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Ioannou M, Borkent J, Andreu-Sánchez S, Wu J, Fu J, Sommer IEC, Haarman BCM. Reproducible gut microbial signatures in bipolar and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A metagenome-wide study. Brain Behav Immun 2024:S0889-1591(24)00478-1. [PMID: 39032544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies report gut microbiome variations in bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) compared to healthy individuals, though, there is limited consensus on which specific bacteria are associated with these disorders. METHODS In this study, we performed a comprehensive metagenomic shotgun sequencing analysis in 103 Dutch patients with BD/SSD and 128 healthy controls matched for age, sex, body mass index and income, while accounting for diet quality, transit time and technical confounders. To assess the replicability of the findings, we used two validation cohorts (total n = 203), including participants from a distinct population with a different metagenomic isolation protocol. RESULTS The gut microbiome of the patients had a significantly different β-diversity, but not α-diversity nor neuroactive potential compared to healthy controls. Initially, twenty-six bacterial taxa were identified as differentially abundant in patients. Among these, the previously reported genera Lachnoclostridium and Eggerthella were replicated in the validation cohorts. Employing the CoDaCoRe learning algorithm, we identified two bacterial balances specific to BD/SSD, which demonstrated an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.77 in the test dataset. These balances were replicated in the validation cohorts and showed a positive correlation with the severity of psychiatric symptoms and antipsychotic use. Last, we showed a positive association between the relative abundance of Klebsiella and Klebsiella pneumoniae with antipsychotic use and between the Anaeromassilibacillus and lithium use. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that microbial balances could be a reproducible method for identifying BD/SSD-specific microbial signatures, with potential diagnostic and prognostic applications. Notably, Lachnoclostridium and Eggerthella emerge as frequently occurring bacteria in BD/SSD. Last, our study reaffirms the previously established link between Klebsiella and antipsychotic medication use and identifies a novel association between Anaeromassilibacillus and lithium use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Ioannou
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jenny Borkent
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sergio Andreu-Sánchez
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jiafei Wu
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris E C Sommer
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bartholomeus C M Haarman
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Brenaut E, Godin O, Leboyer M, Tamouza R, Assan F, Pignon B, Sbidian E. Association between Psychotic Disorders and Psoriasis or Psoriatic Arthritis: Cohort Study of French Health Insurance Database. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1657-1660.e9. [PMID: 38246581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Brenaut
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France; Laboratoire Interactions Epitheliums Neurones, University of Brest, Brest, France; Epidemiology in Dermatology and Evaluation of Therapeutics (EpiDermE) EA7379, Paris Est Créteil University (UPEC), Créteil, France.
| | - Ophélia Godin
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), INSERM U955, IMRB, Paris, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), INSERM U955, IMRB, Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Univ Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Creteil, France
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), INSERM U955, IMRB, Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Univ Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Creteil, France
| | - Florence Assan
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Pignon
- Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), INSERM U955, IMRB, Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Univ Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Creteil, France
| | - Emilie Sbidian
- Epidemiology in Dermatology and Evaluation of Therapeutics (EpiDermE) EA7379, Paris Est Créteil University (UPEC), Créteil, France; Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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Liu YC, Liao YT, Lin KH. The relationship between schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a scoping review of observational studies. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2024:10.1007/s40211-024-00499-y. [PMID: 38833151 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-024-00499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both schizophrenia and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are known as immune-related disorders. We systematically reviewed observational studies to explore the relationship between schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and T1D. METHODS A preliminary search of articles was completed using the following databases: Airiti Library, CINAHL Complete (via EBSCOhost), OVID MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed. Two researchers independently assessed each study's quality based on Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). A narrative review summarized the potential relationship between the two diseases. RESULTS Eleven studies were included in the final analysis. Six observational studies investigated the risk of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in patients with T1D. Two studies showed negative correlations, one showed no correlation, and three showed positive correlations. On the other hand, five studies reported the prevalence of T1D in patients with schizophrenia. Two of them showed positive associations, and three others showed no association. Although the majority of the included studies suggested a positive association between the two medical conditions, these studies were still too heterogeneous to draw consistent results. CONCLUSION We found conflicting results regarding the bidirectional relationship between schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and T1D. These may stem from differences in study design, sampling methods, or definition of diagnoses, which are essential aspects to consider in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, 500, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Changhua Christian Hospital, 500, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, 413, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Eldercare, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-To Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University and China Medical University Hospital, 413, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Han Lin
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, 413, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Asia University, No.500, Lioufeng Road, 41354, Taichung City, Wufeng District, Taiwan.
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Chen S, Tan Y, Tian L. Immunophenotypes in psychosis: is it a premature inflamm-aging disorder? Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02539-z. [PMID: 38532012 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Immunopsychiatric field has rapidly accumulated evidence demonstrating the involvement of both innate and adaptive immune components in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Nevertheless, researchers are facing dilemmas of discrepant findings of immunophenotypes both outside and inside the brains of psychotic patients, as discovered by recent meta-analyses. These discrepancies make interpretations and interrogations on their roles in psychosis remain vague and even controversial, regarding whether certain immune cells are more activated or less so, and whether they are causal or consequential, or beneficial or harmful for psychosis. Addressing these issues for psychosis is not at all trivial, as immune cells either outside or inside the brain are an enormously heterogeneous and plastic cell population, falling into a vast range of lineages and subgroups, and functioning differently and malleably in context-dependent manners. This review aims to overview the currently known immunophenotypes of patients with psychosis, and provocatively suggest the premature immune "burnout" or inflamm-aging initiated since organ development as a potential primary mechanism behind these immunophenotypes and the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Chen W, Tian Y, Gou M, Wang L, Tong J, Zhou Y, Feng W, Li Y, Chen S, Liu Y, Wang Z, Pan S, Zhang P, Huang J, Yang X, Li CSR, Tian L, Hong LE, Tan Y. Role of the immune-kynurenine pathway in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 130:110926. [PMID: 38147973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune-inflammatory response system (IRS) and kynurenine pathway (KP) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Studies have shown inflammation-related effects on KP metabolism in patients with schizophrenia. This study investigated the relationship between KP metabolites, IRS, and the compensatory immune-regulatory reflex system (CIRS) in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). METHODS Patients with (n = 53) and without TRS (n = 47), and healthy controls (HCs, n = 49) were enrolled. We quantified plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, IL-6, soluble(s)IL-6 receptor, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor[TNF]-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-4, IL-10, tumor growth factor [TGF]-β1, TGF-β2, soluble (s) IL-2 receptor subunit α, sIL-2 receptor subunit β, and sTNF-α receptor 1) and calculated the IRS/CIRS ratio. We also tested serum metabolites of the KP, including kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN), along with the QUIN/KYNA ratio. RESULTS Patients with TRS had significantly higher IRS/CIRS ratio than non-TRS patients (p = 0.002) and HCs (p = 0.007), and significantly lower KYN (p = 0.001) and KYNA (p = 0.01) levels than HCs. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that a younger age at illness onset (odds ratio [OR] = 0.91, p = 0.02) and a higher IRS/CIRS ratio (OR = 1.22; p = 0.007) were risk factors for patients with TRS. After further adjusted for age of onset, the QUIN/KYNA ratio (β = 0.97; p = 0.02) significantly moderated the relationship between IRS/CIRS and TRS, showing that in the higher QUIN/KYNA condition, higher IRS/CIRS ratio were significantly and more likely to be associated with patients with TRS (β = 0.12, z = 3.19, p = 0.001), whereas in the low QUIN/KYNA condition, the association between IRS/CIRS ratio and TRS was weak and insignificant. CONCLUSIONS The peripheral immune response was imbalanced in TRS and was preferentially directed towards the IRS compared to patients without TRS and healthy controls, which is likely to play a role in neurotoxicity. Additionally, peripheral KP activation was also imbalanced, as evidenced by significantly reduced KYN and KYNA levels in patients with TRS compared to healthy controls, but none of KP metabolisms were significantly difference in non-TRS patients compared to healthy controls. QUIN/KYNA ratio involving to the degree of activation of NMDA receptors, indicated the neurotoxic level of the KP activation. The interaction between IRS/CIRS and QUIN/KYNA ratio was significant in predicting TRS, and our findings suggest a potential role for the immune-kynurenine pathway in TRS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yichang Tian
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhuang Gou
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Tong
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchang Liu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shujuan Pan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokui Yang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Liu YC, Liao YT, Chen VCH, Chen YL. Association Between Maternal Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia and the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Offspring: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:2511-2518. [PMID: 38029045 PMCID: PMC10674753 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s437430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our study aimed to determine whether mothers with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder affected the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in their offspring. Methods We conducted a nationwide cohort study by using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database and the Maternal and Child Health Database from 2004 to 2018. A total of 2,556,640 mother-child pairs were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the risk of T1D between children born to mothers with mood disorders and schizophrenia and those without. Results No significant difference in risk of T1D was observed between the offspring of mothers with major psychiatric disorders and those without (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.86 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.58-1.24). In subgroup analysis, we found an aHR of 1.81 with a 95% CI of 0.83-3.82 in the maternal bipolar disorder on the risk of T1D in offspring and an aHR of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.59-1.25) in maternal major depressive disorder. In the schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder group, aHR cannot be obtained due to lesser than three events in the analysis. Conclusion The risk of T1D in offspring of mothers with mood disorders and schizophrenia was not significant. However, children born to mothers with bipolar disorder may have a tendency to develop T1D. The relationship between maternal psychiatric disorders and the risk of T1D in offspring warrants further investigation in studies with longer follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Changhua Christian Children’s Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
- Department of Eldercare, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-To Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- China Medical University, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 613, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
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Wang Q, Zhong Y, Chen N, Chen J. From the immune system to mood disorders especially induced by Toxoplasma gondii: CD4+ T cell as a bridge. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1078984. [PMID: 37077528 PMCID: PMC10106765 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1078984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a ubiquitous and obligatory intracellular protozoa, not only alters peripheral immune status, but crosses the blood-brain barrier to trigger brain parenchymal injury and central neuroinflammation to establish latent cerebral infection in humans and other vertebrates. Recent findings underscore the strong correlation between alterations in the peripheral and central immune environment and mood disorders. Th17 and Th1 cells are important pro-inflammatory cells that can drive the pathology of mood disorders by promoting neuroinflammation. As opposed to Th17 and Th1, regulatory T cells have inhibitory inflammatory and neuroprotective functions that can ameliorate mood disorders. T. gondii induces neuroinflammation, which can be mediated by CD4+ T cells (such as Tregs, Th17, Th1, and Th2). Though the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorder have been currently studied, emerging evidence points to unique role of CD4+ T cells in mood disorder, especially those caused by T. gondii infection. In this review, we explore some recent studies that extend our understanding of the relationship between mood disorders and T. gondii.
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Micale V, Di Bartolomeo M, Di Martino S, Stark T, Dell'Osso B, Drago F, D'Addario C. Are the epigenetic changes predictive of therapeutic efficacy for psychiatric disorders? A translational approach towards novel drug targets. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108279. [PMID: 36103902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of mental disorders is not fully understood and accumulating evidence support that clinical symptomatology cannot be assigned to a single gene mutation, but it involves several genetic factors. More specifically, a tight association between genes and environmental risk factors, which could be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, may play a role in the development of mental disorders. Several data suggest that epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, post-translational histone modification and interference of microRNA (miRNA) or long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) may modify the severity of the disease and the outcome of the therapy. Indeed, the study of these mechanisms may help to identify patients particularly vulnerable to mental disorders and may have potential utility as biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. This article summarizes the most relevant preclinical and human data showing how epigenetic modifications can be central to the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant and/or antipsychotic agents, as possible predictor of drugs response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Martina Di Bartolomeo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tibor Stark
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Scientific Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Department of Mental Health, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; "Aldo Ravelli" Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hurşitoğlu O, Kurutas EB, Strawbridge R, Uygur OF, Yildiz E, Reilly TJ. Serum NOX1 and Raftlin as New Potential Biomarkers of Interest in Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2519-2527. [PMID: 36349345 PMCID: PMC9637347 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s385631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation play a role in the neuroprogression of schizophrenia (SCZ). Promising novel candidates which have been proposed in the search for biomarkers of psychotic illness include NADPH oxidase 1,2 (NOX1,2) and raftlin. NOX1 from the NOX family is the main source of physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) and raftlin, the main lipid raft protein, is associated with inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum NOX1 and raftlin levels in chronic stable patients with SCZ. Methods We measured serum NOX1 and raftlin levels from 45 clinically stable patients with SCZ and 45 healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex, and body-mass index. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was applied to the patient group to evaluate the severity of psychotic symptoms. Results NOX1 and raftlin levels in the patients were statistically significantly higher than the HCs (NOX1 p<0.001, raftlin p<0.001). Both parameters showed very good diagnostic performance (NOX1 AUC = 0.931, raftlin AUC = 0.915). We obtained positive and significant correlations between serum levels of both biomarkers and symptom severity. Discussion This preliminary study indicating elevations in serum NOX1 and raftlin levels in patients with SCZ supports the importance of OS and inflammatory processes in the etiopathogenesis of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Hurşitoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sular Academy Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ergul Belge Kurutas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Rebecca Strawbridge
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Omer Faruk Uygur
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emrah Yildiz
- Private Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Thomas J Reilly
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Al-Hakeim HK, Al-Musawi AF, Al-Mulla A, Al-Dujaili AH, Debnath M, Maes M. The interleukin-6/interleukin-23/T helper 17-axis as a driver of neuro-immune toxicity in the major neurocognitive psychosis or deficit schizophrenia: A precision nomothetic psychiatry analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275839. [PMID: 36256663 PMCID: PMC9578624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia and especially deficit schizophrenia (DSCZ) are characterized by increased activity of neuroimmunotoxic pathways and a generalized cognitive decline (G-CoDe). There is no data on whether the interleukin (IL)-6/IL-23/T helper 17 (IL-6/IL-23/Th17)-axis is more associated with DSCZ than with non-deficit schizophrenia (NDSCZ) and whether changes in this axis are associated with the G-CoDe and the phenome (a factor extracted from all symptom domains) of schizophrenia. METHODS This study included 45 DSCZ and 45 NDSCZ patients and 40 controls and delineated whether the IL-6/IL-23/Th17 axis, trace elements (copper, zinc) and ions (magnesium, calcium) are associated with DSCZ, the G-CoDe and the schizophrenia phenome. RESULTS Increased plasma IL-23 and IL-6 levels were associated with Th17 upregulation, assessed as a latent vector (LV) extracted from IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, and TNF-α. The IL-6/IL-23/Th17-axis score, as assessed by an LV extracted from IL-23, IL-6, and the Th17 LV, was significantly higher in DSCZ than in NDSCZ and controls. We discovered that 70.7% of the variance in the phenome was explained by the IL-6/IL-23/Th17-axis (positively) and the G-CoDe and IL-10 (both inversely); and that 54.6% of the variance in the G-CoDe was explained by the IL-6/IL-23/Th17 scores (inversely) and magnesium, copper, calcium, and zinc (all positively). CONCLUSION The pathogenic IL-6/IL-23/Th17-axis contributes to the generalized neurocognitive deficit and the phenome of schizophrenia, especially that of DSCZ, due to its key role in peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation and its consequent immunotoxic effects on neuronal circuits. These clinical impairments are more prominent in subjects with lowered IL-10, magnesium, calcium, and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Fattah Al-Musawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Kafeel, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Abbas Al-Mulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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11
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Alotaibi M, Al-Aqil F, Alqahtani F, Alanazi M, Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Lapresa R, Alharbi M, Alshammari A, Alotaibi M, Saleh T, Alrowis R. Alleviation of cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain, neuronal apoptosis, and systemic inflammation in mice by rapamycin. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:891593. [PMID: 36248001 PMCID: PMC9554141 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.891593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer patients is associated with debilitating adverse effects. Several adverse effects have been well investigated, and can be managed satisfactorily, but chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) remains poorly treated. Our primary aim in this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of the immunomodulatory drug rapamycin in the mitigation of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. Pain assays were performed in vivo to determine whether rapamycin would prevent or significantly decrease cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in adult male Balb/c mice. Neuropathic pain induced by both chronic and acute exposure to cisplatin was measured by hot plate assay, cold plate assay, tail-flick test, and plantar test. Rapamycin co-treatment resulted in significant reduction in cisplatin-induced nociceptive-like symptoms. To understand the underlying mechanisms behind rapamycin-mediated neuroprotection, we investigated its effect on certain inflammatory mediators implicated in the propagation of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity. Interestingly, cisplatin was found to significantly increase peripheral IL-17A expression and CD8- T cells, which were remarkably reversed by the pre-treatment of mice with rapamycin. In addition, rapamycin reduced the cisplatin-induced neuronal apoptosis marked by decreased neuronal caspase-3 activity. The rapamycin neuroprotective effect was also associated with reversal of the changes in protein expression of p21Cip1, p53, and PUMA. Collectively, rapamycin alleviated some features of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in mice and can be further investigated for the treatment of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moureq Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Moureq Alotaibi,
| | - Faten Al-Aqil
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miteb Alanazi
- Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rebeca Lapresa
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muteb Alotaibi
- Department of Neurology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Raed Alrowis
- Department of Periodotics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Zhou Y, Zhong L, Shen L, Chen S, Zeng Q, Lai L, Tang S. Psoriasis and medical ramifications: A comprehensive analysis based on observational meta-analyses. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:998815. [PMID: 36106326 PMCID: PMC9465012 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.998815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Based on a large number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses exploring the relationship between psoriasis and various health outcomes, we conducted an comprehensive analysis to assess the strength and evidence for the association between psoriasis and medical end-point ramifications in patients. Methods We searched related meta-analyses, investigating the links between psoriasis and medical ramifications from three databases. All summary effect sizes, 95% CIs, heterogeneity, and small-study effects in the included meta-analyses were recalculated. We assessed the methodological quality of included articles with the AMSTAR 2 tool and graded the epidemiological evidence. Subgroup analysis based on the severity of psoriasis and study design were also performed. Results A total of 38 articles comprising 85 unique meta-analyses were included in this study. Although 69 outcomes were statistically significant, only 8 outcomes (nonvascular dementia, ulcerative colitis, pediatric dyslipidemia, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, fracture, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia) showed a high quality of epidemiological evidence. Conclusion We found that psoriasis increased the risk of 69 health outcomes, and 8 outcomes were graded as high-quality evidence. No evidence was found that psoriasis was beneficial for any medical end point. However, to verify our results, more large-sample, multi-center prospective cohort studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lixian Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianli Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuting Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leizhen Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohui Tang
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13
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de Bartolomeis A, Barone A, Vellucci L, Mazza B, Austin MC, Iasevoli F, Ciccarelli M. Linking Inflammation, Aberrant Glutamate-Dopamine Interaction, and Post-synaptic Changes: Translational Relevance for Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment: a Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6460-6501. [PMID: 35963926 PMCID: PMC9463235 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from clinical, preclinical, and post-mortem studies supports the inflammatory/immune hypothesis of schizophrenia pathogenesis. Less evident is the link between the inflammatory background and two well-recognized functional and structural findings of schizophrenia pathophysiology: the dopamine-glutamate aberrant interaction and the alteration of dendritic spines architecture, both believed to be the “quantal” elements of cortical-subcortical dysfunctional network. In this systematic review, we tried to capture the major findings linking inflammation, aberrant glutamate-dopamine interaction, and post-synaptic changes under a direct and inverse translational perspective, a paramount picture that at present is lacking. The inflammatory effects on dopaminergic function appear to be bidirectional: the inflammation influences dopamine release, and dopamine acts as a regulator of discrete inflammatory processes involved in schizophrenia such as dysregulated interleukin and kynurenine pathways. Furthermore, the link between inflammation and glutamate is strongly supported by clinical studies aimed at exploring overactive microglia in schizophrenia patients and maternal immune activation models, indicating impaired glutamate regulation and reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function. In addition, an inflammatory/immune-induced alteration of post-synaptic density scaffold proteins, crucial for downstream NMDAR signaling and synaptic efficacy, has been demonstrated. According to these findings, a significant increase in plasma inflammatory markers has been found in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls, associated with reduced cortical integrity and functional connectivity, relevant to the cognitive deficit of schizophrenia. Finally, the link between altered inflammatory/immune responses raises relevant questions regarding potential new therapeutic strategies specifically for those forms of schizophrenia that are resistant to canonical antipsychotics or unresponsive to clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Annarita Barone
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazza
- Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mark C Austin
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Program, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University (ISU), Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ciccarelli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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14
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Subbanna M, Shivakumar V, Bhalerao G, Varambally S, Venkatasubramanian G, Debnath M. Variants of Th17 pathway-related genes influence brain morphometric changes and the risk of schizophrenia through epistatic interactions. Psychiatr Genet 2022; 32:146-155. [PMID: 35353801 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T helper 17 (Th17) pathway has been reported to be abnormal in schizophrenia; however, it is not known whether variation within genes of this pathway has any impact on schizophrenia. Herein, the impact of genetic variations and gene-gene interactions of Th17 pathway-related genes on the risk, psychopathology, and brain volume was examined in schizophrenia patients. METHODS Functional polymorphisms within interleukin 6 ( IL6 )(rs1800795 and rs1800797), IL10 (rs1800872 and rs1800896), IL17A (rs2275913 and rs8193036), IL22 (rs2227484 and rs2227485), IL23R (rs1884444), and IL27 (rs153109 and rs181206) genes were studied in 224 schizophrenia patients and 226 healthy controls. These variants were correlated with the brain morphometry, analyzed using MRI in a subset of patients ( n = 117) and controls ( n = 137). RESULTS Patients carrying CC genotype of rs2227484 of IL22 gene had significantly higher apathy total score [ F (1,183) = 5.60; P = 0.019; partial ɳ 2 = 0.030]. Significant epistatic interactions between IL6 (rs1800797) and IL17A (rs2275913) genes were observed in schizophrenia patients. GG genotype of rs2275913 of IL17A gene was associated with reduced right middle occipital gyrus volume in schizophrenia patients ( T = 4.56; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Interactions between genes of Th17 pathway impact the risk for schizophrenia. The variants of Th17 pathway-related genes seem to have a determining effect on psychopathology and brain morphometric changes in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Subbanna
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, and Departments of
- Integrative Medicine
| | - Gaurav Bhalerao
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, and Departments of
| | - Shivarama Varambally
- Integrative Medicine
- Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, and Departments of
- Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
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15
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Liu W, Fan M, Lu W, Zhu W, Meng L, Lu S. Emerging Roles of T Helper Cells in Non-Infectious Neuroinflammation: Savior or Sinner. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872167. [PMID: 35844577 PMCID: PMC9280647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells, also known as T helper (Th) cells, contribute to the adaptive immunity both in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS). At least seven subsets of Th cells along with their signature cytokines have been identified nowadays. Neuroinflammation denotes the brain’s immune response to inflammatory conditions. In recent years, various CNS disorders have been related to the dysregulation of adaptive immunity, especially the process concerning Th cells and their cytokines. However, as the functions of Th cells are being discovered, it’s also found that their roles in different neuroinflammatory conditions, or even the participation of a specific Th subset in one CNS disorder may differ, and sometimes contrast. Based on those recent and contradictory evidence, the conflicting roles of Th cells in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury as well as some typical mental disorders will be reviewed herein. Research progress, limitations and novel approaches concerning different neuroinflammatory conditions will also be mentioned and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meiyang Fan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
| | - Liesu Meng
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
| | - Shemin Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
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16
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Rudzki S. Is PTSD an Evolutionary Survival Adaptation Initiated by Unrestrained Cytokine Signaling and Maintained by Epigenetic Change? Mil Med 2022; 188:usac095. [PMID: 35446412 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment outcomes for PTSD with current psychological therapies are poor, with very few patients achieving sustained symptom remission. A number of authors have identified physiological and immune disturbances in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients, but there is no unifying hypothesis that explains the myriad features of the disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical literature was reviewed over a 6-year period primarily using the medical database PUBMED. RESULTS The literature contains numerous papers that have identified a range of physiological and immune dysfunction in association with PTSD. This paper proposes that unrestrained cytokine signaling induces epigenetic changes that promote an evolutionary survival adaptation, which maintains a defensive PTSD phenotype. The brain can associate immune signaling with past threat and initiate a defensive behavioral response. The sympathetic nervous system is pro-inflammatory, while the parasympathetic nervous system is anti-inflammatory. Prolonged cholinergic withdrawal will promote a chronic inflammatory state. The innate immune cytokine IL-1β has pleiotropic properties and can regulate autonomic, glucocorticoid, and glutamate receptor functions, sleep, memory, and epigenetic enzymes. Changes in epigenetic enzyme activity can potentially alter phenotype and induce an adaptation. Levels of IL-1β correlate with severity and duration of PTSD and PTSD can be prevented by bolus administration of hydrocortisone in acute sepsis, consistent with unrestrained inflammation being a risk factor for PTSD. The nervous and immune systems engage in crosstalk, governed by common receptors. The benefits of currently used psychiatric medication may arise from immune, as well as synaptic, modulation. The psychedelic drugs (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and ketamine) have potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects on the adaptive immune system, which may contribute to their reported benefit in PTSD. There may be distinct PTSD phenotypes induced by innate and adaptive cytokine signaling. CONCLUSION In order for an organism to survive, it must adapt to its environment. Cytokines signal danger to the brain and can induce epigenetic changes that result in a persistent defensive phenotype. PTSD may be the price individuals pay for the genomic flexibility that promotes adaptation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rudzki
- Canberra Sports Medicine, Deakin, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
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17
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Yi SY, Barnett BR, Poetzel MJ, Stowe NA, Yu JPJ. Clinical translational neuroimaging of the antioxidant effect of N-acetylcysteine on neural microstructure. Magn Reson Med 2022; 87:820-836. [PMID: 34590731 PMCID: PMC8627450 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress and downstream effectors have emerged as important pathological processes that drive psychiatric illness, suggesting that antioxidants may have a therapeutic role in psychiatric disease. However, no imaging biomarkers are currently available to track therapeutic response. The purpose of this study was to examine whether advanced DWI techniques are able to sensitively detect the potential therapeutic effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in a Disc1 svΔ2 preclinical rat model of psychiatric illness. METHODS Male and female Disc1 svΔ2 rats and age-matched, sex-matched Sprague-Dawley wild-type controls were treated with a saline vehicle or NAC before ex vivo MRI acquisition at P50. Imaging data were fit to DTI and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging models and analyzed for region-specific changes in quantitative diffusion metrics. Brains were further processed for cellular quantification of microglial density and morphology. All experiments were repeated for Disc1 svΔ2 rats exposed to chronic early-life stress to test how gene-environment interactions might alter effectiveness of NAC therapy. RESULTS The DTI and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging analyses demonstrated amelioration of early-life, sex-specific neural microstructural deficits with concomitant differences in microglial morphology across multiple brain regions relevant to neuropsychiatric illness with NAC treatment, but only in male Disc1 svΔ2 rats. Addition of chronic early-life stress reduced the ability of NAC to restore microstructural deficits. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence for a treatment pathway targeting endogenous antioxidant capacity, and the clinical translational utility of neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging microstructural imaging to sensitively detect microstructural alterations resulting from antioxidant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Y. Yi
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Brian R. Barnett
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - McKenzie J. Poetzel
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Stowe
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John-Paul J. Yu
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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18
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Yu HS, Yu S, Lee CW, Li YA, Chen TH. Prenatal infection predisposes offspring to enhanced susceptibility to imiquimod-mediated psoriasiform dermatitis in mice. DERMATOL SIN 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds_6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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19
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Ghosh R, Mitra P, Kumar PVSNK, Goyal T, Sharma P. T helper cells in depression: central role of Th17 cells. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 59:19-39. [PMID: 34592888 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1965535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in the world. While conventional pharmaceutical therapy targets monoaminergic pathway dysfunction, it has not been totally successful in terms of positive outcomes, remission, and preventing relapses. There is an increasing amount of evidence that neuroinflammation may play a significant part in the pathophysiology of depression. Among the key components of the neuroinflammatory pathways already known to be active are the T helper (Th) cells, especially Th17 cells. While various preclinical and clinical studies have reported increased levels of Th17 cells in both serum and brain tissue of laboratory model animals, contradictory results have argued against a pertinent role of Th17 cells in depression. Recent studies have also revealed a role for more pathogenic and inflammatory subsets of Th17 in depression, as well as IL-17A and Th17 cells in non-responsiveness to conventional antidepressant therapy. Despite recent advances, there is still a significant knowledge gap concerning the exact mechanism by which Th17 cells influence neuroinflammation in depression. This review first provides a short introduction to the major findings that led to the discovery of the role of Th cells in depression. The major subsets of Th cells known to be involved in neuroimmunology of depression, such as Th1, Th17, and T regulatory cells, are subsequently described, with an in-depth discussion on current knowledge about Th17 cells in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghumoy Ghosh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prasenjit Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - P V S N Kiran Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Taru Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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20
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Engh JA, Ueland T, Agartz I, Andreou D, Aukrust P, Boye B, Bøen E, Drange OK, Elvsåshagen T, Hope S, Høegh MC, Joa I, Johnsen E, Kroken RA, Lagerberg TV, Lekva T, Malt UF, Melle I, Morken G, Nærland T, Steen VM, Wedervang-Resell K, Weibell MA, Westlye LT, Djurovic S, Steen NE, Andreassen OA. Plasma Levels of the Cytokines B Cell-Activating Factor (BAFF) and A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL) in Schizophrenia, Bipolar, and Major Depressive Disorder: A Cross Sectional, Multisite Study. Schizophr Bull 2021; 48:37-46. [PMID: 34499169 PMCID: PMC8781325 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and other nonaffective psychosis (SCZ), bipolar spectrum disorder (BIP) and major depressive disorder (MDD). The cytokines B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) super family and are essential in orchestrating immune responses. Abnormal levels of BAFF and APRIL have been found in autoimmune diseases with CNS affection. METHODS We investigated if plasma levels of BAFF and APRIL differed between patients with SCZ, BIP, and MDD with psychotic symptoms (n = 2009) and healthy control subjects (HC, n = 1212), and tested for associations with psychotic symptom load, controlling for sociodemographic status, antipsychotic and other psychotropic medication, smoking, body-mass-index, and high sensitivity CRP. RESULTS Plasma APRIL level was significantly lower across all patient groups compared to HC (P < .001; Cohen's d = 0.33), and in SCZ compared to HC (P < .001; d = 0.28) and in BIP compared to HC (P < .001; d = 0.37). Lower plasma APRIL was associated with higher psychotic symptom load with nominal significance (P = .017), but not with any other clinical characteristics. Plasma BAFF was not significantly different across patient groups vs HC, but significantly higher in BIP compared to HC (P = .040; d = 0.12) and SCZ (P = .027; d = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS These results show aberrant levels of BAFF and APRIL and association with psychotic symptoms in patients with SCZ and BIP. This suggest that dysregulation of the TNF system, mediated by BAFF and APRIL, is involved in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Abel Engh
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Vestfold Hospital Trust, Division of Mental health and Addiction, Tønsberg, Norway,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Oslo, Norway; tel: 023-02-73-50 (022-11-78-43 dir), fax: 023-02-73-33,
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Troms, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dimitrios Andreou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgitte Boye
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Psychosomatic and Consultation-liason Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend Bøen
- Psychosomatic and Consultation-liason Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Kristian Drange
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Psychiatry, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Hope
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Neuro Habilitation, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margrethe Collier Høegh
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge Joa
- TIPS, Network for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway,Network for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune Andreas Kroken
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trine Vik Lagerberg
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove Lekva
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ingrid Melle
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Psychiatry, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Nærland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,K.G. Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oslo, Norway,Department of Rare Disorders and Disabilities, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vidar Martin Steen
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kirsten Wedervang-Resell
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Melissa Auten Weibell
- TIPS, Network for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway,Network for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lars Tjelta Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Andreas Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Bao W, Lin Y, Chen Z. The Peripheral Immune System and Traumatic Brain Injury: Insight into the role of T-helper cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3644-3651. [PMID: 34790036 PMCID: PMC8579286 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.46834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that immune-inflammatory processes are key elements in the physiopathological events associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is followed by T-cell-specific immunological changes involving several subsets of T-helper cells and the cytokines they produce; these processes can have opposite effects depending on the disease course and cytokine concentrations. Efforts are underway to identify the T-helper cells and cytokine profiles associated with prognosis. These predictors may eventually serve as effective treatment targets to decrease morbidity and mortality and to improve the management of TBI patients. Here, we review the immunological response to TBI, the possible molecular mechanisms of this response, and therapeutic strategies to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zuobing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Exposure to hypertonic solutions during pregnancy induces autism-like behaviors via the NFAT-5 pathway in offspring in a rat model. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113545. [PMID: 34363817 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to investigate the effects of hyperosmolar state (HS) on immune response and inflammation via the NFAT5 pathway and examine whether immune-mediated conditions trigger autism-like behavior in offspring. METHODS a pregnant rat model was performed by administering hyperosmotic solutions. Pregnant rats were divided into 2 main groups; control (group I) and hyperosmolar groups (group II). Control group rats were given % 0.25 NaCI (tap water) (n = 6), the Hyperosmolar (HO) group was further subdivided into 3 groups as; Group II a rats which were given % 3 hypertonic NaCl (n = 6), Group II b rats were given mineral water (% 3 NaHCO3+magnesium+calcium content) (n = 6), and Group II c rats were given Ayran (% 0.8 NaCl content) (n = 6). Their offspring were examined for behaviors, biochemical and histological abnormality. RESULTS in offspring, TNF- α, IL-17, NFAT-5, and NGF levels in the brain were significantly higher in hyperosmotic solution groups than in control rats. Exposure of pregnant rats to hyperosmotic solution resulted in autism-like behaviors in their offspring. Through immunohistochemical methods, we found that CA1 and CA2 of the hippocampus indicated decreased number of neurons in hyperosmotic solution groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS our findings once again emphasized that the immune-mediated conditions involved in the pathophysiology of autism. NFAT5 pathway may be a key factor in the development of neuroinflammation by hyperosmotic solutions.
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23
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Peculiarities of the Composition of Peripheral Immune Cells and Cytokine Profile in Brain Structures in Mutant DISC1-L100P Mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:347-351. [PMID: 34297294 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Intact Disc1-L100P mice carrying a point mutation DISC1Rgsc1390 in the second exon of the DISC1 gene (genetic model of schizophrenia) differ from the parental C57BL/6NCrl strain by higher content of CD3+ T cells and reduced number of CD19+B cells in the peripheral blood and spleen. Analysis of T cell subpopulations revealed an increase in the number of CD3+CD4+ T helpers in the blood of mutant mice and a decrease in the level of CD3+CD8+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells and CD3+CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory cells. The distribution pattern of inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, IFNγ, and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines specific for Disc1-L100P mice was revealed in the brain structures involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. A possible implication of immune mechanisms in the development of schizophrenia-like endophenotype of Disc1-L100P mice is discussed.
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24
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Interrelationships Between Oxidative Stress, Cytokines, and Psychotic Symptoms and Executive Functions in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:485-491. [PMID: 34080586 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is involved in various abnormalities in oxidative stress markers and cytokines closely related to synaptic plasticity. However, the interactive effects among key cytokines, oxidative stress, and executive dysfunction and symptoms of schizophrenia have not been investigated yet. METHODS A total of 189 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 60 controls were recruited in the current study. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and IL-2 levels; catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities; and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in patients and controls. Executive function was evaluated by the Wisconsin card sorting tests, the verbal fluency tests, and the Stroop word-color test. Clinical symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS Relative to the controls, the patients had lower activities of SOD and glutathione peroxidase and levels of TNF-α, but higher levels of MDA, IL-8, IL-6, and IL-2 (all p values < .05). A significant negative relationship between SOD activity and IL-8 levels was found only in patients (β = -0.44, p = .008). Furthermore, we found that an interactive effect of low TNF-α level and high MDA level was associated with negative symptoms (β = -0.02, p = .01). Moreover, the interactive effects of IL-8 and MDA or IL-8 and SOD were correlated with executive function only in patients (β = 0.23, p = .02; β = 0.09, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the interrelationships between oxidative stress markers and cytokines occur in schizophrenia patients, which may be the basis of their pathological mechanisms underlying clinical symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.
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25
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Sviridova A, Rogovskii V, Kudrin V, Pashenkov M, Boyko A, Melnikov M. The role of 5-HT 2B-receptors in fluoxetine-mediated modulation of Th17- and Th1-cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 356:577608. [PMID: 34000471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which also has an immunomodulatory effect. We investigated the effects of fluoxetine and serotonin (5-HT) on the pro-inflammatory Th17- and Th1-cells in 30 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 20 healthy subjects. Fluoxetine and 5-HT suppressed IL-17, IFN-γ and GM-CSF production by stimulated СD4+ T-cells in both groups. Blockade of 5-HT2B-receptors decreased the inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on cytokine production in MS patients. Finally, 5-HT2B-receptor activation inhibits IL-17, IFN-γ and GM-CSF production in both groups. These data suggest an anti-inflammatory role for fluoxetine in MS, which could be mediated by the activation of 5-HT2B-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Sviridova
- Federal Center of Brain research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Department of Neuroimmunology, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Rogovskii
- Federal Center of Brain research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Department of Neuroimmunology, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Radiobiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kudrin
- V.V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Pharmacology Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Pashenkov
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Boyko
- Federal Center of Brain research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Department of Neuroimmunology, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Melnikov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia; National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Moscow, Russia.
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26
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Corsi-Zuelli F, Deakin B. Impaired regulatory T cell control of astroglial overdrive and microglial pruning in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:637-653. [PMID: 33713699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely held that schizophrenia involves an active process of peripheral inflammation that induces or reflects brain inflammation with activation of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells. However, recent in vivo radioligand binding studies and large-scale transcriptomics in post-mortem brain report reduced markers of microglial inflammation. The findings suggest a contrary hypothesis; that microglia are diverted into their non-inflammatory synaptic remodelling phenotype that interferes with neurodevelopment and perhaps contributes to the relapsing nature of schizophrenia. Recent discoveries on the regulatory interactions between micro- and astroglial cells and immune regulatory T cells (Tregs) cohere with clinical omics data to suggest that: i) disinhibited astrocytes mediate the shift in microglial phenotype via the production of transforming growth factor-beta, which also contributes to the disturbances of dopamine and GABA function in schizophrenia, and ii) systemically impaired functioning of Treg cells contributes to the dysregulation of glial function, the low-grade peripheral inflammation, and the hitherto unexplained predisposition to auto-immunity and reduced life-expectancy in schizophrenia, including greater COVID-19 mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bill Deakin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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27
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Effect of risperidone treatment on insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin-17 in drug naïve first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2021; 297:113717. [PMID: 33503523 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the inflammatory system is activated in schizophrenia and antipsychotics may affect cytokines levels. we conducted a cross-sectional and prospective study.One hundred and thirteen patients and 58 normal subjects matched by gender, age were enrolled in the study. All the patients had risperidonemonotherapy and undertook a 10-week follow-up. Serum levels of IL-17 and IGF-1 were examined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) was applied to estimate the clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. All procedures were repeated at the 10 weeks for patients group.The serum levels of IL-17 and IGF-1 in patients were significantly higher than in normal people. After treatment, IGF-1 levels in patients decreased significantly, whereas the IL-17 serum levels had no significant change compared to their baseline concentration. IGF-1 levels at the baseline were negatively associated with the reduction in negative symptoms score after controlling for age, gender distribution, education, smoking status, and WHR. Additionally, the magnitude of IGF-1 change was negatively correlated with negative symptoms score change after controlling for potential confounding variables. Results suggested that the inflammatory system is activated and serum IGF-1 may contribute to the pathophysiology of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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28
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Tokura Y, Phadungsaksawasdi P, Kurihara K, Fujiyama T, Honda T. Pathophysiology of Skin Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618897. [PMID: 33633737 PMCID: PMC7901930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells reside in peripheral, non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin, where they act as alarm-sensor cells or cytotoxic cells. Physiologically, skin TRM cells persist for a long term and can be reactivated upon reinfection with the same antigen, thus serving as peripheral sentinels in the immune surveillance network. CD8+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells are the well-characterized subtype that develops in the epidermis. The local mediators such as interleukin (IL)-15 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are required for the formation of long-lived TRM cell population in skin. Skin TRM cells engage virus-infected cells, proliferate in situ in response to local antigens and do not migrate out of the epidermis. Secondary TRM cell populations are derived from pre-existing TRM cells and newly recruited TRM precursors from the circulation. In addition to microbial pathogens, topical application of chemical allergen to skin causes delayed-type hypersensitivity and amplifies the number of antigen-specific CD8+ TRM cells at challenged site. Skin TRM cells are also involved in the pathological conditions, including vitiligo, psoriasis, fixed drug eruption and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The functions of these TRM cells seem to be different, depending on each pathology. Psoriasis plaques are seen in a recurrent manner especially at the originally affected sites. Upon stimulation of the skin of psoriasis patients, the CD8+CD103+CD49a- TRM cells in the epidermis seem to be reactivated and initiate IL-17A production. Meanwhile, autoreactive CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cells secreting interferon-γ are present in lesional vitiligo skin. Fixed drug eruption is another disease where skin TRM cells evoke its characteristic clinical appearance upon administration of a causative drug. Intraepidermal CD8+ TRM cells with an effector-memory phenotype resident in the skin lesions of fixed drug eruption play a major contributing role in the development of localized tissue damage. CTCL develops primarily in the skin by a clonal expansion of a transformed TRM cells. CD8+ CTCL with the pagetoid epidermotropic histology is considered to originate from epidermal CD8+ TRM cells. This review will discuss the current understanding of skin TRM biology and their contribution to skin homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Kurihara
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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29
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Exploring cellular markers of metabolic syndrome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells across the neuropsychiatric spectrum. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:673-682. [PMID: 32898636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that comorbidities between neuropsychiatric conditions and metabolic syndrome may precede and even exacerbate long-term side-effects of psychiatric medication, such as a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which result in increased mortality. In the present study we compare the expression of key metabolic proteins, including the insulin receptor (CD220), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and fatty acid translocase (CD36), on peripheral blood mononuclear cell subtypes from patients across the neuropsychiatric spectrum, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression and autism spectrum conditions (n = 25/condition), relative to typical controls (n = 100). This revealed alterations in the expression of these proteins that were specific to schizophrenia. Further characterization of metabolic alterations in an extended cohort of first-onset antipsychotic drug-naïve schizophrenia patients (n = 58) and controls (n = 63) revealed that the relationship between insulin receptor expression in monocytes and physiological insulin sensitivity was disrupted in schizophrenia and that altered expression of the insulin receptor was associated with whole genome polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia. Finally, longitudinal follow-up of the schizophrenia patients over the course of antipsychotic drug treatment revealed that peripheral metabolic markers predicted changes in psychopathology and the principal side effect of weight gain at clinically relevant time points. These findings suggest that peripheral blood cells can provide an accessible surrogate model for metabolic alterations in schizophrenia and have the potential to stratify subgroups of patients with different clinical outcomes or a greater risk of developing metabolic complications following antipsychotic therapy.
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30
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Leboyer M, Godin O, Terro E, Boukouaci W, Lu CL, Andre M, Aouizerate B, Berna F, Barau C, Capdevielle D, Clauss-Kobayashi J, Chereau I, D Amato T, Dubertret C, Dubreucq J, Fond G, Laouamri H, Leignier S, Lancon C, Llorca PM, Mallet J, Le Corvoisier P, Misdrahi D, Passerieux C, Rey R, Pignon B, Urbach M, Szoke A, Schürhoff F, Tamouza R. Immune Signatures of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A FondaMental Academic Centers of Expertise for Schizophrenia (FACE-SZ) Study. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2021; 2:sgab012. [PMID: 34901861 PMCID: PMC8650073 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) affects around 30% of patients with schizophrenia (SZ) resulting in poor functioning, relapses, and reduced quality of life. Convergent findings show that inflammation could contribute to resistance. We thus search for immune signatures of patients with TRS/ultra TRS (UTRS) in a sample of community-dwelling outpatients with SZ. In total, 195 stabilized SZ patients (mean age = 31.2 years, 73% male gender) were consecutively included in the network of the FondaMental Expert Centers for Schizophrenia in France and received a thorough clinical assessment. At inclusion, psychotic symptomatology was evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Circulating serum/plasma levels of a large panel of markers reflecting the main inflammatory pathways were evaluated. TRS was defined by current treatment by clozapine (CLZ) and UTRS by current CLZ treatment + PANSS total score ≥ 70. The frequency of TRS and UTRS patients was, respectively, 20% and 7.7% and was defined using multivariable analysis elevated by high levels of interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23p40, IL-17A, IL-10, and beta 2 microglobulin (B2M) and IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-17A, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and B2M, respectively. These observations suggest that resistance and ultra resistance to CLZ treatment are underpinned by pro-inflammatory molecules mainly belonging to the T helper 17 pathway, a finding making sense given the interplay between inflammation and antipsychotic treatment responses. If confirmed, our findings may allow us to consider IL-23/IL-17 pathway as a therapeutic target for patients with resistance to antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Leboyer
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, DMU IMPACT, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT) F-94010, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Ophélia Godin
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, DMU IMPACT, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | | | - Wahid Boukouaci
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT) F-94010, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Ching-Lieng Lu
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT) F-94010, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Myrtille Andre
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, INSERM 1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France.,INRAE, NutriNeuro, University of Bordeaux, U1286, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - Fabrice Berna
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Barau
- INSERM, Centre Investigation Clinique 1430, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est Créteil, F94010 Créteil, France
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, INSERM 1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Clauss-Kobayashi
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Chereau
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, University of Clermont Auvergne, EA 7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry D Amato
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Equipe PSYR2, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est, Bron, France
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1266, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire AP-HP Nord, Service de Psychiatrie et Addictologie. Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Julien Dubreucq
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive (C3R), CH Alpes Isère, France
| | - Guillaume Fond
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,AP-HM, Aix-Marseille Univ, School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvain Leignier
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive (C3R), CH Alpes Isère, France
| | - Christophe Lancon
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,AP-HM, Aix-Marseille Univ, School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, University of Clermont Auvergne, EA 7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jasmina Mallet
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1266, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire AP-HP Nord, Service de Psychiatrie et Addictologie. Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Philippe Le Corvoisier
- INSERM, Centre Investigation Clinique 1430, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est Créteil, F94010 Créteil, France
| | - David Misdrahi
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Department of Adult Psychiatry, Charles Perrens Hospital, University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA "Neuroimagerie et cognition humaine," Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Passerieux
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Service Universitaire de psychiatrie et d'addictologie du Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, INSERM UMR1018, CESP, Team "DevPsy," Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris - Saclay, France
| | - Romain Rey
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Equipe PSYR2, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est, Bron, France
| | - Baptiste Pignon
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, DMU IMPACT, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT) F-94010, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Urbach
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Service Universitaire de psychiatrie et d'addictologie du Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, INSERM UMR1018, CESP, Team "DevPsy," Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris - Saclay, France
| | - Andrei Szoke
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, DMU IMPACT, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT) F-94010, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Franck Schürhoff
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, DMU IMPACT, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT) F-94010, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, DMU IMPACT, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT) F-94010, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
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Kage P, Simon JC, Treudler R. Atopic dermatitis and psychosocial comorbidities. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:93-102. [PMID: 32026645 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that may be associated with a number of comorbidities including psychosocial disorders, which are the primary focus of this article. The data presented is based on a literature search in PubMed and subsequent screening of relevant review articles and guidelines. There is a greater prevalence of depression, anxiety, sleep disorders and suicidal ideation among individuals with AD. The disease negatively impacts patients' quality of life. Children with AD have been shown to more commonly exhibit signs of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Only little data exists on the association of AD with schizophrenia, eating disorders or obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is a great need for research in the field of AD-related comorbidities, especially with respect to the question as to whether and how novel treatment options may potentially affect these comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kage
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Leipzig Interdisciplinary Center for Allergology - LICA-CAC, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Leipzig Interdisciplinary Center for Allergology - LICA-CAC, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Regina Treudler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Leipzig Interdisciplinary Center for Allergology - LICA-CAC, University of Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Flowers SA, Ward KM, Clark CT. The Gut Microbiome in Bipolar Disorder and Pharmacotherapy Management. Neuropsychobiology 2020; 79:43-49. [PMID: 31722343 DOI: 10.1159/000504496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex and dynamic community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that exist in a bidirectional relationship with the host. Bacterial functions in the gut play a critical role in healthy host functioning, and its disruption can contribute to many medical conditions. The relationship between gut microbiota and the brain has gained attention in mental health due to the mounting evidence supporting the association of gut bacteria with mood and behavior. Patients with bipolar disorder exhibit an increased frequency of gastrointestinal illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease, which mechanistically has been linked to microbial community function. While the heterogeneity in microbial communities between individuals might be associated with disease risk, it may also moderate the efficacy or adverse effects associated with the use of medication. The following review highlights published evidence linking the function of gut microbiota both to bipolar disorder risk and to the effect of medications that influence microbiota, inflammation, and mood symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Flowers
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,
| | - Kristen M Ward
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Crystal T Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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33
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Type 17 Immune Response Facilitates Progression of Inflammation and Correlates with Cognition in Stable Schizophrenia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10110926. [PMID: 33182582 PMCID: PMC7698203 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the type 17 immune pathway has already been considered in schizophrenia and we previously measured decreased sera values of interleukin (IL)-17 in early stages. We further explored the possible correlation of IL-17 systemic levels with proinflammatory cytokines and cognitive scores and additionally analyzed the percentage of IL-17 producing lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with stable schizophrenia. We included 27 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (F20), after a three-month stable depot antipsychotic therapy (risperidone or paliperidone) and 18 healthy control subjects. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale of Schizophrenia and the Montreal-Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were conducted. Sera concentrations of IL-17, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and soluble ST2 receptor (sST2) were measured. Flow cytometry and Natural Killer (NK) and T cell analyses were done in 10 patients and 10 healthy controls. Moderate positive correlation was established between IL-17 and TNF-α (r = 0.640; p = 0.001), IL-17 and IL-6 (r = 0.514; p = 0.006), IL-17 and sST2 (r = 0.394; p = 0.042). Furthermore, a positive correlation between the serum levels of IL-17 and MoCA scores was observed, especially with visuospatial and executive functioning, as well as language functioning and delayed recall (p < 0.05). Significantly higher percentage of IL-17 producing CD56+ NK cells was measured in peripheral blood of patients with schizophrenia in remission vs. healthy individuals (p = 0.001). The percentage of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ T cells that produce IL-17 was significantly increased in patients (p = 0.001). This study revealed the involvement of innate type 17 immune response in the progression of inflammation and this could be related to cognitive functioning in stable schizophrenia.
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The Risk of Systemic Diseases in Those with Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: From Mechanisms to Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197041. [PMID: 32987907 PMCID: PMC7583918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) have been recently considered as chronic systemic inflammatory disorders. Over the past decades, enormous evidence indicates that patients with psoriasis and PsA have a higher risk of developing various comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, cancers, infections, autoimmune disease, and psychiatric diseases. However, reported risks of some comorbidities in those with psoriasis and PsA are somewhat different according to the research design. Moreover, pathomechanisms underlying comorbidities of those with psoriasis and PsA remain poorly elucidated. The purpose of this review is to provide the most updated comprehensive view of the risk of systemic comorbidities in those with psoriasis and PsA. Molecular mechanisms associated with the development of various comorbidities in those with psoriasis and PsA are also reviewed based on recent laboratory and clinical investigations. Identifying the risk of systemic comorbidities and its associated pathomechanisms in those with psoriasis and PsA could provide a sufficient basis to use a multi-disciplinary approach for treating patients with psoriasis and PsA.
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin disease that commonly affects patients. In addition to its effects on the skin, it has also been associated with other physical, psychosocial, and economic burdens along with numerous debilitating comorbidities. More recently, research has focused on the psychosocial and mental health aspect of atopic dermatitis, which has remained controversial. We reviewed the current literature and have discussed the association of atopic dermatitis with suicide, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia.
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36
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Sahbaz C, Zibandey N, Kurtulmus A, Duran Y, Gokalp M, Kırpınar I, Sahin F, Guloksuz S, Akkoc T. Reduced regulatory T cells with increased proinflammatory response in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1861-1871. [PMID: 32221694 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether circulating T cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) and derived cytokines contribute to the immune imbalance observed in schizophrenia. METHODS Forty patients with schizophrenia and 40 age, sex, body mass index, education, and smoking status-matched healthy controls (HC) are included in the study. We stained cells with anti-CD14, anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD19, anti-CD20, and anti-CD16/56. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stained with the human FoxP3 kit containing anti-CD4/anti-CD25 and intracellular anti-Foxp3. PBMCs were cultured for 72 h and stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. Cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A) were measured from the culture supernatant and plasma using the Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine bead array kit. RESULTS In comparison with HC, Treg percentages in schizophrenia were higher (1.17 ± 0.63 vs 0.81 ± 0.53, P = 0.005) in unstimulated but lower in the stimulated condition (0.73 ± 0.69 vs 0.97 ± 0.55, P = 0.011). Activated T cell percentages were higher in schizophrenia than HC in unstimulated (2.22 ± 0.78 vs 1.64 ± 0.89, P = 0.001) and stimulated (2.25 ± 1.01 vs 1.72 ± 1.00, P = 0.010) conditions. The culture supernatant levels of IL-6 (7505.17 ± 5170.07 vs 1787.81 ± 1363.32, P < 0.001), IL-17A (191.73 ± 212.49 vs 46.43 ± 23.99, P < 0.001), TNF-α (1557 ± 1059.69 vs 426.57 ± 174.62, P = 0.023), and IFN-γ (3204.13 ± 1397.06 vs 447.79 ± 270.13, P < 0.001); and plasma levels of IL-6 (3.83 ± 3.41vs 1.89 ± 1.14, P = 0.003) and IL-17A (1.20 ± 0.84 vs 0.83 ± 0.53, P = 0.033) were higher in patients with schizophrenia than HC. CONCLUSION Our explorative study shows reduced level of Foxp3 expressing Treg in a stimulated condition with induced levels of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Sahbaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Ayse Kurtulmus
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yazgul Duran
- Department of Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muazzez Gokalp
- Department of Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismet Kırpınar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Department of Bioengineering and Genetics, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tunc Akkoc
- Department of Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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37
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Kage P, Simon J, Treudler R. Atopische Dermatitis und psychosoziale Komorbidität. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:93-102. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14029_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kage
- Klinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Leipziger Interdisziplinäres Centrum für Allergologie – LICA‐CAC Universität Leipzig
| | - Jan‐Christoph Simon
- Klinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Leipziger Interdisziplinäres Centrum für Allergologie – LICA‐CAC Universität Leipzig
| | - Regina Treudler
- Klinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Leipziger Interdisziplinäres Centrum für Allergologie – LICA‐CAC Universität Leipzig
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38
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Shivakumar V, Sreeraj VS, Subbanna M, Kalmady SV, Amaresha AC, Narayanaswamy JC, Debnath M, Venkatasubramanian G. Differential impact of interleukin-6 promoter gene polymorphism on hippocampal volume in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients. Indian J Psychiatry 2020; 62:36-42. [PMID: 32001929 PMCID: PMC6964441 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_486_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differential susceptibility model hypothesizes that a genotype need not be unfavorable all the time as postulated in stress-diathesis model but can be beneficial in a supportive context. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs18000795) within the promoter region of interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene was earlier noted to have a differential susceptibility on hippocampal volume in schizophrenia (SCZ). MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined antipsychotic-naïve/free SCZ patients (n = 35) in comparison with healthy controls (n = 68). Hippocampus volumes were assessed in 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging using voxel-based morphometry. Region of interest analysis was done using hippocampus mask. IL-6 SNP (rs1800795) was genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS A significantly deficient right (T = 3.03; K E= 392; P SVC-FWE= 0.04) and left (T = 3.03; K E= 47; P uncorr= 0.03) hippocampal gray matter volumes were noted in SCZ patients after controlling for the potential confounding effects of age, sex, and total brain volume. There was a significant diagnosis x rs1800795 genotype interaction involving both left (T = 2.17, K E= 95, P uncorr= 0.02) and right (T = 1.82, K E= 29, P uncorr= 0.04) hippocampal volumes. Patients with GG (left: F =5.78; P = 0.02; right: F =6.21; P = 0.01) but not GC/CC genotype (left: F =0.89; P = 0.34; right: F <0.01; P = 0.95) had volume depletion. CONCLUSION A paradoxical smaller hippocampal volume with GG genotype was noted in SCZ. Further elucidation of its mechanistic basis might have translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataram Shivakumar
- Translational Psychiatry Lab, Neurobiology Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanteemar S Sreeraj
- Translational Psychiatry Lab, Neurobiology Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjula Subbanna
- InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil V Kalmady
- Translational Psychiatry Lab, Neurobiology Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anekal C Amaresha
- Translational Psychiatry Lab, Neurobiology Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Translational Psychiatry Lab, Neurobiology Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Translational Psychiatry Lab, Neurobiology Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Abdoli A, Mirzaian Ardakani H. Potential application of helminth therapy for resolution of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:95-110. [PMID: 31352539 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) are among the major debilitating disorders worldwide with multiple etiological factors. However, in recent years, psychoneuroimmunology uncovered the role of inflammatory condition and autoimmune disorders in the etiopathogenesis of different NPDs. Hence, resolution of inflammation is a new therapeutic target of NPDs. On the other hand, Helminth infections are among the most prevalent infectious diseases in underdeveloped countries, which usually caused chronic infections with minor clinical symptoms. Remarkably, helminths are among the master regulator of inflammatory reactions and epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between prevalence of autoimmune disorders with these infections. As such, changes of intestinal microbiota are known to be associated with inflammatory conditions in various NPDs. Conversely, helminth colonization alters the intestinal microbiota composition that leads to suppression of intestinal inflammation. In animal models and human studies, helminths or their antigens have shown to be protected against severe autoimmune and allergic disorders, decline the intensity of inflammatory reactions and improved clinical symptoms of the patients. Therefore, "helminthic therapy" have been used for modulation of immune disturbances in different autoimmunity illnesses, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Here, it is proposed that "helminthic therapy" is able to ameliorate neuroinflammation of NPDs through immunomodulation of inflammatory reactions and alteration of microbiota composition. This review discusses the potential application of "helminthic therapy" for resolution of neuroinflammation in NPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, POBox 74148-46199, Ostad Motahari Ave, Jahrom, Iran.
- Zoonoses Research Center, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
- Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Hoda Mirzaian Ardakani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Subbanna M, Shivakumar V, Venugopal D, Narayanaswamy JC, Berk M, Varambally S, Venkatasubramanian G, Debnath M. Impact of antipsychotic medication on IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of drug-naive schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:64-69. [PMID: 31587436 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Immunopathogenesis remains a widely appreciated etiopathological model of schizophrenia. Persistent efforts have aimed to identify schizophrenia biomarkers indexing immune system abnormalities and also immuno-dampening effects of antipsychotic medications. Although data arising from published reports are encouraging, such studies are limited to a few immune parameters and not focused on a specific pathway. Th17 cells-mediated immuno-inflammatory responses have emerged as a potential mechanism in various neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia. The Th17 pathway is distinctly regulated through a coordinated action of multiple cytokines and transcription factors. In this study, we explored whether antipsychotic medication has any effect on the cytokines and transcription factors of the Th17 pathway. METHODS A total of 27 drug-naive schizophrenia patients were recruited and followed up for 3 months after initiation of antipsychotic medication. Lymphocyte gene expression levels of two transcription factors (STAT3 and RORC) and one of their upstream regulators, IL6, were quantified before and after treatment. Plasma levels of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-23, and IL-33, were also analyzed before and after treatment. RESULTS Treatment with antipsychotic medication for 3 months resulted in significant downregulation of STAT3 gene expression as well as reduction in plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A. Significant reduction in total scores for the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms was also observed in schizophrenia patients after 3 months of antipsychotic treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest possible immuno-modulatory effects of antipsychotic medication on the critical regulators, such as IL-6 and STAT3, of the Th17 pathway in schizophrenia patients. The IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis involved in the transcriptional regulation of Th17 cells might appear as an important target of antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia patients. Alternatively, irrespective of the effect of antipsychotic drugs, the IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis might be crucially involved in ameliorating psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Subbanna
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Deepthi Venugopal
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shivarama Varambally
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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41
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Kowalczyk M, Szemraj J, Bliźniewska K, Maes M, Berk M, Su KP, Gałecki P. An immune gate of depression - Early neuroimmune development in the formation of the underlying depressive disorder. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1299-1307. [PMID: 31706254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of depression worldwide is increasing from year to year and constitutes a serious medical, economic and social problem. Currently, despite multifactorial risk factors and pathways contributing to depression development, a significant aspect is attributed to the inflammatory process. Cytokines are considered a factor activating the kynurenine pathway, which leads to the exhaustion of tryptophan in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway. This results in the activation of potentially neuroprogressive processes and also affects the metabolism of many neurotransmitters. The immune system plays a coordinating role in mediating inflammatory process. Beginning from foetal life, dendritic cells have the ability to react to bacterial and viral antigens, stimulating T lymphocytes in a similar way to adult cells. Cytotoxicity in the prenatal period shapes the predisposition to the development of depression in adult life. Allostasis, i.e. the ability to maintain the body's balance in the face of environmental adversity through changes in its behaviour or physiology, allows the organism to survive but its consequences may be unfavourable if it lasts too long. As a result, Th lymphocytes, in particular T helper 17 cells, which play a central role in the immunity of the whole body, contribute to the development of both autoimmune diseases and psychiatric disorders including depression, as well as have an impact on the differentiation of T CD4+ cells into Th17 cells in the later development of the child's organism, which confirms the importance of the foetal period for the progression of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, and Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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42
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Th17 and MAIT cell mediated inflammation in antipsychotic free schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:47-53. [PMID: 31439420 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune hypothesis of schizophrenia has gained significant popularity in recent years in schizophrenia research. Evidence suggests that the peripheral immune system communicates with central nervous system and the effect propagates through microglial and lymphocyte crosstalk, especially during neuro-inflammation. Although, there is previous literature indicating changes in lymphocyte population in schizophrenia, detailed studies with respect to T and B cells are scarce. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are functionally associated with the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, there is no information on the frequency of MAIT cells in schizophrenia. Hence, we investigated changes in proportions of T cells, B cells and MAIT cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from antipsychotic-free patients with schizophrenia in comparison to healthy controls. In line with earlier reports, we noted perturbations in Th17 cells. This study for the first time reports changes in frequencies of MAIT cells in a homogenous population of antipsychotic-free patients with schizophrenia. These changes, though not common across all patients nevertheless point to the fact that inflammation is prevalent in a significant subset of schizophrenia cases.
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43
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Ungprasert P, Wijarnpreecha K, Cheungpasitporn W. Patients with psoriasis have a higher risk of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Postgrad Med 2019; 65:141-145. [PMID: 31169131 PMCID: PMC6659437 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_253_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Patients with psoriasis are known to be at a higher risk of several comorbidities, but little is known about their risk of developing schizophrenia. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies that reported relative risk, hazard ratio, odds ratio (OR), or standardized incidence ratio comparing risk of schizophrenia in patients with psoriasis versus subjects without psoriasis was conducted. Pooled OR and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random-effect, generic inverse-variance methods of DerSimonian and Laird. Results A total of five studies (one retrospective cohort study and four case-control studies) with more than 6 million participants met the eligibility criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled OR of schizophrenia in patients with psoriasis versus subjects without psoriasis was 1.41 (95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.66). The statistical heterogeneity was low with an I2 of 33%. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia among patients with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ungprasert
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - K Wijarnpreecha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY, USA
| | - W Cheungpasitporn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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44
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Miraldi ER, Pokrovskii M, Watters A, Castro DM, De Veaux N, Hall JA, Lee JY, Ciofani M, Madar A, Carriero N, Littman DR, Bonneau R. Leveraging chromatin accessibility for transcriptional regulatory network inference in T Helper 17 Cells. Genome Res 2019; 29:449-463. [PMID: 30696696 PMCID: PMC6396413 DOI: 10.1101/gr.238253.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) provide insight into cellular behavior by describing interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and their gene targets. The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC)–seq, coupled with TF motif analysis, provides indirect evidence of chromatin binding for hundreds of TFs genome-wide. Here, we propose methods for TRN inference in a mammalian setting, using ATAC-seq data to improve gene expression modeling. We test our methods in the context of T Helper Cell Type 17 (Th17) differentiation, generating new ATAC-seq data to complement existing Th17 genomic resources. In this resource-rich mammalian setting, our extensive benchmarking provides quantitative, genome-scale evaluation of TRN inference, combining ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data. We refine and extend our previous Th17 TRN, using our new TRN inference methods to integrate all Th17 data (gene expression, ATAC-seq, TF knockouts, and ChIP-seq). We highlight newly discovered roles for individual TFs and groups of TFs (“TF–TF modules”) in Th17 gene regulation. Given the popularity of ATAC-seq, which provides high-resolution with low sample input requirements, we anticipate that our methods will improve TRN inference in new mammalian systems, especially in vivo, for cells directly from humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Miraldi
- Divisions of Immunobiology and Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45257, USA
| | - Maria Pokrovskii
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Aaron Watters
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Dayanne M Castro
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
| | - Nicholas De Veaux
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Jason A Hall
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - June-Yong Lee
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Maria Ciofani
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Aviv Madar
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
| | - Nick Carriero
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York, New York 10016, USA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.,Center for Data Science, New York University, New York, New York 10010, USA
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45
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Kovács MÁ, Tényi T, Kugyelka R, Prenek L, Hau L, Magyar ÉE, Herold R, Balogh P, Simon D. Elevated Osteopontin and Interferon Gamma Serum Levels and Increased Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Are Associated With the Severity of Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:996. [PMID: 32038330 PMCID: PMC6989480 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and immune dysregulation could contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Osteopontin (OPN) is a cytokine-like glycoprotein involved in inflammation and in modulating immune responses, and it can also directly modify the cytokine expression and survival of microglia. Furthermore, elevated gene expression of OPN in first episode psychosis has recently been described, but to date OPN level has not been investigated in schizophrenia. Imbalance of T-helper subtypes could also represent a vulnerability factor for schizophrenia. In this study, we analyzed the concentration of OPN, levels of cytokines associated with T-helper subtypes: interferon gamma (IFNy) for Th1, interleukin (IL)-10 for Th2, IL-8 for Th17, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in 22 patients with schizophrenia assessed for the intensity of their symptoms by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) scores. Serum OPN, IFNy, IL-10, and IL-8 concentrations were measured by ELISA kits and NLR was calculated from blood count. We found significant correlation between the level of OPN and PANSS-total and PANSS-general scores. IFNy level and NLR showed significant correlation with PANSS-total, PANSS-positive, PANSS-general, and CGI score. Among the measured markers antipsychotic therapy only had significant effects on NLR and OPN level, both of which were significantly reduced after long-term antipsychotic treatment. Our results indicate that elevated OPN and IFNy concentrations, and increased NLR are associated with severe symptoms in schizophrenia and suggest the importance of Th1 subtype in patients with high PANSS-positive and PANSS-general subscore. Significant correlation between NLR and PANSS scores strengthens the inflammation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Áron Kovács
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tényi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Réka Kugyelka
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lilla Prenek
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lídia Hau
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Erzsébet Magyar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Herold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Diána Simon
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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46
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Rodrigues-Amorim D, Rivera-Baltanás T, Regueiro B, Spuch C, de Las Heras ME, Vázquez-Noguerol Méndez R, Nieto-Araujo M, Barreiro-Villar C, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. The role of the gut microbiota in schizophrenia: Current and future perspectives. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:571-585. [PMID: 29383983 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1433878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a poorly understood chronic disease. Its pathophysiology is complex, dynamic, and linked to epigenetic mechanisms and microbiota involvement. Nowadays, correlating schizophrenia with the environment makes sense owing to its multidimensional implications: temporal and spatial variability. Microbiota involvement and epigenetic mechanisms are factors that are currently being considered to better understand another dimension of schizophrenia. METHODS This review summarises and discusses currently available information, focussing on the microbiota, epigenetic mechanisms, technological approaches aimed at performing exhaustive analyses of the microbiota, and psychotherapies, to establish future perspectives. RESULTS The connection between the microbiota, epigenetic mechanisms and technological developments allows for formulating new approaches objectively oriented towards the development of alternative psychotherapies that may help treat schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS In this review, the gut microbiota and epigenetic mechanisms were considered as key regulators, revealing a potential new aetiology of schizophrenia. Likewise, continuous technological advances (e.g. culturomics), aimed at the microbiota-gut-brain axis generate new evidence on this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- a Psychiatric Diseases Research Group , Galicia Sur Health Research Institute. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM , Vigo , Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- a Psychiatric Diseases Research Group , Galicia Sur Health Research Institute. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM , Vigo , Spain
| | - Benito Regueiro
- b Microbiology and Parasitology Department (School of Medicine , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela). Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS , Vigo , Spain
| | - Carlos Spuch
- c Neurology Research Group , Galicia Sur Health Research Institute. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM , Vigo , Spain
| | - María Elena de Las Heras
- a Psychiatric Diseases Research Group , Galicia Sur Health Research Institute. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM , Vigo , Spain
| | - Raul Vázquez-Noguerol Méndez
- a Psychiatric Diseases Research Group , Galicia Sur Health Research Institute. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM , Vigo , Spain
| | - Maria Nieto-Araujo
- a Psychiatric Diseases Research Group , Galicia Sur Health Research Institute. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM , Vigo , Spain
| | - Carolina Barreiro-Villar
- a Psychiatric Diseases Research Group , Galicia Sur Health Research Institute. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM , Vigo , Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Olivares
- a Psychiatric Diseases Research Group , Galicia Sur Health Research Institute. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM , Vigo , Spain
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- a Psychiatric Diseases Research Group , Galicia Sur Health Research Institute. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM , Vigo , Spain
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47
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Subbanna M, Shivakumar V, Talukdar PM, Narayanaswamy JC, Venugopal D, Berk M, Varambally S, Venkatasubramanian G, Debnath M. Role of IL-6/RORC/IL-22 axis in driving Th17 pathway mediated immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia. Cytokine 2018; 111:112-118. [PMID: 30138899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immuno-inflammatory origin of schizophrenia in a subset of patients is viewed as a key element of an overarching etiological construct. Despite substantial research, the immune components exerting major effect are yet to be fully clarified. Disrupted T cell networks have consistently been linked to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Amongst the Th cell subsets, the Th17 cells have emerged as a paradigmatic lineage with significant functional implications in a vast number of immune mediated diseases including brain disorders such as schizophrenia. The present study was aimed at examining the functional role of the Th17 pathway in schizophrenia. To address this, genotyping of IL17A (rs2275913; G197A) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism was carried out by the PCR-RFLP method in 221 schizophrenia patients and 223 healthy control subjects. Gene expression of two transcription factors STAT3 and RORC was quantified in a subset of drug naïve schizophrenia patients (n = 56) and healthy controls (n = 52) by TaqMan assay. The plasma levels of fifteen cytokines belonging to Th17 pathway were estimated in a subset of drug naïve schizophrenia patients (n = 61) and healthy controls (n = 50) by using Bio-Plex Pro Human Th17 cytokine assays. The AA genotype was associated with higher total score of bizarre behaviour and apathy in female schizophrenia patients. A high gene expression level of RORC was observed in drug naïve schizophrenia patients. In addition, significantly elevated plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-22, and reduced levels of IL-1β and IL-17F were noted in schizophrenia patients. Taken together, these findings indicate a dysregulated Th17 pathway in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Subbanna
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pinku Mani Talukdar
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepthi Venugopal
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shivarama Varambally
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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48
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Kant R, Pasi S, Surolia A. Auto-Reactive Th17-Cells Trigger Obsessive-Compulsive-Disorder Like Behavior in Mice With Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2508. [PMID: 30429853 PMCID: PMC6220041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17-lymphocytes are well known for their deleterious role in autoimmunity. But does the notoriety of this repertoire extend beyond autoimmunity? In the present study we employed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as model system to study the role auto-reactive Th17 cells in neuropsychiatric disorders. The mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis exhibited exaggerated grooming activity. The observed behavioral anomaly resembled obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) upon analysis of grooming microstructure, induced grooming, marble burying and nestlet shredding. The observed OCD like behavior was relieved upon Th17 cell depletion; alternatively, it could alone be induced by adoptive transfer of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) reactive Th17 in B6.Rag1−/− mice. The observed OCD like behavior was also alleviated upon treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Shweta Pasi
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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49
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Impact of antipsychotic treatment on methylation status of Interleukin-6 [IL-6] gene in Schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 104:88-95. [PMID: 30005373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia has emerged as one of the predominant research paradigms in recent times. Based on the altered serum levels as well as gene expression, IL-6 has been considered as a peripheral biomarker of schizophrenia. However, the precise mechanism underlying the altered expression of IL6 in schizophrenia is inadequately known. Given the profound influence of environmental factors on schizophrenia risk, it is important to understand the effect of epigenetic changes on schizophrenia risk. Further, it is not known whether epigenetic changes modulate the expression of IL6 and its subsequent effects on the risk and progression of schizophrenia. In this study, we analysed and compared the methylation status of IL6 promoter sequence from -1200bp to +27bp in antipsychotic-naïve/free schizophrenia patients (N = 47) and matched healthy controls (N = 47) using bisulfite sequencing method. In addition, we also examined the methylation status in these patients at least after 3-months of treatment with antipsychotics (N = 40). At baseline, a state of hypomethylation was observed in the IL6 promoter of schizophrenia subjects in comparison to healthy controls. This state of hypomethylation was shown to be reversed by the administration of antipsychotics. In summary, our observations emphasize a significant role for IL-6 promoter methylation in schizophrenia pathogenesis as well as treatment with antipsychotic medications.
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50
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder of complex etiology. Immune processes have long been proposed to contribute to the development of schizophrenia, and accumulating evidence supports immune involvement in at least a subset of cases. In recent years, large-scale genetic studies have provided new insights into the role of the immune system in this disease. Here, we provide an overview of the immunogenetic architecture of schizophrenia based on findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). First, we review individual immune loci identified in secondary analyses of GWAS, which implicate over 30 genes expressed in both immune and brain cells. The function of the proteins encoded by these immune candidates highlight the role of the complement system, along with regulation of apoptosis in both immune and neuronal cells. Next, we review hypothesis-free pathway analyses which have so far been inconclusive with respect to identifying immune pathways involved in schizophrenia. Finally, we explore the genetic overlap between schizophrenia and immune-mediated diseases. Although there have been some inconsistencies across studies, genome-wide pleiotropy has been reported between schizophrenia and Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, and ulcerative colitis. Overall, there are multiple lines of evidence supporting the role of immune genes in schizophrenia. Current evidence suggests that specific immune pathways are involved-likely those with dual functions in the central nervous system. Future studies focused on further elucidating the relevant pathways hold the potential to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie G Pouget
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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