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Yao Q, Feng Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yi F, Li Z, Zhang M. Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Gibberellins Mediated the Circadian Rhythm of Leaf Elongation by Regulating Lignin Synthesis in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2705. [PMID: 38473951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant growth exhibits rhythmic characteristics, and gibberellins (GAs) are involved in regulating cell growth, but it is still unclear how GAs crosstalk with circadian rhythm to regulate cell elongation. The study analyzed growth characteristics of wild-type (WT), zmga3ox and zmga3ox with GA3 seedlings. We integrated metabolomes and transcriptomes to study the interaction between GAs and circadian rhythm in mediating leaf elongation. The rates of leaf growth were higher in WT than zmga3ox, and zmga3ox cell length was shorter when proliferated in darkness than light, and GA3 restored zmga3ox leaf growth. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between WT and zmga3ox were mainly enriched in hormone signaling and cell wall synthesis, while DEGs in zmga3ox were restored to WT by GA3. Moreover, the number of circadian DEGs that reached the peak expression in darkness was more than light, and the upregulated circadian DEGs were mainly enriched in cell wall synthesis. The differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were mainly attributed to flavonoids and phenolic acid. Twenty-two DAMs showed rhythmic accumulation, especially enriched in lignin synthesis. The circadian DEGs ZmMYBr41/87 and ZmHB34/70 were identified as regulators of ZmHCT8 and ZmBM1, which were enzymes in lignin synthesis. Furthermore, GAs regulated ZmMYBr41/87 and ZmHB34/70 to modulate lignin biosynthesis for mediating leaf rhythmic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiajie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Duan L, Wang F, Shen H, Xie S, Chen X, Xie Q, Li R, Cao A, Li H. Identification, evolution, and expression of GDSL-type Esterase/Lipase (GELP) gene family in three cotton species: a bioinformatic analysis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:795. [PMID: 38129780 PMCID: PMC10734139 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GDSL esterase/lipases (GELPs) play important roles in plant growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Presently, an extensive and in-depth analysis of GELP family genes in cotton is still not clear enough, which greatly limits the further understanding of cotton GELP function and regulatory mechanism. RESULTS A total of 389 GELP family genes were identified in three cotton species of Gossypium hirsutum (193), G. arboreum (97), and G. raimondii (99). These GELPs could be classified into three groups and eight subgroups, with the GELPs in same group to have similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Evolutionary event analysis showed that the GELP family genes tend to be diversified at the spatial dimension and certain conservative at the time dimension, with a trend of potential continuous expansion in the future. The orthologous or paralogous GELPs among different genomes/subgenomes indicated the inheritance from genome-wide duplication during polyploidization, and the paralogous GELPs were derived from chromosomal segment duplication or tandem replication. GELP genes in the A/D subgenome underwent at least three large-scale replication events in the evolutionary process during the period of 0.6-3.2 MYA, with two large-scale evolutionary events between 0.6-1.8 MYA that were associated with tetraploidization, and the large-scale duplication between 2.6-9.1 MYA that occurred during diploidization. The cotton GELPs indicated diverse expression patterns in tissue development, ovule and fiber growth, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, combining the existing cis-elements in the promoter regions, suggesting the GELPs involvements of functions to be diversification and of the mechanisms to be a hormone-mediated manner. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding the function and regulatory mechanism of cotton GELP family, and offer an effective reference for in-depth genetic improvement utilization of cotton GELPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| | - Haitao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Shuangquan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Xifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Quanliang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Aiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
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3
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Hoang TV, Vo KTX, Rahman MM, Zhong R, Lee C, Ketudat Cairns JR, Ye ZH, Jeon JS. SPOTTED-LEAF7 targets the gene encoding β-galactosidase9, which functions in rice growth and stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1109-1125. [PMID: 37341542 PMCID: PMC10517187 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
β-Galactosidases (Bgals) remove terminal β-D-galactosyl residues from the nonreducing ends of β-D-galactosidases and oligosaccharides. Bgals are present in bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants and have various functions. Despite the many studies on the evolution of BGALs in plants, their functions remain obscure. Here, we identified rice (Oryza sativa) β-galactosidase9 (OsBGAL9) as a direct target of the heat stress-induced transcription factor SPOTTED-LEAF7 (OsSPL7), as demonstrated by protoplast transactivation analysis and yeast 1-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Knockout plants for OsBGAL9 (Osbgal9) showed short stature and growth retardation. Histochemical β-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis of transgenic lines harboring an OsBGAL9pro:GUS reporter construct revealed that OsBGAL9 is mainly expressed in internodes at the mature stage. OsBGAL9 expression was barely detectable in seedlings under normal conditions but increased in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Ectopic expression of OsBGAL9 enhanced resistance to the rice pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, as well as tolerance to cold and heat stress, while Osbgal9 mutant plants showed the opposite phenotypes. OsBGAL9 localized to the cell wall, suggesting that OsBGAL9 and its plant putative orthologs likely evolved functions distinct from those of its closely related animal enzymes. Enzyme activity assays and analysis of the cell wall composition of OsBGAL9 overexpression and mutant plants indicated that OsBGAL9 has activity toward galactose residues of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Our study clearly demonstrates a role for a member of the BGAL family in AGP processing during plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Viet Hoang
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Kieu Thi Xuan Vo
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Md Mizanor Rahman
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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Selective xyloglucan oligosaccharide hydrolysis by a GH31 α-xylosidase from Escherichia coli. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Di Marzo M, Viana VE, Banfi C, Cassina V, Corti R, Herrera-Ubaldo H, Babolin N, Guazzotti A, Kiegle E, Gregis V, de Folter S, Sampedro J, Mantegazza F, Colombo L, Ezquer I. Cell wall modifications by α-XYLOSIDASE1 are required for control of seed and fruit size in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1499-1515. [PMID: 34849721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall modifications are of pivotal importance during plant development. Among cell wall components, xyloglucans are the major hemicellulose polysaccharide in primary cell walls of dicots and non-graminaceous monocots. They can connect the cellulose microfibril surface to affect cell wall mechanical properties. Changes in xyloglucan structure are known to play an important role in regulating cell growth. Therefore, the degradation of xyloglucan is an important modification that alters the cell wall. The α-XYLOSIDASE1 (XYL1) gene encodes the only α-xylosidase acting on xyloglucans in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we showed that mutation of XYL1 strongly influences seed size, seed germination, and fruit elongation. We found that the expression of XYL1 is directly regulated in developing seeds and fruit by the MADS-box transcription factor SEEDSTICK. We demonstrated that XYL1 complements the stk smaller seed phenotype. Finally, by atomic force microscopy, we investigated the role of XYL1 activity in maintaining cell stiffness and growth, confirming the importance of cell wall modulation in shaping organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vívian Ebeling Viana
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão-RS, Brazil
| | - Camilla Banfi
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cassina
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberta Corti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Nicola Babolin
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Guazzotti
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Edward Kiegle
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Gregis
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Javier Sampedro
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, s/n. Campus sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francesco Mantegazza
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Steinbrecher T, Leubner-Metzger G. Xyloglucan remodelling enzymes and the mechanics of plant seed and fruit biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1253-1257. [PMID: 35235657 PMCID: PMC8890615 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Di Marzo M, Ebeling Viana V, Banfi C, Cassina V, Corti R, Herrera-Ubaldo H, Babolin N, Guazzotti A, Kiegle E, Gregis V, de Folter S, Sampedro J, Mantegazza F, Colombo L, Ezquer I. 2022. Cell wall modifications by α-XYLOSIDASE1 are required for the control of seed and fruit size. Journal of Experimental Botany 73, 1499–1515.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Steinbrecher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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Kriechbaum R, Ziaee E, Grünwald‐Gruber C, Buscaill P, van der Hoorn RAL, Castilho A. BGAL1 depletion boosts the level of β-galactosylation of N- and O-glycans in N. benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1537-1549. [PMID: 31837192 PMCID: PMC7292537 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glyco-design of proteins is a powerful tool in fundamental studies of structure-function relationship and in obtaining profiles optimized for efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. Plants, particularly Nicotiana benthamiana, are attractive hosts to produce recombinant glycoproteins, and recent advances in glyco-engineering facilitate customized N-glycosylation of plant-derived glycoproteins. However, with exception of monoclonal antibodies, homogenous human-like β1,4-galactosylation is very hard to achieve in recombinant glycoproteins. Despite significant efforts to optimize the expression of β1,4-galactosyltransferase, many plant-derived glycoproteins still exhibit incomplete processed N-glycans with heterogeneous terminal galactosylation. The most obvious suspects to be involved in trimming terminal galactose residues are β-galactosidases (BGALs) from the glycosyl hydrolase family GH35. To elucidate the so far uncharacterized mechanisms leading to the trimming of terminal galactose residues from glycans of secreted proteins, we studied a N. benthamiana BGAL known to be active in the apoplast (NbBGAL1). Here, we determined the NbBGAL1 subcellular localization, substrate specificity and in planta biological activity. We show that NbBGAL1 can remove β1,4- and β1,3-galactose residues on both N- and O-glycans. Transient BGAL1 down-regulation by RNA interference (RNAi) and BGAL1 depletion by genome editing drastically reduce β-galactosidase activity in N. benthamiana and increase the amounts of fully galactosylated complex N-glycans on several plant-produced glycoproteins. Altogether, our data demonstrate that NbBGAL1 acts on galactosylated complex N-glycans of plant-produced glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Kriechbaum
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Esmaiel Ziaee
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyCollege of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | | | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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Sergeant K, Printz B, Guerriero G, Renaut J, Lutts S, Hausman JF. The Dynamics of the Cell Wall Proteome of Developing Alfalfa Stems. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:E60. [PMID: 31430995 PMCID: PMC6784106 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the cell-wall-enriched subproteomes at three different heights of alfalfa stems were compared. Since these three heights correspond to different states in stem development, a view on the dynamics of the cell wall proteome during cell maturation is obtained. This study of cell wall protein-enriched fractions forms the basis for a description of the development process of the cell wall and the linking cell wall localized proteins with the evolution of cell wall composition and structure. The sequential extraction of cell wall proteins with CaCl2, EGTA, and LiCl-complemented buffers was combined with a gel-based proteome approach and multivariate analysis. Although the highest similarities were observed between the apical and intermediate stem regions, the proteome patterns are characteristic for each region. Proteins that bind carbohydrates and have proteolytic activity, as well as enzymes involved in glycan remobilization, accumulate in the basal stem region. Beta-amylase and ferritin likewise accumulate more in the basal stem segment. Therefore, remobilization of nutrients appears to be an important process in the oldest stem segment. The intermediate and apical regions are sites of cell wall polymer remodeling, as suggested by the high abundance of proteins involved in the remodeling of the cell wall, such as xyloglucan endoglucosylase, beta-galactosidase, or the BURP-domain containing polygalacturonase non-catalytic subunit. However, the most striking change between the different stem parts is the strong accumulation of a DUF642-conserved domain containing protein in the apical region of the stem, which suggests a particular role of this protein during the early development of stem tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Bruno Printz
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute Agronomy (ELI-A), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute Agronomy (ELI-A), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
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Rubianes D, Valdivia ER, Revilla G, Zarra I, Sampedro J. Xyloglucan exoglycosidases in the monocot model Brachypodium distachyon and the conservation of xyloglucan disassembly in angiosperms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:495-509. [PMID: 31028613 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon has a full set of exoglycosidases active on xyloglucan, including α-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, soluble and membrane-bound β-glucosidases and two α-fucosidases. However, unlike in Arabidopsis, both fucosidases are likely cytosolic. Xyloglucan is present in primary walls of all angiosperms. While in most groups it regulates cell wall extension, in Poaceae its role is still unclear. Five exoglycosidases participate in xyloglucan hydrolysis in Arabidopsis: α-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, α-fucosidase, soluble β-glucosidase and GPI-anchored β-glucosidase. Mutants in the corresponding genes show alterations in xyloglucan composition. In this work putative orthologs in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon were tested for their ability to complement Arabidopsis mutants. Xylosidase and galactosidase mutants were complemented, respectively, by BdXYL1 (Bd2g02070) and BdBGAL1 (Bd2g56607). BdBGAL1, unlike other xyloglucan β-galactosidases, is able to remove both galactoses from XLLG oligosaccharides. In addition, soluble β-glucosidase BdBGLC1 (Bd1g08550) complemented a glucosidase mutant. Closely related BdBGLC2 (Bd2g51280), which has a putative GPI-anchor sequence, was found associated with the plasma membrane and only a truncated version without GPI-anchor complemented the mutant, proving that Brachypodium also has soluble and membrane-bound xyloglucan glucosidases. Both BdXFUC1 (Bd3g25226) and BdXFUC2 (Bd1g28366) can hydrolyze fucose from xyloglucan oligosaccharides but were unable to complement a fucosidase mutant. Fluorescent protein fusions of BdXFUC1 localized to the cytosol and both proteins lack a signal peptide. Signal peptides appear to have evolved only in some eudicot lineages of this family, like the one leading to Arabidopsis. These results could be explained if cytosolic xyloglucan α-fucosidases are the ancestral state in angiosperms, with fucosylated oligosaccharides transported across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rubianes
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elene R Valdivia
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gloria Revilla
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ignacio Zarra
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Sampedro
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Ban Q, Han Y, He Y, Jin M, Han S, Suo J, Rao J. Functional characterization of persimmon β-galactosidase gene DkGAL1 in tomato reveals cell wall modification related to fruit ripening and radicle elongation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:109-120. [PMID: 30080594 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall metabolism during fruit ripening is a highly organized process that involves complex interplay among various cell wall hydrolases. Among these cell wall hydrolases, β-galactosidase has been identified to participate in cell wall metabolism via its ability to catalyze galactosyl metabolism from the large and complex side chains of cell walls. In this study, the galactose content in the pericarp increased during persimmon fruit ripening, but cell wall galactosyl residues decreased, indicating a relationship between galactose metabolism and persimmon fruit ripening. Expression of a previously isolated β-galactosidase gene, DkGAL1, increased 25.01-fold during fruit ripening. Heterologous expression of DkGAL1 under the CaMV 35S promoter in tomato accelerated on-plant and postharvest fruits ripening. The fruit firmness of one of transgenic line, OE-18, was 23.83% lower than that of WT at the breaker stage. The transgenic fruits produced more ethylene by promoting the expression of ethylene synthesis-related genes and cell wall degradation-related genes. Overexpression of DkGAL1 in tomato also reduced cell-to-cell adhesion and promoted both wider intercellular spaces and less cell compaction in transgenic fruit structures. Moreover, DkGAL1 was involved in seed germination and radicle elongation in transgenic tomato seeds. These results confirm the role of DkGAL1 in fruit ripening and suggest that this gene alters galactose metabolism in the fruit, which can promote ripening and reduce cellular adhesion. In addition, the role of DkGAL1 is not limited to fruit softening; DkGAL1 was also involved in seed germination and radicle elongation in transgenic tomato seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Ban
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ye Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yiheng He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Mijing Jin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shoukun Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Suo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - JingPing Rao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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11
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Rahman MZ, Tsujimori Y, Maeda M, Hossain MA, Ishimizu T, Kimura Y. Molecular characterization of second tomato α1,3/4-fucosidase (α-Fuc'ase Sl-2), a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 29 active toward the core α1,3-fucosyl residue in plant N-glycans. J Biochem 2018; 164:53-63. [PMID: 29444271 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we molecular-characterized a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) α1, 3/4-fucosidase (α-Fuc'ase Sl-1) encoded in a tomato gene (Solyc03g006980), indicating that α-Fuc'ase Sl-1 is involved in the turnover of Lea epitope-containing N-glycans. In this study, we have characterized another tomato gene (Solyc11g069010) encoding α1, 3/4-fucosidase (α-Fuc'ase Sl-2), which is also active toward the complex type N-glycans containing Lea epitope(s). The baculovirus-insect cell expression system was used to express that α-Fuc'ase Sl-2 with anti-FLAG tag, and the expression product (rFuc'ase Sl-2), was found as a 65 kDa protein using SDS-PAGE and has an optimum pH of around 5.0. Similarly to rFuc'ase Sl-1, rFuc'ase Sl-2 hydrolyzed the non-reducing terminal α1, 3-fucose residue on LNFP III and α1, 4-fucose residues of Lea epitopes on plant complex type N-glycans, but not the core α1, 3-fucose residue on Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc or Fucα1-3GlcNAc. However, we found that both α-Fuc'ases Sl-1 and Sl-2 were specifically active toward α1, 3-fucose residue on GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc, indicating that the non-substituted β-GlcNAc linked to the proximal GlcNAc residue of the core tri-saccharide moiety of plant specific N-glycans must be a pre-requisite for α-Fuc'ase activity. A 3 D modelled structure of the catalytic sites of α-Fuc'ase Sl-2 suggested that Asp192 and Glu236 may be important for binding to the α1, 3/4 fucose residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka 1340, Bangladesh
| | - Yuta Tsujimori
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Megumi Maeda
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Md Anowar Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kimura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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12
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Frolov A, Didio A, Ihling C, Chantzeva V, Grishina T, Hoehenwarter W, Sinz A, Smolikova G, Bilova T, Medvedev S. The effect of simulated microgravity on the Brassica napus seedling proteome. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:440-452. [PMID: 32290983 DOI: 10.1071/fp16378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and the direction of the gravitational field represent an important environmental factor affecting plant development. In this context, the absence or frequent alterations of the gravity field (i.e. microgravity conditions) might compromise extraterrestrial agriculture and hence space inhabitation by humans. To overcome the deleterious effects of microgravity, a complete understanding of the underlying changes on the macromolecular level is necessary. However, although microgravity-related changes in gene expression are well characterised on the transcriptome level, proteomic data are limited. Moreover, information about the microgravity-induced changes in the seedling proteome during seed germination and the first steps of seedling development is completely missing. One of the valuable tools to assess gravity-related issues is 3D clinorotation (i.e. rotation in two axes). Therefore, here we address the effects of microgravity, simulated by a two-axial clinostat, on the proteome of 24- and 48-h-old seedlings of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The liquid chromatography-MS-based proteomic analysis and database search revealed 95 up- and 38 downregulated proteins in the tryptic digests obtained from the seedlings subjected to simulated microgravity, with 42 and 52 annotations detected as being unique for 24- and 48-h treatment times, respectively. The polypeptides involved in protein metabolism, transport and signalling were annotated as the functional groups most strongly affected by 3-D clinorotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, DE 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Anna Didio
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, DE 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Christian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, DE 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Veronika Chantzeva
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, RU 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Grishina
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, RU 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Proteome Analytics Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, DE 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, DE 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Galina Smolikova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, RU 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Bilova
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, DE 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sergei Medvedev
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, RU 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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13
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Ziaur Rahman M, Maeda M, Itano S, Hossain A, Ishimizu T, Kimura Y. Molecular characterization of tomato α1,3/4-fucosidase, a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 29 involved in the degradation of plant complex typeN-glycans. J Biochem 2016; 161:421-432. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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14
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Moneo-Sánchez M, Izquierdo L, Martín I, Labrador E, Dopico B. Subcellular location of Arabidopsis thaliana subfamily a1 β-galactosidases and developmental regulation of transcript levels of their coding genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:137-145. [PMID: 27676245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to gain insight into the six members of the a1 subfamily of the β-galactosidases (BGAL) from Arabidopsis thaliana. First, the subcellular location of all these six BGAL proteins from a1 subfamily has been established in the cell wall by the construction of transgenic plants producing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) fused to the BGAL proteins. BGAL12 is also located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our study of the AtBGAL transcript accumulation along plant development indicated that all AtBGAL transcript appeared in initial stages of development, both dark- and light-grown seedlings, being AtBGAL1, AtBGAL2 and AtBGAL3 transcripts the predominant ones in the latter condition, mainly in the aerial part and with levels decreasing with age. The high accumulation of transcript of AtBGAL4 in basal internodes and in leaves at the end of development, and their strong increase after treatment both with BL and H3BO3 point to an involvement of BGAL4 in cell wall changes leading to the cease of elongation and increased rigidity. The changes of AtBGAL transcript accumulation in relation to different stages and conditions of plant development, suggest that each of the different gene products have a plant-specific function and provides support for the proposed function of the subfamily a1 BGAL in plant cell wall remodelling for cell expansion or for cell response to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Moneo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucía Izquierdo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emilia Labrador
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Berta Dopico
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Ghannad Sabzevary A, Hosseini R. Two main domains with different roles discovered an a new tomato beta-galactosidase. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201605006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Structure of a plant β-galactosidase C-terminal domain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1411-8. [PMID: 27451952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Most plant β-galactosidases, which belong to glycoside hydrolase family 35, have a C-terminal domain homologous to animal galactose and rhamnose-binding lectins. To investigate the structure and function of this domain, the C-terminal domain of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) β-galactosidase 1 (OsBGal1 Cter) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The free OsBGal1 Cter is monomeric with a native molecular weight of 15kDa. NMR spectroscopy indicated that OsBGal1 Cter comprises five β-strands and one α-helix. The structure of this domain is similar to lectin domains from animals, but loops A and C of OsBGal1 Cter are longer than the corresponding loops from related animal lectins with known structures. In addition, loop A of OsBGal1 Cter was not well defined, suggesting it is flexible. Although OsBGal1 Cter was predicted to be a galactose/rhamnose-binding domain, binding with rhamnose, galactose, glucose, β-1,4-d-galactobiose and raffinose could not be observed in NMR experiments.
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17
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Suthangkornkul R, Sriworanun P, Nakai H, Okuyama M, Svasti J, Kimura A, Senapin S, Arthan D. A Solanum torvum GH3 β-glucosidase expressed in Pichia pastoris catalyzes the hydrolysis of furostanol glycoside. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 127:4-11. [PMID: 27055587 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant β-glucosidases are usually members of the glucosyl hydrolase 1 (GH1) or 3 (GH3) families. Previously, a β-glucosidase (torvosidase) was purified from Solanum torvum leaves that specifically catalyzed hydrolysis of two furostanol 26-O-β-glucosides, torvosides A and H. Furostanol glycoside 26-O-β-glucosides have been reported as natural substrates of some plant GH1 enzymes. However, torvosidase was classified as a GH3 β-glucosidase, but could not hydrolyze β-oligoglucosides, the natural substrates of GH3 enzymes. Here, the full-length cDNA encoding S. torvum β-glucosidase (SBgl3) was isolated by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method. The 1887bp ORF encoded 629 amino acids and showed high homology to other plant GH3 β-glucosidases. Internal peptide sequences of purified native Sbgl3 determined by LC-MS/MS matched the deduced amino acid sequence of the Sbgl3 cDNA, suggesting that it encoded the natural enzyme. Recombinant SBgl3 with a polyhistidine tag (SBgl3His) was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. The purified SBgl3His showed the same substrate specificity as natural SBgl3, hydrolyzing torvoside A with much higher catalytic efficiency than other substrates. It also had similar biochemical properties and kinetic parameters to the natural enzyme, with slight differences, possibly attributable to post-translational glycosylation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that SBgl3 was highly expressed in leaves and germinated seeds, suggesting a role in leaf and seedling development. To our knowledge, a recombinant GH3 β-glucosidase that hydrolyzes furostanol 26-O-β-glucosides, has not been previously reported in contrast to substrates of GH1 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungarun Suthangkornkul
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpisut Sriworanun
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okuyama
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Atsuo Kimura
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Dumrongkiet Arthan
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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18
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Pauly M, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-59. [PMID: 26927904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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19
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Rahman MZ, Maeda M, Kimura Y. β-Galactosidase from Ginkgo biloba seeds active against β-galactose-containing N-glycans: purification and characterization. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1464-72. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1034653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we purified an acidic β-galactosidase to homogeneity from Ginkgo biloba seeds (β-Gal’ase Gb-1) with approximately 270-fold purification. A molecular mass of the purified β-Gal’ase Gb-1 was estimated about 35 kDa by gel filtration and 32 kDa by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing condition, respectively. On the other hand, β-Gal’ase Gb-1 produced a single band with a molecular mass of 16 kDa by SDS-PAGE under reducing condition. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of 32 kDa and 16 kDa molecules were the same and identified as H-K-A-N-X-V-T-V-A-F-V-M-T-Q-H-, suggesting that β-Gal’ase Gb-1 may function as a homodimeric structure in vivo. When complex-type N-glycans containing β-galactosyl residues were used as substrates, β-Gal’ase Gb-1 showed substantial activity for β1-4 galactosyl residue and modest activity for β1-3 galactosyl residue with an optimum pH near 5.0. Based on these results, the involvement of β-Gal’ase Gb-1 in the degradation of plant complex-type N-glycans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Megumi Maeda
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kimura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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20
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Structural Diversity and Function of Xyloglucan Sidechain Substituents. PLANTS 2014; 3:526-42. [PMID: 27135518 PMCID: PMC4844278 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a hemicellulose found in the cell walls of all land plants including early-divergent groups such as liverworts, hornworts and mosses. The basic structure of XyG, a xylosylated glucan, is similar in all of these plants but additional substituents can vary depending on plant family, tissue, and developmental stage. A comprehensive list of known XyG sidechain substituents is assembled including their occurrence within plant families, thereby providing insight into the evolutionary origin of the various sidechains. Recent advances in DNA sequencing have enabled comparative genomics approaches for the identification of XyG biosynthetic enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in non-model plant species. Characterization of these biosynthetic genes not only allows the determination of their substrate specificity but also provides insights into the function of the various substituents in plant growth and development.
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21
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González-Pérez L, Perrotta L, Acosta A, Orellana E, Spadafora N, Bruno L, Bitonti BM, Albani D, Cabrera JC, Francis D, Rogers HJ. In tobacco BY-2 cells xyloglucan oligosaccharides alter the expression of genes involved in cell wall metabolism, signalling, stress responses, cell division and transcriptional control. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6803-16. [PMID: 25008996 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOs) are breakdown products of XGs, the most abundant hemicelluloses of the primary cell walls of non-Poalean species. Treatment of cell cultures or whole plants with XGOs results in accelerated cell elongation and cell division, changes in primary root growth, and a stimulation of defence responses. They may therefore act as signalling molecules regulating plant growth and development. Previous work suggests an interaction with auxins and effects on cell wall loosening, however their mode of action is not fully understood. The effect of an XGO extract from tamarind (Tamarindus indica) on global gene expression was therefore investigated in tobacco BY-2 cells using microarrays. Over 500 genes were differentially regulated with similar numbers and functional classes of genes up- and down-regulated, indicating a complex interaction with the cellular machinery. Up-regulation of a putative XG endotransglycosylase/hydrolase-related (XTH) gene supports the mechanism of XGO action through cell wall loosening. Differential expression of defence-related genes supports a role for XGOs as elicitors. Changes in the expression of genes related to mitotic control and differentiation also support previous work showing that XGOs are mitotic inducers. XGOs also affected expression of several receptor-like kinase genes and transcription factors. Hence, XGOs have significant effects on expression of genes related to cell wall metabolism, signalling, stress responses, cell division and transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien González-Pérez
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana City, Cuba
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Generation and structural validation of a library of diverse xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides, including an update on xyloglucan nomenclature. Carbohydr Res 2014; 402:56-66. [PMID: 25497333 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucans are structurally complex plant cell wall polysaccharides that are involved in cell growth and expansion, energy metabolism, and signaling. Determining the structure-function relationships of xyloglucans would benefit from the availability of a comprehensive and structurally diverse collection of rigorously characterized xyloglucan oligosaccharides. Here, we present a workflow for the semi-preparative scale generation and purification of neutral and acidic xyloglucan oligosaccharides using a combination of enzymatic and chemical treatments and size-exclusion chromatography. Twenty-six of these oligosaccharides were purified to near homogeneity and their structures validated using a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, high-performance anion exchange chromatography, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry and analytical chromatography were compared as methods for xyloglucan oligosaccharide quantification. 1H chemical shifts were assigned using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. A comprehensive update of the nomenclature describing xyloglucan side-chain structures is provided for reference.
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23
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Function and Structure Studies of GH Family 31 and 97 α-Glycosidases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:2269-77. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Hernández-Nistal J, Martín I, Dopico B, Labrador E. Coordinated action of β-galactosidases in the cell wall of embryonic axes during chickpea germination and seedling growth. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:404-410. [PMID: 23731125 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a dynamic structure whose constant modification is necessary for plant cells to grow and divide. In the cell walls of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) there are at least four β-galactosidases, whose presence and location in embryonic axes during the first 48 h of seed imbibition are discussed in this paper. We examined their roles as cell wall-modifying enzymes in germinative and/or post-germinative events. At the start of germination, only βV-Gal, and to a lesser extent βIV-Gal, appear in the axes before rupture of the testa, suggesting they are related to germination sensu stricto. Once the testa has broken, the four β-galactosidases are involved in growth and differentiation of the axes. Immunolocation of the different proteins in axes, which in part confirms previous results in seedlings and plants, allows assignment of post-germinative roles to βI-Gal and βIII-Gal as cell wall modifiers in vascular tissue elements. βIV-Gal and βV-Gal participate in the initial events of germination in which cell walls are involved: βV-Gal in cell proliferation, detachment of root cap cells and initial vascular tissue differentiation; both of them in xylem maturation; and βIV-Gal in thickening of the primary cell wall. Together with other cell wall-modifying enzymes, such as expansins and XTH, chickpea galactosidases might function in a sequential order in turnover of the primary cell wall, allowing the elongation of embryonic axes during seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hernández-Nistal
- Dpto de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
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25
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Damásio ARL, Rubio MV, Oliveira LC, Segato F, Dias BA, Citadini AP, Paixão DA, Squina FM. Understanding the function of conserved variations in the catalytic loops of fungal glycoside hydrolase family 12. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1494-505. [PMID: 24578305 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that cleave the xyloglucan backbone at unbranched glucose residues have been identified in GH families 5, 7, 12, 16, 44, and 74. Fungi produce enzymes that populate 20 of 22 families that are considered critical for plant biomass deconstruction. We searched for GH12-encoding genes in 27 Eurotiomycetes genomes. After analyzing 50 GH12-related sequences, the conserved variations of the amino acid sequences were examined. Compared to the endoglucanases, the endo-xyloglucanase-associated YSG deletion at the negative subsites of the catalytic cleft with a SST insertion at the reducing end of the substrate-binding crevice is highly conserved. In addition, a highly conserved alanine residue was identified in all xyloglucan-specific enzymes, and this residue is substituted by arginine in more promiscuous glucanases. To understand the basis for the xyloglucan specificity displayed by certain GH12 enzymes, two fungal GH12 endoglucanases were chosen for mutagenesis and functional studies: an endo-xyloglucanase from Aspergillus clavatus (AclaXegA) and an endoglucanase from A. terreus (AtEglD). Comprehensive molecular docking studies and biochemical analyses were performed, revealing that mutations at the entrance of the catalytic cleft in AtEglD result in a wider binding cleft and the alteration of the substrate-cleavage pattern, implying that a trio of residues coordinates the interactions and binding to linear glycans. The loop insertion at the crevice-reducing end of AclaXegA is critical for catalytic efficiency to hydrolyze xyloglucan. The understanding of the structural elements governing endo-xyloglucanase activity on linear and branched glucans will facilitate future enzyme modifications with potential applications in industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R L Damásio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas-SP, Brazil
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Paque S, Mouille G, Grandont L, Alabadí D, Gaertner C, Goyallon A, Muller P, Primard-Brisset C, Sormani R, Blázquez MA, Perrot-Rechenmann C. AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 links cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and cell expansion in arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:280-95. [PMID: 24424095 PMCID: PMC3963575 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell expansion is an increase in cell size and thus plays an essential role in plant growth and development. Phytohormones and the primary plant cell wall play major roles in the complex process of cell expansion. In shoot tissues, cell expansion requires the auxin receptor AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (ABP1), but the mechanism by which ABP1 affects expansion remains unknown. We analyzed the effect of functional inactivation of ABP1 on transcriptomic changes in dark-grown hypocotyls and investigated the consequences of gene expression on cell wall composition and cell expansion. Molecular and genetic evidence indicates that ABP1 affects the expression of a broad range of cell wall-related genes, especially cell wall remodeling genes, mainly via an SCF(TIR/AFB)-dependent pathway. ABP1 also functions in the modulation of hemicellulose xyloglucan structure. Furthermore, fucosidase-mediated defucosylation of xyloglucan, but not biosynthesis of nonfucosylated xyloglucan, rescued dark-grown hypocotyl lengthening of ABP1 knockdown seedlings. In muro remodeling of xyloglucan side chains via an ABP1-dependent pathway appears to be of critical importance for temporal and spatial control of cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Paque
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Laurie Grandont
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Goyallon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Muller
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Primard-Brisset
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rodnay Sormani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Catherine Perrot-Rechenmann
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Pauly M, Gille S, Liu L, Mansoori N, de Souza A, Schultink A, Xiong G. Hemicellulose biosynthesis. PLANTA 2013; 238:627-42. [PMID: 23801299 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
One major component of plant cell walls is a diverse group of polysaccharides, the hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses constitute roughly one-third of the wall biomass and encompass the heteromannans, xyloglucan, heteroxylans, and mixed-linkage glucan. The fine structure of these polysaccharides, particularly their substitution, varies depending on the plant species and tissue type. The hemicelluloses are used in numerous industrial applications such as food additives as well as in medicinal applications. Their abundance in lignocellulosic feedstocks should not be overlooked, if the utilization of this renewable resource for fuels and other commodity chemicals becomes a reality. Fortunately, our understanding of the biosynthesis of the various hemicelluloses in the plant has increased enormously in recent years mainly through genetic approaches. Taking advantage of this knowledge has led to plant mutants with altered hemicellulosic structures demonstrating the importance of the hemicelluloses in plant growth and development. However, while we are on a solid trajectory in identifying all necessary genes/proteins involved in hemicellulose biosynthesis, future research is required to combine these single components and assemble them to gain a holistic mechanistic understanding of the biosynthesis of this important class of plant cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,
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Kaewthai N, Gendre D, Eklöf JM, Ibatullin FM, Ezcurra I, Bhalerao RP, Brumer H. Group III-A XTH genes of Arabidopsis encode predominant xyloglucan endohydrolases that are dispensable for normal growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:440-54. [PMID: 23104861 PMCID: PMC3532273 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.207308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of primary wall extension endures as one of the central enigmas in plant cell morphogenesis. Classical cell wall models suggest that xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase activity is the primary catalyst (together with expansins) of controlled cell wall loosening through the transient cleavage and religation of xyloglucan-cellulose cross links. The genome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains 33 phylogenetically diverse XYLOGLUCAN ENDO-TRANSGLYCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE (XTH) gene products, two of which were predicted to be predominant xyloglucan endohydrolases due to clustering into group III-A. Enzyme kinetic analysis of recombinant AtXTH31 confirmed this prediction and indicated that this enzyme had similar catalytic properties to the nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) xyloglucanase1 responsible for storage xyloglucan hydrolysis during germination. Global analysis of Genevestigator data indicated that AtXTH31 and the paralogous AtXTH32 were abundantly expressed in expanding tissues. Microscopy analysis, utilizing the resorufin β-glycoside of the xyloglucan oligosaccharide XXXG as an in situ probe, indicated significant xyloglucan endohydrolase activity in specific regions of both roots and hypocotyls, in good correlation with transcriptomic data. Moreover, this hydrolytic activity was essentially completely eliminated in AtXTH31/AtXTH32 double knockout lines. However, single and double knockout lines, as well as individual overexpressing lines, of AtXTH31 and AtXTH32 did not demonstrate significant growth or developmental phenotypes. These results suggest that although xyloglucan polysaccharide hydrolysis occurs in parallel with primary wall expansion, morphological effects are subtle or may be compensated by other mechanisms. We hypothesize that there is likely to be an interplay between these xyloglucan endohydrolases and recently discovered apoplastic exo-glycosidases in the hydrolytic modification of matrix xyloglucans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jens M. Eklöf
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
| | - Farid M. Ibatullin
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
| | - Ines Ezcurra
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
| | - Harry Brumer
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, S–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (N.K., J.M.E., F.M.I., I.E., H.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE–901 83 Umea, Sweden (D.G., R.P.B.); Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (F.M.I.); and Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (H.B.)
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Albornos L, Martín I, Pérez P, Marcos R, Dopico B, Labrador E. Promoter activities of genes encoding β-galactosidases from Arabidopsis a1 subfamily. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 60:223-32. [PMID: 23000815 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Promoter regions of each of the six AtBGAL gene of the subfamily a1 of Arabidopsis thaliana were used to drive the expression of the β-glucuronidase gene. The pattern of promoters (pAtBGAL) activity was followed by histological staining during plant development. pAtBGAL1, pAtBGAL3 and pAtBGAL4 showed a similar activity pattern, being stronger in cells and organs in expansion, and the staining decreasing when cell expansion decreased with age. That indicates a consistent involvement of the encoded β-galactosidases in cells undergoing cell wall extension or remodelling in cotyledons, leaves and flower buds. These promoters were also active in the calyptra cells and in pollen grains. pAtBGAL2 activity showed a clear relationship with hypocotyl elongation in both light and dark conditions and, like pAtBGAL1, pAtBGAL3 and pAtBGAL4, it was detected during the expansion of cotyledons, rosette leaves and cauline leaves. Its activity was also intense in the early stages of flower and fruit development. pAtBGAL5 was the only one among those from the subfamily a1 that was active in the trichomes that appear throughout the plant, indicating a high specificity of the AtBGAL5 protein and its involvement in the cell wall changes that accompany the formation of the trichome. The activity of pAtBGAL5 was also high in radicles and roots, except in the meristematic area of these organs, and during seed formation. Finally, the activity of pAtBGAL12 was mainly detected in meristematic zones of the plant: the leaf primordium, emerging secondary roots and developing seeds, which indicates an involvement in the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Albornos
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Franková L, Fry SC. Trans-α-xylosidase and trans-β-galactosidase activities, widespread in plants, modify and stabilize xyloglucan structures. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:45-60. [PMID: 22360414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-wall components are hydrolysed by numerous plant glycosidase and glycanase activities. We investigated whether plant enzymes also modify xyloglucan structures by transglycosidase activities. Diverse angiosperm extracts exhibited transglycosidase activities that progressively transferred single sugar residues between xyloglucan heptasaccharide (XXXG or its reduced form, XXXGol) molecules, at 16 μM and above, creating octa- to decasaccharides plus smaller products. We measured remarkably high transglycosylation:hydrolysis ratios under optimized conditions. To identify the transferred monosaccharide(s), we devised a dual-labelling strategy in which a neutral radiolabelled oligosaccharide (donor substrate) reacted with an amino-labelled non-radioactive oligosaccharide (acceptor substrate), generating radioactive cationic products. For example, 37 μM [Xyl-³H]XXXG plus 1 mM XXLG-NH₂ generated ³H-labelled cations, demonstrating xylosyl transfer, which exceeded xylosyl hydrolysis 1.6- to 7.3-fold, implying the presence of enzymes that favour transglycosylation. The transferred xylose residues remained α-linked but were relatively resistant to hydrolysis by plant enzymes. Driselase digestion of the products released a trisaccharide (α-[³H]xylosyl-isoprimeverose), indicating that a new xyloglucan repeat unit had been formed. In similar assays, [Gal-³H]XXLG and [Gal-³H]XLLG (but not [Fuc-³H]XXFG) yielded radioactive cations. Thus plants exhibit trans-α-xylosidase and trans-β-galactosidase (but not trans-α-fucosidase) activities that graft sugar residues from one xyloglucan oligosaccharide to another. Reconstructing xyloglucan oligosaccharides in this way may alter oligosaccharin activities or increase their longevity in vivo. Trans-α-xylosidase activity also transferred xylose residues from xyloglucan oligosaccharides to long-chain hemicelluloses (xyloglucan, water-soluble cellulose acetate, mixed-linkage β-glucan, glucomannan and arabinoxylan). With xyloglucan as acceptor substrate, such an activity potentially affects the polysaccharide's suitability as a substrate for xyloglucan endotransglucosylase action and thereby modulates cell expansion. We conclude that certain proteins annotated as glycosidases can function as transglycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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Franková L, Fry SC. Trans-α-xylosidase, a widespread enzyme activity in plants, introduces (1→4)-α-d-xylobiose side-chains into xyloglucan structures. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 78:29-43. [PMID: 22425285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms possess a retaining trans-α-xylosidase activity that catalyses the inter-molecular transfer of xylose residues between xyloglucan structures. To identify the linkage of the newly transferred α-xylose residue, we used [Xyl-(3)H]XXXG (xyloglucan heptasaccharide) as donor substrate and reductively-aminated xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGO-NH(2)) as acceptor. Asparagus officinalis enzyme extracts generated cationic radioactive products ([(3)H]Xyl·XGO-NH(2)) that were Driselase-digestible to a neutral trisaccharide containing an α-[(3)H]xylose residue. After borohydride reduction, the trimer exhibited high molybdate-affinity, indicating xylobiosyl-(1→6)-glucitol rather than a di-xylosylated glucitol. Thus the trans-α-xylosidase had grafted an additional α-[(3)H]xylose residue onto the xylose of an isoprimeverose unit. The trisaccharide was rapidly acetolysed to an α-[(3)H]xylobiose, confirming the presence of an acetolysis-labile (1→6)-bond. The α-[(3)H]xylobiitol formed by reduction of this α-[(3)H]xylobiose had low molybdate-affinity, indicating a (1→2) or (1→4) linkage. In NaOH, the α-[(3)H]xylobiose underwent alkaline peeling at the moderate rate characteristic of a (1→4)-disaccharide. Finally, we synthesised eight non-radioactive xylobioses [α and β; (1↔1), (1→2), (1→3) and (1→4)] and found that the [(3)H]xylobiose co-chromatographed only with (1→4)-α-xylobiose. We conclude that Asparagus trans-α-xylosidase activity generates a novel xyloglucan building block, α-d-Xylp-(1→4)-α-d-Xylp-(1→6)-d-Glc (abbreviation: 'V'). Modifying xyloglucan structures in this way may alter oligosaccharin activities, or change their suitability as acceptor substrates for xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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Sampedro J, Gianzo C, Iglesias N, Guitián E, Revilla G, Zarra I. AtBGAL10 is the main xyloglucan β-galactosidase in Arabidopsis, and its absence results in unusual xyloglucan subunits and growth defects. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1146-57. [PMID: 22267505 PMCID: PMC3291251 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In growing cells, xyloglucan is thought to connect cellulose microfibrils and regulate their separation during wall extension. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a significant proportion of xyloglucan side chains contain β-galactose linked to α-xylose at O2. In this work, we identified AtBGAL10 (At5g63810) as the gene responsible for the majority of β-galactosidase activity against xyloglucan. Xyloglucan from bgal10 insertional mutants was found to contain a large proportion of unusual subunits, such as GLG and GLLG. These subunits were not detected in a bgal10 xyl1 double mutant, deficient in both β-galactosidase and α-xylosidase. Xyloglucan from bgal10 xyl1 plants was enriched instead in XXLG/XLXG and XLLG subunits. In both cases, changes in xyloglucan composition were larger in the endoglucanase-accessible fraction. These results suggest that glycosidases acting on nonreducing ends digest large amounts of xyloglucan in wild-type plants, while plants deficient in any of these activities accumulate partly digested subunits. In both bgal10 and bgal10 xyl1, siliques and sepals were shorter, a phenotype that could be explained by an excess of nonreducing ends leading to a reinforced xyloglucan network. Additionally, AtBGAL10 expression was examined with a promoter-reporter construct. Expression was high in many cell types undergoing wall extension or remodeling, such as young stems, abscission zones, or developing vasculature, showing good correlation with α-xylosidase expression.
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Structural and enzymatic characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 31 α-xylosidase from Cellvibrio japonicus involved in xyloglucan saccharification. Biochem J 2011; 436:567-80. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20110299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The desire for improved methods of biomass conversion into fuels and feedstocks has re-awakened interest in the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation. The complex polysaccharide xyloglucan is abundant in plant matter, where it may account for up to 20% of the total primary cell wall carbohydrates. Despite this, few studies have focused on xyloglucan saccharification, which requires a consortium of enzymes including endo-xyloglucanases, α-xylosidases, β-galactosidases and α-L-fucosidases, among others. In the present paper, we show the characterization of Xyl31A, a key α-xylosidase in xyloglucan utilization by the model Gram-negative soil saprophyte Cellvibrio japonicus. CjXyl31A exhibits high regiospecificity for the hydrolysis of XGOs (xylogluco-oligosaccharides), with a particular preference for longer substrates. Crystallographic structures of both the apo enzyme and the trapped covalent 5-fluoro-β-xylosyl-enzyme intermediate, together with docking studies with the XXXG heptasaccharide, revealed, for the first time in GH31 (glycoside hydrolase family 31), the importance of a PA14 domain insert in the recognition of longer oligosaccharides by extension of the active-site pocket. The observation that CjXyl31A was localized to the outer membrane provided support for a biological model of xyloglucan utilization by C. japonicus, in which XGOs generated by the action of a secreted endo-xyloglucanase are ultimately degraded in close proximity to the cell surface. Moreover, the present study diversifies the toolbox of glycosidases for the specific modification and saccharification of cell wall polymers for biotechnological applications.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Abstract
In today's field of plant cell wall research, insights into the structure of wall components are obtained using many different techniques, ranging from spectroscopic and microscopic to chemical and biochemical. In this chapter, we describe one method: oligosaccharide mass profiling (OLIMP). Using OLIMP, we can harness the selective power of a specific wall hydrolase together with the speed and sensitivity of mass spectrometry to provide highly reproducible structural and compositional information about the wall molecule of interest.
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Evolution of xyloglucan-related genes in green plants. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:341. [PMID: 21054875 PMCID: PMC3087550 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cell shape and morphology of plant tissues are intimately related to structural modifications in the primary cell wall that are associated with key processes in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. The primary cell wall is composed mainly of cellulose immersed in a matrix of hemicellulose, pectin, lignin and some structural proteins. Xyloglucan is a hemicellulose polysaccharide present in the cell walls of all land plants (Embryophyta) and is the main hemicellulose in non-graminaceous angiosperms. Results In this work, we used a comparative genomic approach to obtain new insights into the evolution of the xyloglucan-related enzymatic machinery in green plants. Detailed phylogenetic analyses were done for enzymes involved in xyloglucan synthesis (xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolase, α-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and α-fucosidase) and mobilization/degradation (β-(1→4)-glucan synthase, α-fucosyltransferases, β-galactosyltransferases and α-xylosyl transferase) based on 12 fully sequenced genomes and expressed sequence tags from 29 species of green plants. Evidence from Chlorophyta and Streptophyta green algae indicated that part of the Embryophyta xyloglucan-related machinery evolved in an aquatic environment, before land colonization. Streptophyte algae have at least three enzymes of the xyloglucan machinery: xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolase, β-(1→4)-glucan synthase from the celullose synthase-like C family and α-xylosidase that is also present in chlorophytes. Interestingly, gymnosperm sequences orthologs to xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolases with exclusively hydrolytic activity were also detected, suggesting that such activity must have emerged within the last common ancestor of spermatophytes. There was a positive correlation between the numbers of founder genes within each gene family and the complexity of the plant cell wall. Conclusions Our data support the idea that a primordial xyloglucan-like polymer emerged in streptophyte algae as a pre-adaptation that allowed plants to subsequently colonize terrestrial habitats. Our results also provide additional evidence that charophycean algae and land plants are sister groups.
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Sampedro J, Pardo B, Gianzo C, Guitián E, Revilla G, Zarra I. Lack of α-xylosidase activity in Arabidopsis alters xyloglucan composition and results in growth defects. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1105-15. [PMID: 20801759 PMCID: PMC2971592 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.163212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the main hemicellulose in the primary cell walls of most seed plants and is thought to play a role in regulating the separation of cellulose microfibrils during growth. Xylose side chains block the degradation of the backbone, and α-xylosidase activity is necessary to remove them. Two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant lines with insertions in the α-xylosidase gene AtXYL1 were characterized in this work. Both lines showed a reduction to undetectable levels of α-xylosidase activity against xyloglucan oligosaccharides. This reduction resulted in the accumulation of XXXG and XXLG in the liquid growth medium of Atxyl1 seedlings. The presence of XXLG suggests that it is a poor substrate for xyloglucan β-galactosidase. In addition, the polymeric xyloglucan of Atxyl1 lines was found to be enriched in XXLG subunits, with a concomitant decrease in XXFG and XLFG. This change can be explained by extensive exoglycosidase activity at the nonreducing ends of xyloglucan chains. These enzymes could thus have a larger role than previously thought in the metabolism of xyloglucan. Finally, Atxyl1 lines showed a reduced ability to control the anisotropic growth pattern of different organs, pointing to the importance of xyloglucan in this process. The promoter of AtXYL1 was shown to direct expression to many different organs and cell types undergoing cell wall modifications, including trichomes, vasculature, stomata, and elongating anther filaments.
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Abstract
The direct contact of cells to the environment is mediated in many organisms by an extracellular matrix. One common aspect of extracellular matrices is that they contain complex sugar moieties in form of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and/or polysaccharides. Examples include the extracellular matrix of humans and animal cells consisting mainly of fibrillar proteins and proteoglycans or the polysaccharide based cell walls of plants and fungi, and the proteoglycan/glycolipid based cell walls of bacteria. All these glycostructures play vital roles in cell-to-cell and cell-to-environment communication and signalling. An extraordinary complex example of an extracellular matrix is present in the walls of higher plant cells. Their wall is made almost entirely of sugars, up to 75% dry weight, and consists of the most abundant biopolymers present on this planet. Therefore, research is conducted how to utilize these materials best as a carbon-neutral renewable resource to replace petrochemicals derived from fossil fuel. The main challenge for fuel conversion remains the recalcitrance of walls to enzymatic or chemical degradation due to the unique glycostructures present in this unique biocomposite. Here, we present a method for the rapid and sensitive analysis of plant cell wall glycostructures. This method OLIgo Mass Profiling (OLIMP) is based the enzymatic release of oligosaccharides from wall materials facilitating specific glycosylhydrolases and subsequent analysis of the solubilized oligosaccharide mixtures using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS)1 (Figure 1). OLIMP requires walls of only 5000 cells for a complete analysis, can be performed on the tissue itself2, and is amenable to high-throughput analyses3. While the absolute amount of the solubilized oligosaccharides cannot be determined by OLIMP the relative abundance of the various oligosaccharide ions can be delineated from the mass spectra giving insights about the substitution-pattern of the native polysaccharide present in the wall. OLIMP can be used to analyze a wide variety of wall polymers, limited only by the availability of specific enzymes4. For example, for the analysis of polymers present in the plant cell wall enzymes are available to analyse the hemicelluloses xyloglucan using a xyloglucanase5, 11, 12, 13, xylan using an endo-β-(1-4)-xylanase 6,7, or for pectic polysaccharides using a combination of a polygalacturonase and a methylesterase 8. Furthermore, using the same principles of OLIMP glycosylhydrolase and even glycosyltransferase activities can be monitored and determined 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Günl
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Kaida R, Serada S, Norioka N, Norioka S, Neumetzler L, Pauly M, Sampedro J, Zarra I, Hayashi T, Kaneko TS. Potential role for purple acid phosphatase in the dephosphorylation of wall proteins in tobacco cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:603-10. [PMID: 20357138 PMCID: PMC2879787 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is not yet known whether dephosphorylation of proteins catalyzed by phosphatases occurs in the apoplastic space. In this study, we found that tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) purple acid phosphatase could dephosphorylate the phosphoryl residues of three apoplastic proteins, two of which were identified as alpha-xylosidase and beta-glucosidase. The dephosphorylation and phosphorylation of recombinant alpha-xylosidase resulted in a decrease and an increase in its activity, respectively, when xyloglucan heptasaccharide was used as a substrate. Attempted overexpression of the tobacco purple acid phosphatase NtPAP12 in tobacco cells not only decreased the activity levels of the glycosidases but also increased levels of xyloglucan oligosaccharides and cello-oligosaccharides in the apoplast during the exponential phase. We suggest that purple acid phosphatase controls the activity of alpha-xylosidase and beta-glucosidase, which are responsible for the degradation of xyloglucan oligosaccharides and cello-oligosaccharides in the cell walls.
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Gantulga D, Ahn YO, Zhou C, Battogtokh D, Bevan DR, Winkel BSJ, Esen A. Comparative characterization of the Arabidopsis subfamily a1 beta-galactosidases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1999-2009. [PMID: 19767039 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis genome contains 17 predicted beta-galactosidase genes, all of which belong to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) Family 35. These genes have been further grouped into seven subfamilies based on sequence similarity. The largest of these, subfamily a1, consists of six genes, Gal-1 (At3g13750), Gal-2 (At3g52840), Gal-3 (At4g36360), Gal-4 (At5g56870), Gal-5 (At1g45130), and Gal-12 (At4g26140), some of which were characterized in previous studies. We report here the purification and biochemical characterization of recombinant Gal-1, Gal-3, Gal-4 and Gal-12 from Pichiapastoris, completing the analysis of all six recombinant proteins, as well as the isolation and characterization of the native Gal-2 protein from Arabidopsis leaves. Comparison of the relative expression levels of the subfamily a1 beta-galactosidases at the mRNA and protein levels uncovered evidence of differential regulation, which may involve post-transcriptional and post-translational processes. In addition, this study provides further support for the proposed function of the subfamily a1 beta-galactosidases in cell wall modification based on analysis of the organ-specific expression and subcellular localization of Gal-1 and Gal-12. Our study suggests that, despite some differences in individual biochemical characteristics and expression patterns, each member of the family has the potential to contribute to the dynamics of the Arabidopsis plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashzeveg Gantulga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308, USA
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Léonard R, Strasser R, Altmann F. Plant glycosidases acting on protein-linked oligosaccharides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:318-24. [PMID: 19200565 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosidases have been used as invaluable tools in glycobiology research for decades, and their role in glycoprotein maturation has been amply studied. The molecular biological coverage of this large group of enzymes has only recently reached an appreciable level. In this review, we present an overview of plant glycosidases, whose DNA/protein sequence has been identified and for which recombinant enzymes have been characterized. The physiological role in the maturation of glycoproteins is discussed as well as the biotechnological prospects arising from knowing the enzymes responsible for the removal of terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues. The current knowledge on plant fucosidases and of the first bits of information on glycosidases acting on arabinogalactan proteins is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Léonard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Roach MJ, Deyholos MK. Microarray analysis of developing flax hypocotyls identifies novel transcripts correlated with specific stages of phloem fibre differentiation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 102:317-30. [PMID: 18593690 PMCID: PMC2701801 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hypocotyls are a commonly used model to study primary growth in plants, since post-germinative hypocotyls increase in size by cell elongation rather than cell division. Flax hypocotyls produce phloem fibres in bundles one to two cell layers thick, parallel to the protoxylem poles of the stele. Cell wall deposition within these cells occurs rapidly at a well-defined stage of development. The aim was to identify transcripts associated with distinct stages of hypocotyl and phloem fibre development. METHODS Stages of flax hypocotyl development were defined by analysing hypocotyl length in relation to fibre secondary wall deposition. Selected stages of development were used in microarray analyses to identify transcripts involved in the transition from elongation to secondary cell wall deposition in fibres. Expression of specific genes was confirmed by qRT-PCR and by enzymatic assays. KEY RESULTS Genes enriched in the elongation phase included transcripts related to cell-wall modification or primary-wall deposition. Transcripts specifically enriched at the transition between elongation and secondary wall deposition included beta-galactosidase and arabinogalactan proteins. Later stages of wall development showed an increase in secondary metabolism-related transcripts, chitinases and glycosyl hydrolases including KORRIGAN. Microarray analysis also identified groups of transcription factors enriched at one or more stages of fibre development. Subsequent analysis of a differentially expressed beta-galactosidase confirmed that the post-elongation increase in beta-galactosidase enzyme activity was localized to phloem fibres. CONCLUSIONS Transcripts were identified associated with specific stages of hypocotyl development, in which phloem fibre cells were undergoing thickening of secondary walls. Temporal and spatial regulation of beta-galactosidase activity suggests a role for this enzyme in remodelling of flax bast fibre cell walls during secondary cell wall deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael K. Deyholos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CanadaT6G 2E9
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Léonard R, Pabst M, Bondili JS, Chambat G, Veit C, Strasser R, Altmann F. Identification of an Arabidopsis gene encoding a GH95 alpha1,2-fucosidase active on xyloglucan oligo- and polysaccharides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1983-8. [PMID: 18495185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
alpha1,2-linked fucose can be found on xyloglucans which are the main hemicellulose compounds of dicotyledons. The fucosylated nonasaccharide XXFG derived from xyloglucans plays a role in cell signaling and is active at nanomolar concentrations. The plant enzyme acting on this alpha1,2-linked fucose residues has been previously called fucosidase II; here we report on the molecular identification of a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (At4g34260 hereby designed AtFuc95A) encoding this enzyme. Analysis of the predicted protein composed of 843 amino acids shows that the enzyme belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 95 and has homologous sequences in different monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The enzyme was expressed recombinantly in Nicotiana bentamiana, a band was visible by Coomassie blue staining and its identity with the alpha1,2-fucosidase was assessed by an antibody raised against a peptide from this enzyme as well as by peptide-mass mapping. The recombinant AtFuc95A is active towards 2-fucosyllactose with a Km of 0.65 mM, a specific activity of 110 mU/mg and a pH optimum of 5 but does not cleave alpha1,3, alpha1,4 or alpha1,6-fucose containing oligosaccharides and p-nitrophenyl-fucose. The recombinant enzyme is able to convert the xyloglucan fragment XXFG to XXLG, and is also active against xyloglucan polymers with a Km value for fucose residues of 1.5mM and a specific activity of 36 mU/mg. It is proposed that the AtFuc95A gene has a role in xyloglucan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Léonard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Gantulga D, Turan Y, Bevan DR, Esen A. The Arabidopsis At1g45130 and At3g52840 genes encode beta-galactosidases with activity toward cell wall polysaccharides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1661-70. [PMID: 18359051 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis genes At1g45130 and At3g52840 encode the beta-galactosidase isozymes Gal-5 and Gal-2 that belong to Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 35 (GH 35). The two enzymes share 60% sequence identity with each other and 38-81% with other plant beta-galactosidases that are reported to be involved in cell wall modification. We studied organ-specific expression of the two isozymes. According to our western blot analysis using peptide-specific antibodies, Gal-5 and Gal-2 are most highly expressed in stem and rosette leaves. We show by dot-immunoblotting that Gal-5 and Gal-2 are associated with the cell wall in Arabidopsis. We also report expression of the recombinant enzymes in P. pastoris and describe their substrate specificities. Both enzymes hydrolyze the synthetic substrate para-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside and display optimal enzyme activity between pH 4.0 and 4.5, similar to the pH optimum reported for other well-characterized plant beta-galactosidases. Both Gal-5 and Gal-2 show a broad specificity for the aglycone moiety and a strict specificity for the glycone moiety in that they prefer galactose and its 6-deoxy analogue, fucose. Both enzymes cleave beta-(1,4) and beta-(1,3) linkages in galacto-oligosaccharides and hydrolyze the pectic fraction of Arabidopsis cell wall. These findings suggest that Gal-5 and Gal-2 could be involved in the modification of cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashzeveg Gantulga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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Kotake T, Hojo S, Tajima N, Matsuoka K, Koyama T, Tsumuraya Y. A Bifunctional Enzyme with L-Fucokinase and GDP-L-fucose Pyrophosphorylase Activities Salvages Free L-Fucose in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8125-35. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710078200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Derbyshire P, Drea S, Shaw PJ, Doonan JH, Dolan L. Proximal-distal patterns of transcription factor gene expression during Arabidopsis root development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:235-245. [PMID: 18263631 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The expression pattern of genes can identify the cells in which the respective proteins are active during development. As a step towards defining the genetic network that controls the development of roots, a high-throughput method of whole-mount in situ hybridization has been developed that does not require expensive equipment and allows the definition of the expression patterns of 137 transcription factor genes in young developing roots. Of the 137 transcription factors, 81.8% were expressed in the root while 18.2% showed no detectable expression. In all three proximal distal zones (meristem, elongation, and differentiation) of the root, 52.6% were expressed whereas 21.2% were expressed in only two zones. Eight percent of the genes were expressed in a single proximal distal zone. Cell-specific gene expression patterns were also detected. This rapid approach identified potential key regulators of cell differentiation and provides important spatial information for the expression patterns of a large number of transcriptional regulators that function during root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Derbyshire
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Dean GH, Zheng H, Tewari J, Huang J, Young DS, Hwang YT, Western TL, Carpita NC, McCann MC, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. The Arabidopsis MUM2 gene encodes a beta-galactosidase required for the production of seed coat mucilage with correct hydration properties. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:4007-21. [PMID: 18165329 PMCID: PMC2217648 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Seed coat development in Arabidopsis thaliana involves a complex pathway where cells of the outer integument differentiate into a highly specialized cell type after fertilization. One aspect of this developmental process involves the secretion of a large amount of pectinaceous mucilage into the apoplast. When the mature seed coat is exposed to water, this mucilage expands to break the primary cell wall and encapsulate the seed. The mucilage-modified2 (mum2) mutant is characterized by a failure to extrude mucilage on hydration, although mucilage is produced as normal during development. The defect in mum2 appears to reside in the mucilage itself, as mucilage fails to expand even when the barrier of the primary cell wall is removed. We have cloned the MUM2 gene and expressed recombinant MUM2 protein, which has beta-galactosidase activity. Biochemical analysis of the mum2 mucilage reveals alterations in pectins that are consistent with a defect in beta-galactosidase activity, and we have demonstrated that MUM2 is localized to the cell wall. We propose that MUM2 is involved in modifying mucilage to allow it to expand upon hydration, establishing a link between the galactosyl side-chain structure of pectin and its physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H Dean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Macquet A, Ralet MC, Loudet O, Kronenberger J, Mouille G, Marion-Poll A, North HM. A naturally occurring mutation in an Arabidopsis accession affects a beta-D-galactosidase that increases the hydrophilic potential of rhamnogalacturonan I in seed mucilage. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:3990-4006. [PMID: 18165330 PMCID: PMC2217647 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.050179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana accession Shahdara was identified as a rare naturally occurring mutant that does not liberate seed mucilage on imbibition. The defective locus was found to be allelic to the mum2-1 and mum2-2 mutants. Map-based cloning showed that MUCILAGE-MODIFIED2 (MUM2) encodes the putative beta-D-galactosidase BGAL6. Activity assays demonstrated that one of four major beta-D-galactosidase activities present in developing siliques is absent in mum2 mutants. No difference was observed in seed coat epidermal cell structure between wild-type and mutant seed; however, weakening of the outer tangential cell wall by chemical treatment resulted in the release of mucilage from mum2 seed coat epidermal cells, and the mum2 mucilage only increased slightly in volume, relative to the wild type. Consistent with the absence of beta-D-galactosidase activity in the mutant, the inner layer of mucilage contained more Gal. The allocation of polysaccharides between the inner and outer mucilage layers was also modified in mum2. Mass spectrometry showed that rhamnogalacturonan I in mutant mucilage had more branching between rhamnose and hexose residues relative to the wild type. We conclude that the MUM2/BGAL6 beta-D-galactosidase is required for maturation of rhamnogalacturonan I in seed mucilage by the removal of galactose/galactan branches, resulting in increased swelling and extrusion of the mucilage on seed hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Macquet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Semences, Unité Mixte de Recherche 204 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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Minic Z, Jouanin L. Plant glycoside hydrolases involved in cell wall polysaccharide degradation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2006; 44:435-49. [PMID: 17023165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall plays a key role in controlling the size and shape of the plant cell during plant development and in the interactions of the plant with its environment. The cell wall structure is complex and contains various components such as polysaccharides, lignin and proteins whose composition and concentration change during plant development and growth. Many studies have revealed changes in cell walls which occur during cell division, expansion, and differentiation and in response to environmental stresses; i.e. pathogens or mechanical stress. Although many proteins and enzymes are necessary for the control of cell wall organization, little information is available concerning them. An important advance was made recently concerning cell wall organization as plant enzymes that belong to the superfamily of glycoside hydrolases and transglycosidases were identified and characterized; these enzymes are involved in the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides. Glycoside hydrolases have been characterized using molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches. Many genes encoding these enzymes have been identified and functional analysis of some of them has been performed. This review summarizes our current knowledge about plant glycoside hydrolases that participate in the degradation and reorganisation of cell wall polysaccharides in plants focussing particularly on those from Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Minic
- Laboratoire de biologie cellulaire, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
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