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Heintz MM, Klaren WD, East AW, Haws LC, McGreal SR, Campbell RR, Thompson CM. Comparison of transcriptomic profiles between HFPO-DA and prototypical PPARα, PPARγ, and cytotoxic agents in wild-type and PPARα knockout mouse hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:183-198. [PMID: 38574385 PMCID: PMC11199908 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent in vitro transcriptomic analyses for the short-chain polyfluoroalkyl substance, HFPO-DA (ammonium, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate), support conclusions from in vivo data that HFPO-DA-mediated liver effects in mice are part of the early key events of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activator-induced rodent hepatocarcinogenesis mode of action (MOA). Transcriptomic responses in HFPO-DA-treated rodent hepatocytes have high concordance with those treated with a PPARα agonist and lack concordance with those treated with PPARγ agonists or cytotoxic agents. To elucidate whether HFPO-DA-mediated transcriptomic responses in mouse liver are PPARα-dependent, additional transcriptomic analyses were conducted on samples from primary PPARα knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mouse hepatocytes exposed for 12, 24, or 72 h with various concentrations of HFPO-DA, or well-established agonists of PPARα (GW7647) and PPARγ (rosiglitazone), or cytotoxic agents (acetaminophen or d-galactosamine). Pathway and predicted upstream regulator-level responses were highly concordant between HFPO-DA and GW7647 in WT hepatocytes. A similar pattern was observed in PPARα KO hepatocytes, albeit with a distinct temporal and concentration-dependent delay potentially mediated by compensatory responses. This delay was not observed in PPARα KO hepatocytes exposed to rosiglitazone, acetaminophen, d-galactosamine. The similarity in transcriptomic signaling between HFPO-DA and GW7647 in both the presence and absence of PPARα in vitro indicates these compounds share a common MOA.
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Flieger J, Żuk N, Pasieczna-Patkowska S, Flieger M, Panek R, Klepka T, Franus W. Optimization of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B 12) Sorption onto Mesoporous Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Molecules 2024; 29:2094. [PMID: 38731585 PMCID: PMC11085275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The techniques used to detect and quantify cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) vary considerably in terms of detection sensitivity, from the most sensitive, based on radioisotopes and mass spectrometry (MS) with limits of detection (LOD) in fg mL-1, to fluorescence (FL) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors with LOD values in the range of a few µg mL-1. For accurate quantification of an analyte present at trace levels in complex biological matrices, a selective separation and enrichment step is required to overcome matrix interferences and ensure sufficient detection sensitivity. In this study, iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IONPs) were used for the extraction and initial preconcentration of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). In the dependence of the magnetization on the H-field (hysteresis loop), no coercivity and remanence values were found at 300 K, indicating the superparamagnetic properties of the tested IONPs. Perfluorinated acids were used as amphiphilic agents to allow the sorption of cyanocobalamin onto the IONPs. FT-IR/ATR spectroscopy was used to confirm the sorption of cyanocobalamin on the IONPs. The influence of the addition of a homologous series of perfluorinated acids such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA), heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) to the extraction mixture was tested considering their type, mass, and time required for effective sorption. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm, described by the Freundlich and Langmuir equations, were analyzed. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) exceeded 6 mg g-1 and was 8.9 mg g-1 and 7.7 mg g-1 for HFBA and TCAA, respectively, as the most efficient additives. After the desorption process using aqueous KH2PO4 solution, the sample was finally analyzed spectrophotometrically and chromatographically. The IONP-based method was successfully applied for the isolation of cyanocobalamin from human urine samples. The results showed that the developed approach is simple, cheap, accurate, and efficient for the determination of traces of cyanocobalamin in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Natalia Żuk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Pasieczna-Patkowska
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Pl. Maria Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Flieger
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Rafał Panek
- Department of Geotechnics, Civil Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (R.P.); (W.F.)
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Franus
- Department of Geotechnics, Civil Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (R.P.); (W.F.)
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Porseryd T, Larsson J, Lindman J, Malmström E, Smolarz K, Grahn M, Dinnétz P. Effects on food intake of Gammarus spp. after exposure to PFBA in very low concentrations. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116369. [PMID: 38640762 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of thousands of highly persistent anthropogenic chemicals widely used in many industries. Therefore, they are, ubiquitously present in various types of environments. Despite their omnipresence, ecotoxicological studies of most PFAS are scarce, and those available often assess the effects of long chain PFAS. In this study, we present the results of an exposure experiment in which wild aquatic amphipod Gammarus spp. was exposed to the short chain perfluorinated substance perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) at very low and environmentally relevant concentrations of 0, 10 and 100 ng/L. The exposure lasted for 12 days, and food intake and non-reproductive behavior were analyzed. Exposure to 10 and 100 ng/L PFBA resulted in a lower consumption of food during exposure but no effect on behavior was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Porseryd
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Josefine Larsson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden; Marint centrum, Simrishamn Kommun, Simrishamn, Sweden
| | - Johanna Lindman
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Erica Malmström
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Smolarz
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mats Grahn
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Patrik Dinnétz
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
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Costello E, Rock S, Stratakis N, Eckel SP, Walker DI, Valvi D, Cserbik D, Jenkins T, Xanthakos SA, Kohli R, Sisley S, Vasiliou V, La Merrill MA, Rosen H, Conti DV, McConnell R, Chatzi L. Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Markers of Liver Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:46001. [PMID: 35475652 PMCID: PMC9044977 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evidence indicates that exposure to certain pollutants is associated with liver damage. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic chemicals widely used in industry and consumer products and bioaccumulate in food webs and human tissues, such as the liver. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis evaluating PFAS exposure and evidence of liver injury from rodent and epidemiological studies. METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched for all studies from earliest available indexing year through 1 December 2021 using keywords corresponding to PFAS exposure and liver injury. For data synthesis, results were limited to studies in humans and rodents assessing the following indicators of liver injury: serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or steatosis. For human studies, at least three observational studies per PFAS were used to conduct a weighted z-score meta-analysis to determine the direction and significance of associations. For rodent studies, data were synthesized to qualitatively summarize the direction and significance of effect. RESULTS Our search yielded 85 rodent studies and 24 epidemiological studies, primarily of people from the United States. Studies focused primarily on legacy PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid. Meta-analyses of human studies revealed that higher ALT levels were associated with exposure to PFOA (z-score= 6.20, p<0.001), PFOS (z-score= 3.55, p<0.001), and PFNA (z-score= 2.27, p=0.023). PFOA exposure was also associated with higher aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels in humans. In rodents, PFAS exposures consistently resulted in higher ALT levels and steatosis. CONCLUSION There is consistent evidence for PFAS hepatotoxicity from rodent studies, supported by associations of PFAS and markers of liver function in observational human studies. This review identifies a need for additional research evaluating next-generation PFAS, mixtures, and early life exposures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10092.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Costello
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Rock
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nikos Stratakis
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandrah P. Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dora Cserbik
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Todd Jenkins
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stavra A. Xanthakos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Sisley
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hugo Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David V. Conti
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Li K, Zhao Q, Fan Z, Jia S, Liu Q, Liu F, Liu S. The toxicity of perfluorodecanoic acid is mainly manifested as a deflected immune function. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4365-4376. [PMID: 35233679 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is a type of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA). PFDA has toxicity similar to dioxin; its effect on the body is not through a single target or a single pathway. However, the mechanism at the global level is still unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We treated mice with PFDA and characterized the global changes in gene expression in the liver using microarray analyses. The enriched KEGG pathways and GO analyses revealed that PFDA greatly affected the immune response, which was different from the response of gastric cells previously studied. As a proof of principle, the expressions of IL-1β and IL-18 were both decreased after PFDA treatment, and qRT-PCR and ELISAs verified the reduction of IL-1β and IL-18 in liver tissues. Mechanistic investigations indicated that PFDA inhibited caspase-1 activation, and decreased the mRNA levels of NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4; thus, suggesting that inflammasome assemblies were suppressed. Further microarray data revealed that cIAP2 and its binding proteins, which are critical for regulating inflammasome assembly, were also repressed by PFDA. In addition, flow cytometry results revealed a significant inhibition of Th1 cell differentiation in the livers of PFDA-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that one of the main toxic effects of PFDA on livers was the inhibition of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science & Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 7 Yanzishanxi Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science & Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyan Fan
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shouyin Jia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science & Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyan Liu
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shili Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science & Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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6
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Zhao P, Fan S, Gao Y, Bi H. Nuclear receptor-mediated hepatomegaly and liver regeneration: an update. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:636-645. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Lukomska E, Baur R, Anderson SE. Systemic toxicity induced by topical application of heptafluorobutyric acid (PFBA) in a murine model. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112528. [PMID: 34474067 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heptafluorobutyric acid (PFBA) is a synthetic chemical belonging to the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) group that includes over 5000 chemicals incorporated into numerous products. PFBA is a short-chain PFAS (C4) labeled as a safer alternative to legacy PFAS which have been linked to numerous health effects. Despite the high potential for dermal exposure, occupationally and environmentally, dermal exposure studies are lacking. Using a murine model, this study analyzed serum chemistries, histology, immune phenotyping, and gene expression to evaluate the systemic toxicity of sub-chronic dermal PFBA 15-day (15% v/v or 375 mg/kg/dose) or 28-day (3.75-7.5% v/v or 93.8-187.5 mg/kg/dose) exposures. PFBA exposure produced significant increases in liver and kidney weights and altered serum chemistries (all exposure levels). Immune-cell phenotyping identified significant increases in draining lymph node B-cells (15%) and CD11b + cells (3.75-15%) and skin T-cells (3.75-15%) and neutrophils (7.5-15%). Histopathological and gene expression changes were observed in both the liver and skin after dermal PFBA exposure. The findings indicate PFBA induces liver toxicity and alterations of PPAR target genes, suggesting a role of a PPAR pathway. These results demonstrate that sustained dermal exposure to PFBA induces systemic effects and raise concerns of short-chain PFAS being promoted as safer alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Hillary L Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Zhang Y, Ge S, Yang Z, Li Z, Gong X, Zhang Q, Dong W, Dong C. Disturbance of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in hepatic lipid metabolism in rats fed with high fat diet. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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Liao K, Ran Z, Meng R, Xu J, Cao J, Xu X, Wang Y, Xu S, Yan X. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and its response to cadmium exposure in silver pomfret. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:61-71. [PMID: 30453168 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite a close interaction between cadmium (Cd) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) metabolism, the influence of Cd exposure on the endogenous synthesis of LC-PUFA has received little attention. In the present study, we hypothesized that Cd exposure would affect the synthesis of LC-PUFA in the marine fish silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). Therefore, the molecular basis of LC-PUFA biosynthesis and regulation was investigated as the first step to understanding the mechanisms underpinning the effects of Cd exposure. Thereafter, transcriptional regulation of the genes that participate in LC-PUFA biosynthesis and regulation by Cd exposure were also explored. Our results showed that fatty acyl desaturase 2 (Fads2) and elongases of very long-chain fatty acids 5 (Elovl5), two key enzymes involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, enabled silver pomfret to biosynthesize 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-3 from 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. The results also raise the possibility that silver pomfret may have the ability to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) from endogenous eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3). The expression of silver pomfret fads2 and elovl5 was transcriptionally regulated by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (Pparα). The expression of fads2, elovl5 and pparα in the brain was significantly increased in response to Cd exposure. In addition, Cd exposure significantly reduced the DHA concentration and significantly increased the malondialdehyde concentration in the brain of silver pomfret. Cd exposure likely increases brain-specific DHA synthesis from EPA by transcriptionally activating fads2 and elovl5 via Pparα in silver pomfret. This regulation may be a coping mechanism for the reduction of DHA caused by Cd-oxidative stress in the brains of silver pomfret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoshou Ran
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ran Meng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jilin Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Jiayi Cao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaorong Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanliang Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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11
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Gendy MNS, Di Ciano P, Kowalczyk WJ, Barrett SP, George TP, Heishman S, Le Foll B. Testing the PPAR hypothesis of tobacco use disorder in humans: A randomized trial of the impact of gemfibrozil (a partial PPARα agonist) in smokers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201512. [PMID: 30260990 PMCID: PMC6160014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous pre-clinical studies demonstrated a promising role of alpha-type peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα) agonists in decreasing nicotine self-administration and nicotine-seeking behavior in animals. Our goal was to investigate the potential of gemfibrozil, a PPARα agonist, on reducing tobacco smoking in humans. Methods: This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study evaluating the effects of gemfibrozil (1200 mg/day) on smoking in 27 treatment-seeking smokers. The study had two 2-week phases separated by a washout period of at least 1 week. In each phase and after 1 week on medication, participants underwent a lab session where cue reactivity and forced choice paradigms were conducted. Physiological responses and self-reported craving were monitored during the presentation of smoking and neutral cues. In addition, two types of cigarettes were used in the forced choice paradigms: the Nicotinized cigarettes (Nic) and the Denicotinized cigarettes (Denic). The goal of the forced choice was to calculate the percentage of choice of Nic cigarettes while taking gemfibrozil or placebo. The number of quit days was calculated during the two quit attempts weeks (one while taking gemfibrozil and one while taking placebo) of the study. Results: There were no significant differences between gemfibrozil and placebo groups in the percentage of choice of Nic cigarettes, the cue-reactivity (both physiological and subjective measures), or in the number of days of abstinence. Conclusions: Although preclinical studies with PPAR α agonists showed promising results, this preliminary study did not demonstrate positive effect of gemfibrozil on tobacco use and cessation indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N. S. Gendy
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Di Ciano
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William J. Kowalczyk
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York, United States of America
| | - Sean P. Barrett
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tony P. George
- Addictions Division, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Biobehavioural Addictions and Concurrent Disorders Research Laboratory (BACDRL) Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Heishman
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Addictions Division, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Guelfo JL, Marlow T, Klein DM, Savitz DA, Frickel S, Crimi M, Suuberg EM. Evaluation and Management Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking Water Aquifers: Perspectives from Impacted U.S. Northeast Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:065001. [PMID: 29916808 PMCID: PMC6108580 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Northeast U.S. communities have discovered per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water aquifers in excess of health-based regulatory levels or advisories. Regional stakeholders (consultants, regulators, and others) need technical background and tools to mitigate risks associated with exposure to PFAS-affected groundwater. OBJECTIVES The aim was to identify challenges faced by stakeholders to extend best practices to other regions experiencing PFAS releases and to establish a framework for research strategies and best management practices. METHODS AND APPROACH Management challenges were identified during stakeholder engagement events connecting attendees with PFAS experts in focus areas, including fate/transport, toxicology, and regulation. Review of the literature provided perspective on challenges in all focus areas. Publicly available data were used to characterize sources of PFAS impacts in groundwater and conduct a geospatial case study of potential source locations relative to drinking water aquifers in Rhode Island. DISCUSSION Challenges in managing PFAS impacts in drinking water arise from the large number of relevant PFASs, unconsolidated information regarding sources, and limited studies on some PFASs. In particular, there is still considerable uncertainty regarding human health impacts of PFASs. Frameworks sequentially evaluating exposure, persistence, and treatability can prioritize PFASs for evaluation of potential human health impacts. A regional case study illustrates how risk-based, geospatial methods can help address knowledge gaps regarding potential sources of PFASs in drinking water aquifers and evaluate risk of exposure. CONCLUSION Lessons learned from stakeholder engagement can assist in developing strategies for management of PFASs in other regions. However, current management practices primarily target a subset of PFASs for which in-depth studies are available. Exposure to less-studied, co-occurring PFASs remains largely unaddressed. Frameworks leveraging the current state of science can be applied toward accelerating this process and reducing exposure to total PFASs in drinking water, even as research regarding health effects continues. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Guelfo
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Thomas Marlow
- Department of Sociology and Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David M Klein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David A Savitz
- Departments of Epidemiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Scott Frickel
- Department of Sociology and Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michelle Crimi
- Department of Engineering and Management, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | - Eric M Suuberg
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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13
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Frawley RP, Smith M, Cesta MF, Hayes-Bouknight S, Blystone C, Kissling GE, Harris S, Germolec D. Immunotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of perfluoro-n-decanoic acid (PFDA) on female Harlan Sprague–Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice when administered by oral gavage for 28 days. J Immunotoxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1445145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P. Frawley
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Smith
- Richard Bland College of William & Mary, South Prince George, VA, USA
| | - Mark F. Cesta
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Chad Blystone
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Harris
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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14
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The role and regulation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha in human liver. Biochimie 2017; 136:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Li Y, Mao H, Xu Y, Li X, Pan L, Wu X, Li Y, Li Y, He J. Application research on PPARα-transgenic mice in preclinical safety evaluation of gemfibrozil. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:98-104. [PMID: 30090481 PMCID: PMC6061148 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00271d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the feasibility of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α transgenic mice applying in preclinical safety evaluation for peroxisome proliferators (PPs). Both PPARα transgenic mice and C57BL/6J mice were assigned as treated groups (PT and CT groups) and control groups (PC and CC groups). Gemfibrozil was administered into treated groups for 4 weeks. Body weight, blood biochemistry, enzyme activity and histological examinations were performed at scheduled time. The results showed that significant hypolipidaemic effects were induced in the treated groups after gemfibrozil treatment whereas the changes of non-esterified fatty acid and high density lipoproteincholesterol were different between the two treated groups. All the enzyme activities examined increased significantly in PT and CT groups except catalase which displayed no obvious change in the PT group. Pathology results showed a significant increase of the liver weight and the liver weight ratio in the CT group while no obvious changes were observed in the PT group. Hypertrophy of hepatocytes was discovered in CT and PT groups in histological examination, while the extent and incidence of hepatocyte hypertrophy in the CT group were higher than those in the PT group. The data suggest that PPARα transgenic mice could serve as a useful tool for preclinical safety assessment of PP drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , Beijing , China
| | - Hongmei Mao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , Beijing , China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , Beijing , China .
| | - Xiaocen Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , Beijing , China .
| | - Lishan Pan
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , Beijing , China .
| | - Xin Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , Beijing , China .
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , Beijing , China .
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , Beijing , China .
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , Beijing , China .
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16
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Dual action of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in perfluorodecanoic acid-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:897-907. [PMID: 27344344 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is widely used in production of many daily necessities based on their surface properties and stability. It was assigned as a Persistent Organic Pollutant in 2009 and became a public concern partly because of its potential for activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). In this study, wild-type and Ppara-null mice were administered PFDA (80 mg/kg). Blood and liver tissues were collected and subjected to systemic toxicological and mechanistic analysis. UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS-based metabolomics was used to explore the contributing components of the serum metabolome that led to variation between wild-type and Pparα-null mice. Bile acid homeostasis was disrupted, and slight hepatocyte injury in wild-type mice accompanied by adaptive regulation of bile acid synthesis and transport was observed. The serum metabolome in wild-type clustered differently from that in Pparα-null, featured by sharp increases in bile acid components. Differential toxicokinetic tendency was supported by regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases dependent on PPARα, but it did not contribute to the hepatotoxic responses. Increase in Il-10 and activation of the JNK pathway indicated inflammation was induced by disruption of bile acid homeostasis in wild-type mice. Inhibition of p-p65 dependent on PPARα activation by PFDA stopped the inflammatory cascade, as indicated by negative response of Il-6, Tnf-α, and STAT3 signaling. These data suggest disruptive and protective role of PPARα in hepatic responses induced by PFDA.
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17
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Rosen MB, Das KP, Wood CR, Wolf CJ, Abbott BD, Lau C. Evaluation of perfluoroalkyl acid activity using primary mouse and human hepatocytes. Toxicology 2013; 308:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Buhrke T, Kibellus A, Lampen A. In vitro toxicological characterization of perfluorinated carboxylic acids with different carbon chain lengths. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:97-104. [PMID: 23391484 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is in use for the production of fluoropolymers (PFT). Due to its toxic properties it was proposed to replace the substance in its industrial applications by homologous compounds with shorter carbon chain length that were supposed to be less toxic compared to PFOA, however, the smaller PFOA homologs are poorly characterized so far. In this study we have conducted a comparative analysis of the toxicity of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCA) with a carbon chain length ranging from four to twelve carbon atoms. By using the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 as an in vitro model for human hepatocytes we could show a positive correlation between the carbon chain length of the respective PFCA and its cytotoxicity. There was, however, no indication of an apoptotic mechanism for cytotoxicity. All PFCA under investigation were negative in two independent genotoxicity assays. As PFOA, being a well-known peroxisome proliferator, the other PFCA tested in this study were also shown to activate human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) with PFOA having the highest potential of PPARα activation. Moreover, the compounds showed weak potential to activate PPARγ and hardly activated PPARδ. Taken together, the in vitro study revealed that PFCA with a shorter carbon chain length seem to be less toxic than PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Buhrke
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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20
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Naile JE, Wiseman S, Bachtold K, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Transcriptional effects of perfluorinated compounds in rat hepatoma cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:270-277. [PMID: 22071372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is the terminal degradation product of many commercially used perfluorinated compounds, and most of the toxicity testing to date has focused on its potential biological effects. While PFOS has been extensively studied, other PFCs including replacement chemicals such as perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA), have not been well characterized. Despite the relative lack of data available on these other PFCs it has been assumed that they will cause similar or lesser effects than PFOS. This study compared the effects of 10 PFCs routinely found in the environment on mRNA abundance of 7 genes related to processes known to be affected by PFOS, such as fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and thyroid development. Rat H4IIE hepatoma cells were exposed and changes in mRNA abundance were quantified by real-time PCR. Significant changes in mRNA abundance were observed. The effects caused by the shorter chain replacement chemicals differed significantly from those caused by PFOS or PFOA. Furthermore, not all of the PFCs caused the same effects, and changes could not simply be attributed to chain-length or functional group. These differences could mean that these replacement chemicals do not act through the same mechanisms as the more studied PFOS and PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Naile
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3.
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21
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Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ. Why toxic equivalency factors are not suitable for perfluoroalkyl chemicals. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1601-9. [PMID: 21913657 PMCID: PMC6624430 DOI: 10.1021/tx200316x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pervasive nature of perfluoroalkyl chemicals in the environment has generated considerable interest for developing new strategies for risk assessment. In experimental animal models, exposure to perfluoroalkyl chemicals can cause developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) is required to mediate some but not all of these effects. Since PPARα has a role in mediating some of these effects, and there is some overlap in the type of toxicities elicited by perfluoroalkyl chemicals, it has been suggested that a scaling system analogous to the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) system used for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) could be used for perfluoroalkyl chemicals. However, evidence suggests that perfluoroalkyl chemicals can activate/interfere with other receptors, and there is reason to suggest the possibility of species differences in the response mediated by different receptors as well as qualitative differences in toxicities elicited by perfluoroalkyl chemicals. These differences and other data gaps preclude the development of a TEF approach for perfluoroalkyl chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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22
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Bjork J, Butenhoff J, Wallace K. Multiplicity of nuclear receptor activation by PFOA and PFOS in primary human and rodent hepatocytes. Toxicology 2011; 288:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Olsen GW, Ellefson ME, Mair DC, Church TR, Goldberg CL, Herron RM, Medhdizadehkashi Z, Nobiletti JB, Rios JA, Reagen WK, Zobel LR. Analysis of a homologous series of perfluorocarboxylates from American Red Cross adult blood donors, 2000-2001 and 2006. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:8022-8029. [PMID: 21528903 DOI: 10.1021/es1043535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration trends of a nine-target-analyte homologous series of perfluorocarboxylates from six American Red Cross adult blood donor centers. A total of 645 serum and 600 plasma samples were obtained in 2000-2001 and 2006, respectively, with samples stratified for each 10-year (20-69) age- and sex-group per each location. Samples were extracted by protein precipitation and quantified by using tandem mass spectrometry. The nine perfluorocarboxylates were perfluorobutanoate (PFBA, C(3)F(7)CO(2)(-)), perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA, C(4)F(9)CO(2)(-)), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA, C(5)F(11)CO(2)(-)), perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA, C(6)F(13)CO(2)(-)), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, C(7)F(15)CO(2)(-)), perfluorononanoate (PFNA, C(8)F(17)CO(2)(-)), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA, C(9)F(19)CO(2)(-)), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA,C(10)F(21)CO(2)(-)), and perfluorododecanoate (PFDoA, C(11)F(23)CO(2)(-)). The majority of measurements were less than the lower limit of quantitation for PFPeA, PFHxA, and PFDoA. For the remaining targeted analytes, the geometric mean serum and plasma concentrations (ng/mL) for 2000-2001 and 2006 were, respectively, as follows: PFBA 2.61 vs 0.33, PFHpA 0.13 vs 0.09, PFOA 4.70 vs 3.44, PFNA 0.57 vs 0.97, PFDA 0.16 vs 0.34, and PFUnA 0.10 vs 0.18. Estimates of the 95th percent tolerance limits (ng/mL) were as follows: PFBA 5.3 vs 1.4, PFHpA 0.4 vs 0.4, PFOA 12.3 vs 7.7, PFNA 1.4 vs 2.2, PFDA 0.4 vs 0.8, and PFUnA 0.3 vs 0.5. Important observations were the decline in PFBA and increase in PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnA concentrations between 2000-2001 and 2006. The longer chain length perfluorocarboxylates were also highly correlated with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geary W Olsen
- Medical Department, 3M Company , St. Paul, Minnesota, United States.
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Butenhoff JL, Bjork JA, Chang SC, Ehresman DJ, Parker GA, Das K, Lau C, Lieder PH, van Otterdijk FM, Wallace KB. Toxicological evaluation of ammonium perfluorobutyrate in rats: twenty-eight-day and ninety-day oral gavage studies. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 33:513-530. [PMID: 21878386 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequential 28-day and 90-day oral toxicity studies were performed in male and female rats with ammonium perfluorobutyrate (NH(4)(+)PFBA) at doses up to 150 and 30mg/kg-d, respectively. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate was used as a comparator at a dose of 30mg/kg-d in the 28-day study. Female rats were unaffected by NH(4)(+)PFBA. Effects in males included: increased liver weight, slight to minimal hepatocellular hypertrophy; decreased serum total cholesterol; and reduced serum thyroxin with no change in serum thyrotropin. During recovery, liver weight, histological, and cholesterol effects were resolved. Results of RT-qPCR were consistent with increased transcriptional expression of the xenosensor nuclear receptors PPARα and CAR as well as the thyroid receptor, and decreased expression of Cyp1A1 (Ah receptor-regulated). No observable adverse effect levels (NOAELs) were 6 and >150mg/kg-d for male and female rats in the 28-day study and 6 and >30mg/kg-d in the 90-dat study, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Butenhoff
- Medical Department, 3M Company, 3M Center 220-06-W-08, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - James A Bjork
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA.
| | - Shu-Ching Chang
- Medical Department, 3M Company, 3M Center 220-06-W-08, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - David J Ehresman
- Medical Department, 3M Company, 3M Center 220-06-W-08, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | | | - Kaberi Das
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Christopher Lau
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Paul H Lieder
- Medical Department, 3M Company, 3M Center 220-06-W-08, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | | | - Kendall B Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Xenobiotics are encountered by humans on a daily basis and include drugs, environmental pollutants, cosmetics, and even components of the diet. These chemicals undergo metabolism and detoxication to produce numerous metabolites, some of which have the potential to cause unintended effects such as toxicity. They can also block the action of enzymes or receptors used for endogenous metabolism or affect the efficacy and/or bioavailability of a coadministered drug. Therefore, it is essential to determine the full metabolic effects that these chemicals have on the body. Metabolomics, the comprehensive analysis of small molecules in a biofluid, can reveal biologically relevant perturbations that result from xenobiotic exposure. This review discusses the impact that genetic, environmental, and gut microflora variation has on the metabolome, and how these variables may interact, positively and negatively, with xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Johnson
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ,
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| | - Jeffrey R. Idle
- Hepatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ,
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Deng Y, Meyer SA, Guan X, Escalon BL, Ai J, Wilbanks MS, Welti R, Garcia-Reyero N, Perkins EJ. Analysis of common and specific mechanisms of liver function affected by nitrotoluene compounds. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14662. [PMID: 21346803 PMCID: PMC3035612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitrotoluenes are widely used chemical manufacturing and munitions applications. This group of chemicals has been shown to cause a range of effects from anemia and hypercholesterolemia to testicular atrophy. We have examined the molecular and functional effects of five different, but structurally related, nitrotoluenes on using an integrative systems biology approach to gain insight into common and disparate mechanisms underlying effects caused by these chemicals. Methodology/Principal Findings Sprague-Dawley female rats were exposed via gavage to one of five concentrations of one of five nitrotoluenes [2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT) 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoulene (4ADNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4DNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6DNT)] with necropsy and tissue collection at 24 or 48 h. Gene expression profile results correlated well with clinical data and liver histopathology that lead to the concept that hematotoxicity was followed by hepatotoxicity. Overall, 2,4DNT, 2,6DNT and TNT had stronger effects than 2ADNT and 4ADNT. Common functional terms, gene expression patterns, pathways and networks were regulated across all nitrotoluenes. These pathways included NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, LPS/IL-1 mediated inhibition of RXR function, xenobiotic metabolism signaling and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. One biological process common to all compounds, lipid metabolism, was found to be impacted both at the transcriptional and lipid production level. Conclusions/Significance A systems biology strategy was used to identify biochemical pathways affected by five nitroaromatic compounds and to integrate data that tie biochemical alterations to pathological changes. An integrative graphical network model was constructed by combining genomic, gene pathway, lipidomic, and physiological endpoint results to better understand mechanisms of liver toxicity and physiological endpoints affected by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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Developmental effects of perfluorononanoic Acid in the mouse are dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha. PPAR Res 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20936102 PMCID: PMC2948904 DOI: 10.1155/2010/282896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is one of the perfluoroalkyl acids found in the environment and in tissues of humans and wildlife. Prenatal exposure to PFNA negatively impacts survival and development of mice and activates the mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα). In the current study, we used PPARα knockout (KO) and 129S1/SvlmJ wild-type (WT) mice to investigate the role of PPARα in mediating PFNA-induced in vivo effects. Pregnant KO and WT mice were dosed orally with water (vehicle control: 10 ml/kg), 0.83, 1.1, 1.5, or 2 mg/kg PFNA on gestational days (GDs) 1–18 (day of sperm plug = GD 0). Maternal weight gain, implantation, litter size, and pup weight at birth were unaffected in either strain. PFNA exposure reduced the number of live pups at birth and survival of offspring to weaning in the 1.1 and 2 mg/kg groups in WT. Eye opening was delayed (mean delay 2.1 days) and pup weight at weaning was reduced in WT pups at 2 mg/kg. These developmental endpoints were not affected in the KO. Relative liver weight was increased in a dose-dependent manner in dams and pups of the WT strain at all dose levels but only slightly increased in the highest dose group in the KO strain. In summary, PFNA altered liver weight of dams and pups, pup survival, body weight, and development in the WT, while only inducing a slight increase in relative liver weight of dams and pups at 2 mg/kg in KO mice. These results suggest that PPARα is an essential mediator of PFNA-induced developmental toxicity in the mouse.
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Gene Expression Profiling in Wild-Type and PPARα-Null Mice Exposed to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Reveals PPARα-Independent Effects. PPAR Res 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20936131 PMCID: PMC2948942 DOI: 10.1155/2010/794739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) and a persistent environmental contaminant found in the tissues of humans and wildlife. Although blood levels of PFOS have begun to decline, health concerns remain because of the long half-life of PFOS in humans. Like other PFAAs, such as, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFOS is an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) and exhibits hepatocarcinogenic potential in rodents. PFOS is also a developmental toxicant in rodents where, unlike PFOA, its mode of action is independent of PPARα. Wild-type (WT) and PPARα-null (Null) mice were dosed with 0, 3, or 10 mg/kg/day PFOS for 7 days. Animals were euthanized, livers weighed, and liver samples collected for histology and preparation of total RNA. Gene profiling was conducted using Affymetrix 430_2 microarrays. In WT mice, PFOS induced changes that were characteristic of PPARα transactivation including regulation of genes associated with lipid metabolism, peroxisome biogenesis, proteasome activation, and inflammation. PPARα-independent changes were indicated in both WT and Null mice by altered expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, inflammation, and xenobiotic metabolism. Such results are similar to studies done with PFOA and are consistent with modest activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and possibly PPARγ and/or PPARβ/δ. Unique treatment-related effects were also found in Null mice including altered expression of genes associated with ribosome biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and cholesterol biosynthesis. Of interest was up-regulation of Cyp7a1, a gene which is under the control of various transcription regulators. Hence, in addition to its ability to modestly activate PPARα, PFOS induces a variety of PPARα-independent effects as well.
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Jiang XL, Gonzalez FJ, Yu AM. Drug-metabolizing enzyme, transporter, and nuclear receptor genetically modified mouse models. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 43:27-40. [PMID: 20854191 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2010.512294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Determining the in vivo significance of a specific enzyme, transporter, or xenobiotic receptor in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics may be hampered by gene multiplicity and complexity, levels of expression, and interaction between various components involved. The development of knockout (loss-of-function) and transgenic (gain-of-function) mouse models opens the door to the improved understanding of gene function in a whole-body system. There is also growing interest in the development of humanized mice to overcome species differences in drug metabolism and disposition. This review, therefore, aims to summarize and discuss some successful examples of drug-metabolizing enzyme, transporter, and nuclear-receptor genetically modified mouse models. These genetically modified mouse models have been proven as invaluable models for understanding in vivo function of drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and xenobiotic receptors in drug metabolism and transport, as well as predicting potential drug-drug interaction and toxicity in humans. Nevertheless, concerns remain about interpretation of data obtained from such genetically modified mouse models, in which the expression of related genes is altered significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
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Palkar PS, Anderson CR, Ferry CH, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Effect of prenatal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonism on postnatal development. Toxicology 2010; 276:79-84. [PMID: 20637823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent work indicates that PPARalpha is required for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced postnatal lethality resulting from prenatal exposure. The present study tested the hypothesis that relatively modest activation of PPARalpha during prenatal development will cause postnatal lethality, similar to that observed with PFOA, a relatively low affinity PPARalpha agonist. Female wild-type and Pparalpha-null mice were mated overnight with males of the same genotype. The presence of a copulatory plug on the morning after mating was indicative of pregnancy and considered gestation day (GD) 0. Plugged female mice were fed either a control diet or one containing clofibrate (0.5%) or Wy-14,643 (0.005%) until GD18 or until parturition. Mice were examined on GD18 or on postnatal day (PND) 20 following the prenatal exposure period. Dietary administration of clofibrate or Wy-14,643 did not affect maternal weight or weight gain, the average number of implantations, the percentage of litter loss, the average number of live/dead fetuses, average crown-rump length, or the average fetal weight on GD18 in either genotype. An increase in relative maternal liver weight and elevated expression of PPARalpha target genes in maternal and fetal livers on GD18 were observed, indicative of PPARalpha-dependent changes in both the maternal and fetal compartments. However, no defects in postnatal development were observed by either clofibrate or Wy-14,643 in either genotype by PND20. These results demonstrate that relatively low level activation of PPARalpha by clofibrate or Wy-14,643 during prenatal development does not cause postnatal lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta S Palkar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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