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Brambilla M, Chiari G, Commisso M, Nerva L, Musetti R, Petraglia A, Degola F. Glutamate dehydrogenase in "Liverworld"-A study in selected species to explore a key enzyme of plant primary metabolism in Marchantiophyta. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14071. [PMID: 38148220 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
In plants, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is an ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the reversible amination of 2-oxoglutarate in glutamate. It contributes to both the amino acid homeostasis and the management of intracellular ammonium, and it is regarded as a key player at the junction of carbon and nitrogen assimilation pathways. To date, information about the GDH of terrestrial plants refers to a very few species only. We focused on selected species belonging to the division Marchantiophyta, providing the first panoramic overview of biochemical and functional features of GDH in liverworts. Native electrophoretic analyses showed an isoenzymatic profile less complex than what was reported for Arabidposis thaliana and other angiosperms: the presence of a single isoform corresponding to an α-homohexamer, differently prone to thermal inactivation on a species- and organ-basis, was found. Sequence analysis conducted on amino acid sequences confirmed a high similarity of GDH in modern liverworts with the GDH2 protein of A. thaliana, strengthening the hypothesis that the duplication event that gave origin to GDH1-homolog gene from GDH2 occurred after the evolutionary bifurcation that separated bryophytes and tracheophytes. Experiments conducted on Marchantia polymorpha and Calypogeia fissa grown in vitro and compared to A. thaliana demonstrated through in gel activity detection and monodimensional Western Blot that the aminating activity of GDH resulted in strongly enhanced responses to ammonium excess in liverworts as well, even if at a different extent compared to Arabidopsis and other vascular species. The comparative analysis by bi-dimensional Western Blot suggested that the regulation of the enzyme could be, at least partially, untied from the protein post-translational pattern. Finally, immuno-electron microscopy revealed that the GDH enzyme localizes at the subcellular level in both mitochondria and chloroplasts of parenchyma and is specifically associated to the endomembrane system in liverworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Brambilla
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Chiari
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Commisso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), Conegliano, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Degola
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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2
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MacCready JS, Roggenkamp EM, Gdanetz K, Chilvers MI. Elucidating the Obligate Nature and Biological Capacity of an Invasive Fungal Corn Pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:411-424. [PMID: 36853195 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0213-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tar spot is a devasting corn disease caused by the obligate fungal pathogen Phyllachora maydis. Since its initial identification in the United States in 2015, P. maydis has become an increasing threat to corn production. Despite this, P. maydis has remained largely understudied at the molecular level, due to difficulties surrounding its obligate lifestyle. Here, we generated a significantly improved P. maydis nuclear and mitochondrial genome, using a combination of long- and short-read technologies, and also provide the first transcriptomic analysis of primary tar spot lesions. Our results show that P. maydis is deficient in inorganic nitrogen utilization, is likely heterothallic, and encodes for significantly more protein-coding genes, including secreted enzymes and effectors, than previous determined. Furthermore, our expression analysis suggests that, following primary tar spot lesion formation, P. maydis might reroute carbon flux away from DNA replication and cell division pathways and towards pathways previously implicated in having significant roles in pathogenicity, such as autophagy and secretion. Together, our results identified several highly expressed unique secreted factors that likely contribute to host recognition and subsequent infection, greatly increasing our knowledge of the biological capacity of P. maydis, which have much broader implications for mitigating tar spot of corn. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S MacCready
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Emily M Roggenkamp
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Kristi Gdanetz
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
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Glutamine Synthetase Contributes to the Regulation of Growth, Conidiation, Sclerotia Development, and Resistance to Oxidative Stress in the Fungus Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120822. [PMID: 36548719 PMCID: PMC9785230 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic biological function of glutamine synthetase (Gs) is to catalyze the conversion of ammonium and glutamate to glutamine. This synthetase also performs other biological functions. However, the roles of Gs in fungi, especially in filamentous fungi, are not fully understood. Here, we found that conditional disruption of glutamine synthetase (AflGsA) gene expression in Aspergillus flavus by using a xylose promoter leads to a complete glutamine deficiency. Supplementation of glutamine could restore the nutritional deficiency caused by AflGsA expression deficiency. Additionally, by using the xylose promoter for the downregulation of AflgsA expression, we found that AflGsA regulates spore and sclerotic development by regulating the transcriptional levels of sporulation genes abaA and brlA and the sclerotic generation genes nsdC and nsdD, respectively. In addition, AflGsA was found to maintain the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to aid in resisting oxidative stress. AflGsA is also involved in the regulation of light signals through the production of glutamine. The results also showed that the recombinant AflGsA had glutamine synthetase activity in vitro and required the assistance of metal ions. The inhibitor molecule L-α-aminoadipic acid suppressed the activity of rAflGsA in vitro and disrupted the morphogenesis of spores, sclerotia, and colonies in A. flavus. These results provide a mechanistic link between nutrition metabolism and glutamine synthetase in A. flavus and suggest a strategy for the prevention of fungal infection.
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She G, Yu S, Li Z, Peng A, Li P, Li Y, Chang M, Liu L, Chen Q, Shi C, Sun J, Zhao J, Wan X. Characterization of CsTSI in the Biosynthesis of Theanine in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:826-836. [PMID: 35029385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is a unique major amino acid in tea plants responsible for umami taste and mental health benefits of tea. However, theanine biosynthesis and physiological role in tea plants are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that tea plant theanine synthetase is encoded by a glutamine synthetase gene CsTSI. The expression pattern of CsTSI is closely correlated with theanine and glutamine levels in various tissues. CsTSI transcripts were accumulated in root tip epidermal cells, pericycle and procambial cells, where CsTSI presents as a cytosolic protein. Ectopic expression of the gene in Arabidopsis led to greater glutamine and theanine production than controls when fed with ethylamine (EA). RNAi knockdown or overexpression of CsTSI in tea plant hairy roots reduced or enhanced theanine and glutamine contents, respectively, compared with controls. The CsTSI recombinant enzymes used glutamate as an acceptor and ammonium or EA as a donor to synthesize glutamine and theanine, respectively. CsTSI expression in tea roots responded to nitrogen supply and deprivation and was correlated with theanine contents. This study provides fresh insights into the molecular basis for the biosynthesis of theanine, which may facilitate the breeding of high-theanine tea plants for improving the nutritional benefit of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbiao She
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shuwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhenguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Anqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Manman Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chengying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Mondal R, Kumar A, Chattopadhyay SK. Structural property, molecular regulation, and functional diversity of glutamine synthetase in higher plants: a data-mining bioinformatics approach. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1565-1584. [PMID: 34628690 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS; E.C.6.3.1.2) is a key enzyme in higher plants with two isozymes, cytosolic GS1 and plastidic GS2, and involves in the assimilation and recycling of NH4+ ions and maintenance of complex traits such as crop nitrogen-use efficiency and yield. Our present understanding of crop nitrogen-use efficiency and its correlation with the functional role of the GS family genes is inadequate, which delays harnessing the benefit of this key enzyme in crop improvement. In this report, we performed a comprehensive investigation on the phylogenetic relationship, structural properties, complex multilevel gene regulation, and expression patterns of the GS genes to enrich present understanding about the enzyme. Our Gene Ontology and protein-protein interactions analysis revealed the functional aspects of GS isozymes in stress mitigation, aging, nucleotide biosynthesis/transport, DNA repair and response to metals. The insight gained here contributes to the future research strategies in developing climate-smart crops for global sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Mondal
- Mulberry Tissue Culture Lab, Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre (CSGRC), Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India, Hosur, 635109, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Host Plant Section, Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, Assam, 785700, India
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6
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A New Perspective on the Role of Glutamine Synthetase in Nitrogen Remobilization in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011083. [PMID: 34681741 PMCID: PMC8539157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS), a key enzyme in plant nitrogen metabolism, is closely related to nitrogen remobilization. However, how GS isoforms participate in nitrogen remobilization remains unclear. Here, the spatiotemporal expression of the TaGS gene family after anthesis was investigated, and the results showed that TaGS1;1 was mainly encoded by TaGS1;1-6A, while the other isozymes were mainly encoded by TaGS localized on the A and D subgenomes. TaGS1;2-4A/4D had the highest expression level, especially in rachis and peduncle. Furthermore, immunofluorescence showed TaGS1;2 was located in the phloem of rachis and peduncle. GUS (β-glucuronidase) staining confirmed that ProTaGS1;2-4A/4D::GUS activity was mainly present in the vascular system of leaves, roots, and petal of Arabidopsis. Ureides, an important transport form of nitrogen, were mainly synthesized in flag leaves and transported to grains through the phloem of peduncle and rachis during grain filling. TaAAH, which encodes the enzyme that degrades ureides to release NH4+, had a higher expression in rachis and peduncle and was synchronized with the increase in NH4+ concentration in phloem, indicating that NH4+ in phloem is from ureide degradation. Taking the above into account, TaGS1;2, which is highly expressed in the phloem of peduncle and rachis, may participate in N remobilization by assimilating NH4+ released from ureide degradation.
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Ullah S, Zhao Q, Wu K, Ali I, Liang H, Iqbal A, Wei S, Cheng F, Ahmad S, Jiang L, Gillani SW, Amanullah, Anwar S, Khan Z. Biochar application to rice with 15N-labelled fertilizers, enhanced leaf nitrogen concentration and assimilation by improving morpho-physiological traits and soil quality. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3399-3413. [PMID: 34121878 PMCID: PMC8176087 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf nitrogen (N) concentration plays an important role in biochemical and physiological functions, and N availability directly influences rice yield. However, excessive N fertilization is considered to be a root cause of environmental issues and low nitrogen use efficiency. Therefore, the selection of appropriate nutrient management practices and organic amendments is key to maximizing nitrogen uptake and maintaining high and sustainable rice production. Here, we evaluated the effects of different 15N-labelled nitrogen sources (urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate at 315 kg ha-1) with or without biochar (30 t ha-1) on paddy soil properties, root growth, leaf gas exchange, N metabolism enzymes, and N uptake in the early and late seasons of 2019. We found significant differences among N fertilizer sources applied with or without biochar (P < 0.05). Across the seasons, the combination of biochar with N fertilizers significantly increased soil organic carbon by 51.21% and nitrogen availability by 27.51% compared with N fertilizers alone. Correlation analysis showed that rice root morphological traits were strongly related to soil chemical properties, and higher root growth was measured in the biochar treatments. Similarly, net leaf photosynthetic rate averaged 9.34% higher, chlorophyll (Chl) a concentration 12.91% higher, and Chl b concentration 10.05% higher in the biochar treatments than in the biochar-free treatments across the seasons. Notably, leaf 15N concentration was 23.19% higher in the biochar treatments in both seasons. These results illustrated higher activities of N metabolism enzymes such as NR, GS, and GOGAT by an average 23.44%, 11.26% and 18.16% in the biochar treatments across the seasons, respectively. The addition of biochar with synthetic N fertilizers is an ecological nutrient management strategy that can increase N uptake and assimilation by ameliorating soil properties and improving the morpho-physiological factors of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ullah
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Izhar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - He Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Anas Iqbal
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shanqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Fangwei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ligeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Syeda Wajeeha Gillani
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Amanullah
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Shazma Anwar
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Zaid Khan
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
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Kong L, Zhang Y, Du W, Xia H, Fan S, Zhang B. Signaling Responses to N Starvation: Focusing on Wheat and Filling the Putative Gaps With Findings Obtained in Other Plants. A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:656696. [PMID: 34135921 PMCID: PMC8200679 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.656696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important food crops worldwide. In recent decades, fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N), have been increasingly utilized to maximize wheat productivity. However, a large proportion of N is not used by plants and is in fact lost into the environment and causes serious environmental pollution. Therefore, achieving a low N optimum via efficient physiological and biochemical processes in wheat grown under low-N conditions is highly important for agricultural sustainability. Although N stress-related N capture in wheat has become a heavily researched subject, how this plant adapts and responds to N starvation has not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the signaling mechanisms activated in wheat plants in response to N starvation. Furthermore, we filled the putative gaps on this subject with findings obtained in other plants, primarily rice, maize, and Arabidopsis. Phytohormones have been determined to play essential roles in sensing environmental N starvation and transducing this signal into an adjustment of N transporters and phenotypic adaptation. The critical roles played by protein kinases and critical kinases and phosphatases, such as MAPK and PP2C, as well as the multifaceted functions of transcription factors, such as NF-Y, MYB, DOF, and WRKY, in regulating the expression levels of their target genes (proteins) for low-N tolerance are also discussed. Optimization of root system architecture (RSA) via root branching and thinning, improvement of N acquisition and assimilation, and fine-tuned autophagy are pivotal strategies by which plants respond to N starvation. In light of these findings, we attempted to construct regulatory networks for RSA modification and N uptake, transport, assimilation, and remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingan Kong
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunxiu Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wanying Du
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyong Xia
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhang,
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9
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Nigro D, Fortunato S, Giove SL, Mazzucotelli E, Gadaleta A. Functional Validation of Glutamine synthetase and Glutamate synthase Genes in Durum Wheat near Isogenic Lines with QTL for High GPC. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239253. [PMID: 33291583 PMCID: PMC7730160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) is a minor crop grown on about 17 million hectares of land worldwide. Several grain characteristics determine semolina's high end-use quality, such as grain protein content (GPC) which is directly related to the final products' nutritional and technological values. GPC improvement could be pursued by considering a candidate gene approach. The glutamine synthetase (GS)/glutamate synthase (GOGAT) cycle represents a bottleneck in the first step of nitrogen assimilation. QTL for GPC have been located on all chromosomes, and several major ones have been reported on 2A and 2B chromosomes, where GS2 and Fd-GOGAT genes have been mapped. A useful and efficient method to validate a putative QTL is the constitution of near-isogenic lines (NILs) by using the marker found to be associated to that QTL. Here, we present the development of two distinct sets of heterogeneous inbred family (HIF)- based NILs segregating for GS2 and Fd-GOGAT genes obtained from heterozygous lines at those loci, as well as their genotypic and phenotypic characterizations. The results allow the validation of the previously identified GPC QTL on 2A and 2B chromosomes, along with the role of these key genes in GPC control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Nigro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-0805442997(D.N.); +39-0805442995 (A.G.)
| | | | - Stefania Lucia Giove
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-0805442997(D.N.); +39-0805442995 (A.G.)
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Li D, Li CY, Hu CJ, Yang YS, Lin C, Zhao D, Li QS, Ye JH, Zheng XQ, Liang YR, Lu JL. Study on the Accumulation Mechanism of Amino Acids during Bruising and Withering Treatment of Oolong Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14071-14080. [PMID: 33196171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are very important for oolong tea brisk-smooth mouthfeel which is mainly associated with bruising and withering treatment (BWT). In this study, metabolome and transcriptome analyses were performed to comprehensively investigate the changes in abundance of amino acids and the expression pattern of relevant genes during BWT of oolong tea manufacturing. Levels of most amino acids increased during BWT in the leaves harvested from 4 cultivars, while expression of the relevant function genes responsible for synthesis and transformation of amino acids up-regulated accordingly. Upstream hub genes including receptor-like protein kinase IKU2, serine/threonine-protein kinase PBL11, MYB transcription factor MYB2, ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF114, WRKY transcription factor WRKY71, aspartate aminotransferase AATC, UDP-glycosyltransferase U91D1, and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate aldolase 2 RRAA2, were predicted to be involved in regulation of the function genes expression and the amino acids metabolism through weighted gene coexpression network analysis. A modulation mechanism for accumulation of amino acids during BWT was also proposed. These findings give a deep insight into the metabolic reprogramming mechanism of amino acids during BWT of oolong tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Li
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Cun-Yu Li
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ci-Jie Hu
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- Nanyang Township Government, Zhangping County, Longyan 364413, Fujian Province P.R. China
| | - Yu-Si Yang
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Chen Lin
- Hangzhou Westlake Subdistrict Office, Hangzhou 310007, P.R. China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Sheng Li
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
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11
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Gong C, You X, Zhang S, Xue D. Functional Analysis of a Glutamine Biosynthesis Protein from a Psychrotrophic Bacterium, Cryobacterium soli GCJ02. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:153-159. [PMID: 32255847 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A putative glutamine synthetase (GS) was detected in a psychrophilic bacterium, Cryobacterium soli GCJ02. For gaining greater insight into its functioning, the gene was cloned and expressed in a heterologous host, Escherichia coli. The monomer enzyme with a molecular weight of 53.03 kDa was expressed primarily in cytosolic compartment. The enzyme activity was detected using glutamate and ATP. The optimum conditions of its biosynthesis were observed to be 60 °C and pH value 7.5. Its thermostability was relatively high with a half-life of 50 min at 40 °C. GS activity was enhanced in the presence of metal ions such as Mg2+ and Mn2+, whereas Fe2+, Cu2+ and Ca2+ proved inhibitory. The consensus pattern [EXE]-D-KP-[XGXGXH] in the GS lies between residues 132 and 272. The catalytic active sites consisting of EAE and NGSGMH were verified by site-directed mutagenesis. Based on the analysis of the consensus pattern, the GS/glutamate synthase cycle of C. soli GCJ02 is expected to contribute to the GS synthesic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Gong
- 1Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 People's Republic of China
| | - Xihuo You
- 2Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, 157011 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Xue
- 1Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068 People's Republic of China
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12
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Gao Y, de Bang TC, Schjoerring JK. Cisgenic overexpression of cytosolic glutamine synthetase improves nitrogen utilization efficiency in barley and prevents grain protein decline under elevated CO 2. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1209-1221. [PMID: 30525274 PMCID: PMC6576097 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) plays a central role in nitrogen (N) metabolism. The importance of GS1 in N remobilization during reproductive growth has been reported in cereal species but attempts to improve N utilization efficiency (NUE) by overexpressing GS1 have yielded inconsistent results. Here, we demonstrate that transformation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants using a cisgenic strategy to express an extra copy of native HvGS1-1 lead to increased HvGS1.1 expression and GS1 enzyme activity. GS1 overexpressing lines exhibited higher grain yields and NUE than wild-type plants when grown under three different N supplies and two levels of atmospheric CO2 . In contrast with the wild-type, the grain protein concentration in the GS1 overexpressing lines did not decline when plants were exposed to elevated (800-900 μL/L) atmospheric CO2 . We conclude that an increase in GS1 activity obtained through cisgenic overexpression of HvGS1-1 can improve grain yield and NUE in barley. The extra capacity for N assimilation obtained by GS1 overexpression may also provide a means to prevent declining grain protein levels under elevated atmospheric CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Gao
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceCopenhagen UniversityFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Thomas C. de Bang
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceCopenhagen UniversityFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Jan K. Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceCopenhagen UniversityFrederiksbergDenmark
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13
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Vita F, Giuntoli B, Arena S, Quaranta F, Bertolini E, Lucarotti V, Guglielminetti L, Alessio M, Scaloni A, Alpi A. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizers on two wheat cultivars: An integrated approach. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00089. [PMID: 31245689 PMCID: PMC6508776 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of cultivated plant physiology grown under low energy input plays an important role to indicate their fitness to the new environmental conditions. The durum-wheat cultivars Creso and Dylan were tested to evaluate the growth, production, and proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of the crop under different synthetic and organic nitrogen fertilization regimes. In this work, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) approach combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to investigate the protein changes induced by the use of different nitrogen sources (hydrolysate of proteins 1 and 2, rhizovit, synthesis, leather) on wheat plants. Proteomic studies were integrated with qPCR analysis of genes related to glutamine synthetase/glutamine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GS-GOGAT) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolic pathways because most relevant for nitrogen-dependent plants growth. The proteomic analysis lead to the isolation of 23 spots that were able to distinguish the analyzed samples. These spots yielded the identification of 60 proteins involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis, and nitrogen metabolism. As an example, the quinone oxidoreductase-like protein and probable glutathione S-transferase GSTU proteins were identified in two spots that represents the most statistically significant ones in Dylan samples. Transcript analysis indicated that related genes exhibited different expression trends; the heat map also revealed the different behaviors of the hydrolysates of the proteins 1 and 2 nitrogen sources. The effects of nitrogenous fertilizers at the proteomic and agronomic levels revealed that plants fertilized with synthesis or rhizovit gave the best results concerning yield, whereas rhizovit and protein hydrolysates were most effective for proteins content in the grain (% of dry weight). Therefore, all parameters measured in this study indicated that different kinds of nitrogen fertilization used have a relevant impact on plant growth and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Vita
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil and Environmental Science University of Florence Florence Italy
- A.R.E.A. Foundation Pisa Italy
| | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- Biology Department University of Pisa Pisa Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa Italy
| | - Simona Arena
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory I.S.P.A.A.M. National Research Council Napoli Italy
| | - Fabrizio Quaranta
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis Unità di ricerca per la valorizzazione qualitativa dei cereali (CREA-QCE) Rome Italy
| | - Edoardo Bertolini
- Institute of Life Sciences Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa Italy
- Present address: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center Saint Louis Missouri
| | - Valentina Lucarotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DiSAAA) University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | | | - Massimo Alessio
- Proteome Biochemistry Unit IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory I.S.P.A.A.M. National Research Council Napoli Italy
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14
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Gao Z, Shen W, Chen G. Uncovering C4-like photosynthesis in C3 vascular cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3531-3540. [PMID: 29684188 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In C4 plants, the vascularization of the leaf is extended to include a ring of photosynthetic bundle sheath cells, which have essential and specific functions. In contrast to the substantial knowledge of photosynthesis in C4 plants, relatively little is known about photosynthesis in C3 plant veins, which differs substantially from that in C3 mesophyll cells. In this review we highlight the specific photosynthetic machinery present in C3 vascular cells, which likely evolved prior to the divergence between C3 and C4 plants. The associated primary processes of carbon recapture, nitrogen transport, and antioxidant metabolism are discussed. This review of the basal C4 photosynthesis in C3 plants is significant in the context of promoting the potential for biotechnological development of C4-transgenic rice crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Fuertes-Mendizábal T, Estavillo JM, Duñabeitia MK, Huérfano X, Castellón A, González-Murua C, Aizpurua A, González-Moro MB. 15N Natural Abundance Evidences a Better Use of N Sources by Late Nitrogen Application in Bread Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:853. [PMID: 29988400 PMCID: PMC6024020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This work explores whether the natural abundance of N isotopes technique could be used to understand the movement of N within the plant during vegetative and grain filling phases in wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) under different fertilizer management strategies. We focus on the effect of splitting the same N dose through a third late amendment at flag leaf stage (GS37) under humid Mediterranean conditions, where high spring precipitations can guarantee the incorporation of the lately applied N to the soil-plant system in an efficient way. The results are discussed in the context of agronomic parameters as N content, grain yield and quality, and show that further splitting the same N dose improves the wheat quality and induces a better nitrogen use efficiency. The nitrogen isotopic natural abundance technique shows that N remobilization is a discriminating process that leads to an impoverishment in 15N of senescent leaves and grain itself. This technique also reflects the more efficient use of N resources (fertilizer and native soil-N) when plants receive a late N amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José M. Estavillo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miren K. Duñabeitia
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ximena Huérfano
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ander Castellón
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Derio, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Aizpurua
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Derio, Spain
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16
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Babst BA, Coleman GD. Seasonal nitrogen cycling in temperate trees: Transport and regulatory mechanisms are key missing links. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:268-277. [PMID: 29576080 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient accumulation, one of the major ecosystem services provided by forests, is largely due to the accumulation and retention of nutrients in trees. This review focuses on seasonal cycling of nitrogen (N), often the most limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems. When leaves are shed during autumn, much of the N may be resorbed and stored in the stem over winter, and then used for new stem and leaf growth in spring. A framework exists for understanding the metabolism and transport of N in leaves and stems during winter dormancy, but many of the underlying genes remain to be identified and/or verified. Transport of N during seasonal N cycling is a particularly weak link, since the physical pathways for loading and unloading of amino N to and from the phloem are poorly understood. Short-day photoperiod followed by decreasing temperatures are the environmental cues that stimulate dormancy induction, and nutrient remobilization and storage. However, beyond the involvement of phytochrome, very little is known about the signal transduction mechanisms that link environmental cues to nutrient remobilization and storage. We propose a model whereby nutrient transport and sensing plays a major role in source-sink transitions of leaves and stems during seasonal N cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Monticello, AR 71656, USA; School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR 71656, USA.
| | - Gary D Coleman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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17
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Yousuf PY, Abd Allah EF, Nauman M, Asif A, Hashem A, Alqarawi AA, Ahmad A. Responsive Proteins in Wheat Cultivars with Contrasting Nitrogen Efficiencies under the Combined Stress of High Temperature and Low Nitrogen. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E356. [PMID: 29186028 PMCID: PMC5748674 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Productivity of wheat (Triticumaestivum) is markedly affected by high temperature and nitrogen deficiency. Identifying the functional proteins produced in response to these multiple stresses acting in a coordinated manner can help in developing tolerance in the crop. In this study, two wheat cultivars with contrasting nitrogen efficiencies (N-efficient VL616 and N-inefficient UP2382) were grown in control conditions, and under a combined stress of high temperature (32 °C) and low nitrogen (4 mM), and their leaf proteins were analysed in order to identify the responsive proteins. Two-dimensional electrophoresis unravelled sixty-one proteins, which varied in their expression in wheat, and were homologous to known functional proteins involved in biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, photosynthesis, protein folding, transcription, signalling, oxidative stress, water stress, lipid metabolism, heat stress tolerance, nitrogen metabolism, and protein synthesis. When exposed to high temperature in combination with low nitrogen, wheat plants altered their protein expression as an adaptive means to maintain growth. This response varied with cultivars. Nitrogen-efficient cultivars showed a higher potential of redox homeostasis, protein stability, osmoprotection, and regulation of nitrogen levels. The identified stress-responsive proteins can pave the way for enhancing the multiple-stress tolerance in wheat and developing a better understanding of its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Nauman
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Ambreen Asif
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 251002, India.
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulaziz A Alqarawi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 251002, India.
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18
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Li W, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang F, Liu C, Du Y, Gao X, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Hou Z, Zhou H, Sheng X, Wang G, Guo Y. Intergrative metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses unveil nutrient remobilization events in leaf senescence of tobacco. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12126. [PMID: 28935979 PMCID: PMC5608745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence in plants is a coordinated process that involves remobilization of nutrients from senescing leaves to sink tissues. The molecular events associated with nutrient remobilization are however not well understood. In this study the tobacco system with a source-sink relationship between different leaf positions was used in analyzing the spatiotemporal changes of 76 metabolites from leaves at 3 different stalk positions and 8 developmental stages. The metabolomic data was then compared with RNA-seq data from the same samples to analyze the activities of the metabolic pathways that are important for nutrient remobilization. Integrative analyses on metabolites accumulation and expression changes of enzyme-encoding genes in corresponding metabolic pathways indicated a significant up-regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and related metabolism of sugars, amino acids and fatty acids, suggesting the importance of energy metabolism during leaf senescence. Other changes of the metabolism during tobacco leaf senescence include increased activities of the GS/GOGAT cycle which is responsible for nitrogen recycling, and increased accumulation of nicotine. The results also suggested that a number of compounds seemed to be transported from senescing leaves at lower positions to sink leaves at upper positions. Some of these metabolites could play a role in nutrient remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Yongmei Du
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Zenglin Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Zhihui Hou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaofei Sheng
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.
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19
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Jezek M, Geilfus CM, Mühling KH. Glutamine synthetase activity in leaves of Zea mays L. as influenced by magnesium status. PLANTA 2015. [PMID: 26202737 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The total capacity of the GS-mediated ligation of free ammonium and glutamate to form glutamine in the leaves of maize plants is not impaired upon severe magnesium starvation. Magnesium deficiency does not obligatorily lead to the decreased total protein concentrations in the leaves. Magnesium (Mg) is an integral component of the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS), having both a structural and a catalytic role. Moreover, Mg is relevant for the post-translational regulation of the GS. Glutamine synthetase is one of the key enzymes in nitrogen assimilation, ligating-free ammonium (NH4 (+)) to glutamate to form glutamine and it is therefore crucial for plant growth and productivity. This study was conducted in order to test whether a severe Mg-deficiency impairs the total capacity of the GS-catalyzed synthesis of glutamine in maize leaves. Maize was grown hydroponically and the GS activity was analyzed dependent on different leaf developmental stages. Glutamine synthetase activity in vitro assays in combination with immune-dot blot analysis revealed that both the total activity and the abundance of glutamine synthetase was not impaired in the leaves of maize plants upon 54 days of severe Mg starvation. Additionally, it was shown that Mg deficiency does not obligatorily lead to decreased total protein concentrations in the leaves, as assayed by Bradford protein quantification. Moreover, Mg resupply to the roots or the leaves of Mg-deficient plants reversed the Mg-deficiency-induced accumulation of free amino acids in older leaves, which indicates impaired phloem loading. The results of our study reveal that the total GS-mediated primary or secondary assimilation of free NH4 (+) is not a limiting enzymatic reaction under Mg deficiency and thus cannot be accountable for the observed restriction of plant growth and productivity in Mg-deficient maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Jezek
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karl-Hermann Mühling
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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20
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Wang X, Wei Y, Shi L, Ma X, Theg SM. New isoforms and assembly of glutamine synthetase in the leaf of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6827-34. [PMID: 26307137 PMCID: PMC4623691 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) plays a crucial role in the assimilation and re-assimilation of ammonia derived from a wide variety of metabolic processes during plant growth and development. Here, three developmentally regulated isoforms of GS holoenzyme in the leaf of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings are described using native-PAGE with a transferase activity assay. The isoforms showed different mobilities in gels, with GSII>GSIII>GSI. The cytosolic GSI was composed of three subunits, GS1, GSr1, and GSr2, with the same molecular weight (39.2kDa), but different pI values. GSI appeared at leaf emergence and was active throughout the leaf lifespan. GSII and GSIII, both located in the chloroplast, were each composed of a single 42.1kDa subunit with different pI values. GSII was active mainly in green leaves, while GSIII showed brief but higher activity in green leaves grown under field conditions. LC-MS/MS experiments revealed that GSII and GSIII have the same amino acid sequence, but GSII has more modification sites. With a modified blue native electrophoresis (BNE) technique and in-gel catalytic activity analysis, only two GS isoforms were observed: one cytosolic and one chloroplastic. Mass calibrations on BNE gels showed that the cytosolic GS1 holoenzyme was ~490kDa and likely a dodecamer, and the chloroplastic GS2 holoenzyme was ~240kDa and likely a hexamer. Our experimental data suggest that the activity of GS isoforms in wheat is regulated by subcellular localization, assembly, and modification to achieve their roles during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science in China, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yihao Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lanxin Shi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xinming Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Steven M Theg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Buchner P, Tausz M, Ford R, Leo A, Fitzgerald GJ, Hawkesford MJ, Tausz-Posch S. Expression patterns of C- and N-metabolism related genes in wheat are changed during senescence under elevated CO2 in dry-land agriculture. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:239-249. [PMID: 26025537 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Projected climatic impacts on crop yield and quality, and increased demands for production, require targeted research to optimise nutrition of crop plants. For wheat, post-anthesis carbon and nitrogen remobilisation from vegetative plant parts and translocation to grains directly affects grain carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and protein levels. We analysed the influence of increased atmospheric CO2 on the expression of genes involved in senescence, leaf carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism and assimilate transport in wheat under field conditions (Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment; AGFACE) over a time course from anthesis to maturity, the key period for grain filling. Wheat grown under CO2 enrichment had lower N concentrations and a tendency towards greater C/N ratios. A general acceleration of the senescence process by elevated CO2 was not confirmed. The expression patterns of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, nitrate reduction and metabolite transport differed between CO2 treatments, and this CO2 effect was different between pre-senescence and during senescence. The results suggest up-regulation of N remobilisation and down-regulation of C remobilisation during senescence under elevated CO2, which is consistent with greater grain N-sink strength of developing grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Buchner
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 4TX, UK.
| | - Michael Tausz
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Audrey Leo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Glenn J Fitzgerald
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia.
| | - Malcolm J Hawkesford
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 4TX, UK.
| | - Sabine Tausz-Posch
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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22
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Zheng JS, Yu CM, Chen P, Wang YZ, Liu TM, Xiong HP. Identification and Expression Analysis of Glutamine Synthetase Genes in Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud). Open Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2015-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGlutamine synthetase (GS) plays a fundamental role in nitrogen metabolism in higher plants. Three BnGS genes have first been isolated: one gene encoding plastid GS (BnGS2) and two encoding cytosolic GS (BnGS1-1 and BnGS1-2) in ramie. Based on a sequence analysis and phylogenetic study, three BnGS sequences were classified into three distinct sub-families. The phylogenetic analysis showed that BnGS2 and BnGS1-2 were closely related to those of legumes, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), soybean (Glycine max) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The BnGS gene expression patterns revealed that each gene exhibited similar organ specificity, but distinct transcript intensity during different vegetative processes. The relatively abundant expression of BnGS1-1 and BnGS2 at specific organs during different vegetative processes indicates that they have critical roles in nitrogen uptake and assimilation relating to forage and growth characteristics. The BnGS1-2 mRNA levels were remarkably upregulated in the phloem, xylem and stems during the fiber development stage, suggesting a correlation with fiber development. Therefore, the non-overlapping transcript intensity of BnGS genes in different tissues regulates ramie growth and development during different vegetative processes.
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23
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Guan M, Møller IS, Schjoerring JK. Two cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoforms play specific roles for seed germination and seed yield structure in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:203-12. [PMID: 25316065 PMCID: PMC4265158 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) remobilization from reserves to sinks is essential for seedling establishment and seed production. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) is up-regulated during both seed germination and seed filling in plants. However, the specific roles of the individual GS1 isogenes with respect to N remobilization, early seedling vigour, and final seed productivity are not known. In this study, impairment of seed germination and seedling establishment is demonstrated in the single knockout mutant gln1;2, and the double knockout mutant gln1;1:gln1;2. The negative effect of Gln1;2 deficiency was associated with reduced N remobilization from the cotyledons and could be fully alleviated by exogenous N supply. Following reproductive growth, both the single and double Gln1;2-knockout mutants showed decreased seed yield due to fewer siliques, less seeds per silique, and lower dry weight per seed. The gln1;1 single mutant had normal seed yield structure but primary root development during seed germination was reduced in the presence of external N. Gln1;2 promoter-green fluorescent protein constructs showed that Gln1;2 localizes to the vascular cells of roots, petals, and stamens. It is concluded that Gln1;2 plays an important role in N remobilization for both seedling establishment and seed production in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - I S Møller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J K Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Thomsen HC, Eriksson D, Møller IS, Schjoerring JK. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase: a target for improvement of crop nitrogen use efficiency? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:656-63. [PMID: 25017701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the cytosolic enzyme glutamine synthetase 1 (GS1) has been investigated in numerous cases with the goal of improving crop nitrogen use efficiency. However, the outcome has generally been inconsistent. Here, we review possible reasons underlying the lack of success and conclude that GS1 activity may be downregulated via a chain of processes elicited by metabolic imbalances and environmental constraints. We suggest that a pivotal role of GS1 may be related to the maintenance of essential nitrogen (N) flows and internal N sensing during critical stages of plant development. A number of more refined overexpression strategies exploiting gene stacking combined with tissue and cell specific targeting to overcome metabolic bottlenecks are considered along with their potential in relation to new N management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne C Thomsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dennis Eriksson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inge S Møller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan K Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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25
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Buchner P, Hawkesford MJ. Complex phylogeny and gene expression patterns of members of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER family (NPF) in wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5697-710. [PMID: 24913625 PMCID: PMC4176842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
NPF (formerly referred to as low-affinity NRT1) and 'high-affinity' NRT2 nitrate transporter genes are involved in nitrate uptake by the root, and transport and distribution of nitrate within the plant. The NPF gene family consists of 53 members in Arabidopsis thaliana, however only 11 of these have been functionally characterized. Although homologous genes have been identified in genomes of different plant species including some cereals, there is little information available for wheat (Triticum aestivum). Sixteen genes were identified in wheat homologous to characterized Arabidopsis low-affinity nitrate transporter NPF genes, suggesting a complex wheat NPF gene family. The regulation of wheat NFP genes by plant N-status indicated involvement of these transporters in substrate transport in relation to N-metabolism. The complex expression pattern in relation to tissue specificity, nitrate availability and senescence may be associated with the complex growth patterns of wheat depending on sink/source demands, as well as remobilization during grain filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Buchner
- Rothamsted Research, Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Malcolm J Hawkesford
- Rothamsted Research, Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
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26
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Christiansen MW, Gregersen PL. Members of the barley NAC transcription factor gene family show differential co-regulation with senescence-associated genes during senescence of flag leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4009-22. [PMID: 24567495 PMCID: PMC4106437 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The senescence process of plants is important for the completion of their life cycle, particularly for crop plants, it is essential for efficient nutrient remobilization during seed filling. It is a highly regulated process, and in order to address the regulatory aspect, the role of genes in the NAC transcription factor family during senescence of barley flag leaves was studied. Several members of the NAC transcription factor gene family were up-regulated during senescence in a microarray experiment, together with a large range of senescence-associated genes, reflecting the coordinated activation of degradation processes in senescing barley leaf tissues. This picture was confirmed in a detailed quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiment, which also showed distinct gene expression patterns for different members of the NAC gene family, suggesting a group of ~15 out of the 47 studied NAC genes to be important for signalling processes and for the execution of degradation processes during leaf senescence in barley. Seven models for DNA-binding motifs for NAC transcription factors were designed based on published motifs, and available promoter sequences of barley genes were screened for the motifs. Genes up-regulated during senescence showed a significant over-representation of the motifs, suggesting regulation by the NAC transcription factors. Furthermore, co-regulation studies showed that genes possessing the motifs in the promoter in general were highly co-expressed with members of the NAC gene family. In conclusion, a list of up to 15 NAC genes from barley that are strong candidates for being regulatory factors of importance for senescence and biotic stress-related traits affecting the productivity of cereal crop plants has been generated. Furthermore, a list of 71 senescence-associated genes that are potential target genes for these NAC transcription factors is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, AU-Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Per L Gregersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, AU-Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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27
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Setién I, Vega-Mas I, Celestino N, Calleja-Cervantes ME, González-Murua C, Estavillo JM, González-Moro MB. Root phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NAD-malic enzymes activity increase the ammonium-assimilating capacity in tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:49-63. [PMID: 24484958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant ammonium tolerance has been associated with the capacity to accumulate large amounts of ammonium in the root vacuoles, to maintain carbohydrate synthesis and especially with the capacity of maintaining high levels of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in the roots. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) is considered a cornerstone in nitrogen metabolism, since it provides carbon skeletons for nitrogen assimilation. The hypothesis of this work was that the induction of anaplerotic routes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and malic enzyme (NAD-ME) would enhance tolerance to ammonium nutrition. An experiment was established with tomato plants (Agora Hybrid F1) grown under different ammonium concentrations. Growth parameters, metabolite contents and enzymatic activities related to nitrogen and carbon metabolism were determined. Unlike other tomato cultivars, tomato Agora Hybrid F1 proved to be tolerant to ammonium nutrition. Ammonium was assimilated as a biochemical detoxification mechanism, thus leading to the accumulation of Gln and Asn as free amino acids in both leaves and roots as an innocuous and transitory store of nitrogen, in addition to protein synthesis. When the concentration of ammonium in the nutrient solution was high, the cyclic operation of the TCA cycle seemed to be interrupted and would operate in two interconnected branches to provide α-ketoglutarate for ammonium assimilation: one branch supported by malate accumulation and by the induction of anaplerotic PEPC and NAD-ME in roots and MDH in leaves, and the other branch supported by stored citrate in the precedent dark period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Setién
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Izargi Vega-Mas
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Natalia Celestino
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - María Eréndira Calleja-Cervantes
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, IdAB-CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - José María Estavillo
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Lundquist PK, Rosar C, Bräutigam A, Weber APM. Plastid signals and the bundle sheath: mesophyll development in reticulate mutants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:14-29. [PMID: 24046062 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a plant leaf is a meticulously orchestrated sequence of events producing a complex organ comprising diverse cell types. The reticulate class of leaf variegation mutants displays contrasting pigmentation between veins and interveinal regions due to specific aberrations in the development of mesophyll cells. Thus, the reticulate mutants offer a potent tool to investigate cell-type-specific developmental processes. The discovery that most mutants are affected in plastid-localized, metabolic pathways that are strongly expressed in vasculature-associated tissues implicates a crucial role for the bundle sheath and their chloroplasts in proper development of the mesophyll cells. Here, we review the reticulate mutants and their phenotypic characteristics, with a focus on those in Arabidopsis thaliana. Two alternative models have been put forward to explain the relationship between plastid metabolism and mesophyll cell development, which we call here the supply and the signaling hypotheses. We critically assess these proposed models and discuss their implications for leaf development and bundle sheath function in C3 species. The characterization of the reticulate mutants supports the significance of plastid retrograde signaling in cell development and highlights the significance of the bundle sheath in C3 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lundquist
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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29
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Printz B, Sergeant K, Lutts S, Guignard C, Renaut J, Hausman JF. From Tolerance to Acute Metabolic Deregulation: Contribution of Proteomics To Dig into the Molecular Response of Alder Species under a Polymetallic Exposure. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5160-79. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400590d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Printz
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
- Groupe
de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and
Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe
de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and
Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Cédric Guignard
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
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30
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Nagy Z, Németh E, Guóth A, Bona L, Wodala B, Pécsváradi A. Metabolic indicators of drought stress tolerance in wheat: glutamine synthetase isoenzymes and Rubisco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 67:48-54. [PMID: 23542183 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress has a considerable impact on the ecosystem and agriculture. Continuous water deficit induces early leaf senescence in plants. During this process, chloroplasts are degraded and photosynthesis drastically drops. The objective of this investigation was to look into the regulation of nitrogen and carbon metabolism during water deficit. Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39) and the total protein contents inform us of the sink-source relation in plants. Glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) isoenzymes are good markers of plastid status (GS2) and the nitrogen metabolism (GS1). Tolerant and sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were tested, which are widely used in agriculture. The amount of protein, Rubisco and GS isoforms in leaves were measured during the grain filling period, as indicative traits that ultimately determine the onset and stage of senescence. The symptoms of senescence first appeared on the oldest and finally on the youngest leaves. Drought stress disrupted the sequentiality of senescence in the sensitive varieties. An untimely senescence appeared in flag leaves, earlier than in the older leaves. Total protein and Rubisco contents decreased and the GS2 isoenzyme declined considerably in the youngest leaves. In the tolerant varieties, however, these physiological parameters did not change under drought, only the sequential senescence of leaf levels accelerated in some cases compared to the control, well-watered plants. Our results revealed that GS is a good indicator of drought stress, which can be applied for the characterization of wheat cultivars in terms of drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Nagy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Edit Németh
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Guóth
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Lajos Bona
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Company, P.O. Box 391, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Wodala
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Attila Pécsváradi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
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31
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Setién I, Fuertes-Mendizabal T, González A, Aparicio-Tejo PM, González-Murua C, González-Moro MB, Estavillo JM. High irradiance improves ammonium tolerance in wheat plants by increasing N assimilation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:758-71. [PMID: 23485260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is a paradoxical nutrient ion. Despite being a common intermediate in plant metabolism whose oxidation state eliminates the need for its reduction in the plant cell, as occurs with nitrate, it can also result in toxicity symptoms. Several authors have reported that carbon enrichment in the root zone enhances the synthesis of carbon skeletons and, accordingly, increases the capacity for ammonium assimilation. In this work, we examined the hypothesis that increasing the photosynthetic photon flux density is a way to increase plant ammonium tolerance. Wheat plants were grown in a hydroponic system with two different N sources (10mM nitrate or 10mM ammonium) and with two different light intensity conditions (300 μmol photon m(-2)s(-1) and 700 μmol photon m(-2)s(-1)). The results show that, with respect to biomass yield, photosynthetic rate, shoot:root ratio and the root N isotopic signature, wheat behaves as a sensitive species to ammonium nutrition at the low light intensity, while at the high intensity, its tolerance is improved. This improvement is a consequence of a higher ammonium assimilation rate, as reflected by the higher amounts of amino acids and protein accumulated mainly in the roots, which was supported by higher tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. Glutamate dehydrogenase was a key root enzyme involved in the tolerance to ammonium, while glutamine synthetase activity was low and might not be enough for its assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Setién
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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32
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Goodall AJ, Kumar P, Tobin AK. Identification and expression analyses of cytosolic glutamine synthetase genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:492-505. [PMID: 23324171 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme in nitrogen (N) assimilation, particularly during seed development. Three cytosolic GS isoforms (HvGS1) were identified in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Golden Promise). Quantitation of gene expression, localization and response to N supply revealed that each gene plays a non-redundant role in different tissues and during development. Localization of HvGS1_1 in vascular cells of different tissues, combined with its abundance in the stem and its response to changes in N supply, indicate that it is important in N transport and remobilization. HvGS1_1 is located on chromosome 6H at 72.54 cM, close to the marker HVM074 which is associated with a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for grain protein content (GPC). HvGS1_1 may be a potential candidate gene to manipulate barley GPC. HvGS1_2 mRNA was localized to the leaf mesophyll cells, in the cortex and pericycle of roots, and was the dominant HvGS1 isoform in these tissues. HvGS1_2 expression increased in leaves with an increasing supply of N, suggesting its role in the primary assimilation of N. HvGS1_3 was specifically and predominantly localized in the grain, being highly expressed throughout grain development. HvGS1_3 expression increased specifically in the roots of plants grown on high NH(+)4, suggesting that it has a primary role in grain N assimilation and also in the protection against ammonium toxicity in roots. The expression of HvGS1 genes is directly correlated with protein and enzymatic activity, indicating that transcriptional regulation is of prime importance in the control of GS activity in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Goodall
- School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
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33
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Tenea GN, Cordeiro Raposo F, Maquet A. Comparative transcriptome profiling in winter wheat grown under different agricultural practices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10970-10978. [PMID: 23039160 DOI: 10.1021/jf302705p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), one of the three most important cereal crops worldwide, has a dominant position in Europe due to its adaptability and consumer acceptance particularly as an organic food commodity. Organic agriculture is developing rapidly, and its authenticity is presently a subject of great concern to food authorities, as incorrect labeling can represent commercial fraud. A comparative transcriptome profiling was conducted on winter wheat flag leaves of several cultivars growing in open fields under different agricultural production systems. Performing a microarray study, 10 transcripts differentially expressed in organic and conventional growing conditions were identified in Tommi and Centenaire cultivars. Transcript abundance profiles of selected probe sets were independently confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis, tested on Tommi, Centenaire, and Cubus cultivars from different growing-year and geographical sites. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis showed that the global wheat transcriptome is influenced by the agricultural system indicating a promising approach for analytical verification of the production system of wheat at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Tenea
- European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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Grassl J, Pružinská A, Hörtensteiner S, Taylor NL, Millar AH. Early events in plastid protein degradation in stay-green Arabidopsis reveal differential regulation beyond the retention of LHCII and chlorophyll. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5443-52. [PMID: 23025280 DOI: 10.1021/pr300691k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An individually darkened leaf model was used to study protein changes in the Arabidopsis mutant stay-green1 (sgr1) to partially mimic the process of leaf covering senescence that occurs naturally in the shaded rosettes of Arabidopsis plants. Utilizing this controlled and predictable induced senescence model has allowed the direct comparison of sgr1 with Col-0 during the developmental period preceding the retention of chlorophyll and light harvesting complex II (LHCII) in sgr1 and the induction of senescence in Col-0. Quantitative proteomic analysis of soluble leaf proteins from sgr1 and Col-0 before the initiation of senescence has revealed a range of differences in plastid soluble protein abundance in sgr1 when compared to Col-0. Changes were also observed in membrane located machinery for photosystem II (PSII), in Calvin cycle components, proteins involved in redox control of the stromal compartment and ammonia assimilation that differentiated sgr1 during the early stages of the senescence process. The changes in PSII abundance were accompanied with a lower capacity of photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation in sgr1 than Col-0 after return of plants to lighted conditions following 3 and 5 days of darkness. A light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b binding protein (LHCB2) was retained during the later stages of senescence in sgr1 but this was accompanied by an enhanced loss of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) subunits from PSII, which was confirmed by Western blotting, and an enhanced stability of PSII repair proteins in sgr1, compared to Col-0. Together these data provide insights into the significant differences in the steady-state proteome in sgr1 and its response to senescence, showing this cosmetic stay-green mutant is in fact significantly different to wild-type plants both before and during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Grassl
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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35
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Gupta N, Gupta AK, Gaur VS, Kumar A. Relationship of nitrogen use efficiency with the activities of enzymes involved in nitrogen uptake and assimilation of finger millet genotypes grown under different nitrogen inputs. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:625731. [PMID: 22919342 PMCID: PMC3415157 DOI: 10.1100/2012/625731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen responsiveness of three-finger millet genotypes (differing in their seed coat colour) PRM-1 (brown), PRM-701 (golden), and PRM-801 (white) grown under different nitrogen doses was determined by analyzing the growth, yield parameters and activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase; GOGAT, and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) at different developmental stages. High nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency were observed in PRM-1 genotype, whereas high nitrogen uptake efficiency was observed in PRM-801 genotype. At grain filling nitrogen uptake efficiency in PRM-1 negatively correlated with NR, GS, GOGAT activities whereas it was positively correlated in PRM-701 and PRM-801, however, GDH showed a negative correlation. Growth and yield parameters indicated that PRM-1 responds well at high nitrogen conditions while PRM-701 and PRM-801 respond well at normal and low nitrogen conditions respectively. The study indicates that PRM-1 is high nitrogen responsive and has high nitrogen use efficiency, whereas golden PRM-701 and white PRM-801 are low nitrogen responsive genotypes and have low nitrogen use efficiency. However, the crude grain protein content was higher in PRM-801 genotype followed by PRM-701 and PRM-1, indicating negative correlation of nitrogen use efficiency with source to sink relationship in terms of seed protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand Pantnagar 263 145, India
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Hegelund JN, Schiller M, Kichey T, Hansen TH, Pedas P, Husted S, Schjoerring JK. Barley metallothioneins: MT3 and MT4 are localized in the grain aleurone layer and show differential zinc binding. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1125-37. [PMID: 22582132 PMCID: PMC3387699 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.197798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins believed to play a role in cytosolic zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) homeostasis. However, evidence for the functional properties of MTs has been hampered by methodological problems in the isolation and characterization of the proteins. Here, we document that barley (Hordeum vulgare) MT3 and MT4 proteins exist in planta and that they differ in tissue localization as well as in metal coordination chemistry. Combined transcriptional and histological analyses showed temporal and spatial correlations between transcript levels and protein abundance during grain development. MT3 was present in tissues of both maternal and filial origin throughout grain filling. In contrast, MT4 was confined to the embryo and aleurone layer, where it appeared during tissue specialization and remained until maturity. Using state-of-the-art speciation analysis by size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry on recombinant MT3 and MT4, their specificity and capacity for metal ion binding were quantified, showing a strong preferential Zn binding relative to Cu and cadmium (Cd) in MT4, which was not the case for MT3. When complementary DNAs from barley MTs were expressed in Cu- or Cd-sensitive yeast mutants, MT3 provided a much stronger complementation than did MT4. We conclude that MT3 may play a housekeeping role in metal homeostasis, while MT4 may function in Zn storage in developing and mature grains. The localization of MT4 and its discrimination against Cd make it an ideal candidate for future biofortification strategies directed toward increasing food and feed Zn concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Nymark Hegelund
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.N.H., M.S., T.H.H., P.P., S.H., J.K.S.); and
- Unité Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens cedex, France (T.K.)
| | - Michaela Schiller
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.N.H., M.S., T.H.H., P.P., S.H., J.K.S.); and
- Unité Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens cedex, France (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Kichey
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.N.H., M.S., T.H.H., P.P., S.H., J.K.S.); and
- Unité Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens cedex, France (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Hesselhøj Hansen
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.N.H., M.S., T.H.H., P.P., S.H., J.K.S.); and
- Unité Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens cedex, France (T.K.)
| | - Pai Pedas
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.N.H., M.S., T.H.H., P.P., S.H., J.K.S.); and
- Unité Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens cedex, France (T.K.)
| | - Søren Husted
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.N.H., M.S., T.H.H., P.P., S.H., J.K.S.); and
- Unité Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens cedex, France (T.K.)
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García-Calderón M, Chiurazzi M, Espuny MR, Márquez AJ. Photorespiratory metabolism and nodule function: behavior of Lotus japonicus mutants deficient in plastid glutamine synthetase. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:211-219. [PMID: 22007601 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-11-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two photorespiratory mutants of Lotus japonicus deficient in plastid glutamine synthetase (GS(2)) were examined for their capacity to establish symbiotic association with Mesorhizobium loti bacteria. Biosynthetic glutamine synthetase (GS) activity was reduced by around 40% in crude nodule extracts from mutant plants as compared with the wild type (WT). Western blot analysis further confirmed the lack of GS(2) polypeptide in mutant nodules. The decrease in GS activity affected the nodular carbon metabolism under high CO(2) (suppressed photorespiration) conditions, although mutant plants were able to form nodules and fix atmospheric nitrogen. However, when WT and mutant plants were transferred to an ordinary air atmosphere (photorespiratory active conditions) the nodulation process and nitrogen fixation were substantially affected, particularly in mutant plants. The number and fresh weight of mutant nodules as well as acetylene reduction activity showed a strong inhibition compared with WT plants. Optical microscopy studies from mutant plant nodules revealed the anticipated senescence phenotype linked to an important reduction in starch and sucrose levels. These results show that, in Lotus japonicus, photorespiration and, particularly, GS(2) deficiency result in profound limitations in carbon metabolism that affect the nodulation process and nitrogen fixation.
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Linka M, Weber APM. Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells. FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AND EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1533-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Møller ALB, Pedas P, Andersen B, Svensson B, Schjoerring JK, Finnie C. Responses of barley root and shoot proteomes to long-term nitrogen deficiency, short-term nitrogen starvation and ammonium. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:2024-37. [PMID: 21736591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are major crops worldwide, and improvement of their nitrogen use efficiency is a crucial challenge. In this study proteins responding to N supply in barley roots and shoots were analysed using a proteomics approach, to provide insight into mechanisms of N uptake and assimilation. Control plants grown hydroponically for 33 d with 5 mm nitrate, plants grown under N deficiency (0.5 mm nitrate, 33 d) or short-term N starvation (28 d with 5 mm nitrate followed by 5 d with no N source) were compared. N deficiency caused changes in C and N metabolism and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes in shoots and roots. N starvation altered proteins of amino acid metabolism in roots. Both treatments caused proteome changes in roots that could affect growth. Shoots of plants grown with ammonium as N source (28 d with 5 mm nitrate followed by 5 d with 5 mm ammonium) showed responses similar to N deficient shoots, characterized by turnover of ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and increases in proteins of the chloroplastic transcription and translation machinery. Identified proteins in 67 and 49 varying spots in roots and shoots respectively, corresponded to 62 functions and over 80 gene products, considerably advancing knowledge of N responses in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders L B Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Tenea GN, Peres Bota A, Cordeiro Raposo F, Maquet A. Reference genes for gene expression studies in wheat flag leaves grown under different farming conditions. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:373. [PMID: 21951810 PMCID: PMC3193821 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Internal control genes with highly uniform expression throughout the experimental conditions are required for accurate gene expression analysis as no universal reference genes exists. In this study, the expression stability of 24 candidate genes from Triticum aestivum cv. Cubus flag leaves grown under organic and conventional farming systems was evaluated in two locations in order to select suitable genes that can be used for normalization of real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) reactions. The genes were selected among the most common used reference genes as well as genes encoding proteins involved in several metabolic pathways. Findings Individual genes displayed different expression rates across all samples assayed. Applying geNorm, a set of three potential reference genes were suitable for normalization of RT-qPCR reactions in winter wheat flag leaves cv. Cubus: TaFNRII (ferredoxin-NADP(H) oxidoreductase; AJ457980.1), ACT2 (actin 2; TC234027), and rrn26 (a putative homologue to RNA 26S gene; AL827977.1). In addition of these three genes that were also top-ranked by NormFinder, two extra genes: CYP18-2 (Cyclophilin A, AY456122.1) and TaWIN1 (14-3-3 like protein, AB042193) were most consistently stably expressed. Furthermore, we showed that TaFNRII, ACT2, and CYP18-2 are suitable for gene expression normalization in other two winter wheat varieties (Tommi and Centenaire) grown under three treatments (organic, conventional and no nitrogen) and a different environment than the one tested with cv. Cubus. Conclusions This study provides a new set of reference genes which should improve the accuracy of gene expression analyses when using wheat flag leaves as those related to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Tenea
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
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Storm J, Perner J, Aparicio I, Patzewitz EM, Olszewski K, Llinas M, Engel PC, Müller S. Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase a is dispensable and not a drug target during erythrocytic development. Malar J 2011; 10:193. [PMID: 21756354 PMCID: PMC3163627 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum contains three genes encoding potential glutamate dehydrogenases. The protein encoded by gdha has previously been biochemically and structurally characterized. It was suggested that it is important for the supply of reducing equivalents during intra-erythrocytic development of Plasmodium and, therefore, a suitable drug target. Methods The gene encoding the NADP(H)-dependent GDHa has been disrupted by reverse genetics in P. falciparum and the effect on the antioxidant and metabolic capacities of the resulting mutant parasites was investigated. Results No growth defect under low and elevated oxygen tension, no up- or down-regulation of a number of antioxidant and NADP(H)-generating proteins or mRNAs and no increased levels of GSH were detected in the D10Δgdha parasite lines. Further, the fate of the carbon skeleton of [13C] labelled glutamine was assessed by metabolomic studies, revealing no differences in the labelling of α-ketoglutarate and other TCA pathway intermediates between wild type and mutant parasites. Conclusions First, the data support the conclusion that D10Δgdha parasites are not experiencing enhanced oxidative stress and that GDHa function may not be the provision of NADP(H) for reductive reactions. Second, the results imply that the cytosolic, NADP(H)-dependent GDHa protein is not involved in the oxidative deamination of glutamate but that the protein may play a role in ammonia assimilation as has been described for other NADP(H)-dependent GDH from plants and fungi. The lack of an obvious phenotype in the absence of GDHa may point to a regulatory role of the protein providing glutamate (as nitrogen storage molecule) in situations where the parasites experience a limiting supply of carbon sources and, therefore, under in vitro conditions the enzyme is unlikely to be of significant importance. The data imply that the protein is not a suitable target for future drug development against intra-erythrocytic parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Storm
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Gadaleta A, Nigro D, Giancaspro A, Blanco A. The glutamine synthetase (GS2) genes in relation to grain protein content of durum wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 11:665-70. [PMID: 21755355 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-011-0235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS2) is a key enzyme in plant nitrogen metabolism responsible of the first step of ammonium assimilation and transformation into glutamine (an essential compound in the amino acid-biosynthetic pathway). The goal of the present study was to isolate and characterize GS2 genes and to assess the linkage with grain protein content (GPC), an important quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Here, we report the isolation of the complete glutamine synthetase gene sequences and their localization on the two homeologous chromosome 2A and 2B in durum wheat cvs. Ciccio and Svevo characterized by a different grain protein content. GS2-A2 located on 2A chromosome is comprised of 13 exons separated by 12 introns, and the allele sequence in the two cultivars were different for an insertion of 5 bp located in the third exon in the cv. Ciccio. The GS2-B2 has the same intron/exon structure, but the two cultivars differ for the insertion of a 33-bp sequence located in the second intron of the cv. Svevo. Specific primers were designed in the polymorphic region and amplified in a recombinant inbred line mapping population. The study localized GS genes (GS2-A2, GS2-B2 GSe, GSr) on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 4A, and 4B, where four significant QTLs for GPC were also located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agro-Forestry and Environmental Biology and Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy.
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Kant S, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ. Understanding plant response to nitrogen limitation for the improvement of crop nitrogen use efficiency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:1499-509. [PMID: 20926552 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Development of genetic varieties with improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is essential for sustainable agriculture. Generally, NUE can be divided into two parts. First, assimilation efficiency involves nitrogen (N) uptake and assimilation and second utilization efficiency involves N remobilization. Understanding the mechanisms regulating these processes is crucial for the improvement of NUE in crop plants. One important approach is to develop an understanding of the plant response to different N regimes, especially to N limitation, using various methods including transcription profiling, analysing mutants defective in their normal response to N limitation, and studying plants that show better growth under N-limiting conditions. One can then attempt to improve NUE in crop plants using the knowledge gained from these studies. There are several potential genetic and molecular approaches for the improvement of crop NUE discussed in this review. Increased knowledge of how plants respond to different N levels as well as to other environmental conditions is required to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Kant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Atkins CA, Smith PMC, Rodriguez-Medina C. Macromolecules in phloem exudates--a review. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:165-72. [PMID: 21057827 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses using the growing resources of genomic information have been applied to identification of macromolecules in exudates collected from phloem. Most of the analyses rely on collection of exudate following incisions made to the vasculature, but some limited data are available for exudates collected from excised aphid stylets. Species examined, to date, include a number of cereals (rice, barley, and wheat), a number of cucurbits, castor bean, members of the genus Lupinus, brassicas, and Arabidopsis. As many as 1,100 proteins, some hundreds of transcripts, and a growing number of small ribonucleic acids (RNAs), including micro-RNAs, have been identified across the species with a high degree of commonality. Questions relating to the nature and extent of contamination of sieve element contents with those of surrounding companion cells and nonvascular cells are addressed together with likely functions of identified macromolecules. The review considers likely translocation and systemic signaling functions among the macromolecular inventory of phloem exudates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Atkins
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Kajimura T, Mizuno N, Takumi S. Utility of leaf senescence-associated gene homologs as developmental markers in common wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:851-859. [PMID: 20850333 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the final stage of development in plant tissues. In the senescence process, many senescence-associated genes (SAGs) are reportedly transcriptionally up-regulated. Here, we reported the isolation of nine wheat SAG cDNA clones named TaSAG1 to TaSAG9, and evaluated the usefulness of the SAG homologs for wheat developmental molecular markers based on their expression patterns. The nine wheat SAGs were identified in wheat EST libraries based on their homology to rice SAGs. All wheat SAG transcripts were up-regulated during natural senescence as well as during dark-induced senescence in seedling leaves. However, the expression patterns of wheat SAGs in the flag leaf did not necessarily correspond to those in seedling leaves during senescence. The nine wheat SAGs also showed variable expression patterns in developing and ripening seeds. The transcript accumulation patterns of TaSAG5 and TaSAG6 increased linearly during the period examined in the flag leaf and seed, and are therefore available as molecular markers to respectively evaluate the degree of wheat flag leaf senescence and seed maturation. Transcript accumulation levels of the six SAGs were increased before apparent necrotic cell death of seeding leaves exhibiting wheat hybrid necrosis. These results suggested that necrotic cell death in wheat hybrid necrosis could be closely related not only to senescence but also to defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kajimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Broyart C, Fontaine JX, Molinié R, Cailleu D, Tercé-Laforgue T, Dubois F, Hirel B, Mesnard F. Metabolic profiling of maize mutants deficient for two glutamine synthetase isoenzymes using 1H-NMR-based metabolomics. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:102-9. [PMID: 19866455 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maize mutants deficient for the expression of two genes encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS) isoenzymes GS1.3 and GS1.4 displayed reduced kernel number and kernel size, respectively, the effect of the mutation being cumulative in the double mutant. However, at maturity, shoot biomass production was not modified in all the mutants, indicating that the reaction catalysed by the enzyme is specifically involved in the control of grain yield. OBJECTIVE To examine the physiological impact of the GS mutations on the leaf metabolic profile during the kernel filling period, during which nitrogen is remobilized from the shoots to be further exported to the kernels. METHODOLOGY An (1)H-NMR spectroscopy metabolomic was applied to the investigation of metabolic change of the gln1.3, gln1.4 and gln1.3/1.4 double mutant. RESULTS In the three GS mutants, an increase in the amount of several N-containing metabolites such as asparagine, alanine, threonine and phophatidylcholine was observed whatever the level of nitrogen fertilisation. In addition, we found an accumulation of phenylalanine and tyrosine, two metabolites involved the primary steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway. CONCLUSION Changes in the metabolic profile of the GS mutants suggest that, when cytosolic GS activity is strongly reduced, either alternative metabolic pathways participate in the reassimilation of ammonium released during leaf protein remobilization or that premature leaf senescence is induced when kernel set and kernel filling are affected. The accumulation of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the mutant plants indicates that lignin biosynthesis is altered, thus possibly affecting ear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Broyart
- EA 3900-BioPI Biologie des Plantes et Contrôle des Insectes Ravageurs, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1, rue des Louvels et Faculté des Sciences, 33, rue Saint Leu, 80037 Amiens cedex 1, France
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Computational Structural Analysis and Kinetic Studies of a Cytosolic Glutamine Synthetase from Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Protein J 2009; 28:428-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-009-9210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nord-Larsen PH, Kichey T, Jahn TP, Jensen CS, Nielsen KK, Hegelund JN, Schjoerring JK. Cloning, characterization and expression analysis of tonoplast intrinsic proteins and glutamine synthetase in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:1549-1562. [PMID: 19655146 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the most important turf and forage grass species of the temperate regions. It requires substantial input of nitrogen fertilizer for optimum yield. Improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is therefore one of the main breeding targets. However, limited knowledge is currently available on the genes controlling NUE in perennial ryegrass. The aim of the present study was to isolate genes involved in ammonium transport and assimilation. In silico screening of a Lolium EST-library using known sequences of tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) and cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) revealed a number of homologous sequences. Using these sequences, primers were designed to obtain the full-length sequences by RACE-PCR. Three TIP genes (LpTIP1;1, LpTIP1;2 and LpTIP2;1) and two GS genes (LpGS1a and LpGS1b) were isolated. Characterization in S. cerevisiae confirmed a function in ammonium transport for LpTIP1;1 and LpTIP2;1 and in synthesis of glutamine for LpGS1a and LpGS1b. Cytoimmunochemical studies showed that GS protein was present in the chloroplasts and cytosol of leaf cells, while TIP1 proteins localized to the tonoplast. At the expression level, Lolium GS1 genes responded to N starvation and re-supply in a manner consistent with functions in primary N assimilation and N remobilization. Similarly, the expression of LpTIPs complied with a role in vacuolar ammonium storage. Together, the reported results provide new understanding of the genetic basis for N assimilation and storage in ryegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia H Nord-Larsen
- Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Fontaine JX, Ravel C, Pageau K, Heumez E, Dubois F, Hirel B, Le Gouis J. A quantitative genetic study for elucidating the contribution of glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and other nitrogen-related physiological traits to the agronomic performance of common wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 119:645-62. [PMID: 19513687 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-1076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the genetic variability for nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat is a necessity in the frame of the present economic and ecological context. The objective of this work was to investigate the role of the enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and other nitrogen (N)-related physiological traits in the control of agronomic performance in wheat. A quantitative genetics approach was developed using the Arche x Récital population of doubled haploid lines grown for 3 years in the field. GS and GDH activities, ammonium, amino acid and protein contents were measured at different stages of plant development in different organs after flowering. Significant genotypic effects were observed for all measured physiological and agronomical traits. Heading date was negatively correlated with ammonium, amino acid, protein contents and GS activity in the flag leaf lamina. Grain protein content was positively correlated with both ammonium and amino acid content, and to a lesser extent with soluble protein content and GS activity. A total of 148 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected, 104 QTLs for physiological traits and 44 QTLs for agronomic traits. Twenty-six QTLs were detected for GDH activity spread over 13 chromosomes and 25 QTLs for GS activity spread over 12 chromosomes. We found only a co-localization between a QTL for GS activity and GSe, a structural gene encoding cytosolic GS on chromosome 4B. A coincidence between a QTL for GDH activity and a gene encoding GDH was also found on chromosome 2B. QTL regions combining both physiological and agronomical QTLs were mainly identified on linkage groups 2A, 2B, 2D, 5A, 5B and 5D. This approach allowed us to propose possible functions of physiological traits to explain the variation observed for agronomic traits including yield and its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- Faculté des sciences, UPJV EA3900 BioPI, Nitrogen Metabolism, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039, Amiens Cedex, France
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A CsGS is regulated at transcriptional level during developmental stages and nitrogen utilization in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:703-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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