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Dong C, Peng X, Yang X, Wang C, Yuan L, Chen G, Tang X, Wang W, Wu J, Zhu S, Huang X, Zhang J, Hou J. Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses of Bok Choy to Heat Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1093. [PMID: 38674501 PMCID: PMC11053463 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
High temperatures have adverse effects on the yield and quality of vegetables. Bok choy, a popular vegetable, shows varying resistance to heat. However, the mechanism underlying the thermotolerance of bok choy remains unclear. In this study, 26 bok choy varieties were identified in screening as being heat-resistant at the seedling stage; at 43 °C, it was possible to observe obvious heat damage in different bok choy varieties. The physiological and biochemical reactions of a heat-tolerant cultivar, Jinmei (J7), and a heat-sensitive cultivar, Sanyueman (S16), were analyzed in terms of the growth index, peroxide, and photosynthetic parameters. The results show that Jinmei has lower relative conductivity, lower peroxide content, and higher total antioxidant capacity after heat stress. We performed transcriptome analysis of the two bok choy varieties under heat stress and normal temperatures. Under heat stress, some key genes involved in sulfur metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and the ribosome pathway were found to be significantly upregulated in the heat-tolerant cultivar. The key genes of each pathway were screened according to their fold-change values. In terms of sulfur metabolism, genes related to protease activity were significantly upregulated. Glutathione synthetase (GSH2) in the glutathione metabolism pathway and the L3e, L23, and S19 genes in the ribosomal pathway were significantly upregulated in heat-stressed cultivars. These results suggest that the total antioxidant capacity and heat injury repair capacity are higher in Jinmei than in the heat-sensitive variety, which might be related to the specific upregulation of genes in certain metabolic pathways after heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuina Dong
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
| | - Xixuan Peng
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
| | - Xiaona Yang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Shidong Zhu
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Xingxue Huang
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Jinfeng Hou
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
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Chung YH, Chen TC, Yang WJ, Chen SZ, Chang JM, Hsieh WY, Hsieh MH. Ectopic expression of a bacterial thiamin monophosphate kinase enhances vitamin B1 biosynthesis in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1330-1343. [PMID: 37996996 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants and bacteria have distinct pathways to synthesize the bioactive vitamin B1 thiamin diphosphate (TDP). In plants, thiamin monophosphate (TMP) synthesized in the TDP biosynthetic pathway is first converted to thiamin by a phosphatase, which is then pyrophosphorylated to TDP. In contrast, bacteria use a TMP kinase encoded by ThiL to phosphorylate TMP to TDP directly. The Arabidopsis THIAMIN REQUIRING2 (TH2)-encoded phosphatase is involved in TDP biosynthesis. The chlorotic th2 mutants have high TMP and low thiamin and TDP. Ectopic expression of Escherichia coli ThiL and ThiL-GFP rescued the th2-3 mutant, suggesting that the bacterial TMP kinase could directly convert TMP into TDP in Arabidopsis. These results provide direct evidence that the chlorotic phenotype of th2-3 is caused by TDP rather than thiamin deficiency. Transgenic Arabidopsis harboring engineered ThiL-GFP targeting to the cytosol, chloroplast, mitochondrion, or nucleus accumulated higher TDP than the wild type (WT). Ectopic expression of E. coli ThiL driven by the UBIQUITIN (UBI) promoter or an endosperm-specific GLUTELIN1 (GT1) promoter also enhanced TDP biosynthesis in rice. The pUBI:ThiL transgenic rice accumulated more TDP and total vitamin B1 in the leaves, and the pGT1:ThiL transgenic lines had higher TDP and total vitamin B1 in the seeds than the WT. Total vitamin B1 only increased by approximately 25-30% in the polished and unpolished seeds of the pGT1:ThiL transgenic rice compared to the WT. Nevertheless, these results suggest that genetic engineering of a bacterial vitamin B1 biosynthetic gene downstream of TMP can enhance vitamin B1 production in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ju Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Soon-Ziet Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ming Chang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Strobbe S, Verstraete J, Fitzpatrick TB, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. A protocol for a turbidimetric assay using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae thiamin biosynthesis mutant to estimate total vitamin B 1 content in plant tissue samples. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:144. [PMID: 38093342 PMCID: PMC10717716 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding thiamin (thiamine; vitamin B1) metabolism in plants is crucial, as it impacts plant nutritional value as well as stress tolerance. Studies aimed at elucidating novel aspects of thiamin in plants rely on adequate assessment of thiamin content. Mass spectrometry-based methods provide reliable quantification of thiamin as well as closely related biomolecules. However, these techniques require expensive equipment and expertise. Microbiological turbidimetric assays can evaluate the presence of thiamin in a given sample, only requiring low-cost, standard lab equipment. Although these microbiological assays do not reach the accuracy provided by mass spectrometry-based methods, the ease with which they can be deployed in an inexpensive and high-throughput manner, makes them a favorable method in many circumstances. However, the thiamin research field could benefit from a detailed step-by-step protocol to perform such assays as well as a further assessment of its potential and limitations. RESULTS Here, we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae thiamin biosynthesis mutant thi6 is an ideal candidate to be implemented in a turbidimetric assay aimed at assessing the content of thiamin and its phosphorylated equivalents (total vitamer B1). An optimized protocol was generated, adapted from a previously established microbiological assay using the thi4 mutant. A step-by-step guidance for this protocol is presented. Furthermore, the applicability of the assay is illustrated by assessment of different samples, including plant as well as non-plant materials. In doing so, our work provides an extension of the applicability of the microbiological assay on top of providing important considerations upon implementing the protocol. CONCLUSIONS An inexpensive, user-friendly protocol, including step-by-step guidance, which allows adequate estimation of vitamer B1 content of samples, is provided. The method is well-suited to screen materials to identify altered vitamer B1 content, such as in metabolic engineering or screening of germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Strobbe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Verstraete
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Quai E. Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Moura Dias H, Vieira AP, de Jesus EM, de Setta N, Barros G, Van Sluys MA. Functional and comparative analysis of THI1 gene in grasses with a focus on sugarcane. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14973. [PMID: 37214086 PMCID: PMC10194071 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo synthesis of thiamine (vitamin B1) in plants depends on the action of thiamine thiazole synthase, which synthesizes the thiazole ring, and is encoded by the THI1 gene. Here, we investigated the evolution and diversity of THI1 in Poaceae, where C4 and C3 photosynthetic plants co-evolved. An ancestral duplication of THI1 is observed in Panicoideae that remains in many modern monocots, including sugarcane. In addition to the two sugarcane copies (ScTHI1-1 and ScTHI1-2), we identified ScTHI1-2 alleles showing differences in their sequence, indicating divergence between ScTHI1-2a and ScTHI1-2b. Such variations are observed only in the Saccharum complex, corroborating the phylogeny. At least five THI1 genomic environments were found in Poaceae, two in sugarcane, M. sinensis, and S. bicolor. The THI1 promoter in Poaceae is highly conserved at 300 bp upstream of the start codon ATG and has cis-regulatory elements that putatively bind to transcription factors associated with development, growth, development and biological rhythms. An experiment set to compare gene expression levels in different tissues across the sugarcane R570 life cycle showed that ScTHI1-1 was expressed mainly in leaves regardless of age. Furthermore, ScTHI1 displayed relatively high expression levels in meristem and culm, which varied with the plant age. Finally, yeast complementation studies with THI4-defective strain demonstrate that only ScTHI1-1 and ScTHI1-2b isoforms can partially restore thiamine auxotrophy, albeit at a low frequency. Taken together, the present work supports the existence of multiple origins of THI1 harboring genomic regions in Poaceae with predicted functional redundancy. In addition, it questions the contribution of the levels of the thiazole ring in C4 photosynthetic plant tissues or potentially the relevance of the THI1 protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathalia de Setta
- Botanica/IB, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gesiele Barros
- Botanica/IB, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Noordally Z, Land L, Trichtinger C, Dalvit I, de Meyer M, Wang K, Fitzpatrick TB. Clock and riboswitch control of THIC in tandem are essential for appropriate gauging of TDP levels under light/dark cycles in Arabidopsis. iScience 2023; 26:106134. [PMID: 36866249 PMCID: PMC9972560 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is regulated by enzyme activities, but the importance of regulating their corresponding coenzyme levels is unexplored. The organic coenzyme thiamine diphosphate (TDP) is suggested to be supplied as needed and controlled by a riboswitch-sensing mechanism in plants through the circadian-regulated THIC gene. Riboswitch disruption negatively impacts plant fitness. A comparison of riboswitch-disrupted lines to those engineered for enhanced TDP levels suggests that time-of-day regulation of THIC expression particularly under light/dark cycles is crucial. Altering the phase of THIC expression to be synchronous with TDP transporters disrupts the precision of the riboswitch implying that temporal separation of these processes by the circadian clock is important for gauging its response. All defects are bypassed by growing plants under continuous light conditions, highlighting the need to control levels of this coenzyme under light/dark cycles. Thus, consideration of coenzyme homeostasis within the well-studied domain of metabolic homeostasis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Noordally
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lara Land
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Celso Trichtinger
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Dalvit
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mireille de Meyer
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kai Wang
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Teresa B. Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland,Corresponding author
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Liu X, Zhang P, Zhao Q, Huang AC. Making small molecules in plants: A chassis for synthetic biology-based production of plant natural products. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:417-443. [PMID: 35852486 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products have been extensively exploited in food, medicine, flavor, cosmetic, renewable fuel, and other industrial sectors. Synthetic biology has recently emerged as a promising means for the cost-effective and sustainable production of natural products. Compared with engineering microbes for the production of plant natural products, the potential of plants as chassis for producing these compounds is underestimated, largely due to challenges encountered in engineering plants. Knowledge in plant engineering is instrumental for enabling the effective and efficient production of valuable phytochemicals in plants, and also paves the way for a more sustainable future agriculture. In this manuscript, we briefly recap the biosynthesis of plant natural products, focusing primarily on industrially important terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids. We further summarize the plant hosts and strategies that have been used to engineer the production of natural products. The challenges and opportunities of using plant synthetic biology to achieve rapid and scalable production of high-value plant natural products are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ancheng C Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Claeijs N, Vissenberg K. Phenotypic effect of growth media on Arabidopsis thaliana root hair growth. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2104002. [PMID: 36000477 PMCID: PMC9466613 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, many different growth media have been used to grow Arabidopsis thaliana in vitro in petri dishes. For these media the nutrient composition may vary, sugars may or may not be added, the medium may or may not be buffered and there is a choice between different gelling agents. The magnitude of possible combinations of these variables obstructs easy comparison of seedling phenotypes grown on the different media. This is especially obvious when it concerns the study of root hairs that are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment. To demonstrate this effect, we have grown Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type seeds on 18 different combinations of growth media and quantified root hair development. Comparison of root hair length and the respective root hair profiles identified the media that result in the formation of the longest root hairs. On these favored media they elongate through tip growth at a constant growth rate until they reach their final length (around 0.6 mm) at a distance of ±4 mm from the root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Claeijs
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES); Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES); Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece
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Ryback B, Bortfeld-Miller M, Vorholt JA. Metabolic adaptation to vitamin auxotrophy by leaf-associated bacteria. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2712-2724. [PMID: 35987782 PMCID: PMC9666465 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Auxotrophs are unable to synthesize all the metabolites essential for their metabolism and rely on others to provide them. They have been intensively studied in laboratory-generated and -evolved mutants, but emergent adaptation mechanisms to auxotrophy have not been systematically addressed. Here, we investigated auxotrophies in bacteria isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and found that up to half of the strains have auxotrophic requirements for biotin, niacin, pantothenate and/or thiamine. We then explored the genetic basis of auxotrophy as well as traits that co-occurred with vitamin auxotrophy. We found that auxotrophic strains generally stored coenzymes with the capacity to grow exponentially for 1-3 doublings without vitamin supplementation; however, the highest observed storage was for biotin, which allowed for 9 doublings in one strain. In co-culture experiments, we demonstrated vitamin supply to auxotrophs, and found that auxotrophic strains maintained higher species richness than prototrophs upon external supplementation with vitamins. Extension of a consumer-resource model predicted that auxotrophs can utilize carbon compounds provided by other organisms, suggesting that auxotrophic strains benefit from metabolic by-products beyond vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Ryback
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Bortfeld-Miller
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia A. Vorholt
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Yin H, Wang Z, Li H, Zhang Y, Yang M, Cui G, Zhang P. MsTHI1 overexpression improves drought tolerance in transgenic alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992024. [PMID: 36160983 PMCID: PMC9495609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, drought stress caused by global warming has become a major constraint on agriculture. The thiamine thiazole synthase (THI1) is responsible for controlling thiamine production in plants displaying a response to various abiotic stresses. Nonetheless, most of the THI1 activities in plants remain largely unknown. In this study, we extracted MsTHI1 from alfalfa and demonstrated its beneficial impact on improving the resistance of plants to stress conditions. The highest levels of MsTHI1 expression were identified in alfalfa leaves, triggered by exposure to cold, drought, salt, or alkaline conditions. The upregulation of MsTHI1 in drought-stressed transgenic plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of vitamin B1 (VB1), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), soluble protein, higher soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value, and the activity of peroxidase (POD), maintained Fv/Fm, and decreased lipid peroxidation. Moreover, overexpression of MsTHI1 upregulated the transcription of THI4, TPK1, RbcX2, Cu/Zn-SOD, CPK13, and CPK32 and downregulated the transcription of TH1 and CPK17 in transgenic alfalfa under drought stress. These results suggested that MsTHI1 enhances drought tolerance by strengthening photosynthesis, regulating the antioxidant defense system, maintaining osmotic homeostasis, and mediating plant signal transduction.
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Hsieh WY, Wang HM, Chung YH, Lee KT, Liao HS, Hsieh MH. THIAMIN REQUIRING2 is involved in thiamin diphosphate biosynthesis and homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1383-1396. [PMID: 35791282 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The THIAMIN REQUIRING2 (TH2) protein comprising a mitochondrial targeting peptide followed by a transcription enhancement A and a haloacid dehalogenase domain is a thiamin monophosphate (TMP) phosphatase in the vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway. The Arabidopsis th2-3 T-DNA insertion mutant was chlorotic and deficient in thiamin diphosphate (TDP). Complementation assays confirmed that haloacid dehalogenase domain alone was sufficient to rescue the th2-3 mutant. In pTH2:TH2-GFP/th2-3 complemented plants, the TH2-GFP was localized to the cytosol, mitochondrion, and nucleus, indicating that the vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway extended across multi-subcellular compartments. Engineered TH2-GFP localized to the cytosol, mitochondrion, nucleus, and chloroplast, could complement the th2 mutant. Together, these results highlight the importance of intracellular TMP and thiamin trafficking in vitamin B1 biosynthesis. In an attempt to enhance the production of thiamin, we created various constructs to overexpress TH2-GFP in the cytosol, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and nucleus. Unexpectedly, overexpressing TH2-GFP resulted in an increase rather than a decrease in TMP. While studies on th2 mutants support TH2 as a TMP phosphatase, analyses of TH2-GFP overexpression lines implicating TH2 may also function as a TDP phosphatase in planta. We propose a working model that the TMP/TDP phosphatase activity of TH2 connects TMP, thiamin, and TDP into a metabolic cycle. The TMP phosphatase activity of TH2 is required for TDP biosynthesis, and the TDP phosphatase activity of TH2 may modulate TDP homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Mei Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kim-Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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Nie Y, Yu L, Mao L, Zou W, Zhang X, Zhao J. Vitamin B 1 THIAMIN REQUIRING1 synthase mediates the maintenance of chloroplast function by regulating sugar and fatty acid metabolism in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1575-1595. [PMID: 35603832 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B1 (VB1), including thiamin, thiamin monophosphate (TMP), and thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms. Nevertheless, the precise function of VB1 in rice remains unclear. Here, we described a VB1 auxotrophic mutant, chlorotic lethal seedling (cles) from the mutation of OsTH1, which displayed collapsed chloroplast membrane system and decreased pigment content. OsTH1 encoded a phosphomethylpyrimidine kinase/thiamin-phosphate pyrophosphorylase, and was expressed in various tissues, especially in seedlings, leaves, and young panicles. The VB1 content in cles was markedly reduced, despite an increase in the expression of VB1 synthesis genes. The decreased TPP content affected the tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and de novo fatty acid synthesis, leading to a reduction in fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0) and sugars (sucrose and glucose) of cles. Additionally, irregular expression of chloroplast membrane synthesis genes led to membrane collapse. We also found that alternative splicing and translation allowed OsTH1 to be localized to both chloroplast and cytosol. Our study revealed that OsTH1 was an essential enzyme in VB1 biosynthesis and played crucial roles in seedling growth and development by participating in fatty acid and sugar metabolism, providing new perspectives on VB1 function in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lianlian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenxuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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12
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Mangel N, Fudge JB, Gruissem W, Fitzpatrick TB, Vanderschuren H. Natural Variation in Vitamin B 1 and Vitamin B 6 Contents in Rice Germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856880. [PMID: 35444674 PMCID: PMC9014206 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient dietary intake of micronutrients contributes to the onset of deficiencies termed hidden hunger-a global health problem affecting approximately 2 billion people. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) are essential micronutrients because of their roles as enzymatic cofactors in all organisms. Metabolic engineering attempts to biofortify rice endosperm-a poor source of several micronutrients leading to deficiencies when consumed monotonously-have led to only minimal improvements in vitamin B1 and B6 contents. To determine if rice germplasm could be exploited for biofortification of rice endosperm, we screened 59 genetically diverse accessions under greenhouse conditions for variation in vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 contents across three tissue types (leaves, unpolished and polished grain). Accessions from low, intermediate and high vitamin categories that had similar vitamin levels in two greenhouse experiments were chosen for in-depth vitamer profiling and selected biosynthesis gene expression analyses. Vitamin B1 and B6 contents in polished seeds varied almost 4-fold. Genes encoding select vitamin B1 and B6 biosynthesis de novo enzymes (THIC for vitamin B1, PDX1.3a-c and PDX2 for vitamin B6) were differentially expressed in leaves across accessions contrasting in their respective vitamin contents. These expression levels did not correlate with leaf and unpolished seed vitamin contents, except for THIC expression in leaves that was positively correlated with total vitamin B1 contents in polished seeds. This study expands our knowledge of diversity in micronutrient traits in rice germplasm and provides insights into the expression of genes for vitamin B1 and B6 biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mangel
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jared B Fudge
- Vitamin & Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Vitamin & Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Vanderschuren
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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13
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Strobbe S, Verstraete J, Fitzpatrick TB, Faustino M, Lourenço TF, Oliveira MM, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. A novel panel of yeast assays for the assessment of thiamin and its biosynthetic intermediates in plant tissues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:748-763. [PMID: 35037254 PMCID: PMC9303440 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin (or thiamine), known as vitamin B1, represents an indispensable component of human diets, being pivotal in energy metabolism. Thiamin research depends on adequate vitamin quantification in plant tissues. A recently developed quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method is able to assess the level of thiamin, its phosphorylated entities and its biosynthetic intermediates in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as in rice. However, their implementation requires expensive equipment and substantial technical expertise. Microbiological assays can be useful in deter-mining metabolite levels in plant material and provide an affordable alternative to MS-based analysis. Here, we evaluate, by comparison to the LC-MS/MS reference method, the potential of a carefully chosen panel of yeast assays to estimate levels of total vitamin B1, as well as its biosynthetic intermediates pyrimidine and thiazole in Arabidopsis samples. The examined panel of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants was, when implemented in microbiological assays, capable of correctly assigning a series of wild-type and thiamin biofortified Arabidopsis plant samples. The assays provide a readily applicable method allowing rapid screening of vitamin B1 (and its biosynthetic intermediates) content in plant material, which is particularly useful in metabolic engineering approaches and in germplasm screening across or within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Strobbe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant BiologyDepartment of BiologyGhent UniversityK.L. Ledeganckstraat 35B‐9000GentBelgium
| | - Jana Verstraete
- Laboratory of ToxicologyDepartment of BioanalysisGhent UniversityOttergemsesteenweg 460B‐9000GentBelgium
| | - Teresa B. Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in PlantsDepartment of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai E. Ansermet 301211GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Maria Faustino
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade NOVA de LisboaPlant Functional Genomics – GPlantS LabAv. da República2780‐157OeirasPortugal
| | - Tiago F. Lourenço
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade NOVA de LisboaPlant Functional Genomics – GPlantS LabAv. da República2780‐157OeirasPortugal
| | - M. Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade NOVA de LisboaPlant Functional Genomics – GPlantS LabAv. da República2780‐157OeirasPortugal
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of ToxicologyDepartment of BioanalysisGhent UniversityOttergemsesteenweg 460B‐9000GentBelgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant BiologyDepartment of BiologyGhent UniversityK.L. Ledeganckstraat 35B‐9000GentBelgium
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14
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Syombua ED, Tripathi JN, Obiero GO, Nguu EK, Yang B, Wang K, Tripathi L. Potential applications of the CRISPR/Cas technology for genetic improvement of yam (
Dioscorea
spp.). Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Easter D. Syombua
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nairobi Kenya
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CEBIB) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
| | | | - George O. Obiero
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CEBIB) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
| | - Edward K. Nguu
- Department of Biochemistry University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center St. Louis MO USA
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Agronomy Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nairobi Kenya
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15
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Joshi J, Mimura M, Suzuki M, Wu S, Gregory JF, Hanson AD, McCarty DR. The Thiamin-Requiring 3 Mutation of Arabidopsis 5-Deoxyxylulose-Phosphate Synthase 1 Highlights How the Thiamin Economy Impacts the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721391. [PMID: 34421975 PMCID: PMC8377734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The thiamin-requiring mutants of Arabidopsis have a storied history as a foundational model for biochemical genetics in plants and have illuminated the central role of thiamin in metabolism. Recent integrative genetic and biochemical analyses of thiamin biosynthesis and utilization imply that leaf metabolism normally operates close to thiamin-limiting conditions. Thus, the mechanisms that allocate thiamin-diphosphate (ThDP) cofactor among the diverse thiamin-dependent enzymes localized in plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the cytosol comprise an intricate thiamin economy. Here, we show that the classical thiamin-requiring 3 (th3) mutant is a point mutation in plastid localized 5-deoxyxylulose synthase 1 (DXS1), a key regulated enzyme in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) isoprene biosynthesis pathway. Substitution of a lysine for a highly conserved glutamate residue (E323) located at the subunit interface of the homodimeric enzyme conditions a hypomorphic phenotype that can be rescued by supplying low concentrations of thiamin in the medium. Analysis of leaf thiamin vitamers showed that supplementing the medium with thiamin increased total ThDP content in both wild type and th3 mutant plants, supporting a hypothesis that the mutant DXS1 enzyme has a reduced affinity for the ThDP cofactor. An unexpected upregulation of a suite of biotic-stress-response genes associated with accumulation of downstream MEP intermediate MEcPP suggests that th3 causes mis-regulation of DXS1 activity in thiamin-supplemented plants. Overall, these results highlight that the central role of ThDP availability in regulation of DXS1 activity and flux through the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Joshi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Manaki Mimura
- Plant Cytogenetics, Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Masaharu Suzuki
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shan Wu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jesse F. Gregory
- Department Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew D. Hanson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Donald R. McCarty
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Strobbe S, Verstraete J, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Metabolic engineering provides insight into the regulation of thiamin biosynthesis in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1832-1847. [PMID: 33944954 PMCID: PMC8331165 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin (or thiamine) is a water-soluble B-vitamin (B1), which is required, in the form of thiamin pyrophosphate, as an essential cofactor in crucial carbon metabolism reactions in all forms of life. To ensure adequate metabolic functioning, humans rely on a sufficient dietary supply of thiamin. Increasing thiamin levels in plants via metabolic engineering is a powerful strategy to alleviate vitamin B1 malnutrition and thus improve global human health. These engineering strategies rely on comprehensive knowledge of plant thiamin metabolism and its regulation. Here, multiple metabolic engineering strategies were examined in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This was achieved by constitutive overexpression of the three biosynthesis genes responsible for B1 synthesis, HMP-P synthase (THIC), HET-P synthase (THI1), and HMP-P kinase/TMP pyrophosphorylase (TH1), either separate or in combination. By monitoring the levels of thiamin, its phosphorylated entities, and its biosynthetic intermediates, we gained insight into the effect of either strategy on thiamin biosynthesis. Moreover, expression analysis of thiamin biosynthesis genes showed the plant's intriguing ability to respond to alterations in the pathway. Overall, we revealed the necessity to balance the pyrimidine and thiazole branches of thiamin biosynthesis and assessed its biosynthetic intermediates. Furthermore, the accumulation of nonphosphorylated intermediates demonstrated the inefficiency of endogenous thiamin salvage mechanisms. These results serve as guidelines in the development of novel thiamin metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Strobbe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Verstraete
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Author for communication:
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17
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Jabeen M, Akram NA, Ashraf M, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. Thiamin stimulates growth and secondary metabolites in turnip (Brassica rapa L.) leaf and root under drought stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1399-1411. [PMID: 32949410 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin, an important member of the vitamin B family, is believed to play a significant role in mitigating environmental stresses including drought stress. In turnip, drought stress causes a reduced growth, biomass yield, pigment content, total phenolics and ascorbic acid (AsA), particularly at 50% field capacity (F.C.) in the two cultivars (cv) studied. However, a significant enhancement was observed in the contents of leaf proline, glycinebetaine (GB), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as root proline, GB, total phenolics, AsA, H2 O2 , MDA and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and SOD. However, foliar-applied thiamin significantly improved (particularly 100 mM) all the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, leaf and root osmoprotectants (GB and proline), AsA, total phenolics and the activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD and POD as well as root CAT in both turnip cultivars under drought stress conditions. Foliar application of thiamin was effective in decreasing the leaf and root H2 O2 and MDA content in both cultivars particularly at 50% F.C. Thiamin-induced growth of both turnip cultivars, particularly of cv. Purple Top, was found to be associated with increased photosynthetic pigments, proline and GB contents and antioxidant capacity, but reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under water deficit conditions. So, it is suggested that exogenous application of thiamin can be effective in improving drought tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munifa Jabeen
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nudrat Aisha Akram
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190001, India
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18
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Duan W, Shao W, Lin W, Yuan L, Lu Q, Chen L, Zagorchev L, Li J. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal the differences in fruit quality of the red and white Fragaria pentaphylla morphs. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Li Y, Yang C, Ahmad H, Maher M, Fang C, Luo J. Benefiting others and self: Production of vitamins in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:210-227. [PMID: 33289302 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins maintain growth and development in humans, animals, and plants. Because plants serve as essential producers of vitamins, increasing the vitamin contents in plants has become a goal of crop breeding worldwide. Here, we begin with a summary of the functions of vitamins. We then review the achievements to date in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying how vitamins are synthesized, transported, and regulated in plants. We also stress the exploration of variation in vitamins by the use of forward genetic approaches, such as quantitative trait locus mapping and genome-wide association studies. Overall, we conclude that exploring the diversity of vitamins could provide new insights into plant metabolism and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chenkun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hasan Ahmad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mohamed Maher
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanying Fang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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20
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Fitzpatrick TB, Chapman LM. The importance of thiamine (vitamin B 1) in plant health: From crop yield to biofortification. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12002-12013. [PMID: 32554808 PMCID: PMC7443482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring that people have access to sufficient and nutritious food is necessary for a healthy life and the core tenet of food security. With the global population set to reach 9.8 billion by 2050, and the compounding effects of climate change, the planet is facing challenges that necessitate significant and rapid changes in agricultural practices. In the effort to provide food in terms of calories, the essential contribution of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) to nutrition is often overlooked. Here, we focus on the importance of thiamine (vitamin B1) in plant health and discuss its impact on human health. Vitamin B1 is an essential dietary component, and deficiencies in this micronutrient underlie several diseases, notably nervous system disorders. The predominant source of dietary vitamin B1 is plant-based foods. Moreover, vitamin B1 is also vital for plants themselves, and its benefits in plant health have received less attention than in the human health sphere. In general, vitamin B1 is well-characterized for its role as a coenzyme in metabolic pathways, particularly those involved in energy production and central metabolism, including carbon assimilation and respiration. Vitamin B1 is also emerging as an important component of plant stress responses, and several noncoenzyme roles of this vitamin are being characterized. We summarize the importance of vitamin B1 in plants from the perspective of food security, including its roles in plant disease resistance, stress tolerance, and crop yield, and review the potential benefits of biofortification of crops with increased vitamin B1 content to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Lottie M Chapman
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Hofmann M, Loubéry S, Fitzpatrick TB. On the nature of thiamine triphosphate in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00258. [PMID: 32885135 PMCID: PMC7456500 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B1 is a family of molecules, the most renowned member of which is diphosphorylated thiamine (TDP)-a coenzyme vital for the activity of key enzymes of energy metabolism. Triphosphorylated thiamine derivatives also exist within this family, specifically thiamine triphosphate (TTP) and adenosine thiamine triphosphate (ATTP). They have been investigated primarily in mammalian cells and are thought to act as metabolic messengers but have not received much attention in plants. In this study, we set out to examine for the presence of these triphosphorylated thiamine derivatives in Arabidopsis. We could find TTP in Arabidopsis under standard growth conditions, but we could not detect ATTP. Interestingly, TTP is found primarily in shoot tissue. Drivers of TTP synthesis are light intensity, the proton motive force, as well as TDP content. In plants, TTP accumulates in the organellar powerhouses, the plastids, and mitochondria. Furthermore, in contrast to other B1 vitamers, there are strong oscillations in tissue levels of TTP levels over diel periods peaking early during the light period. The elevation of TTP levels during the day appears to be coupled to a photosynthesis-driven process. We propose that TTP may signify TDP sufficiency, particularly in the organellar powerhouses, and discuss our findings in relation to its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hofmann
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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22
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Verstraete J, Strobbe S, Van Der Straeten D, Stove C. The First Comprehensive LC-MS/MS Method Allowing Dissection of the Thiamine Pathway in Plants. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4073-4081. [PMID: 32056423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana serves as a model plant for genetic research, including vitamin research. When aiming at engineering the thiamine (vitamin B1) pathway in plants, the availability of tools that allow the quantitative determination of different intermediates in the biosynthesis pathway is of pivotal importance. This is a challenge, given the nature of the compounds and the minute quantities of genetically engineered material that may be available for analysis. Here, we report on the first LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of thiamine, its mono- and diphosphate derivatives and its precursors 4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl) thiazole (HET) and 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP). This method was optimized and validated for the quantitative determination of these analytes in Arabidopsis thaliana. All analytes were chromatographically separated within less than 2.5 min during an 8 min run. No unacceptable interferences were found. The method was fully validated based on international guidelines. Accuracy (%bias) and total imprecision (%CV) were within preset acceptance criteria for all analytes in both QC and real samples. All analytes were stable in extracted samples when stored for 48 h at 4 °C (autosampler stability) and when reanalyzed after storage at -80 °C and -20 °C for 2 weeks (freeze/thaw stability). We demonstrated the start material should be stored at -80 °C to ensure stability of all analytes during short- and long-term storage (up to 3 months). The validity and applicability of the developed procedure was demonstrated via its successful application on Arabidopsis lines, genetically engineered to enhance thiamine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verstraete
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Strobbe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Ascorbate and Thiamin: Metabolic Modulators in Plant Acclimation Responses. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010101. [PMID: 31941157 PMCID: PMC7020166 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell compartmentalization allows incompatible chemical reactions and localised responses to occur simultaneously, however, it also requires a complex system of communication between compartments in order to maintain the functionality of vital processes. It is clear that multiple such signals must exist, yet little is known about the identity of the key players orchestrating these interactions or about the role in the coordination of other processes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a considerable number of metabolites in common and are interdependent at multiple levels. Therefore, metabolites represent strong candidates as communicators between these organelles. In this context, vitamins and similar small molecules emerge as possible linkers to mediate metabolic crosstalk between compartments. This review focuses on two vitamins as potential metabolic signals within the plant cell, vitamin C (L-ascorbate) and vitamin B1 (thiamin). These two vitamins demonstrate the importance of metabolites in shaping cellular processes working as metabolic signals during acclimation processes. Inferences based on the combined studies of environment, genotype, and metabolite, in order to unravel signaling functions, are also highlighted.
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24
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Kumar S, Dhembla C, P H, Sundd M, Patel AK. Differential expression of structural and functional proteins during bean common mosaic virus-host plant interaction. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103812. [PMID: 31669830 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), the most common seed-borne pathogen in Phaseolus vulgaris L. is known to cause severe loss in productivity across the globe. In the present study, proteomic analyses were performed for leaf samples from control (healthy) and susceptible BCMV infected plants. The differential expression of proteins was evaluated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Approximately, 1098 proteins were spotted, amongst which 107 proteins were observed to be statistically significant with differential expression. The functional categorization of the differential proteins illustrated that they were involved in biotic/abiotic stress (18%), energy and carbon metabolism (11%), photosynthesis (46%), protein biosynthesis (10%), chaperoning (5%), chlorophyll (5%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis (5%). This is the first report on the comparative proteome study of compatible plant-BCMV interactions in P. vulgaris which contributes largely to the understanding of protein-mediated disease resistance/susceptible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chetna Dhembla
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Hariprasad P
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Monica Sundd
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Patel
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Minhas AP, Tuli R, Puri S. Corrigendum: Pathway Editing Targets for Thiamine Biofortification in Rice Grains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1813. [PMID: 30719027 PMCID: PMC6348389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00975.].
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Feng X, Yang S, Tang K, Zhang Y, Leng J, Ma J, Wang Q, Feng X. GmPGL1, a Thiamine Thiazole Synthase, Is Required for the Biosynthesis of Thiamine in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1546. [PMID: 31824549 PMCID: PMC6883718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine is an essential cofactor in several enzymatic reactions for all living organisms. Animals cannot synthesize thiamine and depend on their diet. Enhancing the content of thiamine is one of the most important goals of plant breeding to solve the thiamine deficiency associated with the low-thiamin staple crops. In this study, a Glycine max pale green leaf 1 (Gmpgl1) mutant was isolated from the EMS mutagenized population of soybean cultivar, Williams 82. Map-based cloning of the GmPGL1 locus revealed a single nucleotide deletion at the 292th nucleotide residue of the first exon of Glyma.10g251500 gene in Gmpgl1 mutant plant, encoding a thiamine thiazole synthase. Total thiamine contents decreased in both seedlings and seeds of the Gmpgl1 mutant. Exogenous application of thiazole restored the pale green leaf phenotype of the mutant. The deficiency of thiamine in Gmpgl1 mutant led to reduced activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), and decreased contents of six amino acids as compared to that in the wild type plants. These results revealed that GmPGL1 played an essential role in thiamine thiazole biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of eography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of eography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Suxin Yang,
| | - Kuanqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of eography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of eography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jiantian Leng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of eography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of eography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of eography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of eography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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27
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Holland CK, Jez JM. Arabidopsis: the original plant chassis organism. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1359-1366. [PMID: 29663032 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) has a past, current, and future role in the era of synthetic biology. Arabidopsis is one of the most well-studied plants with a wealth of genomics, genetics, and biochemical resources available for the metabolic engineer and synthetic biologist. Here we discuss the tools and resources that enable the identification of target genes and pathways in Arabidopsis and heterologous expression in this model plant. While there are numerous examples of engineering Arabidopsis for decreased lignin, increased seed oil, increased vitamins, and environmental remediation, this plant has provided biochemical tools for introducing Arabidopsis genes, pathways, and/or regulatory elements into other plants and microorganisms. Arabidopsis is not a vegetative or oilseed crop, but it is as an excellent model chassis for proof-of-concept metabolic engineering and synthetic biology experiments in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia K Holland
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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Hanson AD, Amthor JS, Sun J, Niehaus TD, Gregory JF, Bruner SD, Ding Y. Redesigning thiamin synthesis: Prospects and potential payoffs. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 273:92-99. [PMID: 29907313 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin is essential for plant growth but is short-lived in vivo and energetically very costly to produce - a combination that makes thiamin biosynthesis a prime target for improvement by redesign. Thiamin consists of thiazole and pyrimidine moieties. Its high biosynthetic cost stems from use of the suicide enzyme THI4 to form the thiazole and the near-suicide enzyme THIC to form the pyrimidine. These energetic costs lower biomass yield potential and are likely compounded by environmental stresses that destroy thiamin and hence increase the rate at which it must be made. The energy costs could be slashed by refactoring the thiamin biosynthesis pathway to eliminate the suicidal THI4 and THIC reactions. To substantiate this design concept, we first document the energetic costs of the THI4 and THIC steps in the pathway and explain how cutting these costs could substantially increase crop biomass and grain yields. We then show that a refactored pathway must produce thiamin itself rather than a stripped-down analog because the thiamin molecule cannot be simplified without losing biological activity. Lastly, we consider possible energy-efficient alternatives to the inefficient natural THI4- and THIC-mediated steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Jiayi Sun
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas D Niehaus
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jesse F Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven D Bruner
- Chemistry Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Liao Z, Suo Y, Xue C, Fu H, Wang J. Improving the fermentation performance of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 by strengthening the VB1 biosynthesis pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8107-8119. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Strobbe S, Van Der Straeten D. Toward Eradication of B-Vitamin Deficiencies: Considerations for Crop Biofortification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:443. [PMID: 29681913 PMCID: PMC5897740 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
'Hidden hunger' involves insufficient intake of micronutrients and is estimated to affect over two billion people on a global scale. Malnutrition of vitamins and minerals is known to cause an alarming number of casualties, even in the developed world. Many staple crops, although serving as the main dietary component for large population groups, deliver inadequate amounts of micronutrients. Biofortification, the augmentation of natural micronutrient levels in crop products through breeding or genetic engineering, is a pivotal tool in the fight against micronutrient malnutrition (MNM). Although these approaches have shown to be successful in several species, a more extensive knowledge of plant metabolism and function of these micronutrients is required to refine and improve biofortification strategies. This review focuses on the relevant B-vitamins (B1, B6, and B9). First, the role of these vitamins in plant physiology is elaborated, as well their biosynthesis. Second, the rationale behind vitamin biofortification is illustrated in view of pathophysiology and epidemiology of the deficiency. Furthermore, advances in biofortification, via metabolic engineering or breeding, are presented. Finally, considerations on B-vitamin multi-biofortified crops are raised, comprising the possible interplay of these vitamins in planta.
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Minhas AP, Tuli R, Puri S. Pathway Editing Targets for Thiamine Biofortification in Rice Grains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:975. [PMID: 30042775 PMCID: PMC6048418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine deficiency is common in populations consuming polished rice as a major source of carbohydrates. Thiamine is required to synthesize thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), an essential cofactor of enzymes of central metabolism. Its biosynthesis pathway has been partially elucidated and the effect of overexpression of a few genes such as thi1 and thiC, on thiamine accumulation in rice has been reported. Based on current knowledge, this review focuses on the potential of gene editing in metabolic engineering of thiamine biosynthesis pathway to improve thiamine in rice grains. Candidate genes, suitable for modification of the structural part to evolve more efficient versions of enzymes in the pathway, are discussed. For example, adjacent cysteine residues may be introduced in the catalytic domain of thi4 to improve the turn over activity of thiamine thiazole synthase 2. Motif specific editing to modify promoter regulatory regions of genes is discussed to modulate gene expression. Editing cis acting regulatory elements in promoter region can shift the expression of transporters and thiamine binding proteins to endosperm. This can enhance dietary availability of thiamine from rice grains. Differential transcriptomics on rice varieties with contrasting grain thiamine and functional genomic studies will identify more strategic targets for editing in future. Developing functionally enhanced foods by biofortification is a sustainable approach to make diets wholesome.
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Aguilar-Rangel MR, Chávez Montes RA, González-Segovia E, Ross-Ibarra J, Simpson JK, Sawers RJ. Allele specific expression analysis identifies regulatory variation associated with stress-related genes in the Mexican highland maize landrace Palomero Toluqueño. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3737. [PMID: 28852597 PMCID: PMC5572453 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene regulatory variation has been proposed to play an important role in the adaptation of plants to environmental stress. In the central highlands of Mexico, farmer selection has generated a unique group of maize landraces adapted to the challenges of the highland niche. In this study, gene expression in Mexican highland maize and a reference maize breeding line were compared to identify evidence of regulatory variation in stress-related genes. It was hypothesised that local adaptation in Mexican highland maize would be associated with a transcriptional signature observable even under benign conditions. METHODS Allele specific expression analysis was performed using the seedling-leaf transcriptome of an F1 individual generated from the cross between the highland adapted Mexican landrace Palomero Toluqueño and the reference line B73, grown under benign conditions. Results were compared with a published dataset describing the transcriptional response of B73 seedlings to cold, heat, salt and UV treatments. RESULTS A total of 2,386 genes were identified to show allele specific expression. Of these, 277 showed an expression difference between Palomero Toluqueño and B73 alleles under benign conditions that anticipated the response of B73 cold, heat, salt and/or UV treatments, and, as such, were considered to display a prior stress response. Prior stress response candidates included genes associated with plant hormone signaling and a number of transcription factors. Construction of a gene co-expression network revealed further signaling and stress-related genes to be among the potential targets of the transcription factors candidates. DISCUSSION Prior activation of responses may represent the best strategy when stresses are severe but predictable. Expression differences observed here between Palomero Toluqueño and B73 alleles indicate the presence of cis-acting regulatory variation linked to stress-related genes in Palomero Toluqueño. Considered alongside gene annotation and population data, allele specific expression analysis of plants grown under benign conditions provides an attractive strategy to identify functional variation potentially linked to local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rocío Aguilar-Rangel
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ricardo A. Chávez Montes
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- ABACUS: Laboratorio de Matemáticas Aplicadas y Cómputo de Alto Rendimiento del Departamento de Matemáticas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Eric González-Segovia
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra
- Department of Plant Sciences, Center for Population Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - June K. Simpson
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ruairidh J.H. Sawers
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Mangel N, Fudge JB, Fitzpatrick TB, Gruissem W, Vanderschuren H. Vitamin B1 diversity and characterization of biosynthesis genes in cassava. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3351-3363. [PMID: 28859374 PMCID: PMC5853225 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B1, which consists of the vitamers thiamin and its phosphorylated derivatives, is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms because it is required as a metabolic cofactor in several enzymatic reactions. Genetic diversity of vitamin B1 biosynthesis and accumulation has not been investigated in major crop species other than rice and potato. We analyzed cassava germplasm for accumulation of B1 vitamers. Vitamin B1 content in leaves and roots of 41 cassava accessions showed significant variation between accessions. HPLC analyses of B1 vitamers revealed distinct profiles in cassava leaves and storage roots, with nearly equal relative levels of thiamin pyrophosphate and thiamin monophosphate in leaves, but mostly thiamin pyrophosphate in storage roots. Unusually, the cassava genome has two genes encoding the 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate synthase, THIC (MeTHIC1 and MeTHIC2), both of which carry a riboswitch in the 3'-UTR, as well as the adenylated thiazole synthase, THI1 (MeTHI1a and MeTHI1b). The THIC and THI1 genes are expressed at very low levels in storage roots compared with the accumulation of vitamin B1, indicating only limited biosynthesis de novo therein. In leaves, vitamin B1 content is negatively correlated with THIC and THI1 expression levels, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of THIC by the riboswitch present in the 3'-UTR of the THIC mRNA and regulation of THI1 by promoter activity or alternative post-transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared B Fudge
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Hervé Vanderschuren
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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Goyer A. Thiamin biofortification of crops. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 44:1-7. [PMID: 27750185 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thiamin is essential for human health. While plants are the ultimate source of thiamin in most human diets, staple foods like white rice have low thiamin content. Therefore, populations whose diets are mainly based on low-thiamin staple crops suffer from thiamin deficiency. Biofortification of rice grain by engineering the thiamin biosynthesis pathway has recently been attempted, with up to 5-fold increase in thiamin content in unpolished seeds. However, polished seeds that retain only the starchy endosperm had similar thiamin content than that of non-engineered plants. Various factors such as limited supply of precursors, limited activity of thiamin biosynthetic enzymes, dependence on maternal tissues to supply thiamin, or lack of thiamin stabilizing proteins may have hindered thiamin increase in the endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Goyer
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, United States; Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR 97838, United States.
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Dong W, Thomas N, Ronald PC, Goyer A. Overexpression of Thiamin Biosynthesis Genes in Rice Increases Leaf and Unpolished Grain Thiamin Content But Not Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:616. [PMID: 27242822 PMCID: PMC4861732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), also known as vitamin B1, serves as an enzymatic cofactor in glucose metabolism, the Krebs cycle, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in all living organisms. Unlike plants and microorganisms, humans are not able to synthesize ThDP de novo and must obtain it from their diet. Staple crops such as rice are poor sources of thiamin. Hence, populations that mainly consume rice commonly suffer thiamin deficiency. In addition to thiamin's nutritional function, studies in rice have shown that some thiamin biosynthesis genes are involved in resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae, which causes a serious disease in rice fields. This study shows that overexpression of two thiamin biosynthesis genes, 4-methyl-5-β-hydroxyethylthiazole phosphate synthase and 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate synthase, involved in the first steps of the thiazole and pyrimidine synthesis branches, respectively, increased thiamin content up to fivefold in unpolished seeds that retain the bran. However, thiamin levels in polished seeds with removed bran were similar to those found in polished control seeds. Plants with higher accumulation of thiamin did not show enhanced resistance to X. oryzae. These results indicate that stacking of two traits can enhance thiamin accumulation in rice unpolished grain. We discuss potential roadblocks that prevent thiamin accumulation in the endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State UniversityHermiston, OR, USA
| | - Nicholas Thomas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Aymeric Goyer
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State UniversityHermiston, OR, USA
- *Correspondence: Aymeric Goyer,
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