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Hu CJ, Garcia MA, Nihart A, Liu R, Yin L, Adolphi N, Gallego DF, Kang H, Campen MJ, Yu X. Microplastic presence in dog and human testis and its potential association with sperm count and weights of testis and epididymis. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:235-240. [PMID: 38745431 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous existence of microplastics and nanoplastics raises concerns about their potential impact on the human reproductive system. Limited data exists on microplastics within the human reproductive system and their potential consequences on sperm quality. Our objectives were to quantify and characterize the prevalence and composition of microplastics within both canine and human testes and investigate potential associations with the sperm count, and weights of testis and epididymis. Using advanced sensitive pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we quantified 12 types of microplastics within 47 canine and 23 human testes. Data on reproductive organ weights, and sperm count in dogs were collected. Statistical analyses, including descriptive analysis, correlational analysis, and multivariate linear regression analyses were applied to investigate the association of microplastics with reproductive functions. Our study revealed the presence of microplastics in all canine and human testes, with significant inter-individual variability. Mean total microplastic levels were 122.63 µg/g in dogs and 328.44 µg/g in humans. Both humans and canines exhibit relatively similar proportions of the major polymer types, with PE being dominant. Furthermore, a negative correlation between specific polymers such as PVC and PET and the normalized weight of the testis was observed. These findings highlight the pervasive presence of microplastics in the male reproductive system in both canine and human testes, with potential consequences on male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelin Jamie Hu
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Marcus A Garcia
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Akbuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Alexander Nihart
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Akbuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Akbuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- Reprotox Biotech, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Natalie Adolphi
- Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Daniel F Gallego
- Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Huining Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biostatistics Shared Resource of UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Akbuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Hart A, Schroeder H, Rose M, Vrijheid M, Kouloura E, Bordajandi LR, Riolo F, Vleminckx C. Update of the scientific opinion on tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8859. [PMID: 39010865 PMCID: PMC11247339 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and five derivatives in food. Neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity were considered as the critical effects of TBBPA in rodent studies. The available evidence indicates that the carcinogenicity of TBBPA occurs via non-genotoxic mechanisms. Taking into account the new data, the CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to set a tolerable daily intake (TDI). Based on decreased interest in social interaction in male mice, a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.2 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified and selected as the reference point for the risk characterisation. Applying the default uncertainty factor of 100 for inter- and intraspecies variability, and a factor of 3 to extrapolate from the LOAEL to NOAEL, a TDI for TBBPA of 0.7 μg/kg bw per day was established. Around 2100 analytical results for TBBPA in food were used to estimate dietary exposure for the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to TBBPA were fish and seafood, meat and meat products and milk and dairy products. The exposure estimates to TBBPA were all below the TDI, including those estimated for breastfed and formula-fed infants. Accounting for the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the CONTAM Panel concluded with 90%-95% certainty that the current dietary exposure to TBBPA does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. There were insufficient data on the toxicity of any of the TBBPA derivatives to derive reference points, or to allow a comparison with TBBPA that would support assignment to an assessment group for the purposes of combined risk assessment.
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Kumar R, Oke A, Rockmill B, de Cruz M, Verduzco R, Shodhan A, Woodruff-Madeira X, Abrahamsson DP, Varshavsky J, Lam J, Robinson JF, Allard P, Woodruff TJ, Fung JC. Rapid identification of reproductive toxicants among environmental chemicals using an in vivo evaluation of gametogenesis in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108630. [PMID: 38906490 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Infertility affects ∼12 % of couples, with environmental chemical exposure as a potential contributor. Of the chemicals that are actively manufactured, very few are assessed for reproductive health effects. Rodents are commonly used to evaluate reproductive effects, which is both costly and time consuming. Thus, there is a pressing need for rapid methods to test a broader range of chemicals. Here, we developed a strategy to evaluate large numbers of chemicals for reproductive toxicity via a yeast, S. cerevisiae high-throughput assay to assess gametogenesis as a potential new approach method (NAM). By simultaneously assessing chemicals for growth effects, we can distinguish if a chemical affects gametogenesis only, proliferative growth only or both. We identified a well-known mammalian reproductive toxicant, bisphenol A (BPA) and ranked 19 BPA analogs for reproductive harm. By testing mixtures of BPA and its analogs, we found that BPE and 17 β-estradiol each together with BPA showed synergistic effects that worsened reproductive outcome. We examined an additional 179 environmental chemicals including phthalates, pesticides, quaternary ammonium compounds and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and found 57 with reproductive effects. Many of the chemicals were found to be strong reproductive toxicants that have yet to be tested in mammals. Chemicals having affect before meiosis I division vs. meiosis II division were identified for 16 gametogenesis-specific chemicals. Finally, we demonstrate that in general yeast reproductive toxicity correlates well with published reproductive toxicity in mammals illustrating the promise of this NAM to quickly assess chemicals to prioritize the evaluation for human reproductive harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashwini Oke
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beth Rockmill
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew de Cruz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anura Shodhan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Woodruff-Madeira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dimitri P Abrahamsson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Varshavsky
- Department of Health Sciences and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juleen Lam
- Department of Public Health, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Joshua F Robinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Allard
- UCLA Institute for Society & Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Fung
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kim SG, Jeon JH, Shin SH, Varias DC, Moon SH, Ryu BY. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation by N-Acetyl Cysteine can mitigate male germ cell toxicity induced by bisphenol analogs. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114652. [PMID: 38583502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The estrogen-like effect of bisphenol A (BPA) disrupting the maintenance of functional male germ cells is associated with male sub-fertility. This study investigated toxicity of male germ cells induced by four bisphenol analogs: BPA, BPAF, BPF, and BPS. The investigation of bisphenol analogs' impact on male germ cells included assessing proliferation, apoptosis induction, and the capacity to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GC-1 spermatogonia (spg) cells, specifically type B spermatogonia. Additionally, the therapeutic potential and protective effects of N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) and NF-κB inhibitor parthenolide was evaluated. In comparison to BPA, BPF and BPS, BPAF exhibited the most pronounced adverse effect in GC-1 spg cell proliferation. This effect was characterized by pronounced inhibition of phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR, along with increased release of cytochrome c and subsequent cleavages of caspase 3, caspase 7, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Both NAC and parthenolide were effective reducing cellular ROS induced by BPAF. However, only NAC demonstrated a substantial recovery in proliferation, accompanied by a significant reduction in cytochrome c release and cleaved PARP. These results suggest that NAC supplementation may play an effective therapeutic role in countering germ cell toxicity induced by environmental pollutants with robust oxidative stress-generating capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Gi Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Hoon Jeon
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hee Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daniel Chavez Varias
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Xue S, Li X, Zhou S, Zhang J, Sun K, Peng X, Chen N, Dong M, Jiang T, Chen Y, Yan W. Effects and mechanisms of endocrine disruptor bisphenol AF on male reproductive health: A mini review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116300. [PMID: 38583312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol AF (BPAF), an analogue of bisphenol A (BPA), is commonly found in manufacturing industries and known for its endocrine-disrupting properties. Despite potential similarities in adverse effects with BPA, limited toxicological data exist specifically for BPAF and its impact on male reproductive physiology. This mini-review aims to elucidate the influence of BPAF on the male reproductive system, focusing on estrogenic effects, effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, and transgenerational reproductive toxicity. Additionally, we outline the current insights into the potential mechanisms underlying BPAF-induced male reproductive disorders. BPAF exposure, either directly or maternally, has been associated with detrimental effects on male reproductive functions, including damage to the blood-testis barrier (BTB) structure, disruptions in steroidogenesis, testis dysfunction, decreased anogenital distance (AGD), and defects in sperm and semen quality. Mechanistically, altered gene expression in the HPG axis, deficits in the steroidogenesis pathway, activation of the aromatase pathway, cascade effects induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of ERK signaling, and immunological responses collectively contribute to the adverse effects of BPAF on the male reproductive system. Given the high prevalence of male reproductive issues and infertility, along with the widespread environmental distribution of bisphenols, this study provides valuable insights into the negative effects of BPAF. The findings underscore the importance of considering the safe use of this compound, urging further exploration and regulatory attention to decrease potential risks associated with BPAF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Xue
- Department of Key Laboratory, Affiliated hospital of Nantong University, Changshu 215500, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, School of life science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Shenrui Zhou
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, School of life science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Kun Sun
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, School of life science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Xin Peng
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, School of life science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Nannan Chen
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, School of life science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Dong
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, School of life science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Tingwang Jiang
- Department of Key Laboratory, Affiliated hospital of Nantong University, Changshu 215500, PR China
| | - Yang Chen
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, School of life science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, School of life science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China.
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Yu M, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Guo W, Tian L, Zhang L, Li X, Chen J. Mode of action exploration of reproductive toxicity induced by bisphenol S using human normal ovarian epithelial cells through ERβ-MAPK signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116037. [PMID: 38301581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the plastics production sector, bisphenol S (BPS) has gained popularity as a replacement for bisphenol A (BPA). However, the mode of action (MOA) of female reproductive toxicity caused by BPS remains unclear and the safety of BPS is controversial. METHODS Human normal ovarian epithelial cell line, IOSE80, were exposed to BPS at human-relevant levels for short-term exposure at 24 h or 48 h, or for long-term exposure at 28 days, either alone or together with five signaling pathway inhibitors: ICI 18,2780 (estrogen receptor [ER] antagonist), G15 (GPR30 specific inhibitor), U0126 (extracellular regulated protein kinase [ERK] 1/2 inhibitor), SP600125 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK] inhibitor) or SB203580 (p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase [p38MAPK] inhibitor). MOA through ERβ-MAPK signaling pathway interruption was explored, and potential thresholds were estimated by the benchmark dose method. RESULTS For short-term exposure, BPS exposure at human-relevant levels elevated the ESR2 and MAPK8 mRNA levels, along with the percentage of the G0/G1 phase. For long-term exposure, BPS raised the MAPK1 and EGFR mRNA levels, the ERβ, p-ERK, and p-JNK protein levels, and the percentage of the G0/G1 phase, which was partly suppressed by U0126. The benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) of the percentage of the S phase after 24 h exposure was the lowest among all the BMDLs of a good fit, with BMDL5 of 9.55 μM. CONCLUSIONS The MOA of female reproductive toxicity caused by BPS at human-relevant levels might involve: molecular initiating event (MIE)-BPS binding to ERβ receptor, key event (KE)1-the interrupted expression of GnRH, KE2-the activation of JNK (for short-term exposure) and ERK pathway (for long-term exposure), KE3-cell cycle arrest (the increased percentage of the G0/G1 phase), and KE4-interruption of cell proliferation (only for short-term exposure). The BMDL of the percentage of the S phase after 24 h exposure was the lowest among all the BMDLs of a good fit, with BMDL5 of 9.55 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongru Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanqing Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Lee H, Park J, Park K. Mixture Effects of Bisphenol A and Its Structural Analogs on Estrogen Receptor Transcriptional Activation. TOXICS 2023; 11:986. [PMID: 38133387 PMCID: PMC10747781 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been widely linked to endocrine-disrupting effects. Recently, many substitutes for BPA have been developed as safe structural analogs. However, they have still been reported to have similar adverse effects. The current study evaluated the effects of bisphenol A and eight structural analogs on the transcription of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). The effects of binary and ternary mixtures prepared from different combinations of BPA analogs were also evaluated for transcription activity. The measured data of the mixtures were compared to the predicted data obtained by the full logistic model, and the model deviation ratio (MDR) was calculated to determine whether the effects were synergistic, antagonistic, or additive. Overall, the results suggest that the effect of bisphenol compound are additive in binary and ternary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
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Feng Y, Wu J, Lei R, Zhang Y, Qiao M, Zhou J, Xu Z, Li Z, Sun H, Peng X, Mei S. N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Ameliorates BPAF-Induced Porcine Sertoli Cell Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest via Inhibiting the ROS Level. TOXICS 2023; 11:923. [PMID: 37999575 PMCID: PMC10675769 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is a newly identified contaminant in the environment that has been linked to impairment of the male reproductive system. However, only a few studies have systematically studied the mechanisms underlying BPAF-induced toxicity in testicular Sertoli cells. Hence, this study primarily aims to explore the toxic mechanism of BPAF on the porcine Sertoli cell line (ST cells). The effects of various concentrations of BPAF on ST cell viability and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The results demonstrated that exposure to a high concentration of BPAF (above 50 μM) significantly inhibited ST cell viability due to marked cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry analysis further confirmed that BPAF facilitated apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Moreover, BPAF exposure upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic markers BAD and BAX while downregulating anti-apoptotic and cell proliferation markers BCL-2, PCNA, CDK2, and CDK4. BPAF exposure also resulted in elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), alongside reduced activities of the antioxidants glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) effectively blocked BPAF-triggered apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Therefore, this study suggests that BPAF induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in ST cells by activating ROS-mediated pathways. These findings enhance our understanding of BPAF's role in male reproductive toxicity and provide a foundation for future toxicological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Junjing Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Runyu Lei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Mu Qiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Zhong Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Zipeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Hua Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Xianwen Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Shuqi Mei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Q.); (J.Z.); (Z.X.); (Z.L.); (H.S.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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Khan NG, Tungekar B, Adiga D, Chakrabarty S, Rai PS, Kabekkodu SP. Alterations induced by Bisphenol A on cellular organelles and potential relevance on human health. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119505. [PMID: 37286138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical partially soluble in water and exists in a solid state. Its structural similarity with estrogen makes it an endocrine-disrupting chemical. BPA can disrupt signaling pathways at very low doses and may cause organellar stress. According to in vitro and in vivo studies, BPA interacts with various cell surface receptors to cause organellar stress, producing free radicals, cellular toxicity, structural changes, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytoskeleton remodeling, centriole duplication, and aberrant changes in several cell signaling pathways. The current review summarizes the impact of BPA exposure on the structural and functional aspects of subcellular components of cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, and microtubules and its consequent impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem G Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Bushra Tungekar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India; Center for DNA Repair and Genome Stability (CDRGS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Padmalatha S Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India; Center for DNA Repair and Genome Stability (CDRGS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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10
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García-Recio E, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Ramos-Torrecillas J, Illescas-Montes R, De Luna-Bertos E, Ruiz C. Effects of bisphenol F, bisphenol S, and bisphenol AF on cultured human osteoblasts. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1899-1905. [PMID: 37198449 PMCID: PMC10256648 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) analogs, like BPA, could have adverse effects on human health including bone health. The aim was to determine the effect of BPF, BPS and BPAF on the growth and differentiation of cultured human osteoblasts. Osteoblasts primary culture from bone chips harvested during routine dental work and treated with BPF, BPS, or BPAF for 24 h at doses of 10-5, 10-6, and 10-7 M. Next, cell proliferation was studied, apoptosis induction, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. In addition, mineralization was evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days of cell culture in an osteogenic medium supplemented with BP analog at the studied doses. BPS treatment inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner at all three doses by inducing apoptosis; BPF exerted a significant inhibitory effect on cell proliferation at the highest dose alone by an increase of apoptosis; while BPAF had no effect on proliferation or cell viability. Cell differentiation was adversely affected by treatment with BPA analogs in a dose-dependent, observing a reduction in calcium nodule formation at 21 days. According to the results obtained, these BPA analogs could potentially pose a threat to bone health, depending on their concentration in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E García-Recio
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, ibs.Granada, Avda. de Madrid, 15 Pabellón de Consultas Externas, 2ª Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - V J Costela-Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, ibs.Granada, Avda. de Madrid, 15 Pabellón de Consultas Externas, 2ª Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - L Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, ibs.Granada, Avda. de Madrid, 15 Pabellón de Consultas Externas, 2ª Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - J Ramos-Torrecillas
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, ibs.Granada, Avda. de Madrid, 15 Pabellón de Consultas Externas, 2ª Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - R Illescas-Montes
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, ibs.Granada, Avda. de Madrid, 15 Pabellón de Consultas Externas, 2ª Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - E De Luna-Bertos
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, ibs.Granada, Avda. de Madrid, 15 Pabellón de Consultas Externas, 2ª Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain.
| | - C Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, ibs.Granada, Avda. de Madrid, 15 Pabellón de Consultas Externas, 2ª Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
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11
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Yin L, Hu C, Yu XJ. High-content analysis of testicular toxicity of BPA and its selected analogs in mouse spermatogonial, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells revealed BPAF induced unique multinucleation phenotype associated with the increased DNA synthesis. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 89:105589. [PMID: 36958674 PMCID: PMC10351343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor that has been shown to have testicular toxicity in animal models. Its structural analog, including bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) have been introduced to the market as BPA alternatives. Previously, we developed high-content analysis (HCA) assays and applied machine learning to compare the testicular toxicity of BPA and its analogs in spermatogonial cells and testicular cell co-culture models. There are diverse cell populations in the testis to support spermatogenesis, but their cell type-specific toxicities are still not clear. The purpose of this study is to examine the selective toxicity of BPA, BPS), BPAF, and TBBPA on these testicular cells, including Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and spermatogonia cells. We developed a high-content image-based single-cell analysis and measured a broad spectrum of adverse endpoints related to the development of reproductive toxicology, including cell number, nuclear morphology, DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, early DNA damage response, cytoskeleton structure, DNA methylation status, and autophagy. We introduced an HCA index and spectrum to reveal multiple HCA parameters and observed distinct toxicity profiling of BPA and its analogs among three testicular types. The HCA spectrum shows the dynamic, chemical-specific, dose-dependent changes of each HCA parameter. Each chemical displayed a unique dose-dependent profile within each type of cell. All three types of cells showed the highest response to BPAF at 10 μM across all endpoints measured. BPAF targeted spermatogonial cell (C18) more significantly at 5 μM. BPS more likely targeted Sertoli cell (TM4) and Leydig cell (TM3) and less at spermatogonia cells. TBBPA targeted spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, and less at TM3 cells. BPA is mainly targeted at TM4, followed by TM3 cells, and less at spermatogonial cells. Most importantly, we observed that BPAF induced a dose-dependent increase in spermatogonia cells, not in Sertoli and Leydig cells. In summary, our current HCA assays revealed the cell-type-specific toxicities of BPA and its analogs in different testicular cells. Multinucleation induced by BPAF, along with increased DNA damage and synthesis at low doses, could possibly have a profound long-term effect on reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- ReproTox Biotech LLC, 800 Bradbury Dr. SE Science & Technology Park, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States of America
| | - Chelin Hu
- College of Nursing School, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhong John Yu
- College of Nursing School, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States of America.
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El Hayek E, Castillo E, In JG, Garcia M, Cerrato J, Brearley A, Gonzalez-Estrella J, Herbert G, Bleske B, Benavidez A, Hsiao H, Yin L, Campen MJ, Yu X. Photoaging of polystyrene microspheres causes oxidative alterations to surface physicochemistry and enhances airway epithelial toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:90-102. [PMID: 36881996 PMCID: PMC10176241 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics represent an emerging environmental contaminant, with large gaps in our understanding of human health impacts. Furthermore, environmental factors may modify the plastic chemistry, further altering the toxic potency. Ultraviolet (UV) light is one such unavoidable factor for airborne microplastic particulates and a known modifier of polystyrene surface chemistry. As an experimental model, we aged commercially available polystyrene microspheres for 5 weeks with UV radiation, then compared the cellular responses in A549 lung cells with both pristine and irradiated particulates. Photoaging altered the surface morphology of irradiated microspheres and increased the intensities of polar groups on the near-surface region of the particles as indicated by scanning electron microscopy and by fitting of high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy C 1s spectra, respectively. Even at low concentrations (1-30 µg/ml), photoaged microspheres at 1 and 5 µm in diameter exerted more pronounced biological responses in the A549 cells than was caused by pristine microspheres. High-content imaging analysis revealed S and G2 cell cycle accumulation and morphological changes, which were also more pronounced in A549 cells treated with photoaged microspheres, and further influenced by the size, dose, and time of exposures. Polystyrene microspheres reduced monolayer barrier integrity and slowed regrowth in a wound healing assay in a manner dependent on dose, photoaging, and size of the microsphere. UV-photoaging generally enhanced the toxicity of polystyrene microspheres in A549 cells. Understanding the influence of weathering and environmental aging, along with size, shape, and chemistry, on microplastics biocompatibility may be an essential consideration for incorporation of different plastics in products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane El Hayek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Eliseo Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Marcus Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jose Cerrato
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Adrian Brearley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Barry Bleske
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Angelica Benavidez
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hsuan Hsiao
- ReproTox Biotech, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- ReproTox Biotech, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- College of Nursing, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Hug E, Villeneuve P, Bravard S, Chorfa A, Damon-Soubeyrand C, Somkuti SG, Moazamian A, Aitken RJ, Gharagozloo P, Drevet JR, Saez F. Loss of Nuclear/DNA Integrity in Mouse Epididymal Spermatozoa after Short-Term Exposure to Low Doses of Dibutyl Phthalate or Bisphenol AF and Its Mitigation by Oral Antioxidant Supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051046. [PMID: 37237912 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine exposure to chemicals omnipresent in the environment, particularly the so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), has been associated with decreased sperm quality and increased anomalies in testis. The decline in semen quality and testicular abnormalities have been attributed to the disruption of endocrine signaling as well as oxidative stress. The present study set out to examine the effect of short-term exposure of two common EDCs widely used in the plastic industry: Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) and Bisphenol AF (BPAF). Our research objective was to focus on the post-testicular compartment of the epididymis, where spermatozoa acquire their functional capacity and are stored. The data obtained indicated no significant effect for either chemicals on sperm viability, motility or acrosome integrity. Neither of the EDCs had a noticeable effect on the structures of the testis and epididymis. However, substantial impact on the integrity of the sperm nucleus and DNA structure was evidenced by a significant increase in nuclear decondensation and DNA base oxidation. The damage observed was postulated to arise from the pro-oxidant properties of the EDCs generating excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggering a state of oxidative stress. This hypothesis was confirmed when the observed damage was largely blocked by co-administering EDCs with an evidenced-based antioxidant formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Hug
- GReD Institute, CNRS UMR6293-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Villeneuve
- GReD Institute, CNRS UMR6293-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephanie Bravard
- GReD Institute, CNRS UMR6293-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Areski Chorfa
- GReD Institute, CNRS UMR6293-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christelle Damon-Soubeyrand
- GReD Institute, CNRS UMR6293-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Aron Moazamian
- GReD Institute, CNRS UMR6293-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CellOxess LLC, Ewing, NJ 08540, USA
| | - R John Aitken
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle 2308, Australia
| | | | - Joël R Drevet
- GReD Institute, CNRS UMR6293-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabrice Saez
- GReD Institute, CNRS UMR6293-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Silano (until 21 December 2020†) V, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Vernis L, Zorn H, Batke M, Bignami M, Corsini E, FitzGerald R, Gundert‐Remy U, Halldorsson T, Hart A, Ntzani E, Scanziani E, Schroeder H, Ulbrich B, Waalkens‐Berendsen D, Woelfle D, Al Harraq Z, Baert K, Carfì M, Castoldi AF, Croera C, Van Loveren H. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2023; 21:e06857. [PMID: 37089179 PMCID: PMC10113887 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, EFSA established a temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) for BPA of 4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day. In 2016, the European Commission mandated EFSA to re-evaluate the risks to public health from the presence of BPA in foodstuffs and to establish a tolerable daily intake (TDI). For this re-evaluation, a pre-established protocol was used that had undergone public consultation. The CEP Panel concluded that it is Unlikely to Very Unlikely that BPA presents a genotoxic hazard through a direct mechanism. Taking into consideration the evidence from animal data and support from human observational studies, the immune system was identified as most sensitive to BPA exposure. An effect on Th17 cells in mice was identified as the critical effect; these cells are pivotal in cellular immune mechanisms and involved in the development of inflammatory conditions, including autoimmunity and lung inflammation. A reference point (RP) of 8.2 ng/kg bw per day, expressed as human equivalent dose, was identified for the critical effect. Uncertainty analysis assessed a probability of 57-73% that the lowest estimated Benchmark Dose (BMD) for other health effects was below the RP based on Th17 cells. In view of this, the CEP Panel judged that an additional uncertainty factor (UF) of 2 was needed for establishing the TDI. Applying an overall UF of 50 to the RP, a TDI of 0.2 ng BPA/kg bw per day was established. Comparison of this TDI with the dietary exposure estimates from the 2015 EFSA opinion showed that both the mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposures in all age groups exceeded the TDI by two to three orders of magnitude. Even considering the uncertainty in the exposure assessment, the exceedance being so large, the CEP Panel concluded that there is a health concern from dietary BPA exposure.
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15
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Hu C, Hsiao ZH, Yin L, Yu X. The role of small GTPases in bisphenol AF-induced multinucleation in comparison with dibutyl phthalate in the male germ cells. Toxicol Sci 2023; 192:43-58. [PMID: 36625514 PMCID: PMC10025878 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to examine bisphenol AF (BPAF)-induced multinucleation (MNC) in comparison with dibutyl phthalate (DBP), known to induce MNC in mouse gonocytes in vivo. We performed image-based single-cell high content analysis (HCA) in the mouse spermatogonia C18-4 cells treated with various concentrations of BPAF and DBP. BPAF as low as 5 µM was cytotoxic and resulted in 40% cell death of the C18-4 cells after 72 h. HCA revealed that 5 µM of BPAF significantly increased the number of MNC by an average of 3.6-fold. DBP did not induce MNC in the doses we tested. Cytokinesis is tightly regulated by various small GTPase-signaling pathways. We, therefore, tested 5 selective GTPase inhibitors and found that Y27632, a ROCK inhibitor, reduced the BPAF-induced MNC by nearly 30%. Inhibition of Cdc42 by ML141 conversely increased the number of BPAF-induced MNC. We performed a hierarchical cluster analysis of the HCA data and demonstrated that the cytoskeletal disruption by BPAF was reversely modified by Y27632. We found that mRNA expression of genes regulating Rho and Rac GTPase activities, p190RhoGap and MgcRacGap, was altered in BPAF-treated C18-4 cells in a time-dependent manner. Multinucleated gonocytes are often indicators of disease pathologies. Our results provided the first evidence of mechanisms of the dual toxicity by BPAF to male germ cells, which induces chromosome endoreplication without the coordinated cytokinetic cellular components. The unique genotoxic mechanism of forming multinucleated germ cells suggests a novel mode of action in the male repro-toxicity concern over the increasingly ubiquitous presence of BPA analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelin Hu
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | - Lei Yin
- ReproTox Biotech LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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16
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A Review on Tetrabromobisphenol A: Human Biomonitoring, Toxicity, Detection and Treatment in the Environment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062505. [PMID: 36985477 PMCID: PMC10054480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a known endocrine disruptor employed in a range of consumer products and has been predominantly found in different environments through industrial processes and in human samples. In this review, we aimed to summarize published scientific evidence on human biomonitoring, toxic effects and mode of action of TBBPA in humans. Interestingly, an overview of various pretreatment methods, emerging detection methods, and treatment methods was elucidated. Studies on exposure routes in humans, a combination of detection methods, adsorbent-based treatments and degradation of TBBPA are in the preliminary phase and have several limitations. Therefore, in-depth studies on these subjects should be considered to enhance the accurate body load of non-invasive matrix, external exposure levels, optimal design of combined detection techniques, and degrading technology of TBBPA. Overall, this review will improve the scientific comprehension of TBBPA in humans as well as the environment, and the breakthrough for treating waste products containing TBBPA.
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17
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Tetrabromobisphenol Exposure Impairs Bovine Oocyte Maturation by Inducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228111. [PMID: 36432212 PMCID: PMC9696588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol (TBBPA) is the most widely used brominated flame retardant in the world and displays toxicity to humans and animals. However, few studies have focused on its impact on oocyte maturation. Here, TBBPA was added to the culture medium of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) to examine its effect on oocytes. We found that TBBPA exposure displayed an adverse influence on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development. The results of this study showed that TBBPA exposure induced oocyte meiotic failure by disturbing the polar-body extrusion of oocytes and the expansion of cumulus cells. We further found that TBBPA exposure led to defective spindle assembly and chromosome alignment. Meanwhile, TBBPA induced oxidative stress and early apoptosis by mediating the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). TBBPA exposure also caused mitochondrial dysfunction, displaying a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial content, mtDNA copy number, and ATP levels, which are regulated by the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3). In addition, the developmental competence of oocytes and the quality of blastocysts were also reduced after TBBPA treatment. These results demonstrated that TBBPA exposure impaired oocyte maturation and developmental competence by disrupting both nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of the oocyte, which might have been caused by oxidative stress induced by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Ďurovcová I, Kyzek S, Fabová J, Makuková J, Gálová E, Ševčovičová A. Genotoxic potential of bisphenol A: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119346. [PMID: 35489531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), as a major component of some plastic products, is abundant environmental pollutant. Due to its ability to bind to several types of estrogen receptors, it can trigger multiple cellular responses, which can contribute to various manifestations at the organism level. The most studied effect of BPA is endocrine disruption, but recently its prooxidative potential has been confirmed. BPA ability to induce oxidative stress through increased ROS production, altered activity of antioxidant enzymes, or accumulation of oxidation products of biomacromolecules is observed in a wide range of organisms - estrogen receptor-positive and -negative. Subsequently, increased intracellular oxidation can lead to DNA damage induction, represented by oxidative damage, single- and double-strand DNA breaks. Importantly, BPA shows several mechanisms of action and can trigger adverse effects on all organisms inhabiting a wide variety of ecosystem types. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to summarize the genotoxic effects of BPA on organisms across all taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ďurovcová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stanislav Kyzek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Fabová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Makuková
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Eliška Gálová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Andrea Ševčovičová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Salahinejad A, Attaran A, Meuthen D, Rachamalla M, Chivers DP, Niyogi S. Maternal exposure to bisphenol S induces neuropeptide signaling dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brain, and abnormal social behaviors in zebrafish (Danio rerio) offspring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154794. [PMID: 35341835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that bisphenol S (BPS) induces multiple adverse effects in exposed organisms; however, the maternal effects of BPS exposure remain poorly understood. Here, we expose adult female zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPS (0, 1, 10, 30 μg/L) and 1 μg/L of 17-β-estradiol (E2) as a positive control for 60 days. Females were then paired with BPS-unexposed males and their offspring were raised in control water for 6 months. Maternal exposure to BPS was found to alter social behavior and anxiety response in a dose-specific manner in male offspring. Group preferences and social cohesion were significantly reduced by maternal exposure to 1 and 10 μg/L BPS, respectively. Additionally, maternal exposure to 1 and 30 μg/L BPS and E2 decreased offspring stress responses during the novel tank test. The impaired social behavior was associated with elevated arginine-vasotocin (AVT) level as well as with the altered expression of genes involved in AVT signaling pathway (AVT, avpr1aa) and enzymatic antioxidant genes (cat and Mn-sod) in the brain. Collectively, these results suggest that maternal exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPS alters social behavior in zebrafish offspring, which is likely mediated by oxidative stress and disruption of neuropeptide signaling pathways in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Salahinejad
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Anoosha Attaran
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Denis Meuthen
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
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Hong X, Shao N, Yin L, Li C, Tao G, Sun Y, Qian K, Yang J, Xiao P, Yu X, Zhou Z. Exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles affects testicular structure, reproductive development and spermatogenesis in parental and offspring male rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:751. [PMID: 35957732 PMCID: PMC9358518 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the toxicity exerted by zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on rat testis and its effects on fertility and progeny development. Methods Different concentrations of ZnO NPs were administered by gavage to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats to examine the adverse effects resulting from pre- and post-natal exposure. Systemic distribution of ZnO NPs, developmental performance, sperm parameters, reproductive performance, histopathological examination, and sex hormone levels were determined scheduled in the experimental rats and their male offspring. The comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of the ZnO NPs was determined among C18-4, TM3, and TM4 cells. The toxicity exerted by ZnO NPs on germ cells in vitro and the effects on the expression of cytoskeleton and blood-testis barrier (BTB)-related proteins were also determined. Results After oral gavage, ZnO NPs mainly accumulated in the liver and testes of rats; 350 mg/kg ZnO NPs adversely affected the epididymal weight, sperm motility, and hormone levels but did not affect the fertility of rats. In addition, 350 mg/kg ZnO NPs significantly reduced the reproductive and developmental performance of offspring male rats. Testicular histopathological and electron microscopic ultrastructure examinations showed more significant abnormal structural changes than those observed in parental rats. The results of in vitro cell experiments further showed that ZnO NPs exerted cytotoxic effects on germ cells, and led to DNA damage, nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton alterations, and could regulate actin changes through changes in LC3B. Conclusions It is possible that ZnO NPs act directly on TM4 cells by penetrating the BTB, causing damage to the cytoskeleton and disrupting the dynamic balance of the BTB, thereby destroying the microenvironment necessary for spermatogenesis, which may lead to poor reproduction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Hong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naimin Shao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Reprotox Biotech LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Chen Li
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, China
| | - Gonghua Tao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuli Sun
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, China
| | - Kelei Qian
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Barańska A, Woźniak A, Mokra K, Michałowicz J. Genotoxic Mechanism of Action of TBBPA, TBBPS and Selected Bromophenols in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869741. [PMID: 35493487 PMCID: PMC9039255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromophenolic flame retardants (BFRs) are a large group of synthetic substances used in the industry in order to reduce the flammability of synthetic materials used in electrical and electronic devices, textiles, furniture and other everyday products. The presence of BFRs has been documented in the environment, food, drinking water, inhaled dust and the human body. Due to the widespread exposure of the general population to BFRs and insufficient knowledge on their toxic action, including genotoxic potential, we have compared the effect of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS), 2,4,6,-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) and pentabromophenol (PBP) on DNA damage in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (playing a crucial role in the immune system) as well as examined underlying mechanism of action of these substances. The cells were incubated for 24 h with studied compounds in the concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 µg/mL. The study has shown that examined BFRs induced single and, to a lesser extent, double strand-breaks formation and caused oxidative damage to pyrimidines, and particularly to purines in the incubated cells. PBMCs efficiently repaired the DNA strand-breaks induced by BFRs, but they were unable to remove completely damaged DNA (except cells treated with TBBPS). The greatest changes in the above-mentioned parameters were observed in cells incubated with TBBPA, while the smallest in PBMCs treated with TBBPS. The results have also revealed that tested compounds do not form adducts with DNA in PBMCs, while the observed changes were the most probably induced by indirect DNA-damaging agents, such as ROS and other reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barańska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mokra
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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22
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Bisphenol S exposure induces cytotoxicity in mouse Leydig cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 160:112805. [PMID: 34990787 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS), an increasingly used alternative to bisphenol A, has been linked to testosterone deficiency and male reproductive dysfunction in laboratory animals. This study aimed to examine the cytotoxicity of BPS exposure to Leydig cells and to investigate its possible mechanisms. After treatment with BPS (100, 200 and 400 μM) for 48 h in vitro, TM3 mouse Leydig cells exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in the viability. Furthermore, BPS challenge triggered oxidative stress manifested by compromised activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase with exaggerated formation of reactive oxygen species. Especially, BPS exposure resulted in augmented mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced ATP generation, along with an altered energy metabolism. Moreover, BPS stimulation enhanced BAX expression and caspase-3 activity and inhibited BCL-2 expression. In addition, BPS-treated TM3 cells showed an accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, together with increased Beclin1 and P62 expression and elevated LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio. These results demonstrated that in vitro exposure to BPS exerted cytotoxicity to TM3 Leydig cells through inducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, autophagic disturbance and apoptosis.
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23
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Teratogenicity and toxicity of the new BPA alternative TMBPF, and BPA, BPS, and BPAF in chick embryonic development. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:399-410. [PMID: 34901887 PMCID: PMC8639335 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely known, yet controversial reproductive toxin, capable of inducing reproductive, developmental, and somatic growth defects across species. Due to scientific findings and public concern, companies have developed BPA alternatives remarkably similar to BPA. However, these alternatives have had much less testing and oversight, yet they are already being mass-produced and used across industries from plastics to food-contact coatings. The newest one, tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF), is the least well-studied and has never been investigated in embryological models, however it continues to be mass produced and found in various products. Here, we used the chicken embryotoxicity screening test to compare the toxicities and potencies of several BPA analogs including TMBPF. We exposed developing chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos in ovo, from embryonic day 5 to 12 (E5-12), to increasing concentrations of BPA, bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and TMBPF, from 0.003 to 30 μM, and analyzed their developmental and toxic effects. The bisphenols significantly impaired development, growth, and survival in a dose-dependent manner, even at low, environmentally relevant concentrations of 3-30 nM. There was severely reduced growth and developmental delay, with exposed embryos averaging half the size and weight of control vehicle-treated embryos. The most common and severe dysmorphologies were craniofacial, eye, gastrointestinal, and body pigmentation abnormalities. The bisphenols caused dose-dependent toxicity with the lowest LC50s (lethal concentration with 50% survival) ever demonstrated in chick embryos, at 0.83-2.92 μM. Notably, TMBPF was the second-most toxic and teratogenic of all chemicals tested (rank order of BPAF > TMBPF > BPS > BPA). These results underscore the adverse effects of BPA replacements on early embryo development and may have implications for reproductive health and disease across species, including pregnancy exposures in humans.
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24
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Shamhari A‘A, Abd Hamid Z, Budin SB, Shamsudin NJ, Taib IS. Bisphenol A and Its Analogues Deteriorate the Hormones Physiological Function of the Male Reproductive System: A Mini-Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1744. [PMID: 34829973 PMCID: PMC8615890 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BPA is identified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical that deteriorates the physiological function of the hormones of the male reproductive system. Bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) are actively explored as substitutes for BPA and are known as BPA analogues in most manufacturing industries. These analogues may demonstrate the same adverse effects as BPA on the male reproductive system; however, toxicological data explaining the male reproductive hormones' physiological functions are still limited. Hence, this mini-review discusses the effects of BPA and its analogues on the physiological functions of hormones in the male reproductive system, focusing on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, steroidogenesis, and spermatogenesis outcomes. The BPA analogues mainly show a similar negative effect on the hormones' physiological functions, proven by alterations in the HPG axis and steroidogenesis via activation of the aromatase activity and reduction of spermatogenesis outcomes when compared to BPA in in vitro and in vivo studies. Human biomonitoring studies also provide significant adverse effects on the physiological functions of hormones in the male reproductive system. In conclusion, BPA and its analogues deteriorate the physiological functions of hormones in the male reproductive system as per in vitro, in vivo, and human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma’ ‘Afifah Shamhari
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (A.‘A.S.); (Z.A.H.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Zariyantey Abd Hamid
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (A.‘A.S.); (Z.A.H.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (A.‘A.S.); (Z.A.H.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Nurul Jehan Shamsudin
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Izatus Shima Taib
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (A.‘A.S.); (Z.A.H.); (S.B.B.)
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25
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Wu H, Wang J, Xiang Y, Li L, Qie H, Ren M, Lin A, Qi F. Effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on the reproductive health of male rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146745. [PMID: 33794456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a type of brominated flame retardant widely detected in the environment and organisms. It has been reported to cause cytotoxicity and disrupt endocrine system of animals. However, the effect of TBBPA on the reproductive system of male rodents is still controversial. Hence, this meta-analysis aims to determine whether TBBPA exposure damage to the reproductive system of male rodents. In this study, a thorough search of literatures was undertaken to select papers published before December 1st, 2020. The standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by random model. The results showed a statistically significant association between TBBPA exposure and the reproductive system health of male rodents (SMD = -0.35, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.19). The SMD for the reproductive system index organ weight, sperm quality, hormone levels, and gene expression were 0.03 (95% CI -0.18 to 0.23), -0.47 (95% CI -0.78 to -0.16), -0.51 (95% CI -0.75 to -0.27), and -0.98 (95% CI -1.36 to -0.60), respectively. There was a significant dose-effect relationship between TBBPA exposure and the reproductive health of male rodents, with the SMD values of low, medium, and high doses -0.20 (95% CI -0.34 to -0.05), -0.24 (95% CI -0.56 to 0.07), and -0.48 (95% CI -0.83 to -0.13), respectively. For exposure duration of TBBPA, an exposure time of >10 weeks (SMD = -0.33, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.12) showed more significant effect than an exposure time of ≤10 weeks (SMD = -0.22, 95% CI -0.43 to -0.02). Moreover, TBBPA exposure exhibited significant negative effects on sperm count (SMD = -0.49, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.17) while also reduced the content of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) hormones. To summarize, our meta-analysis indicated that TBBPA had a toxicity effect to the reproductive system of male rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jinhang Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Ying Xiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Hantong Qie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Meng Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Aijun Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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26
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Huang W, Yin H, Yang Y, Jin L, Lu G, Dang Z. Influence of the co-exposure of microplastics and tetrabromobisphenol A on human gut: Simulation in vitro with human cell Caco-2 and gut microbiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146264. [PMID: 33725607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution becomes an emergent threat to the ecosystem, and its joint effect with organic contaminants will cause more severe consequences. Recently, MPs has been observed in human feces, suggesting that we are exposed to an uncertain danger. In this study, the joint effect of polyethylene microplastics particles (PEMPs) and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on human gut was explored through the simulation experiment in vitro with human cell Caco-2 and gut microbiota. The toxicity of TBBPA and PEMPs on Caco-2 human cells was considered by physiological and biochemical indexes such as cell proliferation, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species, lactate dehydrogenase release, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Besides, microbial community diversity, community structure, and function changes of gut microbiota were investigated using Illumina 16S rRNA gene MiSeq sequencing to reveal the influence of TBBPA and PEMPs on human gut microbiota. The results indicated that both PEMPs and TBBPA would deteriorate the status of Caco-2 cells, and TBBPA played a major role in it; meanwhile, PEMPs affected Caco-2 cells at high concentrations. Particularly, TBBPA and PEMPs exhibited a joint effect on Caco-2 cells to a certain degree. TBBPA selectivity inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria such as Enterococcus and Lactobacillus, contributing to the thriving of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia and Bacteroides. The existence of PEMPs would enhance the proportion of Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Escherichia. Community composition changed dramatically with the interference of PEMPs and TBBPA; this was undesirable to the healthy homeostasis of the human gut. PICRUSt analysis determined both PEMPs and TBBPA interfered with the metabolism pathways of gut microbiota. Hence, the threat of MPs and TBBPA to humans should arouse vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuanyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Lizhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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27
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Harnett KG, Chin A, Schuh SM. BPA and BPA alternatives BPS, BPAF, and TMBPF, induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in rat and human stem cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112210. [PMID: 33866271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous industrial chemical found in everyday plastic products and materials. Due to scientific findings on the reproductive, developmental, and cellular defects caused by BPA and heightened public awareness, manufacturers have begun to use new chemicals in place of BPA in "BPA-free" products. These alternatives are chemical analogs of BPA and include dozens of new compounds that have undergone relatively little testing and oversight, including: bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and the recently developed tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF; the monomer of valPure V70). Here, we used adult female rat adipose-derived stem cells (rASCs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to compare the toxicities and potencies of these BPA alternatives in vitro. Rat and human stem cells were exposed to BPA (1-10 μM), 17β-estradiol (E2; 10 μM), BPS (1-100 μM), BPAF (3×10-4-30 μM), TMBPF (0.01-50 μM), or control media alone (with 0.01% ethanol) for varying time intervals from 10 min to 24 h. We found significantly decreased cell viability and massive apoptosis in rat and human stem cells treated with each BPA analog, as early as 10 min of exposure, and at low, physiologically relevant doses. BPAF showed extreme cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner (LC50 =0.014 μM (rASCs) and 0.009 μM (hMSCs)), whereas TMBPF showed a bimodal response, with low and high concentrations being the most toxic (LC50 =0.88 μM (rASCs) and 0.06 μM (hMSCs)). Activated caspase-6 levels increased in nearly all cells treated with the BPA analogs indicating the majority of cell death was due to caspase-6-mediated apoptosis. These results in both rat and human stem cells underscore the toxicity and potency of these BPA analogs, and establish a rank order of potency of: BPAF>TMBPF>BPA>BPS. Further, these and other recent findings indicate that these newer BPA analogs may be 'regrettable substitutions,' being worse than the original parent compound and lacking proper testing and regulation. This work brings to light the need for further toxicological characterization, better regulation, greater public awareness, and the development of safer, more sustainable chemicals and non-plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen G Harnett
- Saint Mary's College of California, Department of Biology, Moraga, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Chin
- Saint Mary's College of California, Department of Biology, Moraga, CA, USA
| | - Sonya M Schuh
- Saint Mary's College of California, Department of Biology, Moraga, CA, USA.
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28
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Cohen IC, Cohenour ER, Harnett KG, Schuh SM. BPA, BPAF and TMBPF Alter Adipogenesis and Fat Accumulation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells, with Implications for Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105363. [PMID: 34069744 PMCID: PMC8160667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical used in the production of plastics, and is linked to developmental, reproductive, and metabolic disorders including obesity. Manufacturers have begun using ‘BPA-free’ alternatives instead of BPA in many consumer products. However, these alternatives have had much less testing and oversight, yet they are already being mass-produced and used across industries from plastics to food-contact coatings. Here, we used human female adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), a type of adult mesenchymal stem cell, to compare the effects of BPA and BPA alternatives on adipogenesis or fat cell development in vitro. We focused on two commonly used BPA replacements, bisphenol AF (BPAF) and tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF; monomer of the new valPure V70 food-contact coating). Human ASCs were differentiated into adipocytes using chemically defined media in the presence of control differentiation media with and without 17β-estradiol (E2; 10 μM), or with increasing doses of BPA (0, 0.1 and 1 μM), BPAF (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 nM), or TMBPF (0, 0.01 and 0.1 μM). After differentiation, the cells were stained and imaged to visualize and quantify the accumulation of lipid vacuoles and number of developing fat cells. Treated cells were also examined for cell viability and apoptosis (programmed cell death) using the respective cellular assays. Similar to E2, BPA at 0.1 μM and BPAF at 0.1 nM, significantly increased adipogenesis and lipid production by 20% compared to control differentiated cells (based on total lipid vacuole number to cell number ratios), whereas higher levels of BPA and BPAF significantly decreased adipogenesis (p < 0.005). All tested doses of TMBPF significantly reduced adipogenesis and lipid production by 30–40%, likely at least partially through toxic effects on stem cells, as viable cell numbers decreased and apoptosis levels increased throughout differentiation. These findings indicate that low, environmentally-relevant doses of BPA, BPAF, and TMBPF have significant effects on fat cell development and lipid accumulation, with TMBPF having non-estrogenic, anti-adipogenic effects. These and other recent results may provide a potential cellular mechanism between exposure to bisphenols and human obesity, and underscore the likely impact of these chemicals on fat development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C. Cohen
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s College of California, Moraga, CA 94575, USA; (I.C.C.); (K.G.H.)
| | - Emry R. Cohenour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA;
| | - Kristen G. Harnett
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s College of California, Moraga, CA 94575, USA; (I.C.C.); (K.G.H.)
| | - Sonya M. Schuh
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s College of California, Moraga, CA 94575, USA; (I.C.C.); (K.G.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Rajkumar A, Luu T, Beal MA, Barton-Maclaren TS, Robaire B, Hales BF. Elucidation of the Effects of Bisphenol A and Structural Analogs on Germ and Steroidogenic Cells Using Single Cell High-Content Imaging. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:224-238. [PMID: 33501994 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns about the potential adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) have led to an increase in the use of replacements, yet the toxicity data for several of these chemicals are limited. Using high-content imaging, we compared the effects of BPA, BPAF, BPF, BPS, BPM, and BPTMC in germ (C18-4 spermatogonial) and steroidogenic (MA-10 Leydig and KGN granulosa) cell lines. Effects on cell viability and phenotypic markers were analyzed to determine benchmark concentrations (BMCs) and estimate administered equivalent doses (AEDs). In all 3 cell lines, BPA was one of the least cytotoxic bisphenol compounds tested, whereas BPM and BPTMC were the most cytotoxic. Interestingly, BPF and BPS were cytotoxic only in MA-10 cells. Effects on phenotypic parameters, including mitochondria, lysosomes, lipid droplets, and oxidative stress, were both bisphenol- and cell-line specific. BPA exposure affected mitochondria (BMC: 1.2 μM; AED: 0.09 mg/kg/day) in C18-4 cells. Lysosome numbers were increased in MA-10 cells exposed to BPA or BPAF but decreased in KGN cells exposed to BPAF or BPM. Lipid droplets were decreased in C18-4 cells exposed to BPF and in MA-10 cells exposed to BPTMC but increased in BPF, BPM, and BPTMC-exposed KGN cells. BPA and BPM exposure induced oxidative stress in MA-10 and KGN cells, respectively. In summary, structurally similar bisphenols displayed clear cell-line-specific differences in BMC and AED values for effects on cell viability and phenotypic endpoints. This approach, together with additional data on human exposure, may aid in the selection and prioritization of responsible replacements for BPA. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishankari Rajkumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Trang Luu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Marc A Beal
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Tara S Barton-Maclaren
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Ullah H, Ullah F, Rehman O, Jahan S, Afsar T, Al-Disi D, Almajwal A, Razak S. Chronic exposure of bisphenol S (BPS) affect hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular activities in adult male rats: possible in estrogenic mode of action. Environ Health Prev Med 2021; 26:31. [PMID: 33678156 PMCID: PMC7938458 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-021-00954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The industrial revolution has resulted in increased synthesis and the introduction of a variety of compounds into the environment and their potentially hazardous effects have been observed in the biota. The present study was aimed to evaluate the potential endocrine-disrupting effects of chronic exposure to the low concentrations of bisphenol S (BPS) in male rats. Methods Weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats (22 days old) were either exposed to water containing 0.1% ethanol for control or different concentrations of BPS (0.5, 5, and 50 μg/L) in drinking water for 48 weeks in the chronic exposure study. After completion of the experimental period, animals were dissected and different parameters (hormone concentrations, histology of testis and epididymis, oxidative stress and level of antioxidant enzymes in the testis, daily sperm production (DSP), and sperm parameters) were determined. Results Results of the present study showed a significant alteration in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and relative reproductive organ weights. Oxidative stress in the testis was significantly elevated while sperm motility, daily sperm production, and the number of sperm in epididymis were reduced. Plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were reduced and estradiol levels were high in the 50 μg/L-exposed group. Histological observations involved a significant reduction in the epithelial height of the testis along with disrupted spermatogenesis, an empty lumen of the seminiferous tubules, and the caput region of the epididymis. Conclusion These results suggest that exposure to 5 and 50 μg/L of BPS for the chronic duration started from an early age can induce structural changes in testicular tissue architecture and endocrine alterations in the male reproductive system which may lead to infertility in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hizb Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Ullah
- University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Owais Rehman
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dara Al-Disi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Salahinejad A, Attaran A, Naderi M, Meuthen D, Niyogi S, Chivers DP. Chronic exposure to bisphenol S induces oxidative stress, abnormal anxiety, and fear responses in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141633. [PMID: 32882496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is increasingly used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products, resulting in its ubiquitous distribution across the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. Although it is commonly known as a weak/moderate estrogenic compound, there has been a growing acknowledgment of the potential of BPS to cause toxicity by inducing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a major participant in the development of anxiety-like behaviors in humans and animals. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the impact of BPS on anxiety-like behavior and fear responses in adult zebrafish and also to elucidate the possible linkage between the BPS neurotoxicity and oxidative status of the brain. To this end, adult male and female zebrafish were exposed to 0 (control), 1, 10, and 30 μg/L of BPS and 1 μg/L of 17-β-estradiol (E2) for 75 days. Following exposure, changes in anxiety and fear-related responses were evaluated by applying a novel tank test and by exposing focal fish to chemical alarm cues. Additionally, we evaluated the expression of multiple antioxidant genes in the zebrafish brain. Our results indicate that BPS, irrespective of exposure concentration, and E2 significantly decreased bottom-dwelling behavior and the latency to enter the upper water column. Furthermore, exposure to the highest concentration of BPS and E2 induced a significant decrease in fear-related responses. The impaired anxiety and reduced fear-related responses were associated with a down-regulation in the transcription of genes involved in enzymatic antioxidant defense. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic exposure to BPS impairs anxiety and fear responses in adult zebrafish, possibly by inducing oxidative stress in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Salahinejad
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Anoosha Attaran
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Mohammad Naderi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Denis Meuthen
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
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Naderi M, Kwong RWM. A comprehensive review of the neurobehavioral effects of bisphenol S and the mechanisms of action: New insights from in vitro and in vivo models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106078. [PMID: 32911243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The normal brain development and function are delicately driven by an ever-changing milieu of steroid hormones arising from fetal, placental, and maternal origins. This reliance on the neuroendocrine system sets the stage for the exquisite sensitivity of the central nervous system to the adverse effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most common EDCs which has been a particular focus of environmental concern for decades due to its widespread nature and formidable threat to human and animal health. The heightened regulatory actions and the scientific and public concern over the adverse health effects of BPA have led to its replacement with a suite of structurally similar but less known alternative chemicals. Bisphenol S (BPS) is the main substitute for BPA that is increasingly being used in a wide array of consumer and industrial products. Although it was considered to be a safe BPA alternative, mounting evidence points to the deleterious effects of BPS on a wide range of neuroendocrine functions in animals. In addition to its reproductive toxicity, recent experimental efforts indicate that BPS has a considerable potential to induce neurotoxicity and behavioral dysfunction. This review analyzes the current state of knowledge regarding the neurobehavioral effects of BPS and discusses its potential mode of actions on several aspects of the neuroendocrine system. We summarize the role of certain hormones and their signaling pathways in the regulation of brain and behavior and discuss how BPS induces neurotoxicity through interactions with these pathways. Finally, we review potential links between BPS exposure and aberrant neurobehavioral functions in animals and identify key knowledge gaps and hypotheses for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naderi
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Raymond W M Kwong
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Zhou H, Yin N, Faiola F. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA): A controversial environmental pollutant. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:54-66. [PMID: 32933740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants and is extensively used in electronic equipment, furniture, plastics, and textiles. It is frequently detected in water, soil, air, and organisms, including humans, and has raised concerns in the scientific community regarding its potential adverse health effects. Human exposure to TBBPA is mainly via diet, respiration, and skin contact. Various in vivo and in vitro studies based on animal and cell models have demonstrated that TBBPA can induce multifaceted effects in cells and animals, and potentially exert hepatic, renal, neural, cardiac, and reproductive toxicities. Nevertheless, other reports have claimed that TBBPA might be a safe chemical. In this review, we re-evaluated most of the published TBBPA toxicological assessments with the goal of reaching a conclusion about its potential toxicity. We concluded that, although low TBBPA exposure levels and rapid metabolism in humans may signify that TBBPA is a safe chemical for the general population, particular attention should be paid to the potential effects of TBBPA on early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Li R, Liu S, Qiu W, Yang F, Zheng Y, Xiong Y, Li G, Zheng C. Transcriptomic analysis of bisphenol AF on early growth and development of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 4:100054. [PMID: 36157705 PMCID: PMC9488094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2020.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol AF (BPAF), an alternative to bisphenol A, is widely detected in aquatic environments. Owing to health concerns, the toxic effects of BPAF on organisms are drawing attention. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicity of BPAF, combining the results of omics techniques and experiment. Employing transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), we obtained 391, 648, 512, and 545 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L BPAF-exposed zebrafish larvae, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment revealed the early development, stimulus-response, and MAPK signaling pathway were significantly affected by BPAF. In addition, five hub genes (fgf3, fgf4, map2k1, myca, and casp3b) were highlighted as the key genes in MAPK signaling pathway using the protein-protein interaction network. Therefore, the RNA-seq results showed that early development and stimulus-response were the main processes affected by BPAF, which was consistent with our morphological and pathological results. The hatching rate of zebrafish embryos in 1 and 10 μg/L BPAF groups was significantly inhibited, and the oxidative stress indexes, including the level of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), were significantly increased by the 100 μg/L BPAF treatment. Moreover, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) was significantly decreased in all BPAF exposure groups. In conclusion, exposure to BPAF at environmental relevant concentrations affected the early development and immune system of zebrafish larvae by modulating MAPK signaling pathway, and our results provide solid evidence for the future studies on the toxicity of bisphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Corresponding author. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Feng Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Municipal Engineering Lab of Environmental IoT Technologies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guanrong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Corresponding author. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Shi M, Whorton AE, Sekulovski N, MacLean JA, Hayashi K. Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol A, E, and S Induces Transgenerational Effects on Male Reproductive Functions in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2020; 172:303-315. [PMID: 31532523 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to examine the transgenerational effects of bisphenol (BP) A analogs, BPE, and BPS on male reproductive functions using mice as a model. CD-1 mice (F0) were orally exposed to control treatment (corn oil), BPA, BPE, or BPS (0.5 or 50 µg/kg/day) from gestational day 7 (the presence of vaginal plug = 1) to birth. Mice from F1 and F2 offspring were used to generate F3 males. Prenatal exposure to BPA, BPE, and BPS decreased sperm counts and/or motility and disrupted the progression of germ cell development as morphometric analyses exhibited an abnormal distribution of the stages of spermatogenesis in F3 males. Dysregulated serum levels of estradiol-17β and testosterone, as well as expression of steroidogenic enzymes in F3 adult testis were also observed. In the neonatal testis, although apoptosis and DNA damage were not affected, mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferases, histone methyltransferases, and their associated factors were increased by BP exposure. Furthermore, BP exposure induced immunoreactive expression of DNMT3A in Sertoli cells, strengthened DNMT3B, and weakened H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 in germ cells of the neonatal testis, whereas DNMT1, H3K4me3, and H3K27ac were not affected. In adult testis, stage-specific DNMT3B was altered by BP exposure, although DNMT3A, H3K9me2, and H3K9me3 expression remained stable. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to BPA, BPE, and BPS induces transgenerational effects on male reproductive functions probably due to altered epigenetic modification following disruption of DNMTs and histone marks in the neonatal and/or adult testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - Allison E Whorton
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - Nikola Sekulovski
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - James A MacLean
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
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36
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Hales BF, Robaire B. Effects of brominated and organophosphate ester flame retardants on male reproduction. Andrology 2020; 8:915-923. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara F. Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
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37
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Santoro A, Chianese R, Troisi J, Richards S, Nori SL, Fasano S, Guida M, Plunk E, Viggiano A, Pierantoni R, Meccariello R. Neuro-toxic and Reproductive Effects of BPA. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:1109-1132. [PMID: 31362658 PMCID: PMC7057208 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190726112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. It has recognized activity as an endocrine-disrupting chemical and has suspected roles as a neurological and reproductive toxicant. It interferes in steroid signaling, induces oxidative stress, and affects gene expression epigenetically. Gestational, perinatal and neonatal exposures to BPA affect developmental processes, including brain development and gametogenesis, with consequences on brain functions, behavior, and fertility. Methods: This review critically analyzes recent findings on the neuro-toxic and reproductive effects of BPA (and its ana-logues), with focus on neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, glia and microglia activity, cognitive functions, and the central and local control of reproduction. Results: BPA has potential human health hazard associated with gestational, peri- and neonatal exposure. Beginning with BPA’s disposition, this review summarizes recent findings on the neurotoxicity of BPA and its analogues, on neuronal dif-ferentiation, synaptic plasticity, neuro-inflammation, neuro-degeneration, and impairment of cognitive abilities. Furthermore, it reports the recent findings on the activity of BPA along the HPG axis, effects on the hypothalamic Gonadotropin Releas-ing Hormone (GnRH), and the associated effects on reproduction in both sexes and successful pregnancy. Conclusion: BPA and its analogues impair neuronal activity, HPG axis function, reproduction, and fertility. Contrasting re-sults have emerged in animal models and human. Thus, further studies are needed to better define their safety levels. This re-view offers new insights on these issues with the aim to find the “fil rouge”, if any, that characterize BPA’s mechanism of action with outcomes on neuronal function and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Santoro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Rosanna Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Theoreo srl - Spin-off company of the University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, Italy
| | - Sean Richards
- University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chattanooga, TN, United States.,Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, United States
| | - Stefania Lucia Nori
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Silvia Fasano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Theoreo srl - Spin-off company of the University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Plunk
- University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chattanooga, TN, United States
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pierantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meccariello
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Bisphenol S in Food Causes Hormonal and Obesogenic Effects Comparable to or Worse than Bisphenol A: A Literature Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020532. [PMID: 32092919 PMCID: PMC7071457 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS) have come to replace bisphenol A in food packaging and food containers, since bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to leach into food and water, causing numerous negative health effects. Unfortunately, little or no research was done to determine the safety of these BPA-free products before they were marketed to the public as a healthier alternative. The latest studies have shown that some of these bisphenol analogues may be even more harmful than the original BPA in some situations. This article used a literature survey to investigate the bisphenol analogue BPS and compare it to BPA and other analogues with regards to increased obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, and reproductive defects; among others. It was found that BPS works via different pathways than does BPA while causing equivalent obesogenic effects, such as activating preadipocytes, and that BPS was correlated with metabolic disorders, such as gestational diabetes, that BPA was not correlated with. BPS was also shown to be more toxic to the reproductive system than BPA and was shown to hormonally promote certain breast cancers at the same rate as BPA. Therefore, a strong argument may be made to regulate BPS in exactly the same manner as BPA.
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39
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Yin L, Siracusa JS, Measel E, Guan X, Edenfield C, Liang S, Yu X. High-Content Image-Based Single-Cell Phenotypic Analysis for the Testicular Toxicity Prediction Induced by Bisphenol A and Its Analogs Bisphenol S, Bisphenol AF, and Tetrabromobisphenol A in a Three-Dimensional Testicular Cell Co-culture Model. Toxicol Sci 2020; 173:313-335. [PMID: 31750923 PMCID: PMC6986343 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that structural analogs of bisphenol A (BPA) such as bisphenol S (BPS), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) have been introduced into the market as substitutes for BPA. Our previous study compared in vitro testicular toxicity using murine C18-4 spermatogonial cells and found that BPAF and TBBPA exhibited higher spermatogonial toxicities as compared with BPA and BPS. Recently, we developed a novel in vitro three-dimensional (3D) testicular cell co-culture model, enabling the classification of reproductive toxic substances. In this study, we applied the testicular cell co-culture model and employed a high-content image (HCA)-based single-cell analysis to further compare the testicular toxicities of BPA and its analogs. We also developed a machine learning (ML)-based HCA pipeline to examine the complex phenotypic changes associated with testicular toxicities. We found dose- and time-dependent changes in a wide spectrum of adverse endpoints, including nuclear morphology, DNA synthesis, DNA damage, and cytoskeletal structure in a single-cell-based analysis. The co-cultured testicular cells were more sensitive than the C18 spermatogonial cells in response to BPA and its analogs. Unlike conventional population-averaged assays, single-cell-based assays not only showed the levels of the averaged population, but also revealed changes in the sub-population. Machine learning-based phenotypic analysis revealed that treatment of BPA and its analogs resulted in the loss of spatial cytoskeletal structure, and an accumulation of M phase cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of BPAF-induced multinucleated cells, which were associated with altered DNA damage response and impaired cellular F-actin filaments. Overall, we demonstrated a new and effective means to evaluate multiple toxic endpoints in the testicular co-culture model through the combination of ML and high-content image-based single-cell analysis. This approach provided an in-depth analysis of the multi-dimensional HCA data and provided an unbiased quantitative analysis of the phenotypes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- ReproTox Biotech LLC, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jacob Steven Siracusa
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Emily Measel
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | | | - Clayton Edenfield
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Shenxuan Liang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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40
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Chernis N, Masschelin P, Cox AR, Hartig SM. Bisphenol AF promotes inflammation in human white adipocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C63-C72. [PMID: 31596606 PMCID: PMC6985838 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00175.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals interact with transcription factors essential for adipocyte differentiation. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals corresponds with elevated risks of obesity, but the effects of these compounds on human cells remain largely undefined. Widespread use of bisphenol AF (BPAF) as a bisphenol A (BPA) alternative in the plastics industry presents unknown health risks. To this end, we discovered that BPAF interferes with the metabolic function of mature human adipocytes. Although 4-day exposures to BPAF accelerated adipocyte differentiation, we observed no effect on mature fat cell marker genes. Additional gene and protein expression analysis showed that BPAF treatment during human adipocyte differentiation failed to suppress the proinflammatory transcription factor STAT1. Microscopy and respirometry experiments demonstrated that BPAF impaired mitochondrial function and structure. To test the hypothesis that BPAF fosters vulnerabilities to STAT1 activation, we treated mature adipocytes previously exposed to BPAF with interferon-γ (IFNγ). BPAF increased IFNγ activation of STAT1 and exposed mitochondrial vulnerabilities that disrupt adipocyte lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Collectively, our data establish that BPAF activates inflammatory signaling pathways that degrade metabolic activity in human adipocytes. These findings suggest how the BPA alternative BPAF contributes to metabolic changes that correspond with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Chernis
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter Masschelin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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41
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Untangling the association between environmental endocrine disruptive chemicals and the etiology of male genitourinary cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 172:113743. [PMID: 31812676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals disrupt normal physiological function of endogenous hormones, their receptors, and signaling pathways of the endocrine system. Most endocrine disrupting chemicals exhibit estrogen/androgen agonistic and antagonistic activities that impinge upon hormone receptors and related pathways. Humans are exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals through food, water and air, affecting the synthesis, release, transport, metabolism, binding, function and elimination of naturally occurring hormones. The urogenital organs function as sources of steroid hormones, are targeted end organs, and participate within systemic feedback loops within the endocrine system. The effects of endocrine disruptors can ultimately alter cellular homeostasis leading to a broad range of health effects, including malignancy. Human cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, mechanisms opposing cell-death, development of immortality, induction of angiogenesis, and promotion of invasion/metastasis. While hormonal malignancies of the male genitourinary organs are the second most common types of cancer, the molecular effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in hormone-driven cancers has yet to be fully explored. In this commentary, we examine the molecular evidence for the involvement of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the genesis and progression of hormone-driven cancers in the prostate, testes, and bladder. We also report on challenges that have to be overcome to drive our understanding of these chemicals and explore the potential avenues of discovery that could ultimately allow the development of tools to prevent cancer in populations where exposure is inevitable.
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42
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Wu D, Huang CJ, Jiao XF, Ding ZM, Zhang SX, Miao YL, Huo LJ. Bisphenol AF compromises blood-testis barrier integrity and sperm quality in mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124410. [PMID: 31362132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The profound influence of environmental chemicals on human health including inducing life-threatening gene mutation has been publicly recognized. Being a substitute for the extensively used endocrine-disrupting chemical BPA, Bisphenol AF (BPAF) has been known as teratogen with developmental toxicities and therefore potentially putting human into the risk of biological hazards. Herein, we deciphered the detrimental effects of BPAF on spermatogenesis and spermiotiliosis in sexual maturity of mice exposing to BPAF (5, 20, 50 mg/kg/d) for consecutive 28 days. BPAF exposure significantly compromises blood-testis barrier integrity and sperm quantity and quality in a dose-dependent manner. Sperms from BPAF exposure mice are featured by severe DNA damage, altered SUMOylation and ubiquitination dynamics and interfered epigenetic inheritance with hypermethylation of H3K27me3 presumably due to the aggregation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, BPAF treatment (50 μM for 24 h) compromises cytoskeleton architecture and tight junction permeability in primary cultured Sertoli cells evidenced by dysfunction of actin regulatory proteins (e.g. Arp3 and Palladin) via activation of ERK signaling, thereby perturbing the privilege microenvironment created by Sertoli cells for spermatogenesis. Overall, our study determines BPAF is deleterious for male fertility, leading to a better appreciation of its toxicological features in our life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chun-Jie Huang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Xiao-Fei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shou-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Biochip Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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43
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Ullah A, Pirzada M, Jahan S, Ullah H, Khan MJ. Bisphenol A analogues bisphenol B, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S induce oxidative stress, disrupt daily sperm production, and damage DNA in rat spermatozoa: a comparative in vitro and in vivo study. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:294-303. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233719831528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogenic activity. The widespread exposure of individuals to BPA is suspected to affect a variety of physiological functions, including reproduction, development, and metabolism. Here we report the mechanisms by which BPA and three of its analogues bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) cause generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), sperm DNA damage, and oxidative stress in both in vivo and in vitro rat models. Sperm were incubated with different concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µg/L) of BPA and its analogues BPB, BPF, and BPS for 2 h. BPA and its analogues were observed to increase DNA fragmentation, formation of ROS, and affected levels of superoxide dismutase at higher concentration groups. In an in vivo experiment, rats were exposed to different concentrations (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day) of BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS for 28 days. In the higher dose (50 mg/kg/day) treated groups of BPA and its analogues BPB, BPF, and BPS, DNA damage was observed while the motility of sperm was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Madeeha Pirzada
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hizb Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil Khan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Skledar DG, Carino A, Trontelj J, Troberg J, Distrutti E, Marchianò S, Tomašič T, Zega A, Finel M, Fiorucci S, Mašič LP. Endocrine activities and adipogenic effects of bisphenol AF and its main metabolite. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:870-880. [PMID: 30408883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is a fluorinated analog of bisphenol A (BPA), and it is a more potent estrogen receptor (ER) agonist. BPAF is mainly metabolized to BPAF-glucuronide (BPAF-G), which has been reported to lack ER agonist activity and is believed to be biologically inactive. The main goal of the current study was to examine the influence of the metabolism of BPAF via glucuronidation on its ER activity and adipogenesis. Also, as metabolites can have different biological activities, the effects of BPAF-G on other nuclear receptors were evaluated. First, in-vitro BPAF glucuronidation was investigated using recombinant human enzymes. Specific reporter-gene assays were used to determine BPAF and BPAF-G effects on estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, and thyroid receptor pathways, and on PXR, FXR, and PPARγ pathways. Their effects on lipid accumulation and differentiation were determined in murine 3T3L1 preadipocytes using Nile Red, with mRNA expression analysis of the adipogenic markers adiponectin, Fabp4, Cebpα, and PPARγ. BPAF showed strong agonistic activity for hERα and moderate antagonistic activities for androgen and thyroid receptors, and for PXR. BPAF-G was antagonistic for PXR and PPARγ. BPAF (0.1 μM) and BPAF-G (1.0 μM) induced lipid accumulation and increased expression of key adipogenic markers in murine preadipocytes. BPAF-G is therefore not an inactive metabolite of BPAF. Further toxicological and epidemiological investigations of BPAF effects on human health are warranted, to provide better understanding of the metabolic end-elimination of BPAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Gramec Skledar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultà di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jurij Trontelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Johanna Troberg
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultà di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultà di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anamarija Zega
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultà di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucija Peterlin Mašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Horan TS, Pulcastro H, Lawson C, Gerona R, Martin S, Gieske MC, Sartain CV, Hunt PA. Replacement Bisphenols Adversely Affect Mouse Gametogenesis with Consequences for Subsequent Generations. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2948-2954.e3. [PMID: 30220498 PMCID: PMC6156992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
20 years ago, accidental bisphenol A (BPA) exposure caused a sudden increase in chromosomally abnormal eggs from our control mice [1]. Subsequent rodent studies demonstrated developmental effects of exposure with repercussions on adult health and fertility (e.g., [2-9]; reviewed in [10-17]). Studies in monkeys, humans, fish, and worms suggest BPA effects extend across species (e.g., [18-30]; reviewed in [31-33]). Widespread use has resulted in ubiquitous environmental contamination and human BPA exposure. Consumer concern resulted in "BPA-free" products produced using structurally similar bisphenols that are now detectable environmental and human contaminants (e.g., [34-41]). We report here studies initiated by meiotic changes mirroring our previous BPA experience and implicating exposure to BPS (a common BPA replacement) from damaged polysulfone cages. Like with BPA [1, 2, 5], our data show that exposure to common replacement bisphenols induces germline effects in both sexes that may affect multiple generations. These findings add to growing evidence of the biological risks posed by this class of chemicals. Rapid production of structural variants of BPA and other EDCs circumvents efforts to eliminate dangerous chemicals, exacerbates the regulatory burden of safety assessment, and increases environmental contamination. Our experience suggests that these environmental contaminants pose a risk not only to reproductive health but also to the integrity of the research environment. EDCs, like endogenous hormones, can affect diverse processes. The sensitivity of the germline allows us to detect effects that, although not immediately apparent in other systems, may induce variability that undermines experimental reproducibility and impedes scientific advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan S Horan
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Pulcastro
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Crystal Lawson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Roy Gerona
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Spencer Martin
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary C Gieske
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Caroline V Sartain
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Patricia A Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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46
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Impact of low-dose chronic exposure to bisphenol A and its analogue bisphenol B, bisphenol F and bisphenol S on hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular activities in adult rats: A focus on the possible hormonal mode of action. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:24-36. [PMID: 30120946 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A an estrogen-mimic endocrine disrupting chemical, used to manufacture polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins with toxic effects for male reproduction. Due to its toxicity, industries have started to replace it with other bisphenols. In this study, the toxicity of BPA analogues (BPB, BPF and BPS) was evaluated in a chronic study. We investigated whether the chronic exposure to low bisphenols doses affects spermatogenesis with outcomes on oxidative stress and male reproductive system. Male rats (22 day old) were exposed to water containing 0.1% ethanol for control or different concentrations of BPA and its analogues BPB, BPF and BPS (5, 25 and 50 μg/L) in drinking water for 48 weeks. Results of the present study showed a significant alteration in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and relative reproductive organs weights. Oxidative stress in the testis was significantly elevated while sperm motility, Daily sperm production (DSP) and number of sperm in epididymis were reduced. Plasma testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations were reduced and estradiol levels were high in 50 μg/L exposed group. These results suggest that exposure to BPA and its analogues for chronic duration can induce structural changes in testicular tissue and endocrine alterations in the male reproductive system.
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47
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Siracusa JS, Yin L, Measel E, Liang S, Yu X. Effects of bisphenol A and its analogs on reproductive health: A mini review. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 79:96-123. [PMID: 29925041 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Known endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to be a reproductive toxicant in animal models. Its structural analogs: bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are increasingly being used in consumer products. However, these analogs may exert similar adverse effects on the reproductive system, and their toxicological data are still limited. This mini-review examined studies on both BPA and BPA analog exposure and reproductive toxicity. It outlines the current state of knowledge on human exposure, toxicokinetics, endocrine activities, and reproductive toxicities of BPA and its analogs. BPA analogs showed similar endocrine potencies when compared to BPA, and emerging data suggest they may pose threats as reproductive hazards in animal models. While evidence based on epidemiological studies is still weak, we have utilized current studies to highlight knowledge gaps and research needs for future risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Steven Siracusa
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; ReproTox Biotech LLC, Athens 30602, GA, United States
| | - Emily Measel
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Shenuxan Liang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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48
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Steves AN, Bradner JM, Fowler KL, Clarkson-Townsend D, Gill BJ, Turry AC, Caudle WM, Miller GW, Chan AWS, Easley CA. Ubiquitous Flame-Retardant Toxicants Impair Spermatogenesis in a Human Stem Cell Model. iScience 2018; 3:161-176. [PMID: 29901031 PMCID: PMC5994764 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm counts have rapidly declined in Western males over the past four decades. This rapid decline remains largely unexplained, but exposure to environmental toxicants provides one potential explanation for this decline. Flame retardants are highly prevalent and persistent in the environment, but many have not been assessed for their effects on human spermatogenesis. Using a human stem cell-based model of spermatogenesis, we evaluated two major flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), under acute conditions simulating occupational-level exposures. Here we show that HBCDD and TBBPA are human male reproductive toxicants in vitro. Although these toxicants do not specifically affect the survival of haploid spermatids, they affect spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes through mitochondrial membrane potential perturbation and reactive oxygen species generation, ultimately causing apoptosis. Taken together, these results show that HBCDD and TBBPA affect human spermatogenesis in vitro and potentially implicate this highly prevalent class of toxicants in the decline of Western males' sperm counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyse N Steves
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kristen L Fowler
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Danielle Clarkson-Townsend
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brittany J Gill
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Adam C Turry
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anthony W S Chan
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Charles A Easley
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, GA 30322, USA.
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49
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Yin L, Wei H, Liang S, Yu X. From the Cover: An Animal-Free In Vitro Three-Dimensional Testicular Cell Coculture Model for Evaluating Male Reproductive Toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:307-326. [PMID: 28962518 PMCID: PMC6074874 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary testicular cell coculture model has been used to evaluate testicular abnormalities during development, and was able to identify the testicular toxicity of phthalates. However, the primary testicular cell coculture model has disadvantages in employing animals for the isolation of testicular cells, and the complicated isolation procedure leads to inconsistent results. We developed an invitro testicular coculture model from rodent testicular cell lines, including spermatogonial cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells with specified cell density and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. Using comparative high-content analysis of F-actin cytoskeletal structure between the coculture and single cell culture models, we demonstrated a 3D structure of the coculture, which created an invivo-like niche, and maintained and supported germ cells within a 3D environment. We validated this model by discriminating between reproductive toxicants and nontoxicants among 32 compounds in comparison to the single cell culture models. Furthermore, we conducted a comparison between the invitro (IC50) and invivo reproductive toxicity testing (lowest observed adverse effect level on reproductive system). We found the invitro coculture model could classify the tested compounds into 4 clusters, and identify the most toxic reproductive substances, with high concordance, sensitivity, and specificity of 84%, 86.21%, and 100%, respectively. We observed a strong correlation of IC50 between the invitro coculture model and the invivo testing results. Our results suggest that this novel invitro coculture model may be useful for screening testicular toxicants and prioritize chemicals for further assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
- ReproTox Biotech LLC, Athens 30602, Georgia
| | - Hongye Wei
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
| | - Shenxuan Liang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
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Giannandrea F, Fargnoli S. Environmental Factors Affecting Growth and Occurrence of Testicular Cancer in Childhood: An Overview of the Current Epidemiological Evidence. CHILDREN-BASEL 2017; 4:children4010001. [PMID: 28067779 PMCID: PMC5296662 DOI: 10.3390/children4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Testicular cancer (TC) is the most frequently occurring malignancy among adolescents and young men aged 15–34 years. Although incidence of TC has been growing over the past 40 years in several western countries, the explanations for this increase still remain uncertain. It has been postulated that early life exposure to numerous occupational and environmental estrogenic chemicals, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), may play a contributing role in the etiology of TC, but the subject is still open to additional investigation. Recently, it has also been suggested that prenatal and postnatal environmental exposures associated with child growth and development might also be involved in TC progression. This review of current epidemiological studies (2000–2015) aims to identify environmental factors associated with TC, with a particular focus on infancy and childhood factors that could constitute a risk for disease development. It may also contribute towards recognizing gaps in knowledge and recent research requirements for TC, and to point out possible interactions between child growth and development in relation to prenatal and postnatal environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Giannandrea
- Occupational Health Unit, Local Health Authority, ASL 2 Abruzzo Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti; S.S. Annunziata University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Stefania Fargnoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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