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Zyoud SH. Global dioxin research trends and focal points: A century-long visual and bibliometric analysis (1923-2022). Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:504-518. [PMID: 38838663 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241257276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Dioxin-like compounds, recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as among the most enduring toxic chemical substances in the environment, are linked to various occupational activities and industrial accidents worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine and present research publications on dioxins, pinpoint current research trends, identify research gaps, and highlight potential avenues for future exploration in the field. The study period for relevant research articles ranged from 1923 to December 31, 2022, and these articles were sourced from the Scopus database. The analysis involved the identification of key contributors to the field and the visualization of topics, themes, and international collaboration. VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20) was used for visualization analysis. A total of 11,620 publications on dioxins were documented in the Scopus database. The predominant category of these documents comprised 9780 original articles, which represents 84.17% of the total publications. The United States lead in the number of publications, with 3992 (34.35%), followed by Japan, with 1429 (12.3%), China, with 1005 (8.65%), and Germany, with 974 (8.38%). Before 2002, scholarly attention in this field focused primarily on the health effects, environmental fate, and mechanism of toxicity of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, a noticeable change in research focus has been observed since 2002, highlighting the emergence of a topic related to the health effects and environmental fate of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PFDFs). This study is the first to conduct a comprehensive quantitative bibliometric analysis of dioxins over time. These findings indicate a significant increase in the overall growth of the dioxin literature over the past 30 years. These findings may prove crucial in guiding and organizing subsequent investigations related to dioxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa'ed H Zyoud
- Poison Control and Drug Information Center (PCDIC), An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
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2
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Jo J, Son Y, Park MK, Lee JY, Chu H, Ahn YG. Statistical comparison for assessing agreement between two mass spectrometric methods for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/Fs) in contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142806. [PMID: 38986783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
A gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HR/MS) has been used as the standard method for the quantification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/Fs), which are regulated at screening and action levels in the environment. However, several alternative methods have been attempted due to the disadvantage of its high cost. Although a gas chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) has been used in a wide variety of sample matrices, showing that they are interchangeable, there has been a lack of comprehensive studies on statistical agreement with GC-HR/MS. In this study, a pairwise comparison of the total concentrations of PCDDs/Fs in 90 soil field samples obtained by two mass spectrometric methods was performed using the Passing-Bablok (P&B) regression and Bland-Altman (B&A) analysis for the method comparison. According to the result of the B&A analysis, the concentration range of PCDDs/Fs was between 98.2 and 1760 pg/g showed good agreement between two methods at the 95 % confidence level (CL). Although there was a large discrepancy between the two methods in the low concentrations (<16.5 pg/g of PCDDs/Fs), this result was similar to the P&B regression analysis. As the verification results by B&A and P&B regression analysis, the interchangeable concentration range between the two methods was confirmed to be adequate for the monitoring of PCDDs/Fs regulating levels in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Jo
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, South Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 39177, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Jeju National University, 63243, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Haena Chu
- Metropolitan Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, University-Industry Cooperation Building, 150, Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03759, South Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Metropolitan Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, University-Industry Cooperation Building, 150, Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03759, South Korea.
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3
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Fitch S, Blanchette A, Haws LC, Franke K, Ring C, DeVito M, Wheeler M, Walker N, Birnbaum L, Van Ede KI, Antunes Fernandes EC, Wikoff DS. Systematic update to the mammalian relative potency estimate database and development of best estimate toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like compounds. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 147:105571. [PMID: 38244664 PMCID: PMC11059105 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) assesses potential health risks of dioxin-like compounds using Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs). This study systematically updated the relative potency (REP) database underlying the 2005 WHO TEFs and applied advanced methods for quantitative integration of study quality and dose-response. Data obtained from fifty-one publications more than doubled the size of the previous REP database (∼1300 datasets). REP quality and relevance for these data was assessed via application of a consensus-based weighting framework. Using Bayesian dose-response modeling, available data were modeled to produce standardized dose/concentration-response Hill curves. Study quality and REP data were synthesized via Bayesian meta-analysis to integrate dose/concentration-response data, author-calculated REPs and benchmark ratios. The output is a prediction of the most likely relationship between each congener and its reference as model-predicted TEF uncertainty distributions, or the 'best estimate TEF' (BE-TEF). The resulting weighted BE-TEFs were similar to the 2005 TEFs, though provide more information to inform selection of TEF values as well as to provide risk assessors and managers with information needed to quantitatively characterize uncertainty around TEF values. Collectively, these efforts produce an updated REP database and an objective, reproducible approach to support development of TEF values based on all available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fitch
- ToxStrategies, Katy, TX, USA.
| | | | | | - K Franke
- ToxStrategies, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - C Ring
- ToxStrategies, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M DeVito
- Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M Wheeler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - N Walker
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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DeVito M, Bokkers B, van Duursen MBM, van Ede K, Feeley M, Antunes Fernandes Gáspár E, Haws L, Kennedy S, Peterson RE, Hoogenboom R, Nohara K, Petersen K, Rider C, Rose M, Safe S, Schrenk D, Wheeler MW, Wikoff DS, Zhao B, van den Berg M. The 2022 world health organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for polychlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 146:105525. [PMID: 37972849 PMCID: PMC10870838 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In October 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened an expert panel in Lisbon, Portugal in which the 2005 WHO TEFs for chlorinated dioxin-like compounds were reevaluated. In contrast to earlier panels that employed expert judgement and consensus-based assignment of TEF values, the present effort employed an update to the 2006 REP database, a consensus-based weighting scheme, a Bayesian dose response modeling and meta-analysis to derive "Best-Estimate" TEFs. The updated database contains almost double the number of datasets from the earlier version and includes metadata that informs the weighting scheme. The Bayesian analysis of this dataset results in an unbiased quantitative assessment of the congener-specific potencies with uncertainty estimates. The "Best-Estimate" TEF derived from the model was used to assign 2022 WHO-TEFs for almost all congeners and these values were not rounded to half-logs as was done previously. The exception was for the mono-ortho PCBs, for which the panel agreed to retain their 2005 WHO-TEFs due to limited and heterogenous data available for these compounds. Applying these new TEFs to a limited set of dioxin-like chemical concentrations measured in human milk and seafood indicates that the total toxic equivalents will tend to be lower than when using the 2005 TEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DeVito
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health, And the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Majorie B M van Duursen
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Environmental Health & Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean Kennedy
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Keiko Nohara
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kim Petersen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Standards and Scientific Advice on Food and Nutrition, World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland.
| | - Cynthia Rider
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Division of the Translational Toxicology, Durham, USA
| | - Martin Rose
- FERA Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology Department, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthew W Wheeler
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Wikoff D, Ring C, DeVito M, Walker N, Birnbaum L, Haws L. Development and application of a systematic and quantitative weighting framework to evaluate the quality and relevance of relative potency estimates for dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) for human health risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105500. [PMID: 37866700 PMCID: PMC10941990 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) approach for dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs) is currently based on a qualitative assessment of a heterogeneous data set of relative estimates of potency (REPs) spanning several orders of magnitude with highly variable study quality and relevance. An effort was undertaken to develop a weighting framework to systematically evaluate and quantitatively integrate the quality and relevance for development of more robust TEFs. Six main-study characteristics were identified as most important in characterizing the quality and relevance of an individual REP for human health risk assessment: study type, study model, pharmacokinetics, REP derivation method, REP derivation quality, and endpoint. Subsequently, a computational approach for quantitatively integrating the weighting framework parameters was developed and applied to the REP2004 database. This was accomplished using a machine learning approach which infers a weighted TEF distribution for each congener. The resulting database, weighted for quality and relevance, provides REP distributions from >600 data sets (including in vivo and in vitro studies, a range of endpoints, etc.). This weighted database provides a flexible platform for systematically and objectively characterizing TEFs for use in risk assessment, as well as providing information to characterize uncertainty and variability. Collectively, this information provides risk managers with information for decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael DeVito
- Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Walker
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Linda Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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6
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Ring C, Blanchette A, Klaren WD, Fitch S, Haws L, Wheeler MW, DeVito M, Walker N, Wikoff D. A multi-tiered hierarchical Bayesian approach to derive toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like compounds. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 143:105464. [PMID: 37516304 PMCID: PMC11110530 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) re-evaluated Toxic Equivalency factors (TEFs) developed for dioxin-like compounds believed to act through the Ah receptor based on an updated database of relative estimated potency (REP)(REP2004 database). This re-evalution identified the need to develop a consistent approach for dose-response modeling. Further, the WHO Panel discussed the significant heterogeneity of experimental datasets and dataset quality underlying the REPs in the database. There is a critical need to develop a quantitative, and quality weighted approach to characterize the TEF for each congener. To address this, a multi-tiered approach that combines Bayesian dose-response fitting and meta-regression with a machine learning model to predict REPS' quality categorizations was developed to predict the most likely relationship between each congener and its reference and derive model-predicted TEF uncertainty distributions. As a proof of concept, this 'Best-Estimate TEF workflow' was applied to the REP2004 database to derive TEF point-estimates and characterizations of uncertainty for all congeners. Model-TEFs were similar to the 2005 WHO TEFs, with the data-poor congeners having larger levels of uncertainty. This transparent and reproducible computational workflow incorporates WHO expert panel recommendations and represents a substantial improvement in the TEF methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew W Wheeler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Michael DeVito
- Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Nigel Walker
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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7
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McClam M, Liu J, Fan Y, Zhan T, Zhang Q, Porter DE, Scott GI, Xiao S. Associations between exposure to cadmium, lead, mercury and mixtures and women's infertility and long-term amenorrhea. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:161. [PMID: 37626359 PMCID: PMC10463686 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting properties. Their effects on women's reproductive health, however, remain elusive. Here, we investigated associations between blood concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, and their mixture and infertility and long-term amenorrhea in women aged 20-49 years using the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2018 cross-sectional survey. METHODS A total of 1,990 women were included for the analysis of infertility and 1,919 women for long-term amenorrhea. The methods of log-transformation and use of quartiles were used to analyze blood heavy metal concentrations. Statistical differences in the covariates between the outcome groups were evaluated using a chi-squared test for categorical variables and a t-test for continuous variables. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the associations. RESULTS The blood concentrations of Pb and heavy metal mixtures were significantly higher in ever-infertile women than pregnant women, but the concentrations of Cd and Hg were comparable. After full adjustment, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed a significant and dose-dependent positive association between blood Pb concentrations and women's historical infertility, a negative association between Cd and women's long-term amenorrhea, and no associations between Hg and heavy metal mixture and women's infertility or long-term amenorrhea. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that exposure to heavy metals exhibit differential associations with history of infertility and amenorrhea, and Pb may adversely impact women's reproduction and heighten the risks of infertility and long-term amenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria McClam
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Yihan Fan
- Master of Public Health in Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tingjie Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Rm 406, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dwayne E Porter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Geoffrey I Scott
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Rm 406, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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8
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Gao D, Chen Z, Zhang J, Xu W, Wen D, Hu J. Historical production and release inventory of PCDD/Fs in China and projections upon policy options by 2025. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162780. [PMID: 36907392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using the source identification and classification methodology described in UNEP standardized toolkit for dioxin releases, combined with research data over the past decade, the production and release of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from 6 major sectors in China were inventoried from 2003 to 2020, and were projected until 2025 based on current control measures and relevant industrial plans. The results showed that after ratification of the Stockholm Convention, China's production and release of PCDD/Fs began to decline after peaking in 2007, demonstrating the effectiveness of preliminary control measures. However, the continual expansion of manufacturing and energy sectors, along with the lack of compatible production control technology, reversed the declining trend of production after 2015. Meanwhile, the environmental release continued to decrease, but at a slower rate after 2015. If subject to current policies, production and release would remain elevated with an expanding gap in between. This study also established the congener inventories, revealing the significance of OCDF and OCDD in terms of both production and release, and that of PeCDF and TCDF in terms of environmental impacts. Lastly, through comparison with other developed countries and regions, it was concluded that room for further reduction exists, but can only be achieved through strengthened regulations and improved control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Gao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiguang Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Donghui Wen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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9
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Stadion M, Hackethal C, Blume K, Wobst B, Abraham K, Fechner C, Lindtner O, Sarvan I. The first German total diet study (BfR MEAL Study) confirms highest levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in foods of animal origin. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100459. [PMID: 36185103 PMCID: PMC9523095 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Presentation of PCDD/F and dl-PCB data in 300 foods prepared as consumed in Germany. By wet weight, highest levels in fish products, fatty fish, sheep liver, and butter. By fat weight, highest levels in game, dairy products, and sheep meat. MEAL foods did not exceed EU maximum levels. Evaluation of the impact of regions and type of production.
The first German Total Diet Study, called the BfR MEAL Study, generated a comprehensive dataset of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in foods representative for the consumption habits in households in Germany. PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs are persistent organic pollutants. Dietary intake is considered to be the most relevant exposure pathway for humans. Levels were examined in 300 foods that were prepared as typically consumed by the population in Germany. Highest PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels were detected in animal-based foods such as fish, butter, dairy products, liver, and meat. The comparison of conventionally and organically produced foods revealed a trend to slightly higher contents in organically produced foods. Sampling discriminated by region and season showed no major differences. Analysed occurrence data will improve future dietary exposure and food safety assessments in Germany.
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10
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Liu R, Zacharewski TR, Conolly RB, Zhang Q. A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling Framework for Mixtures of Dioxin-like Compounds. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10110700. [PMID: 36422908 PMCID: PMC9698634 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to persistent organic pollutants, such as dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), as mixtures. Understanding and predicting the toxicokinetics and thus internal burden of major constituents of a DLC mixture is important for assessing their contributions to health risks. PBPK models, including dioxin models, traditionally focus on one or a small number of compounds; developing new or extending existing models for mixtures often requires tedious, error-prone coding work. This lack of efficiency to scale up for multi-compound exposures is a major technical barrier toward large-scale mixture PBPK simulations. Congeners in the DLC family, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), share similar albeit quantitatively different toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties. Taking advantage of these similarities, here we reported the development of a human PBPK modeling framework for DLC mixtures that can flexibly accommodate an arbitrary number of congeners. Adapted from existing TCDD models, our mixture model contains the blood and three diffusion-limited compartments-liver, fat, and rest of the body. Depending on the number of congeners in a mixture, varying-length vectors of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are automatically generated to track the tissue concentrations of the congeners. Shared ODEs are used to account for common variables, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and CYP1A2, to which the congeners compete for binding. Binary and multi-congener mixture simulations showed that the AHR-mediated cross-induction of CYP1A2 accelerates the sequestration and metabolism of DLC congeners, resulting in consistently lower tissue burdens than in single exposure, except for the liver. Using dietary intake data to simulate lifetime exposures to DLC mixtures, the model demonstrated that the relative contributions of individual congeners to blood or tissue toxic equivalency (TEQ) values are markedly different than those to intake TEQ. In summary, we developed a mixture PBPK modeling framework for DLCs that may be utilized upon further improvement as a quantitative tool to estimate tissue dosimetry and health risks of DLC mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrui Liu
- Lower Merion High School, Ardmore, PA 19003, USA
| | - Tim R. Zacharewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Vieira Silva A, Chu I, Feeley M, Bergman Å, Håkansson H, Öberg M. Dose-dependent toxicological effects in rats following a 90-day dietary exposure to PCB-156 include retinoid disruption. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 107:123-139. [PMID: 34560258 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of PCB-156 (2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl) was investigated in rats following subchronic dietary exposure. Groups of 10 male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered PCB-156 in the diet at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 ppm for 90 days. Dose-dependent increases were detected for the liver, lung and kidney weights, as well as for the liver EROD, PROD and UDPGT enzyme activities and liver uroporphyrin concentration. Dose-dependent decreases were observed in final body weight, body weight gain, and thymus weight. Apolar retinoid concentrations were decreased in the liver and lungs and increased in the kidneys. Histopathological examination of the liver, thyroid, and thymus showed mild to moderate dose-related changes. A LOAEL of 0.01 ppm was established, based on reduced apolar liver retinoid concentration. Benchmark dose-modelling corroborated the sensitivity of liver retinoid endpoints. The lower confidence limits (BMDL) for a 5% decrease in apolar liver retinoid concentrations were 0.0009 and 0.0007 ppm, respectively, in males and females, corresponding to a daily dose of 0.06 μg PCB-156 per kg body weight. Organizing dose-response data for the individual hepatic endpoints along the PCB-156 dosing scale revealed a sequence of events compatible with a causal link between depletion of apolar retinoids and the other liver biochemistry and pathology findings. Taken together, data suggest that the retinoid endpoints should be further evaluated for a causal relationship to PCB-induced liver toxicity and that retinoid system endpoints are identified and characterized to support health risk assessment in the emerging research fields of endocrine disruption and mixture toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vieira Silva
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - I Chu
- Health Canada Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Feeley
- Health Canada Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Å Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; MTM, Department of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - H Håkansson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutrition Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Öberg
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Nøstbakken OJ, Rasinger JD, Hannisdal R, Sanden M, Frøyland L, Duinker A, Frantzen S, Dahl LM, Lundebye AK, Madsen L. Levels of omega 3 fatty acids, vitamin D, dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in oily fish; a new perspective on the reporting of nutrient and contaminant data for risk-benefit assessments of oily seafood. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106322. [PMID: 33348102 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oily seafood is an important food source which contains several key nutrients beneficial for human health. On the other hand, oily seafood also contains persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including the dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like-polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), potentially detrimental to human health. For a comprehensive comparison of the beneficial and potentially adverse health effects of seafood consumption, risk-benefit analyses are necessary. Risk-benefit analyses require reliable quantitative data and sound knowledge of uncertainties and potential biases. Our dataset comprised more than 4000 analyses of DLCs and more than 1000 analyses each of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and vitamin D in the three most important Norwegian commercial oily seafood species: Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The levels of several DLC congeners were below the limit of quantification (LOQ), making estimation of true levels challenging. We demonstrate that the use of upper bound substitution of censored data will overestimate, while lower bound substitution will underestimate the actual levels of DLCs. Therefore, we implement an alternative robust statistical method by combining Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Regression on Order Statistics and Kaplan-Meier analyses, which is better suited for providing estimations of levels of these contaminants in seafood. Moreover, we illustrate the impact of the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) system on estimation of the sums of DLCs by comparing the TEF system to an alternative system of relative effect potency (REP) factors (Consensus Toxicity Factors). The levels of nutrients and contaminants were related to adequate intake (AI) and tolerable weekly intake (TWI), respectively. We used AI and the TWI values established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The benefit and the risk were further viewed in the context of the Norwegian average intake of oily fish, and the Norwegian governmental official dietary recommendations of oily fish. Our results showed that both benefit and risk are met at the levels found of nutrients and DLCs in oily seafood. The comprehensive quantitative data presented here will be a key for future risk-benefit assessment of oily fish consumption. Together, our results underline that a refined formalized integrative risk-benefit assessment of oily fish in the diet is warranted, and that the data and methodology presented in this study are highly relevant for future integrated and multidisciplinary assessment of both risks and benefits of seafood consumption for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R Hannisdal
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Sanden
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - L Frøyland
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Duinker
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Frantzen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - L M Dahl
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - L Madsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Budin C, Besselink H, van Vugt-Lussenburg BMA, Man HY, van der Burg B, Brouwer A. Induction of AhR transactivation by PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs using a novel human-relevant, high-throughput DR human CALUX reporter gene assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128086. [PMID: 33297084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are highly toxic contaminants that are strictly regulated and monitored in the environment and food to reduce human exposure. Recently, the increasing occurrence of polybrominated dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in the environment is raising concerns about the impact on human health by the combined exposure to chlorinated and brominated analogues of dioxins. Toxicological properties of PBDD/Fs relative to PCDD/Fs have not been firmly established, and brominated dioxins are not included in routine monitoring programs. In this study, we set out to determine human-relevant congener-specific potency values for a range of brominated and chlorinated dioxin congeners, based on their aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated mode of toxic action. Transactivation of the AhR was measured using dioxin-responsive (DR) CALUX reporter gene assays. Because of known species-differences in dioxin-mediated toxicity, we developed and used a HepG2 human liver cell-based DR human CALUX assay that is a variant of the rodent-based DR CALUX. The assay was found to be highly inducible and stable, with low variations between independent measurements. Using both DR CALUX assays in an automated high-throughput mode we found that overall PBDD/Fs were as potent as PCDD/Fs in inducing AhR transactivation, but congener-specific differences were observed. We also observed species-specific differences in sensitivity and potency when comparing DR human REP values to those obtained in the rat-based DR CALUX. Finally, we observed significant differences between WHO-TEF values and DR human REP values, suggesting that actual WHO-TEF values may underestimate the hazards associated with exposure of humans to dioxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Budin
- VU Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan, 1080HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Harrie Besselink
- BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hai-Yen Man
- BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Burg
- BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- VU Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan, 1080HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Datta S, Limpanuparb T. Quantum Chemical Investigation of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, Dibenzofurans and Biphenyls: Relative Stability and Planarity Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235697. [PMID: 33287203 PMCID: PMC7730433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All the possible polychlorinated aromatic compounds in the classes of dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) were studied by the quantum chemical methods of HF/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), and MP2/cc-pVTZ. The calculated stabilities and structures of these compounds were compared with the available data on their abundance and toxicity. Prediction models for trends in energy and planarity among these congeners were proposed. The results discussed here can help contribute to the understanding of the role of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the environment.
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15
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Dong Z, Ben Y, Li Y, Li T, Wan Y, Hu J. High inter-species differences of 12378-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin between humans and mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114957. [PMID: 32554089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although huge interspecies differences in the response to dioxins have been acknowledged, toxic equivalency factors derived from rodent studies are often used to assess human health risk. To determine interspecies differences, we first developed a toxicokinetic model in humans by measuring dioxin concentrations in environmental and biomonitoring samples from Southern China. Significant positive correlations between dioxin concentrations in blood and age were observed for seven dioxin congeners, indicating an age-dependent elimination rate. Based on toxicokinetic models in humans, the half-lives of 15 dioxin congeners were estimated to be 1.60-28.55 years. In consideration that the highest contribution to total toxic equivalency in blood samples was by 12378-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (P5CDD), this study developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of 12378-P5CDD levels in the liver, kidney, and fat of C57/6J mice exposed to a single oral dose, and the half-life was estimated to be 26.1 days. Based on estimated half-lives in humans and mice, we determined that the interspecies difference of 12378-P5CDD was 71, much higher than the default usually used in risk assessment. These results could reduce the uncertainty human risk assessment of 12378-P5CDD, and our approach could be used to estimate the interspecies differences of other dioxin congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Dong
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yujie Ben
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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16
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Grimm FA, Klaren WD, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Karmakar M, Robertson LW, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Cardiovascular Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Major Metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:77008. [PMID: 32701041 PMCID: PMC7377239 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenobiotic metabolism is complex, and accounting for bioactivation and detoxification processes of chemicals remains among the most challenging aspects for decision making with in vitro new approach methods data. OBJECTIVES Considering the physiological relevance of human organotypic culture models and their utility for high-throughput screening, we hypothesized that multidimensional chemical-biological profiling of chemicals and their major metabolites is a sensible alternative for the toxicological characterization of parent molecules vs. metabolites in vitro. METHODS In this study, we tested 25 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [PCB 3, 11, 52, 126, 136, and 153 and their relevant metabolites (hydroxylated, methoxylated, sulfated, and quinone)] in concentration-response (10 nM-100μM) for effects in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) (iPSC-derived and HUVECs). Functional phenotypic end points included effects on beating parameters and intracellular Ca2+ flux in CMs and inhibition of tubulogenesis in ECs. High-content imaging was used to evaluate cytotoxicity, mitochondrial integrity, and oxidative stress. RESULTS Data integration of a total of 19 physicochemical descriptors and 36 in vitro phenotypes revealed that chlorination status and metabolite class are strong predictors of the in vitro cardiovascular effects of PCBs. Oxidation of PCBs, especially to di-hydroxylated and quinone metabolites, was associated with the most pronounced effects, whereas sulfation and methoxylation of PCBs resulted in diminished bioactivity. DISCUSSION Risk characterization analysis showed that although in vitro derived effective concentrations exceeded the levels measured in the general population, risks cannot be ruled out due to the potential for population variability in susceptibility and the need to fill data gaps using read-across approaches. This study demonstrated a strategy for how in vitro data can be used to characterize human health risks from PCBs and their metabolites. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Grimm
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - William D. Klaren
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Moumita Karmakar
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Larry W. Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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17
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Dean KM, Marcell AM, Baltos LD, Carro T, Bohannon MEB, Ottinger MA. Comparative Lethality of In ovo Exposure to PCB 126, PCB 77, and 2 Environmentally Relevant PCB Mixtures in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2637-2650. [PMID: 31436847 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) egg bioassay was used to directly compare the toxicity of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77), and 2 environmentally relevant polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures over specified dose ranges relative to vehicle and uninjected controls. Measures included lethality and deformities. Results showed clear dose-response relationships for PCB 126 and the 2 PCB mixtures by logistic analysis of covariance using a varying threshold model because there was a low but significant slope for mortality of vehicle controls over incubation. No dose-dependent increase in mortality was observed with PCB 77 treatment. Mortality increased above baseline for PCB 126 and the 2 mixtures after embryonic day 7 (ED07) to a stable slope from ED10. Median lethal doses and thresholds for response differed for PCB 126 and the 2 PCB mixtures, with the mixtures having lower initial toxicity and all showing progressively greater toxicity over the course of development. Further, the lethality of the PCB mixtures appeared to involve both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and non-AhR mechanisms. Incidence of deformities was unrelated to treatments. In summary, complex mixtures of PCBs were lethal in a dose-related manner, with sublethal effects from exposure to PCB 77. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2637-2650. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dean
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Allegra M Marcell
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah D Baltos
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany Carro
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith E B Bohannon
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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18
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Liu X, Zhang L, Li J, Wang J, Meng G, Chi M, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Relative Effect Potency Estimates for Dioxin-Like Compounds in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Blood Glucose Outcomes Based on a Nested Case-control Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7792-7802. [PMID: 31149810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve the applicability of the toxic equivalents principle for human health risk assessment, systemic relative effect potencies (REPs) for dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) deriving from human in vivo data are required. A prospective nested case-control study was performed to determine REPs from the human serum concentration of DLCs using gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) as the end points of concern. Serum concentration of 29 DLCs from 77 cases and 154 controls were measured. Logistic and linear regression were used to estimate the effects of individual congeners on GDM and FBG, respectively. The REPs based on GDM and FBG were calculated from the ratios of regression coefficients, βi (DLCs)/βTCDD. Two sets of consistent human serum-based REPs, that is, GDM-REP and FBG-REP, were established and largely agree with REPs from other human studies. These human-serum REPs show much smaller variation compared to the 4 to 5 orders of magnitude span in REPs database for the present WHO-TEF determination. Moreover, the established REPs fitted well with WHO-TEFs, especially for polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, furans. These REPs reflecting real human exposure scenarios exhibited validity and could be used to improve health risk assessment of human body burden of DLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100021 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100021 , China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100021 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control , Shenzhen 518020 , China
| | - Guimin Meng
- Beijing Fengtai Hospital obstetrics and gynecology , Beijing 100071 , China
| | - Min Chi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100021 , China
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Taiyuan 030000 , China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100021 , China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100021 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , China
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19
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Huang R, Wang P, Zhang J, Chen S, Zhu P, Huo W, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Peng J. The human body burden of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in residents' human milk from Guangdong Province, China. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:552-559. [PMID: 31341612 PMCID: PMC6610310 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk samples were collected from 179 mothers in 2017 and 2018 in six counties of Guangdong province, China. Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were determined to evaluate the human body burden of dioxin-like compounds on the general population of South China. Samples were analyzed using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry in six pools, according to the subjects' resident county. The mean ∑PCDD/Fs and ∑DL-PCBs concentrations in human milk samples were 323.10 pg g-1 lipid and 2166.58 pg g-1 lipid, respectively, and the corresponding WHO toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values calculated with Toxic Equivalent Factors (TEFs) established by the WHO in 2005 (TEFWHO 2005) were 6.96 and 2.13 pg g-1 lipid. The concentrations of samples collected in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong Province, were higher than those taken in the other five investigation regions. The levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in human milk and the estimated daily intake doses of breast-fed infants were still high when compared with some non-exposure areas in mainland China. TEQ levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in the present study have been compared to data obtained from a reported national study conducted in 2011. The mean TEQ (calculated with TEFWHO 2005) of ∑(DL-PCBs + PCDD/Fs) (8.4-9.0 pg g-1 lipid in 2011 vs. 9.09 pg g-1 lipid in 2018) seemed to be relatively stable during the period 2011-2018. These findings and continuing the surveillance of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in human milk will be helpful in furthering our understanding of human exposure to dioxin-like compounds in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Ping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Department of POPs Lab , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 8 Longyuan Road , Shenzhen , 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Pan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No.160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China
| | - Weilun Huo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- Department of POPs Lab , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 8 Longyuan Road , Shenzhen , 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Zihui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Jiewen Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
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Fuoco R, Giannarelli S. Integrity of aquatic ecosystems: An overview of a message from the South Pole on the level of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Fürst P, Håkansson H, Halldorsson T, Lundebye AK, Pohjanvirta R, Rylander L, Smith A, van Loveren H, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Zeilmaker M, Binaglia M, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Horváth Z, Christoph E, Ciccolallo L, Ramos Bordajandi L, Steinkellner H, Hoogenboom LR. Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05333. [PMID: 32625737 PMCID: PMC7009407 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and DL-PCBs in feed and food. The data from experimental animal and epidemiological studies were reviewed and it was decided to base the human risk assessment on effects observed in humans and to use animal data as supportive evidence. The critical effect was on semen quality, following pre- and postnatal exposure. The critical study showed a NOAEL of 7.0 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g fat in blood sampled at age 9 years based on PCDD/F-TEQs. No association was observed when including DL-PCB-TEQs. Using toxicokinetic modelling and taking into account the exposure from breastfeeding and a twofold higher intake during childhood, it was estimated that daily exposure in adolescents and adults should be below 0.25 pg TEQ/kg bw/day. The CONTAM Panel established a TWI of 2 pg TEQ/kg bw/week. With occurrence and consumption data from European countries, the mean and P95 intake of total TEQ by Adolescents, Adults, Elderly and Very Elderly varied between, respectively, 2.1 to 10.5, and 5.3 to 30.4 pg TEQ/kg bw/week, implying a considerable exceedance of the TWI. Toddlers and Other Children showed a higher exposure than older age groups, but this was accounted for when deriving the TWI. Exposure to PCDD/F-TEQ only was on average 2.4- and 2.7-fold lower for mean and P95 exposure than for total TEQ. PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs are transferred to milk and eggs, and accumulate in fatty tissues and liver. Transfer rates and bioconcentration factors were identified for various species. The CONTAM Panel was not able to identify reference values in most farm and companion animals with the exception of NOAELs for mink, chicken and some fish species. The estimated exposure from feed for these species does not imply a risk.
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Strapáčová S, Brenerová P, Krčmář P, Andersson P, van Ede KI, van Duursen MB, van den Berg M, Vondráček J, Machala M. Relative effective potencies of dioxin-like compounds in rodent and human lung cell models. Toxicology 2018; 404-405:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Otarola G, Castillo H, Marcellini S. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-based bioassays for dioxin detection: Thinking outside the box. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:437-449. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaston Otarola
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Concepcion; Chile
| | - Hector Castillo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Concepcion; Chile
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Concepcion; Chile
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Smith RA, Warne MSJ, Mengersen K, Turner RD. An improved method for calculating toxicity-based pollutant loads: Part 2. Application to contaminants discharged to the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:754-764. [PMID: 27775206 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollutant loads are widely used to set pollution reduction targets and assess regulatory compliance for the protection of receiving waterbodies. However, when a pollutant load consists of a mixture of chemicals, reducing the overall load (mass) will not necessarily reduce the toxicity by a similar amount. This can be overcome by setting targets based on toxicity-based loads (toxic loads, TLs), where the load is modified according to the relative toxicity (expressed as toxic equivalency factors [TEFs]) of each toxicant. Here, we present the second article of a 2-part series in which a case study is used to demonstrate the application of the toxic load method proposed in Part 1. The toxic load method converts a pollutant load, comprised of multiple chemicals, to a toxic load, using a modified TEF approach. The modified approach uses a cumulative distribution of relative potency (ReP) estimates of multiple species to determine a TEF. It further improves upon previously published methods by including two tests to select the optimal percentile of the ReP distribution to determine the TEF. The first test is a test for environmental relevance that compares results against an independent mixture method, identifying the percentile that produces the most environmentally relevant TEFs and TLs. The second is a test for robustness which ensures the results are independent of the ReP of the selected reference chemical. Here, the TL method is applied to mixtures of pesticides that are discharged from agricultural land to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) to test its utility. In this case study, the most environmentally relevant and robust TLs were generated using the 75th percentile of the ReP cumulative distribution. The results demonstrate that it is essential to develop pollution reduction targets based on toxic loads and making progress to meeting them will lead to a commensurate reduction in toxic effects caused by toxicants in waters of the GBR. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:754-764. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Smith
- Water Quality and Investigations, Science Division, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael St J Warne
- Water Quality and Investigations, Science Division, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kerrie Mengersen
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan Dr Turner
- Water Quality and Investigations, Science Division, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Smith RA, Warne MSJ, Mengersen K, Turner RD. An improved method for calculating toxicity-based pollutant loads: Part 1. Method development. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:746-753. [PMID: 27743466 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollutant loads are a means for assessing regulatory compliance and setting targets to reduce pollution entering receiving waterbodies. However, a pollutant load is often comprised of multiple chemicals, which may exert joint toxicity on biota. When the ultimate goal for assessing pollutant loads is to protect ecosystems from adverse effects of toxicants, then the total pollutant load needs to be calculated based on the principles of mixture toxicology. In this article, an improved method is proposed to convert a pollutant load to a toxicity-based load (toxic load) using a modified toxic equivalency factor (TEF) derivation method. The method uses the relative potencies (RePs) of multiple species to represent the response of the ecological community. The TEF is calculated from a percentile of a cumulative distribution function (CDF) fitted to the RePs. The improvements permit the determination of which percentile of the CDF generates the most environmentally relevant and robust toxic loads. That is, environmental relevance ensures that a reduction in the toxic load is likely to result in a corresponding improvement in ecosystem health and robustness ensures that the calculation of the toxic loads is not biased by the reference chemical used. The improved methodology will therefore ensure that correct management decisions will be made and ultimately, a reduction in the toxic load will lead to a commensurate improvement in water quality. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:746-753. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Smith
- Water Quality and Investigations, Science Division, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael St J Warne
- Water Quality and Investigations, Science Division, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kerrie Mengersen
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan Dr Turner
- Water Quality and Investigations, Science Division, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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One TEF concept does not fit all: The case for human risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Wimmerová S, van den Berg M, Chovancová J, Patayová H, Jusko TA, van Duursen MBM, Palkovičová Murínová Ľ, Canton RF, van Ede KI, Trnovec T. Relative effect potency estimates of dioxin-like activity for dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like PCBs in adults based on cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 gene expression in blood. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:24-33. [PMID: 27588699 PMCID: PMC6047354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the risk assessment of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like (DL) PCBs, regulatory authorities support the use of the toxic equivalency factor (TEF)-scheme derived from a heterogeneous data set of the relative effect potency (REPs) estimates. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine REPs for dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) using expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1 mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells representing two different pathways. METHODS We used a sex and age adjusted regression-based approach comparing the strength of association between each DLC and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1 mRNA expression in 320 adults residing in an organochlorine-polluted area of eastern Slovakia. RESULTS We calculated REPs based on CYP1A1 expression for 4 PCDDs, 8 PCDFs, and 1 PCB congener, and based on CYP1B1 expression for 5 PCDFs and 11 PCB congeners. REPs from CYP1A1 correlated with REPs previously derived from thyroid volume (ρ=0.85; p<0.001) and serum FT4 (ρ=0.77; p=0.009). The 13 log REPs from CYP1A1 correlated with log WHO-TEFs (r=0.63; p=0.015) and 11 log PCB REPs with PCB consensus toxicity factors (CTFs) for compounds with WHO-TEFs (r=0.80; p=0.003). The complete set of derived 56 log REPs correlated with the log CTFs (r=0.77; p=0.001) and log WHO-TEFs (r=0.81; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS REPs calculated from thyroid and cytochrome P450 endpoints realistically reflect human exposure scenarios because they are based on human chronic and low-dose exposures. While the CYP 1A1 seems more suitable for toxicity evaluation of PCDD/Fs, the CYP 1B1 is more apt for PCDFs and PCBs and reflects different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Wimmerová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jana Chovancová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | | - Todd A Jusko
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Majorie B M van Duursen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Rocio F Canton
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin I van Ede
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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28
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State of the art on public risk assessment of combined human exposure to multiple chemical contaminants. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Everett CJ, Thompson OM. Association of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in human blood with nephropathy among US teens and young adults. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 31:195-201. [PMID: 26982604 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the association of three chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, a chlorinated dibenzofuran, and four dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human blood with nephropathy (microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria) among teens and young adults (12-30 years old) having normal glycohemoglobin (A1c <5.7%). The data were derived from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (unweighted n=1504, population estimate=38,806,338). In this paper, nephropathy refers to normal A1c with nephropathy. In an all-adult sample (Everett CJ, Thompson OM. Dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in human blood: causes or consequences of diabetic nephropathy? Environ Res 2014;132:126-31), the cut-offs for these chemicals being considered elevated, were defined as the 75th percentile. Using these same cut-offs again, the proportion of those with one or more of the eight dioxin-like compounds elevated was 9.9%. The four chemicals associated with nephropathy were 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, PCB 126, PCB 169, and PCB 156. The proportion with one or more of these four dioxin-like chemicals elevated was 3.9% (unweighted n=46) and the odds ratio (OR) for nephropathy was 7.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-28.1]. The association was strong among females (OR 17.4, 95% CI 3.4-88.6), but among males there were no cases of nephropathy when one or more of the four dioxin-like chemicals were elevated, and therefore no association. In a separate analysis, elevated toxic equivalency, defined using the eight dioxin-like chemicals (TEQ8), was associated with nephropathy. TEQ8 ≥50.12 fg/g included 2.6% of the sample (unweighted n=28) and had an OR of 5.8 (95% 1.3-25.9) for nephropathy. As found in the analysis of one or more of four dioxin-like chemicals elevated, TEQ8 ≥50.12 fg/g was associated with nephropathy among females (OR 11.9, 95% CI 1.6-87.2), but not males. Trends for least-squares means also differed by gender, but there were no significant differences in mean TEQ8 between normal subjects and those having nephropathy in either males or females. We also evaluated pre-diabetes (A1c 5.7-6.4%) without nephropathy and found no associations when one or more of four dioxin-like compounds were elevated, or when TEQ8 was ≥50.12 fg/g. In this study, associations of dioxin-like chemicals with nephropathy were found among females at an early age. Prospective studies are needed to determine if dioxin-like compounds cause nephropathy, or if these relationships are cases of reverse causation.
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van Ede KI, van Duursen MBM, van den Berg M. Evaluation of relative effect potencies (REPs) for dioxin-like compounds to derive systemic or human-specific TEFs to improve human risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1293-305. [PMID: 27161441 PMCID: PMC4873528 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) are generally applied for estimating human risk of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds using systemic (e.g., blood) levels, even though these TEFs are established based on intake doses in rodent studies. This review shows that systemic relative effect potencies (REPs) can deviate substantially from intake REPs, but are similar to in vitro-derived REPs. Interestingly, the in vitro REPs for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF) are up to one order of magnitude higher than their in vivo REPs and WHO-TEFs, based on oral intake. In addition, clear species-differences in in vitro REPs were apparent for some congeners. Especially the human-derived REP for polychlorinated biphenyl 126 is one to two orders of magnitude lower than rodent REPs and its current WHO-TEF. Next, suggested adapted systemic or human-specific TEFs for these congeners were applied to calculate changes in systemic TEQ concentrations in studies from the USA, Germany and Japan and compared with either the JECFA TDI or USEPA RfD of TCDD. Overall, the effect of such TEF changes for these three congeners on total TEQ roughly balances each other out in the general population. However, results may be different for situations in which a specific group of congeners dominates. For those congeners that show a distinct deviation between either intake and systemic REPs or between rodent- and human-based in vitro REPs, we propose that especially REPs derived from human-based in vitro models are weighted more heavily in establishing systemic or human-specific TEF values to improve human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin I van Ede
- Division of Toxicology and Veterinary Pharmacology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Majorie B M van Duursen
- Division of Toxicology and Veterinary Pharmacology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Division of Toxicology and Veterinary Pharmacology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Heys KA, Shore RF, Pereira MG, Jones KC, Martin FL. Risk assessment of environmental mixture effects. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05406d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining interactions of multi-component environmental mixtures towards accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Heys
- Centre for Biophotonics
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Richard F. Shore
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - M. Glória Pereira
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Centre for Biophotonics
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Francis L. Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
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32
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Li X, Su X. Assessment of the Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Occurrence in Copper Sulfates and the Influential Role of PCB Levels on Grapes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144896. [PMID: 26658158 PMCID: PMC4682808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper sulfates (CuSO4) are widely used as the primary component of fungicides in the grape industry. The agricultural-grade CuSO4 that we collected from Chinese nationwide markets were found to be contaminated by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ19PCBs: 0.32~9.51 ng/g). In the following research, we studied the impact of CuSO4 application on PCB levels in grape products through a field experiment, and conducted a national survey to speculate the role that CuSO4 played on the occurrence of PCB in grapes. In the field experiment, an obvious increase of PCBs in grape leaves (from 174 to 250 pg/g fw) was observed after Bordeaux mixture (the main component of which is CuSO4) application. As to the main PCB congener in CuSO4, the most toxic CB 126 (toxic equivalency factor = 0.1) also increased in grape peels (from 1.66 to 2.93 pg/g fw) after pesticide spray. Both the correlation study and the principal component analysis indicated that environmental factors were dominant PCB contributors to grapes, and grapes from e-waste dismantling area containing the highest PCBs also proved the notion. It is worth noting that this report describes the first research examining PCBs in CuSO4 and its influence on agricultural products to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
- * E-mail: (LXM); (SXO)
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
- * E-mail: (LXM); (SXO)
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Squadrone S, Brizio P, Nespoli R, Stella C, Abete MC. Human dietary exposure and levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) in free-range eggs close to a secondary aluminum smelter, Northern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:429-436. [PMID: 26256146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PCDD/Fs and PCBs are environmentally persistent substances that have been associated with adverse effects on human health. Contamination of soils, animal feed and pastures leads to their bioaccumulation of in food products of animal origin, which are considered the major source of intake of these contaminants in humans. We analyzed eggs from free-range hens, sampled from small farms, located within a distance of 4.5 km from a secondary aluminum smelter in Northern Italy. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs and NDL-PCBs were higher in eggs from locations close to the plant, and strongly exceeded the limits set by EU Regulation 1259/2011 (2.5 pg WHO TEQ fat g(-1) for PCDD/Fs, 5.0 pg WHO TEQ g(-1) for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs L, 40 ng g(-1) for NDL-PCBs). Without the prompt and immediately applied control strategies, the consumption of contaminated eggs may have posed [corrected] a risk for human health, especially for children (≤9 years) and infants (≤3 years), due to the 2-fold excess of the current exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Squadrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - P Brizio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - R Nespoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - C Stella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - M C Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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Abstract
I would certainly never have predicted that I would become the director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) when I was a Jewish girl growing up in Teaneck, New Jersey. My family stressed the importance of education. Yet for a girl there were many not-so-subtle suggestions that the appropriate careers were in teaching or nursing, and the most important thing was to be a wife and mother. Well, I can't disagree with the latter, although I would have to add grandmother to that list of achievements. My parents were both college graduates, but my mom only taught high school English for one year before leaving the field to start our family. My dad returned from World War II and joined his brother in accounting. After my first sister was born, my father joined my mother's family jewelry business and helped to open a second retail store. My mother helped my dad out during the busy times—Christmas and wedding season—but otherwise focused on our growing family of three girls and one boy. This became increasingly challenging when it became clear that my little brother was severely retarded and would require extra care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709;
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35
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Lu D, Lin Y, Feng C, Wang D, She J, Shen H, Wang G, Zhou Z. Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in breast milk in Shanghai, China: A temporal upward trend. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:14-24. [PMID: 25966445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human milk samples were collected from 150 mothers in 2011 and 2012 in Shanghai, China and analyzed for 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs). The up-bound Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ) ranged from 0.27 to 16.8 pg TEQ/g lipid (mean 5.4 pg TEQ/g lipid) for ∑PCDD/Fs and from 0.75 to 10.2 pg TEQ/g lipid (mean 2.9 pg TEQ/g lipid) for ∑DL-PCBs. TEQs in our study were lower than those in most countries worldwide, and displayed a notable uptrend, in contrast with those in China's national survey in 2007. TEQs in mother milks from urban areas were higher than those from rural areas, and an orderly distribution was found in four geographical regions: Eastern China>Central China≈Southwestern China>Northwestern China. Levels of analytes in Shanghai native mothers' milk ranked the first among those from all provinces and cities investigated. Migrant mothers to Shanghai from other inland provinces could potentially represent the population for exposure and risk assessment in their birth and grown-up places. Both the distribution and the uptrend were associated with release of these pollutants due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in China. Fine correlations were observed between TEQs and age of mothers, and weak correlations between TEQs and consumption of meat & meat products. Participants, who preferred both fresh water and marine fish to freshwater fish only, were prone to be exposed to higher level of PCBs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) doses for breastfed neonates entirely exceeded the tolerable intake dose by WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China; School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanjie Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Haitao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Wall RJ, Fernandes A, Rose M, Bell DR, Mellor IR. Characterisation of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins, furans and biphenyls as potent and as partial agonists of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 76:49-56. [PMID: 25540854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) binds a variety of chlorinated and brominated dioxins, furans and biphenyls. Mixed halogenated variants have been recently identified in food at significant levels but full characterisation requires potency data in order to gauge their impact on risk assessment. Rat H4IIE and human MCF-7 cells were treated with various mixed halogenated ligands. Antagonist properties were measured by treating cells with various concentrations of TCDD in the presence of EC25 of the putative antagonist. Measurement of CYP1A1 RNA was used to quantify the potency of agonism and antagonism. The PXDDs were found to be slightly less potent than the corresponding fully chlorinated congeners with the exception of 2-B,3,7,8-TriCDD which was 2-fold more potent than TCDD. PXDFs and non-ortho-PXBs were found to be more potent than their chlorinated congeners whilst several mono-ortho-substituted PXBs were shown to have partial agonistic properties. REPs were produced for a range of mixed halogenated AhR-activating ligands providing a more accurate estimation of potency for risk assessment. Several environmentally abundant biphenyls were shown to be antagonists and reduce the ability of TCDD to induce CYP1A1. The demonstration of antagonism for AhR ligands represents a challenge for existing REP risk assessment schemes for AhR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alwyn Fernandes
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Martin Rose
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - David R Bell
- European Chemicals Agency, Annankatu 18, P.O. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian R Mellor
- School of Life Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Colombo A, Bettinetti R, Strona G, Cambria F, Fanelli R, Zubair Z, Galli P. Maldives: an archipelago that burns. A first survey of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from human activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:499-507. [PMID: 25151268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to its geographical peculiarities, the Republic of Maldives represents a case study of great interest for the investigation of persistent organic pollutants, from both a socio-economic and an ecological perspective. Thus, we conducted a first survey to assess the current status of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (DL-PCB) concentrations in Maldivian soils. The range for PCDD/F and DL-PCB soil concentrations was 0.01-49.3 pg WHO2005-TEQ g(-1) and 0.01-3.69 pg WHO2005-TEQ g(-1) dw respectively. PCDD/F concentrations exceeding several international soil guidelines were found in samples from locations in the proximity of local waste combustion sources. DL-PCB concentrations were lower than PCDD/Fs and comparable to those in previous reports from background areas and in areas with developing industrial and agricultural activities. PCDD/F and DL-PCB levels (expressed as WHO2005-TEQ) in soils were strongly correlated (r=0.89), which suggests that, in most of the sites, they are originated from the same emission sources. Results indicate that PCDD/F soil concentrations (expressed as WHO2005-TEQ) tend to decrease with the distance from the local pollution sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PCDD/Fs in the most polluted locations are mainly generated by waste combustion. These findings highlight the need for immediate changes in waste management policies in the Archipelago, in order to reduce the release of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the fragile local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Colombo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberta Bettinetti
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Strona
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment & Sustainability, Via Enrico Fermi 1, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Felice Cambria
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Zameer Zubair
- CDE Consulting, Orchidmaage, Ameeru Ahmed Magu, 20095 Malé, Maldives
| | - Paolo Galli
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, Varese, VA, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives
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38
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Taura J, Takeda T, Fujii M, Hattori Y, Ishii Y, Kuroki H, Tsukimori K, Uchi H, Furue M, Yamada H. 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is far less potent than 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in disrupting the pituitary-gonad axis of the rat fetus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:48-57. [PMID: 25220434 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PnCDF) on the fetal pituitary-gonad axis was compared with that produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in Wistar rats. Maternal treatment at gestational day (GD) 15 with PnCDF and TCDD reduced the fetal expression at GD20 of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and the testicular proteins necessary for steroidogenesis. The relative potencies of PnCDF ranged from 1/42nd to 1/63rd of the TCDD effect. While PnCDF, at a dose sufficient to cause a reduction in fetal LH, provoked defects in sexual behavior at adulthood, a dose less than the ED50 failed to produce any abnormality. There was a loss of fetal body weight following in utero exposure to PnCDF, and the effect of PnCDF was also much less than that of TCDD. The disturbance in fetal growth was suggested to be due to a reduction in the level of fetal growth hormone (GH) by dioxins. The disorder caused by PnCDF/TCDD in the fetal pituitary-gonad axis occurred at doses less than those needed to cause wasting syndrome in pubertal rats. The harmful effect of PnCDF relative to TCDD was more pronounced in fetal rats than in pubertal rats. These lines of evidence suggest that: 1) PnCDF as well as TCDD imprints defects in sexual behavior by disrupting the fetal pituitary-gonad axis; 2) these dioxins hinder fetal growth by reducing the expression of fetal GH; and 3) the fetal effects of PnCDF/TCDD are more sensitive than sub-acute toxicity during puberty, and the relative effect of PnCDF varies markedly depending on the indices used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Taura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Takeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misaki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hattori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kiyomi Tsukimori
- Department of Obstetrics, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uchi
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Everett CJ, Thompson OM. Dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in human blood: causes or consequences of diabetic nephropathy? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:126-131. [PMID: 24769561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nephropathy, or kidney disease, is a major, potential complication of diabetes. We assessed the association of 6 chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, 9 chlorinated dibenzofurans and 8 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood with diabetic nephropathy in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (unweighted N=2588, population estimate=117,658,357). Diabetes was defined as diagnosed or undiagnosed (glycohemoglobin ≥ 6.5%) and nephropathy defined as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio >30 mg/g, representing microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria. For the 8 chemicals analyzed separately, values above the 75th percentile were considered elevated, whereas for the other 15 compounds values above the maximum limit of detection were considered elevated. Seven of 8 dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, analyzed separately, were found to be associated with diabetic nephropathy. The chemicals associated with diabetic nephropathy were: 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran; PCB 126; PCB 169; PCB 118; and PCB 156. Three of the 8 dioxins and dioxin-like compounds; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran and PCB 118; expressed as log-transformed continuous variables; were associated with diabetes without nephropathy. When 4 or more of the 23 chemicals were elevated the odds ratios were 7.00 (95% CI=1.80-27.20) for diabetic nephropathy and 2.13 (95% CI=0.95-4.78) for diabetes without nephropathy. Log-transformed toxic equivalency (TEQ) was associated with both diabetic nephropathy, and diabetes without nephropathy, the odds ratios were 2.35 (95% CI=1.57-3.52) for diabetic nephropathy, and 1.44 (95% CI=1.11-1.87) for diabetes without nephropathy. As the kidneys function to remove waste products from the blood, diabetic nephropathy could be either the cause or the consequence (or both) of exposure to dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Everett
- Master of Environmental Studies Program, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Olivia M Thompson
- Public Health Program, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Education, Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
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Rigaud C, Couillard CM, Pellerin J, Légaré B, Hodson PV. Applicability of the TCDD-TEQ approach to predict sublethal embryotoxicity in Fundulus heteroclitus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 149:133-144. [PMID: 24607689 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxic equivalent quantity (TCDD-TEQ) approach was used successfully to predict lethal embryotoxicity in salmonids, but its applicability to sublethal effects of mixtures of organohalogenated compounds in other fish species is poorly known. The sublethal toxicity of two dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF), two non-dioxin-like (NDL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52) and 2,3,3',4',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB110), and of Aroclor 1254, a complex commercial mixture of PCBs, was assessed in Fundulus heteroclitus embryos exposed by intravitelline injection. At 16 days post-fertilization, the two DLCs and Aroclor 1254 altered prey capture ability in addition to inducing classical aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated responses: ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction, craniofacial deformities and reduction in body length. None of these responses was induced by the two NDL PCBs, at doses up to 5400 ng g(-1)wet weight. Dose-response curves for prey capture ability for the 2 DLCs tested were not parallel to that of TCDD, violating a fundamental assumption for relative potency (ReP) estimation. Dose-response curves for EROD induction were parallel for 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF and TCDD, but the ReP of 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF for F. heteroclitus was 5-fold higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) fish toxic equivalent factor (TEF) based on embryolethality in salmonids. The chemically derived TCDD-TEQs of Aroclor 1254, calculated using 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) concentrations and it ReP for F. heteroclitus, overestimated its potency to induce EROD activity possibly due to antagonistic interactions among PCBs. This study highlights the limitations of using TEFs based on salmonid toxicity data alone for risk assessment to other fish species. There is a need to assess the variability of RePs of DLCs in different species for a variety of endpoints and to better understand interactions between DLCs and other toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Rigaud
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Catherine M Couillard
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Jocelyne Pellerin
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Benoît Légaré
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Peter V Hodson
- Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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41
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Trnovec T. Dioxin relative effect potencies calculated from human thyroid data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/endo.27904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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van Ede KI, Gaisch KPJ, van den Berg M, van Duursen MBM. Differential relative effect potencies of some dioxin-like compounds in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and murine splenic cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:43-52. [PMID: 24472611 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human risk assessment for dioxin-like compounds is typically based on the concentration measured in blood serum multiplied by their assigned toxic equivalency factor (TEF). Consequently, the actual value of the TEF is very important for accurate human risk assessment. In this study we investigated the effect potencies of three polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), six polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and 10 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) relative to the reference congener 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in in vitro exposed primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and mouse splenic cells. REPs were determined based on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, 1B1 and aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AhRR) gene expression as well as CYP1A1 activity in human PBLs and Cyp1a1 gene expression in murine splenic cells. Estimated median human REPs for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1234678-HpCDD), 2,3,4,7,8,-pentachlorodibenzofuran (23478-PeCDF), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran (123478-HxCDF) and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodibenzofuran (1234789-HpCDF) were with 0.1, 1.1, 1 and 0.09, respectively, significantly higher compared to those estimated for mouse with REPs of 0.05, 0.45, 0.09 and 0.04, respectively. Opposite to these results, the estimated median human REP of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), was with 0.001 30-fold lower compared to the mouse REP of 0.03. Furthermore, human REPs for 1234678-HpCDD, 23478-PeCDF, 123478-HxCDF, 1234789-HpCDF and PCB 126 were all outside the ± half log uncertainty range that is taken into account in the WHO-assigned TEFs. Together, these data show congener- and species-specific differences in REPs for some, but not all dioxin-like congeners tested. This suggests that, more emphasis should be placed on human-tissue derived REPs in the establishment of a TEF for human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin I van Ede
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Konrad P J Gaisch
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Majorie B M van Duursen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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43
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van Ede KI, Andersson PL, Gaisch KPJ, van den Berg M, van Duursen MBM. Comparison of intake and systemic relative effect potencies of dioxin-like compounds in female rats after a single oral dose. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:637-46. [PMID: 24363026 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Risk assessment for mixtures of dioxin-like compounds uses the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach. Although current WHO-TEFs are mostly based on oral administration, they are commonly used to determine toxicity equivalencies (TEQs) in human blood or tissues. However, the use of "intake" TEFs to calculate systemic TEQs in for example human blood, has never been validated. In this study, intake and systemic relative effect potencies (REPs) for 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126), 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-118) and 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-156) were compared in rats. The effect potencies were calculated based on administered dose and liver, adipose or plasma concentrations in female Sprague-Dawley rats 3 days after a single oral dose, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity and gene expression of Cyp1a1, 1a2, 1b1 and aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor in liver and peripheral blood lymphocytes were used as endpoints. Results show that plasma-based systemic REPs were generally within a half log range around the intake REPs for all congeners tested, except for 4-PeCDF. Together with our previously reported systemic REPs from a mouse study, these data do not warrant the use of systemic REPs as systemic TEFs for human risk assessment. However, further investigation for plasma-based systemic REPs for 4-PeCDF is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin I van Ede
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
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Rowlands JC, Budinsky R, Gollapudi B, Black MB, Wolfinger RD, Cukovic D, Dombkowski A, Thompson CM, Urban JD, Thomas RS. A genomics-based analysis of relative potencies of dioxin-like compounds in primary rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:595-604. [PMID: 24046277 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like compounds are largely based on relative potency (REP) values derived from biochemical endpoints such as enzyme activity. As of yet, REPs based on gene expression changes have not been accounted for in the TEF values. In this study, primary rat hepatocytes were treated for 24h with 11 concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) ranging from 0.00001 to 100 nM. Differential changes in gene expression were analyzed using analysis of variance to assess the relative contributions of concentration, congener, and the interaction between concentration and congener for each gene. A total of 3283 genes showed significant changes with concentration (false discovery rate < .05 and fold-change ± 1.5 in at least 1 concentration for 1 congener). Among these genes, 399 were significant for both concentration and congener effects indicating parallel concentration-response curves with significant differences in potency. Only 8 genes showed a significant concentration and congener interaction term indicating a minority of genes show nonparallel dose-response curves among the 3 congeners. Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling was used to derive BMD values for induced individual genes and signaling pathways. The REP values for 4-PeCDF and TCDF were generally 3- to 5-fold lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) TEF values on both a gene and pathway basis. These findings suggest that the WHO TEF values may possibly overpredict the potency of these polychlorinated dibenzofuran congeners and demonstrate the importance of identifying functional pathways relevant to the toxicological modes of action for establishing pertinent REPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Craig Rowlands
- * Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674
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Parvez S, Evans AM, Lorber M, Hawkins BS, Swartout JC, Teuschler LK, Rice GE. A sensitivity analysis using alternative toxic equivalency factors to estimate U.S. dietary exposures to dioxin-like compounds. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:278-84. [PMID: 23973911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
EPA recommends sensitivity analyses when applying the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) method to evaluate exposures to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Applying the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2005 TEF values and estimating average U.S. daily dietary intakes of 25 DLCs from eight food categories, we estimate a toxic equivalency (TEQ) intake of 23 pg/day. Among DLCs, PCB 126 (26%) and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (23%) dominate TEQ intakes. Among food categories, milk (14%), other dairy (28%), beef (25%), and seafood (18%) most influenced TEQ intakes. We develop two approaches to estimate alternative TEF values. Based on WHO's assumption regarding TEF uncertainty, Approach1 estimates upper and lower TEFs for each DLC by multiplying and dividing, respectively, its individual TEF by ± half a log. Based on compiled empirical ranges of relative potency estimates, Approach2 uses percentile values for individual TEFs. Total TEQ intake estimates using the lower and upper TEFs based on Approach1 were 8 and 68 pg TEQ/day, respectively. The 25th and 75th percentile TEFs from Approach2 yielded 12 and 28 pg TEQ/day, respectively. The influential DLCs and food categories remained consistent across alternative TEFs, except at the 90th percentile using Approach2. We highlight the need for developing underlying TEF probability distributions.
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Key Words
- 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
- 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- Cij
- DLC average concentrations in each food category
- DLC intake estimate for each food category
- DLCs
- Dietary intake
- Dioxin-like compounds (DLCs)
- Dose addition
- EPA
- Eij
- HpCDF
- HxCDD
- HxCDF
- PCBs
- PCDDs
- PCDFs
- PeCDD
- REP
- Relative estimates of potency (REP)
- SI
- Sensitivity analysis
- Supplementary Information
- TCDD
- TEF
- TEF(A)
- TEF(B)
- TEF(L)
- TEF(U)
- TEQ
- TEQ(A)(j)
- TEQ(AT)
- TEQ(L)
- Toxic equivalency (TEQ)
- Toxic equivalency factor (TEF)
- U.S.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- United States
- WHO
- World Health Organization
- alternative TEF value based on the percentile used (e.g., where (“A”) indicates the percentile—10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th)
- alternative daily TEQ intake rate estimates for the jth food category
- alternative total daily TEQ intake estimates
- baseline TEF value
- dioxin-like compounds
- f(j)
- fat fraction estimates for each food category
- food ingestion rate for each food category
- heptachlorodibenzofuran
- hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- hexachlorodibenzofuran
- lower TEF value
- lower TEQ value
- pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- polychlorinated biphenyls
- polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
- polychlorinated dibenzofurans
- r(j)
- relative estimates of potency
- toxic equivalency factor
- toxicity equivalence
- upper TEF value
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Parvez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), MC-100-44, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, USA
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Trnovec T, Jusko TA, Šovčíková E, Lancz K, Chovancová J, Patayová H, Palkovičová L, Drobná B, Langer P, Van den Berg M, Dedik L, Wimmerová S. Relative effect potency estimates of dioxin-like activity for dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like PCBs in adults based on two thyroid outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:886-92. [PMID: 23665575 PMCID: PMC3734489 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) are an important component in the risk assessment of dioxin-like human exposures. At present, this concept is based mainly on in vivo animal experiments using oral dosage. Consequently, the current human TEFs derived from mammalian experiments are applicable only for exposure situations in which oral ingestion occurs. Nevertheless, these "intake" TEFs are commonly-but incorrectly-used by regulatory authorities to calculate "systemic" toxic equivalents (TEQs) based on human blood and tissue concentrations, which are used as biomarkers for either exposure or effect. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine relative effect potencies (REPs) for systemic human concentrations of dioxin-like mixture components using thyroid volume or serum free thyroxine (FT4) concentration as the outcomes of interest. METHODS We used a benchmark concentration and a regression-based approach to compare the strength of association between each dioxin-like compound and the thyroid end points in 320 adults residing in an organochlorine-polluted area of eastern Slovakia. RESULTS REPs calculated from thyroid volume and FT4 were similar. The regression coefficient (β)-derived REP data from thyroid volume and FT4 level were correlated with the World Health Organization (WHO) TEF values (Spearman r = 0.69, p = 0.01 and r = 0.62, p = 0.03, respectively). The calculated REPs were mostly within the minimum and maximum values for in vivo REPs derived by other investigators. CONCLUSIONS Our REPs calculated from thyroid end points realistically reflect human exposure scenarios because they are based on chronic, low-dose human exposures and on biomarkers reflecting body burden. Compared with previous results, our REPs suggest higher sensitivity to the effects of dioxin-like compounds.
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48
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Han X, Price PS. Applying the maximum cumulative ratio methodology to biomonitoring data on dioxin-like compounds in the general public and two occupationally exposed populations. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:343-9. [PMID: 22781437 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Maximum cumulative ratio (MCR) is a person's cumulative exposure to multiple chemicals divided by the maximum chemical-specific exposure where exposure is expressed on a toxicologically equivalent basis. It is a tool for assessing the need for performing cumulative exposure assessments. In this paper, MCR values were calculated for the three groups of individuals with biomonitoring data of 26 dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) based on the World Health Organization toxic equivalent factors (TEFs). Although the two occupational groups have higher total toxicity equivalence (TEQ) levels than the NHANES group, average MCR values of the three groups are similar (3.5, 3.6, and 3.2). These MCR values are higher than those seen in our earlier studies, supporting the practice of performing cumulative assessments for DLCs. The MCR values also indicate that only 2-5 of the 26 chemicals make significant contributions to total TEQ values. Interestingly, MCR is negatively correlated with total TEQ (in all the three groups) and age (in the NHANES group). Additionally, MCR is lower in workers where occupational exposures are larger than background exposures. Although overall exposure is the first factor to consider in any mixtures assessment, this paper confirms the usefulness of MCR as a tool for analyzing the pattern of chemical-specific contributions to the total exposure levels of mixtures based on biomonitoring data when TEFs or similar approaches are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglu Han
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, USA.
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49
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van Ede KI, Aylward LL, Andersson PL, van den Berg M, van Duursen MBM. Tissue distribution of dioxin-like compounds: potential impacts on systemic relative potency estimates. Toxicol Lett 2013; 220:294-302. [PMID: 23680695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Relative effect potencies (REPs) for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds based on tissue concentration or internal dose ((systemic)REPs) can be considered of high relevance for human risk assessment. Within the EU-project SYSTEQ, (systemic)REPs for 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzodioxin (PeCDD), 2,3,4,7,8,-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 118) and 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 156) were calculated based on a plasma, adipose tissue or liver concentration in Sprague Dawley rats and C57bl/6 mice three days after a single oral dose. Compound-specific distribution as well as differences in accumulation and elimination can influence the tissue concentration and thereby the relative potency estimate of a congener. Here, we show that distribution patterns are generally similar for the tested congeners between the SYSTEQ dataset and other studies using either a single dose or subchronic dosing. Furthermore, the responding concentration for TCDD in single dose studies is comparable to the responding concentrations reported in subchronic studies. In contrast with data for laboratory rodents, available distribution data for humans in the general population display little or no hepatic sequestration. Because hepatic sequestration due to CYP1A2 protein binding may affect the amount of congener that is bioavailable for the AhR to produce hepatic responses, estimates of relative potencies between congeners with differing degrees of hepatic sequestration based on hepatic responses may be misleading for application to human risk assessment. Therefore, extra-hepatic concentration in blood serum/plasma or adipose tissue together with a biological extra-hepatic response might give a more accurate prediction of the relative potency of a congener for human responses under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin I van Ede
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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50
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Kawanishi M, Ohnisi K, Takigami H, Yagi T. Simple and rapid yeast reporter bioassay for dioxin screening: evaluation of the dioxin-like compounds in industrial and municipal waste incineration plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2993-3002. [PMID: 23054780 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The CROMIS AhR kit, a simple and rapid yeast bioassay kit, was developed and used to detect dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in 20 gas and solid samples collected from refuse incineration plants in Japan. The World Health Organization toxic equivalent (WHO-TEQ) values of the samples were also calculated using high-resolution gas chromatography/high--resolution mass spectrometry. The WHO-TEQ values of the samples varied greatly, ranging from 0.0021-6.3 ng/g to 0.00013-16 ng/m(3)N (normal cubic meter) in the solid and gas samples, respectively. 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (23478-PeCDF) and 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (12378-PeCDD) were the major contributors to the samples' WHO-TEQ values. The yeast in the bioassay responded to these congeners, and the EC50 values of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2378-TeCDD), 12378-PeCDD, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF were 490, 560, and 590 nM, respectively. The incinerator samples were subjected to the bioassay to obtain 2378-TeCDD equivalent values (CROMIS-TEQ values). The CROMIS-TEQ values of the solid and gas samples ranged from 0.0019 to 5.64 ng/g and from 0.14 to 20 ng/m(3)N, respectively. The CROMIS-TEQ and WHO-TEQ values displayed good correlations (r (2) = 0.94 and 0.95 in the solid and gas samples, respectively), except for those of the samples with low dioxin concentrations (below the Japanese emission standards). Therefore, the CROMIS AhR kit is a useful tool for the initial screening of samples containing dioxin-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Kawanishi
- Graduate School of Science and Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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