that is evolutionarily linked to regulatory circuits described in legumes.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Hernández-Reyes
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, INP Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, INP Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Thomas Ott
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Schenk
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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28
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Ortigosa F, Lobato-Fernández C, Shikano H, Ávila C, Taira S, Cánovas FM, Cañas RA. Ammonium regulates the development of pine roots through hormonal crosstalk and differential expression of transcription factors in the apex. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:915-935. [PMID: 34724238 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is a prominent source of inorganic nitrogen for plant nutrition, but excessive amounts can be toxic for many species. However, most conifers are tolerant to ammonium, a relevant physiological feature of this ancient evolutionary lineage. For a better understanding of the molecular basis of this trait, ammonium-induced changes in the transcriptome of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) root apex have been determined by laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing. Ammonium promoted changes in the transcriptional profiles of multiple transcription factors, such as SHORT-ROOT, and phytohormone-related transcripts, such as ACO, involved in the development of the root meristem. Nano-PALDI-MSI and transcriptomic analyses showed that the distributions of IAA and CKs were altered in the root apex in response to ammonium nutrition. Taken together, the data suggest that this early response is involved in the increased lateral root branching and principal root growth, which characterize the long-term response to ammonium supply in pine. All these results suggest that ammonium induces changes in the root system architecture through the IAA-CK-ET phytohormone crosstalk and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ortigosa
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - César Lobato-Fernández
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Hitomi Shikano
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Concepción Ávila
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Shu Taira
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael A Cañas
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
- Integrative Molecular Biology Lab, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
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29
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Auxin/Cytokinin Antagonistic Control of the Shoot/Root Growth Ratio and Its Relevance for Adaptation to Drought and Nutrient Deficiency Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041933. [PMID: 35216049 PMCID: PMC8879491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormones auxin and cytokinin regulate numerous aspects of plant development and often act as an antagonistic hormone pair. One of the more striking examples of the auxin/cytokinin antagonism involves regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in which cytokinin promotes shoot and inhibits root growth, whereas auxin does the opposite. Control of the shoot/root growth ratio is essential for the survival of terrestrial plants because it allows growth adaptations to water and mineral nutrient availability in the soil. Because a decrease in shoot growth combined with an increase in root growth leads to survival under drought stress and nutrient limiting conditions, it was not surprising to find that auxin promotes, while cytokinin reduces, drought stress tolerance and nutrient uptake. Recent data show that drought stress and nutrient availability also alter the cytokinin and auxin signaling and biosynthesis pathways and that this stress-induced regulation affects cytokinin and auxin in the opposite manner. These antagonistic effects of cytokinin and auxin suggested that each hormone directly and negatively regulates biosynthesis or signaling of the other. However, a growing body of evidence supports unidirectional regulation, with auxin emerging as the primary regulatory component. This master regulatory role of auxin may not come as a surprise when viewed from an evolutionary perspective.
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30
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Li J, Li D, Liu B, Wang R, Yan Y, Li G, Wang L, Ma C, Xu W, Zhao L, Li X, Wang S. Effects of root restriction on phytohormone levels in different growth stages and grapevine organs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1323. [PMID: 35079016 PMCID: PMC8789776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones play important roles in germination, blossom, senescence, abscission of plants by a series of signal transduction and molecular regulation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of root restriction (RR) cultivation on plant endogenous hormone variation tendency at different growth stages in diverse organs or tissues. 'Muscat Hamburg' (Vitis 'Muscat of Alexandria' × Vitis 'Trollinger') grapevine was used as test material. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify hormone levels, qRT-PCR was used to quantify the expression of genes related to hormone biosynthesis pathway, and determined parameters of growth and photosynthetic, aiming to investigate the influence of root restriction on the formation and metabolism of phytohormones, as well as the degree of correlation between phytohormones and plant growth and photosynthetic intensity under root restriction. By measuring the photosynthetic rate of leaves at the stages of core-hardening, veraison and maturity, it was found that root restriction could reduce most photosynthetic parameters. The results also revealed that RR treatment increased abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), zeatin riboside (ZR), N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)-adenine nucleoside (iPR) concentrations, while reduced auxin (IAA), 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA), 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA), gibberellin A3 (GA3), zeatin (ZT), N6-(delta 2-Isopentenyl)-adenine (iP), kinetin (KT), jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) concentrations in most organs and at most developmental stages. RT-qPCR was carried out to further explore the effect of root restriction on genes expression of ABA, SA and IAA biosynthesis pathways at molecular level. Meanwhile, through correlation analysis, we found that different phytohormones contributed differently to physiological indicators, there existed strong correlation of ABA, KT, MeJA, iPR, SA, JA with leaf photosynthesis, GA3, IBA, ZR, IAA, ZT with fruit quality. In addition, we also found that the shoot growth related parameters were closely correlated with JA, IPA and iP. To sum up, our results suggested that RR treatment could significantly increase soluble solid content, regulate the growth and photosynthesis of grapevine, by affecting the biosynthesis of phytohormones. It could further prove that root restriction was a feasible technique to ameliorate the phenomenon of low quality in grape berry in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Yan
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanhan Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Lei B, Chang W, Zhao H, Zhang K, Yu J, Yu S, Cai K, Zhang J, Lu K. Nitrogen application and differences in leaf number retained after topping affect the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) transcriptome and metabolome. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:38. [PMID: 35045826 PMCID: PMC8767696 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agronomic treatments such as the application of nitrogen fertilizer and topping (removal of the inflorescence and top leaves) cause substantial changes in plant metabolism. To explore these changes, we conducted comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of leaves collected from four positions along the stem on plants exposed to two nitrogen doses and with different numbers of leaves retained after topping in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). RESULTS We identified 13,330 unique differentially expressed genes and 32 differentially abundant metabolites. Through RNA-seq and WGCNA analyze, we constructed 2 co-expression networks (green and blue) highly correlation to N application and leaf number retained, predicted a hub gene NtGER3 may play an important role in N metabolism related to amino acid (cysteine) through CK pathway in tobacco leaves, NtARFs may participated in modulating the auxin signal and N in bottom leaves and NtRAP2.12 as key gene involved in N regulation by ethylene pathway. What's more, our data prove C/N transformation and balance affect the "source - flow - sink" redistribution and remobilization in tobacco during growth and development process. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this comparative transcriptomics study provides novel insight into the complex molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to different levels of nitrogen application and the number of leaves remaining after topping in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lei
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality and Ecology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Wei Chang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huina Zhao
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality and Ecology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Shizhou Yu
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Kai Cai
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality and Ecology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality and Ecology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Kun Lu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Jia Z, Giehl RFH, von Wirén N. Nutrient-hormone relations: Driving root plasticity in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:86-103. [PMID: 34920172 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optimal plant development requires root uptake of 14 essential mineral elements from the soil. Since the bioavailability of these nutrients underlies large variation in space and time, plants must dynamically adjust their root architecture to optimize nutrient access and acquisition. The information on external nutrient availability and whole-plant demand is translated into cellular signals that often involve phytohormones as intermediates to trigger a systemic or locally restricted developmental response. Timing and extent of such local root responses depend on the overall nutritional status of the plant that is transmitted from shoots to roots in the form of phytohormones or other systemic long-distance signals. The integration of these systemic and local signals then determines cell division or elongation rates in primary and lateral roots, the initiation, emergence, or elongation of lateral roots, as well as the formation of root hairs. Here, we review the cascades of nutrient-related sensing and signaling events that involve hormones and highlight nutrient-hormone relations that coordinate root developmental plasticity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Jia
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
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Zhang C, Luo JJ, Zuo JB, Zhang Z, Wang ST, Zhang XJ, Fu TS, Feng YL. Transcripts related with ammonium use and effects of gibberellin on expressions of the transcripts responding to ammonium in two invasive and native Xanthium species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1035137. [PMID: 36388472 PMCID: PMC9644049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil nitrogen forms are important for exotic plant invasions. However, little effort has been made to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the utilization of different N forms in co-occurring invasive and native plants. The invasive plant Xanthium strumarium prefers nitrate relative to ammonium, and mainly invades nitrate-dominated environments, while it co-occurring native congener X. sibiricum prefers ammonium. Here, we addressed the genetic bases for the interspecific difference in ammonium use and the effects of gibberellin (GA). Twenty-six transcripts related with GA biosynthesis and ammonium utilization were induced by ammonium in X. sibiricum, while only ten in X. strumarium and none for ammonium uptake. XsiAMT1.1a, XsiGLN1.1 and XsiGLT1b may be crucial for the strong ability to absorb and assimilate ammonium in X. sibiricum. All tested transcripts were significantly up-regulated by GA1 and GA4 in X. sibiricum. XsiGA3OX1a, which was also induced by ammonium, may be involved in this regulation. Consistently, glutamine synthetase activity increased significantly with increasing ammonium-N/nitrate-N ratio for X. sibiricum, while decreased for X. strumarium. Our study is the first to determine the molecular mechanisms with which invasive and native plants use ammonium differently, contributing to understanding the invasion mechanisms of X. strumarium and its invasion habitat selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia-Jun Luo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing-Bo Zuo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shi-Ting Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tian-Si Fu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu-Long Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Chen M, Yin Y, Zhang L, Yang X, Fu T, Huo X, Wang Y. Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Integration of Early Response of Populus tomentosa to Reduced Nitrogen Availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:769748. [PMID: 34956269 PMCID: PMC8692568 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.769748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most crucial elements for plant growth and development. However, little is known about the metabolic regulation of trees under conditions of N deficiency. In this investigation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine global changes in metabolites and regulatory pathways in Populus tomentosa. Thirty metabolites were found to be changed significantly under conditions of low-N stress. N deficiency resulted in increased levels of carbohydrates and decreases in amino acids and some alcohols, as well as some secondary metabolites. Furthermore, an RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis was performed to characterize the transcriptomic profiles, and 1,662 differentially expressed genes were identified in P. tomentosa. Intriguingly, four pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism were enriched. Genes involved in the gibberellic acid and indole-3-acetic acid pathways were found to be responsive to low-N stress, and the contents of hormones were then validated by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Coordinated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis revealed a pattern of co-expression of five pairs of metabolites and unigenes. Overall, our investigation showed that metabolism directly related to N deficiency was depressed, while some components of energy metabolism were increased. These observations provided insights into the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions of N and carbon in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lichun Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Huo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Nitrate restricts nodule organogenesis through inhibition of cytokinin biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6544. [PMID: 34764268 PMCID: PMC8585978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes balance nitrogen acquisition from soil nitrate with symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation requires establishment of a new organ, which is a cytokinin dependent developmental process in the root. We found cytokinin biosynthesis is a central integrator, balancing nitrate signalling with symbiotic acquired nitrogen. Low nitrate conditions provide a permissive state for induction of cytokinin by symbiotic signalling and thus nodule development. In contrast, high nitrate is inhibitory to cytokinin accumulation and nodule establishment in the root zone susceptible to nodule formation. This reduction of symbiotic cytokinin accumulation was further exacerbated in cytokinin biosynthesis mutants, which display hypersensitivity to nitrate inhibition of nodule development, maturation and nitrogen fixation. Consistent with this, cytokinin application rescues nodulation and nitrogen fixation of biosynthesis mutants in a concentration dependent manner. These inhibitory impacts of nitrate on symbiosis occur in a Nlp1 and Nlp4 dependent manner and contrast with the positive influence of nitrate on cytokinin biosynthesis that occurs in species that do not form symbiotic root nodules. Altogether this shows that legumes, as exemplified by Lotus japonicus, have evolved a different cytokinin response to nitrate compared to non-legumes.
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36
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Vysotskaya L, Timergalina L, Akhiyarova G, Korobova A, Fedyaev V, Ivanov I, Kudoyarova G, Veselov D. Association of Barley Root Elongation with ABA-Dependent Transport of Cytokinins from Roots and Shoots under Supra-Optimal Concentrations of Nitrates and Phosphates. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113110. [PMID: 34831337 PMCID: PMC8625479 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in root elongation are important for the acquisition of mineral nutrients by plants. Plant hormones, cytokinins, and abscisic acid (ABA) and their interaction are important for the control of root elongation under changes in the availability of ions. However, their role in growth responses to supra-optimal concentrations of nitrates and phosphates has not been sufficiently studied and was addressed in the present research. Effects of supra-optimal concentrations of these ions on root elongation and distribution of cytokinins between roots and shoots were studied in ABA-deficient barley mutant Az34 and its parental variety, Steptoe. Cytokinin concentration in the cells of the growing root tips was analyzed with the help of an immunohistochemical technique. Increased concentrations of nitrates and phosphates led to the accumulation of ABA and cytokinins in the root tips, accompanied by a decline in shoot cytokinin content and inhibition of root elongation in Steptoe. Neither of the effects were detected in Az34, suggesting the importance of the ability of plants to accumulate ABA for the control of these responses. Since cytokinins are known to inhibit root elongation, the effect of supra-optimal concentration of nitrates and phosphates on root growth is likely to be due to the accumulation of cytokinins brought about by ABA-induced inhibition of cytokinin transport from roots to shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya Vysotskaya
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Leylya Timergalina
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Guzel Akhiyarova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Alla Korobova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Vadim Fedyaev
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
- Department of Biology, Bashkir State University, Zaki-Validi St. 32, 450074 Ufa, Russia
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitry Veselov
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
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van Voorthuizen MJ, Song J, Novák O, Jameson PE. Plant Growth Regulators INCYDE and TD-K Underperform in Cereal Field Trials. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112309. [PMID: 34834672 PMCID: PMC8618831 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using plant growth regulators to alter cytokinin homeostasis with the aim of enhancing endogenous cytokinin levels has been proposed as a strategy to increase yields in wheat and barley. The plant growth regulators INCYDE and CPPU inhibit the cytokinin degrading enzyme cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), while TD-K inhibits the process of senescence. We report that the application of these plant growth regulators in wheat and barley field trials failed to enhance yields, or change the components of yields. Analyses of the endogenous cytokinin content showed a high concentration of trans-zeatin (tZ) in both wheat and barley grains at four days after anthesis, and statistically significant, but probably biologically insignificant, increases in cisZ-O-glucoside, along with small decreases in cZ riboside (cZR), dihydro Z (DHZ), and DHZR and DHZOG cytokinins, following INCYDE application to barley at anthesis. We discuss possible reasons for the lack of efficacy of the three plant growth regulators under field conditions and comment on future approaches to manipulating yield in the light of the strong homeostatic mechanisms controlling endogenous cytokinin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. van Voorthuizen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (M.J.v.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (M.J.v.V.); (J.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (M.J.v.V.); (J.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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Sun WJ, Zhang JC, Ji XL, Feng ZQ, Wang X, Huang WJ, You CX, Wang XF, Hao YJ. Low nitrate alleviates iron deficiency by regulating iron homeostasis in apple. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1869-1884. [PMID: 33459386 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plant growth, development and metabolism. Due to its lack of solubility and low bioavailability in soil, Fe levels are usually far below the optimum amount for most plants' growth and development. In apple production, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer may cause iron chlorosis symptoms in the newly growing leaves, but the regulatory mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unclear. In this study, low nitrate (NO3- , LN) application alleviated the symptoms of Fe deficiency and promoted lower rhizosphere pH, which was beneficial for root Fe acquisition. At the same time, LN treatment increased citrate and abscisic acid accumulation in roots, which promoted Fe transport from root to shoot and maintained Fe homeostasis. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis showed that nitrate application caused differential expression of genes related to Fe uptake and transport, as well as transcriptional regulators. In summary, our data reveal that low nitrate alleviated Fe deficiency through multiple pathways, demonstrating a new option for minimizing Fe deficiency by regulating the balance between nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Shandong Salver Group, Salver Academy of Botany, Rizhao, China
| | - Jiu-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xing-Long Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zi-Quan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wen-Jing Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Horticultural Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Qian M, Fan Y, Li Y, Liu M, Sun W, Duan H, Yu M, Chang W, Niu Y, Li X, Liang Y, Qu C, Li J, Lu K. Genome-wide association study and transcriptome comparison reveal novel QTL and candidate genes that control petal size in rapeseed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3597-3610. [PMID: 33712842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Petal size determines the value of ornamental plants, and thus their economic value. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling petal size remain unclear in most non-model species. To identify quantitative trait loci and candidate genes controlling petal size in rapeseed (Brassica napus), we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using data from 588 accessions over three consecutive years. We detected 16 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with petal size, with the most significant SNPs located on chromosomes A05 and C06. A combination of GWAS and transcriptomic sequencing based on two accessions with contrasting differences in petal size identified 52 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that may control petal size variation in rapeseed. In particular, the rapeseed gene BnaA05.RAP2.2, homologous to Arabidopsis RAP2.2, may be critical to the negative control of petal size through the ethylene signaling pathway. In addition, a comparison of petal epidermal cells indicated that petal size differences between the two contrasting accessions were determined mainly by differences in cell number. Finally, we propose a model for the control of petal size in rapeseed through ethylene and cytokinin signaling pathways. Our results provide insights into the genetic mechanisms regulating petal size in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yonghai Fan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Institute of Characteristic Crop Research, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huichun Duan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Chang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yue Niu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Liang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cunmin Qu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiana Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kun Lu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
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40
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Gautrat P, Laffont C, Frugier F, Ruffel S. Nitrogen Systemic Signaling: From Symbiotic Nodulation to Root Acquisition. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:392-406. [PMID: 33358560 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant nutrient acquisition is tightly regulated by resource availability and metabolic needs, implying the existence of communication between roots and shoots to ensure their integration at the whole-plant level. Here, we focus on systemic signaling pathways controlling nitrogen (N) nutrition, achieved both by the root import of mineral N and, in legume plants, through atmospheric N fixation by symbiotic bacteria inside dedicated root nodules. We explore features conserved between systemic pathways repressing or enhancing symbiotic N fixation and the regulation of mineral N acquisition by roots, as well as their integration with other environmental factors, such as phosphate, light, and CO2 availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gautrat
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRAe, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carole Laffont
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRAe, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRAe, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAe, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
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41
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Wheeldon CD, Walker CH, Hamon-Josse M, Bennett T. Wheat plants sense substrate volume and root density to proactively modulate shoot growth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1202-1214. [PMID: 33347613 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants must carefully coordinate their growth and development with respect to prevailing environmental conditions. To do this, plants can use a range of nutritional and non-nutritional information that allows them to proactively modulate their growth to avoid resource limitations. As is well-known to gardeners and horticulturists alike, substrate volume strongly influences plant growth, and maybe a key source of non-nutritional information for plants. However, the mechanisms by which these substrate volume effects occur remain unclear. Here, we show that wheat plants proactively modulate their shoot growth with respect to substrate volume, independent of nutrient availability. We show that these effects occur in two phases; in the first phase, the dilution of a mobile 'substrate volume-sensing signal' (SVS) allows plants to match their shoot (but not root) growth to the total size of the substrate, irrespective of how much of this they can occupy with their roots. In the second phase, the dilution of a less mobile 'root density-sensing signal' (RDS) allows plants to match root growth to actual rooting volume, with corresponding effects on shoot growth. We show that the effects of soil volume and plant density are largely interchangeable and that plants may use both SVS and RDS to detect their neighbours and to integrate growth responses to both volume and the presence of neighbours. Our work demonstrates the remarkable ability of plants to make proactive decisions about their growth, and has implications for mitigating the effects of dense sowing of crops in agricultural practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara D Wheeldon
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Catriona H Walker
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Maxime Hamon-Josse
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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42
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Sucrose interferes with endogenous cytokinin homeostasis and expression of organogenesis-related genes during de novo shoot organogenesis in kohlrabi. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6494. [PMID: 33753792 PMCID: PMC7985405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85932-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between phytohormones and sugars is intensely involved in plant metabolism, growth and regeneration. We documented alterations in cytokinin (CK) homeostasis in four developmental stages during de novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes cv. Vienna Purple) seedlings induced by exogenous CKs, trans-zeatin (transZ) and thidiazuron (TDZ), added together with elevated sucrose concentration (6% and 9%). Significant impact of CK and sucrose treatment and their interaction was recorded in all investigated stages, including plantlet development before calli formation (T1 and T2), calli formation (T3) and shoot regeneration (T4). Results showed remarkable increase in total CK levels for transZ treatment, particularly with 9% sucrose. This trend was observed for all physiological and structural groups of CKs. Application of TDZ contributed to little or no increase in CK levels regardless of sucrose concentration. Analysis of expression profiles of organogenesis-related genes involved in auxin transport, CK response, shoot apical meristem formation and cell division revealed that higher sugar concentration significantly downregulated the analysed genes, particularly in T3. This continued on TDZ, but transZ induced an opposite effect with 9% sucrose in T4, increasing gene activity. Our results demonstrated that phytohormone metabolism might be triggered by sucrose signalling in kohlrabi DNSO.
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43
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The Hulks and the Deadpools of the Cytokinin Universe: A Dual Strategy for Cytokinin Production, Translocation, and Signal Transduction. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020209. [PMID: 33546210 PMCID: PMC7913349 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant hormones, derivatives of adenine with a side chain at the N6-position. They are involved in many physiological processes. While the metabolism of trans-zeatin and isopentenyladenine, which are considered to be highly active cytokinins, has been extensively studied, there are others with less obvious functions, such as cis-zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and aromatic cytokinins, which have been comparatively neglected. To help explain this duality, we present a novel hypothesis metaphorically comparing various cytokinin forms, enzymes of CK metabolism, and their signalling and transporter functions to the comics superheroes Hulk and Deadpool. Hulk is a powerful but short-lived creation, whilst Deadpool presents a more subtle and enduring force. With this dual framework in mind, this review compares different cytokinin metabolites, and their biosynthesis, translocation, and sensing to illustrate the different mechanisms behind the two CK strategies. This is put together and applied to a plant developmental scale and, beyond plants, to interactions with organisms of other kingdoms, to highlight where future study can benefit the understanding of plant fitness and productivity.
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44
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Sakakibara H. Cytokinin biosynthesis and transport for systemic nitrogen signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:421-430. [PMID: 33015901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of growth and development in response to environmental changes is one of the essential aspects of plant behavior. Cytokinins play an important role as signaling molecules in the long-distance communication between organs in systemic growth regulation in response to nitrogen. The spatial distribution of the expression sites of cytokinin biosynthesis genes leads to structural differences in the molecular species transported through the xylem and phloem, giving root-borne trans-hydroxylated cytokinins, namely trans-zeatin (tZ) type, a specialized efficacy in regulating shoot growth. Furthermore, root-to-shoot translocation via the xylem, tZ, and its precursor, the tZ riboside, controls different sets of shoot growth traits to fine-tune shoot growth in response to nitrogen availability. In addition to nitrogen, photosynthetically generated sugars positively regulate de novo cytokinin biosynthesis in the roots, and contribute to plant growth under elevated CO2 conditions. In shoot-to-root signaling, cytokinins also play a role in the regulation of nutrient acquisition and root system growth in cooperation with other types of signaling molecules, such as C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE DOWNSTREAMs. As cytokinin is a key regulator for the maintenance of shoot apical meristem, deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of cytokinin biosynthesis and transport in response to nitrogen is important not only for basic comprehension of plant growth, but also to ensure the stability of agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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45
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Tessi TM, Brumm S, Winklbauer E, Schumacher B, Pettinari G, Lescano I, González CA, Wanke D, Maurino VG, Harter K, Desimone M. Arabidopsis AZG2 transports cytokinins in vivo and regulates lateral root emergence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:979-993. [PMID: 33070379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin and auxin are key regulators of plant growth and development. During the last decade transport mechanisms have turned out to be the key for the control of local and long-distance hormone distributions. In contrast with auxin, cytokinin transport is poorly understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana AZG2, a member of the AZG purine transporter family, acts as cytokinin transporter involved in root system architecture determination. Even though purines are substrates for both AZG1 and AZG2, we found distinct transport mechanisms. The expression of AZG2 is restricted to a small group of cells surrounding the lateral root (LR) primordia and induced by auxins. Compared to the wild-type (WT), mutants carrying loss-of-function alleles of AZG2 have higher LR density, suggesting that AZG2 is part of a regulatory pathway in LR emergence. Moreover, azg2 is partially insensitive to exogenous cytokinin, which is consistent with the observation that the cytokinin reporter TCSnpro :GFP showed lower fluorescence signal in the roots of azg2 compared to the WT. These results indicate a defective cytokinin signalling pathway in the region of LR primordia. The integration of AZG2 subcellular localization and cytokinin transport capacity data allowed us to propose a local cytokinin : auxin signalling model for the regulation of LR emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás M Tessi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Sabine Brumm
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Eva Winklbauer
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schumacher
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Georgina Pettinari
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Lescano
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Claudio A González
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Verónica G Maurino
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Abteilung Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Marcelo Desimone
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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46
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Nenadić M, Vermeer JEM. Dynamic cytokinin signalling landscapes during lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e13. [PMID: 37077210 PMCID: PMC10095801 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
By forming lateral roots, plants expand their root systems to improve anchorage and absorb more water and nutrients from the soil. Each phase of this developmental process in Arabidopsis is tightly regulated by dynamic and continuous signalling of the phytohormones cytokinin and auxin. While the roles of auxin in lateral root organogenesis and spatial accommodation by overlying cell layers have been well studied, insights on the importance of cytokinin is still somewhat limited. Cytokinin is a negative regulator of lateral root formation with versatile modes of action being activated at different root developmental zones. Here, we review the latest progress made towards our understanding of these spatially separated mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated signalling that shape lateral root initiation, outgrowth and emergence and highlight some of the enticing open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Nenadić
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joop E. M. Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence: Joop E. M. Vermeer, E-mail:
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47
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Potassium: A key modulator for cell homeostasis. J Biotechnol 2020; 324:198-210. [PMID: 33080306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is the most vital and abundant macro element for the overall growth of plants and its deficiency or, excess concentration results in many diseases in plants. It is involved in regulation of many crucial roles in plant development. Depending on soil-root interactions, complex soil dynamics often results in unpredictable availability of the elements. Based on the importance index, K is considered to be the second only to nitrogen for the overall growth of plants. More than 60 enzymes within the plant system depend on K for its activation, in which K act as a key regulator. K helps plants to resist several abiotic and biotic stresses in the environment. We have reviewed the research progress about K's role in plants covering various important considerations of K highlighting the effects of microbes on soil K+; K and its contribution to adsorbed dose in plants; the importance of K+ deficiency; physiological functions of K+ transporters and channels; and interference of abiotic stressor in the regulatory role of K. This review further highlights the scope of future research regarding K.
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48
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Wen B, Xiao W, Mu Q, Li D, Chen X, Wu H, Li L, Peng F. How does nitrate regulate plant senescence? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:60-69. [PMID: 33091797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development and plays an important role in the whole life process of plants. Nitrogen is an important component of amino acids, chlorophyll, plant hormones and secondary metabolites. Nitrogen deficiency leads to early senescence in plants, which is accompanied by changes in gene expression, metabolism, growth, development, and physiological and biochemical traits, which ensures efficient nitrogen recycling and enhances the plant's tolerance to low nitrogen. Therefore, it is very important to understand the adaptation mechanisms of plants under nitrogen deficiency for the efficient utilization of nitrogen and gene regulation. With the popularization of molecular biology, bioinformatics and transgenic technology, the metabolic pathways of nitrogen-deficient plants have been verified, and important progress has been made. However, how the responses of plants to nitrogen deficiency affect the biological processes of the plants is not well understood. The current research also cannot completely explain how the metabolic pathways identified show other reactions or phenotypes through interactions or cascades after nitrogen inhibition. Nitrate is the main form of nitrogen absorption. In this review, we discuss the role of nitrate in plant senescence. Understanding how nitrate inhibition affects nitrate absorption, transport, and assimilation; chlorophyll synthesis; photosynthesis; anthocyanin synthesis; and plant hormone synthesis is key to sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qin Mu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiude Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Futian Peng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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49
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Bauer B, von Wirén N. Modulating tiller formation in cereal crops by the signalling function of fertilizer nitrogen forms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20504. [PMID: 33239682 PMCID: PMC7689482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal crop yield comprises interrelated components, among which the number of tillers is highly responsive to nitrogen fertilization. We addressed the hypothesis of whether the supply of different nitrogen forms can be employed to manipulate the tiller number in cereal crops. Relative to urea or ammonium, exclusive supply of nitrate increased tiller number in hydroponically-grown barley plants. Thereby, tiller number correlated positively with the root-to-shoot translocation rate of endogenous cytokinins. External supply of a synthetic cytokinin analog further stimulated tillering in nitrate-containing but not in urea-containing nutrient solution. When the cytokinin analog 6-benzylaminopurine riboside was externally supplied to roots, its translocation to shoots was 2.5 times higher in presence of nitrate than in presence of urea or ammonium, suggesting that cytokinin loading into the xylem is affected by different nitrogen forms. We then translated this finding to field scale, cultivated winter wheat in four environments, and confirmed that nitrate fertilization significantly increased tiller number in a dose-dependent manner. As assessed in 22 winter wheat cultivars, nitrogen form-dependent tiller formation was subject to substantial genotypic variation. We conclude that cytokinin-mediated signaling effects of fertilizer nitrogen forms can be employed as a management tool to regulate the tiller number in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Bauer
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.,Crop Production and Crop Protection, Institute of Biomass Research, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Markgrafenstrasse 16, 91746, Weidenbach, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
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50
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Chen Z, Li H, Yang T, Chen T, Dong C, Gu Q, Cheng X. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the molecular bases in response to different nitrogen forms-induced oxidative stress in tea plant roots (Camellia sinensis). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1073-1082. [PMID: 32605706 DOI: 10.1071/fp20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the maintenance of redox homeostasis is essential for plant growth. Here we investigated how redox homeostasis and signalling is modulated in response to different nitrogen (N) forms in tea plant roots. Our results showed that both N deficiency and nitrate (NO3-) can trigger the production of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in roots. In contrast, these responses were not altered by NH4+. Further, N deficiency and NO3--triggered redox imbalance was re-established by increased of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and glutathione (GSH), as well as upregulation of representative antioxidant enzyme activities and genes. To further explore the molecular bases of these responses, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed, and redox homeostasis-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected for bioinformatics analysis. Most of these genes were involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis, GSH metabolism and the antioxidant system, which was specifically altered by N deficiency or NO3-. Moreover, the interplay between H2O2 (generated by RBOH and Ndufab1) and hormones (including abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin and ethylene) in response to different N forms was suggested. Collectively, the above findings contribute to an understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of redox homeostasis and signalling in alleviating oxidative stress in tea plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; and Corresponding author.
| | - Huiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Quan Gu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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