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Zhang W, Wu B, Ren Y, Yang G. Regionally Compatible Individual Tree Growth Model under the Combined Influence of Environment and Competition. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2697. [PMID: 37514311 PMCID: PMC10385731 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effects of competition, site, and climate on the growth of Chinese fir individual tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (H), a regionally compatible individual tree growth model under the combined influence of environment and competition was constructed. Using continuous forest inventory (CFI) sample plot data from Fujian Province between 1993 and 2018, we constructed an individual tree DBH model and an H model based on re-parameterization (RP), BP neural network (BP), and random forest (RF), which compared the accuracy of the different modeling methods. The results showed that the inclusion of competition and environmental factors could improve the prediction accuracy of the model. Among the site factors, slope position (PW) had the most significant effect, followed by elevation (HB) and slope aspect (PX). Among the climate factors, the highest contribution was made by degree-days above 18 °C (DD18), followed by mean annual precipitation (MAP) and Hargreaves reference evaporation (Eref). The comparison results of the three modeling methods show that the RF model has the best fitting effect. The R2 of the individual DBH model based on RF is 0.849, RMSE is 1.691 cm, and MAE is 1.267 cm. The R2 of the individual H model based on RF is 0.845, RMSE is 1.267 m, and MAE is 1.153 m. The model constructed in this study has the advantages of environmental sensitivity, statistical reliability, and prediction efficiency. The results can provide theoretical support for management decision-making and harvest prediction of mixed uneven-aged forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Information Technology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Baoguo Wu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Forestry Information Research Institute, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Academy of Forestry Inventory and Planning, Beijing 100714, China
| | - Guijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Information Technology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
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Urrutia-Jalabert R, Barichivich J, Szejner P, Rozas V, Lara A. Ecophysiological responses of Nothofagus obliqua forests to recent climate drying across the Mediterranean-Temperate biome transition in south-central Chile. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2022; 128:2022jg007293. [PMID: 37484604 PMCID: PMC7614787 DOI: 10.1029/2022jg007293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The forests of south-central Chile are facing a drying climate and a megadrought that started in 2010. This study addressed the physiological responses of five Nothofagus obliqua stands across the Mediterranean-Temperate gradient (35.9 ° -40.3° S) using carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13 C) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) in tree rings during 1967-2017. Moreover, δ18O was evaluated in the northernmost site to better understand the effects of the megadrought in this drier location. These forests have become more efficient in their use of water. However, trees from the densest stand are discriminating more against 13C, probably due to reduced photosynthetic rates associated with increasing competition. The strongest associations between climate and Δ13C were found in the northernmost stand, suggesting that warmer and drier conditions could have reduced 13C discrimination. Tree growth in this site has not decreased, and δ18O was negatively related to annual rainfall. However, a shift in this relationship was found since 2007, when both precipitation and δ18O decreased, while correlations between δ18O and growth increased. This implies that tree growth and δ18O are coupled in recent years, but precipitation is not the cause, suggesting that trees probably changed their water source to deeper and more depleted pools. Our research demonstrates that forests are not reducing their growth in central Chile, mainly due to a shift towards the use of deeper water sources. Despite a common climate trend across the gradient, there is a non-uniform response of N. obliqua forests to climate drying, being their response site specific. Keywords: Tree rings, stable isotopes, tree physiology, climate gradient, megadrought, climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Urrutia-Jalabert
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Barichivich
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL, CRNS/CEA/UVSQ, France
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paul Szejner
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria CDMX, México
| | - Vicente Rozas
- iuFOR-EiFAB, Área de Botánica, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Antonio Lara
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile
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3
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Zhu L, Zhang Y, Ye H, Li Y, Hu W, Du J, Zhao P. Variations in leaf and stem traits across two elevations in subtropical forests. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:319-332. [PMID: 35157825 DOI: 10.1071/fp21220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the variations in plant traits across elevations may provide valuable insights into the species structure and function of forests and their responses to climate change. To explore the patterns of trait variation across elevations, we analysed 14 leaf and stem traits associated with resource acquisition and stress tolerance in Schima superba Gardner & Champion, Castanopsis chinensis (Sprengel) Hance, and Pinus massoniana Lambert trees at two elevations in a subtropical forest in southern China. Wood density increased, whereas crown width, leaf water potential at 0700 hours (Ψ L-0700 ), and leaf δ 18 O decreased in high-elevation plants. Vessel diameter, daily maximum sap flux density, leaf δ 13 C, and leaf C and N concentrations per unit mass were comparable across elevations. We found species-specific variations in specific leaf area, midday leaf water potential, and leaf P concentration across elevations. Decreasing crown width with increasing elevation was associated with decreasing leaf δ 18 O and Ψ L-0700 , suggesting that higher stomatal conductance may moderate the loss of carbon assimilation. We elucidated the adaptive strategies of plants in response to environmental change, and showed that physiological traits varied in coordination with structural traits. Future studies incorporating multi-dimensional trait analyses can improve our understanding of the responses of forest ecosystems to climate change and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; and Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Huiying Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yanqiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Weiting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jie Du
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; and Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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4
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Lee EH, Beedlow PA, Brooks JR, Tingey DT, Wickham C, Rugh W. Physiological responses of Douglas-fir to climate and forest disturbances as detected by cellulosic carbon and oxygen isotope ratios. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:5-25. [PMID: 34528693 PMCID: PMC9394118 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Swiss needle cast (SNC), caused by a fungal pathogen, Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, is a major forest disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands of the Pacific Northwest (PNW). There is mounting concern that the current SNC epidemic occurring in Oregon and Washington will continue to increase in severity, frequency and spatial extent with future warming. Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii occurs wherever its host is found, but very little is known about the history and spatial distribution of SNC and its effects on growth and physiological processes of mature and old-growth forests within the Douglas-fir region of the PNW. Our findings show that stem growth and physiological responses of infected Douglas-fir to climate and SNC were different between sites, growth periods and disease severity based on cellulosic stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios and ring width data in tree rings. At a coastal Oregon site within the SNC impact zone, variations in stem growth and Δ13C were primarily influenced by disproportional reductions in stomatal conductance (gs) and assimilation (A) caused by a loss of functioning stomates through early needle abscission and stomatal occlusion by pseudothecia of N. gaeumannii. At the less severely infected inland sites on the west slopes of Oregon's Cascade Range, stem growth correlated negatively with δ18O and positively with Δ13C, indicating that gs decreased in response to high evaporative demand with a concomitant reduction in A. Current- and previous-years summer vapor pressure deficit was the principal seasonal climatic variable affecting radial stem growth and the dual stable isotope ratios at all sites. Our results indicate that rising temperatures since the mid-1970s has strongly affected Douglas-fir growth in the PNW directly by a physiological response to higher evaporative demand during the annual summer drought and indirectly by a major SNC epidemic that is expanding regionally to higher latitudes and higher elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Henry Lee
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35 Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Peter A. Beedlow
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35 Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - J. Renée Brooks
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35 Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - David T. Tingey
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35 Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
- Retired
| | - Charlotte Wickham
- Oregon State University, Department of Statistics, Weniger Hall Room 255, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - William Rugh
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35 Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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Lin W, Noormets A, King JS, Marshall J, Akers M, Cucinella J, Fox TR, Laviner MA, Martin TA, Mcnulty S, Meek C, Samuelson L, Sun G, Vogel J, Will RE, Domec JC. Spatial variability in tree-ring carbon isotope discrimination in response to local drought across the entire loblolly pine natural range. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:44-58. [PMID: 34617120 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Considering the temporal responses of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) to local water availability in the spatial analysis of Δ13C is essential for evaluating the contribution of environmental and genetic facets of plant Δ13C. Using tree-ring Δ13C from years with contrasting water availability at 76 locations across the natural range of loblolly pine, we decomposed site-level Δ13C signals to maximum Δ13C in well-watered conditions (Δ13Cmax) and isotopic drought sensitivity (m) as a change in Δ13C per unit change of Palmer's Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Site water status, especially the tree lifetime average PDSI, was the primary factor affecting Δ13Cmax. The strong spatial correlation exhibited by m was related to both genetic and environmental factors. The long-term average water availability during the period relevant to trees as indicated by lifetime average PDSI correlated with Δ13Cmax, suggesting acclimation in tree gas-exchange traits, independent of incident water availability. The positive correlation between lifetime average PDSI and m indicated that loblolly pines were more sensitive to drought at mesic than xeric sites. The m was found to relate to a plant's stomatal control and may be employed as a genetic indicator of efficient water use strategies. Partitioning Δ13C to Δ13Cmax and m provided a new angle for understanding sources of variation in plant Δ13C, with several fundamental and applied implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, 534 John Kimbrough Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843-2258, USA
| | - John S King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogens ekologi och skötsel, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Madison Akers
- Forest Investment Associates, 3575 Piedmont Road NE, 15 Piedmont Center, Suite 1250, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
| | - Josh Cucinella
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thomas R Fox
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Rayonier Inc., 851582 Highway 17N, Yulee, FL 32097, USA
| | - Marshall A Laviner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Weyerhaeuser Timberlands, 3701 Old Forest Road Suite A, Lynchburg, VA 24501, USA
| | - Timothy A Martin
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Steve Mcnulty
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, 3041 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cassandra Meek
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Lisa Samuelson
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36840, USA
| | - Ge Sun
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, 3041 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jason Vogel
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rodney E Will
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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6
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Belmecheri S, Maxwell RS, Taylor AH, Davis KJ, Guerrieri R, Moore DJP, Rayback SA. Precipitation alters the CO 2 effect on water-use efficiency of temperate forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1560-1571. [PMID: 33464665 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing water-use efficiency (WUE), the ratio of carbon gain to water loss, is a key mechanism that enhances carbon uptake by terrestrial vegetation under rising atmospheric CO2 (ca ). Existing theory and empirical evidence suggest a proportional WUE increase in response to rising ca as plants maintain a relatively constant ratio between the leaf intercellular (ci ) and ambient (ca ) partial CO2 pressure (ci /ca ). This has been hypothesized as the main driver of the strengthening of the terrestrial carbon sink over the recent decades. However, proportionality may not characterize CO2 effects on WUE on longer time-scales and the role of climate in modulating these effects is uncertain. Here, we evaluate long-term WUE responses to ca and climate from 1901 to 2012 CE by reconstructing intrinsic WUE (iWUE, the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance) using carbon isotopes in tree rings across temperate forests in the northeastern USA. We show that iWUE increased steadily from 1901 to 1975 CE but remained constant thereafter despite continuously rising ca . This finding is consistent with a passive physiological response to ca and coincides with a shift to significantly wetter conditions across the region. Tree physiology was driven by summer moisture at multi-decadal time-scales and did not maintain a constant ci /ca in response to rising ca indicating that a point was reached where rising CO2 had a diminishing effect on tree iWUE. Our results challenge the mechanism, magnitude, and persistence of CO2 's effect on iWUE with significant implications for projections of terrestrial productivity under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alan H Taylor
- Department of Geography and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rossella Guerrieri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shelly A Rayback
- Department of Geography, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Rayback SA, Belmecheri S, Gagen MH, Lini A, Gregory R, Jenkins C. North American temperate conifer (Tsuga canadensis) reveals a complex physiological response to climatic and anthropogenic stressors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1781-1795. [PMID: 33439504 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 (ca) is expected to promote tree growth and lower water loss via changes in leaf gas exchange. However, uncertainties remain if gas-exchange regulation strategies are homeostatic or dynamical in response to increasing ca, as well as evolving climate and pollution inputs. Using a suite of tree ring-based δ13C-derived physiological parameters (Δ13C, ci, iWUE) and tree growth from a mesic, low elevation stand of canopy-dominant Tsuga canadensis in north-eastern USA, we investigated the influence of rising ca, climate and pollution on, and characterised the dynamical regulation strategy of, leaf gas exchange at multidecadal scales. Isotopic and growth time series revealed an evolving physiological response in which the species shifted its leaf gas-exchange strategy dynamically (constant ci; constant ci/ca; constant ca - ci) in response to rising ca, moisture availability and site conditions over 111 yr. Tree iWUE plateaued after 1975, driven by greater moisture availability and a changing soil biogeochemistry that may have impaired a stomatal response. Results suggested that trees may exhibit more complex physiological responses to the changing environmental conditions over multidecadal periods, and complicating the parameterisation of Earth system models and the estimation of future carbon sink capacity and water balance in midlatitude forests and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly A Rayback
- Department of Geography, University of Vermont, 207 Old Mill Building, 94 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mary H Gagen
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andrea Lini
- Department of Geology, University of Vermont, 319 Delehanty Hall, 180 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Rachel Gregory
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Catherine Jenkins
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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8
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Gessler A, Bottero A, Marshall J, Arend M. The way back: recovery of trees from drought and its implication for acclimation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1704-1709. [PMID: 32452535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Bottero
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogens ekologi och skötsel, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Matthias Arend
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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Marchand W, Girardin MP, Hartmann H, Depardieu C, Isabel N, Gauthier S, Boucher É, Bergeron Y. Strong overestimation of water-use efficiency responses to rising CO 2 in tree-ring studies. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4538-4558. [PMID: 32421921 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The carbon isotope ratio (δ13 C) in tree rings is commonly used to derive estimates of the assimilation-to-stomatal conductance rate of trees, that is, intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). Recent studies have observed increased iWUE in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca ), in many different species, genera and biomes. However, increasing rates of iWUE vary widely from one study to another, likely because numerous covarying factors are involved. Here, we quantified changes in iWUE of two widely distributed boreal conifers using tree samples from a forest inventory network that were collected across a wide range of growing conditions (assessed using the site index, SI), developmental stages and stand histories. Using tree-ring isotopes analysis, we assessed the magnitude of increase in iWUE after accounting for the effects of tree size, stand age, nitrogen deposition, climate and SI. We also estimated how growth conditions have modulated tree physiological responses to rising Ca . We found that increases in tree size and stand age greatly influenced iWUE. The effect of Ca on iWUE was strongly reduced after accounting for these two variables. iWUE increased in response to Ca , mostly in trees growing on fertile stands, whereas iWUE remained almost unchanged on poor sites. Our results suggest that past studies could have overestimated the CO2 effect on iWUE, potentially leading to biased inferences about the future net carbon balance of the boreal forest. We also observed that this CO2 effect is weakening, which could affect the future capacity of trees to resist and recover from drought episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Marchand
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn Noranda, QC, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn Noranda, QC, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Claire Depardieu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Chaire de recherche du Canada en génomique forestière, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Isabel
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Chaire de recherche du Canada en génomique forestière, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gauthier
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Boucher
- GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn Noranda, QC, Canada
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Vadeboncoeur MA, Jennings KA, Ouimette AP, Asbjornsen H. Correcting tree-ring δ13C time series for tree-size effects in eight temperate tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:333-349. [PMID: 31976526 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in tree rings have been widely used to study changes in intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), sometimes with limited consideration of how C-isotope discrimination is affected by tree height and canopy position. Our goals were to quantify the relationships between tree size or tree microenvironment and wood δ13C for eight functionally diverse temperate tree species in northern New England and to better understand the physical and physiological mechanisms underlying these differences. We collected short increment cores in closed-canopy stands and analyzed δ13C in the most recent 5 years of growth. We also sampled saplings in both shaded and sun-exposed environments. In closed-canopy stands, we found strong tree-size effects on δ13C, with 3.7-7.2‰ of difference explained by linear regression vs height (0.11-0.28‰ m-1), which in some cases is substantially stronger than the effect reported in previous studies. However, open-grown saplings were often isotopically more similar to large codominant trees than to shade-grown saplings, indicating that light exposure contributes more to the physiological and isotopic differences between small and large trees than does height. We found that in closed-canopy forests, δ13C correlations with diameter at breast height were nonlinear but also strong, allowing a straightforward procedure to correct tree- or stand-scale δ13C-based iWUE chronologies for changing tree size. We demonstrate how to use such data to correct and interpret multi-decadal composite isotope chronologies in both shade-regenerated and open-grown tree cohorts, and we highlight the importance of understanding site history when interpreting δ13C time series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Vadeboncoeur
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Katie A Jennings
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Andrew P Ouimette
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Heidi Asbjornsen
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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11
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Belmecheri S, Wright WE, Szejner P, Morino KA, Monson RK. Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionations in tree rings reveal interactions between cambial phenology and seasonal climate. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2758-2772. [PMID: 29995977 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed novel approaches for using the isotope composition of tree-ring subdivisions to study seasonal dynamics in tree-climate relations. Across a 30-year time series, the δ13 C and δ18 O values of the earlywood (EW) cellulose in the annual rings of Pinus ponderosa reflected relatively high intrinsic water-use efficiencies and high evaporative fractionation of 18 O/16 O, respectively, compared with the false latewood (FLW), summerwood (SW), and latewood (LW) subdivisions. This result is counterintuitive, given the spring origins of the EW source water and midsummer origins of the FLW, SW, and LW. With the use of the Craig-Gordon (CG), isotope-climate model revealed that the isotope ratios in all of the ring subdivision are explained by the existence of seasonal lags, lasting several weeks, between the initial formation of tracheids and the production of cellulosic secondary cell walls during maturation. In contrast to some past studies, modification of the CG model according to conventional methods to account for mixing of needle water between fractionated and nonfractionated sources did not improve the accuracy of predictions. Our results reveal new potential in the use of tree-ring isotopes to reconstruct past intra-annual tree-climate relations if lags in cambial phenology are reconciled with isotope ratio observations and included in theoretical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - William E Wright
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Paul Szejner
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kiyomi A Morino
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Russell K Monson
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Nabeshima E, Nakatsuka T, Kagawa A, Hiura T, Funada R. Seasonal changes of δD and δ18O in tree-ring cellulose of Quercus crispula suggest a change in post-photosynthetic processes during earlywood growth. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1829-1840. [PMID: 29920607 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaf photosynthetic and post-photosynthetic processes modulate the isotope ratios of tree-ring cellulose. Post-photosynthetic processes, such as the remobilization of stored starch in early spring, are important to understanding the mechanisms of xylem formation in tree stems; however, untangling the isotope ratio signals of photosynthetic and post-photosynthetic processes imprinted on tree rings is difficult. Portions of carbon-bound hydrogen and oxygen atoms are exchanged with medium water during post-photosynthetic processes. We investigated the δD and δ18O values of tree-ring cellulose using Quercus crispula Blume trees in two different habitats to evaluate seasonal changes in the exchange rate (f-value) of hydrogen or oxygen with medium water, and examined the associations of the post-photosynthetic processes. Theoretically, if the f-value is constant, δD and δ18O would be positively correlated due to meteorological factors, while variation in the f-value will create a discrepancy and weak correlation between δD and δ18O due to the exchange of carbon-bound hydrogen and oxygen with medium water. The values of δD decreased drastically from earlywood to latewood, while those of δ18O increased to a peak and then decreased toward the latewood. The estimated seasonal f-value was high at the beginning of earlywood and decreased toward the latewood. The post-photosynthetic processes associated with changes in the f-value were the remobilization of stored starch and triose cycling during cellulose synthesis because of the shortage of photo-assimilates in early spring. Although we did not evaluate relevant physiological parameters, the seasonal pattern of δD and δ18O in tree-ring cellulose of Q. crispula was clear, suggesting that the dual isotope (δD and δ18O) approach can be used to reveal the resource allocation mechanisms underlying seasonal xylem formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Nabeshima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakatsuka
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Kagawa
- Wood Anatomy and Quality Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsutom Hiura
- Tomakomai Research Station, Field Science Center for the Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Takaoka, Tomakomai, Japan
| | - Ryo Funada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Weigt RB, Streit K, Saurer M, Siegwolf RTW. The influence of increasing temperature and CO2 concentration on recent growth of old-growth larch: contrasting responses at leaf and stem processes derived from tree-ring width and stable isotopes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:706-720. [PMID: 29194509 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Time series of tree-ring growth show significant increases since the early 1970s at the alpine tree line, with simultaneously increasing temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentration. For a comprehensive understanding of this growth change, the physiological response patterns at both the leaf and stem level need to be separately analyzed and identified, and can be retrieved from tree-ring growth and isotope (δ13C, δ18O) series. In this study, we assessed the relative contribution of environmental factors to interannual tree-ring variability by multivariate linear mixed-effects models and the dual isotope approach on a dataset of tree-ring records of ~400-year-old larch (Larix decidua Mill.) from a non-water-limited high-elevation site in the Swiss Alps. The models suggest that summer temperatures and the recent lack of larch budmoth outbreaks were most important for explaining growth variations and trends, while a significant direct effect of the continuously increasing CO2 concentration could not be confirmed. In contrast, δ13C and δ18O, which are strongly influenced by fractionation changes in the leaf, clearly reflected the impact of air humidity (precipitation and vapor pressure deficit) and CO2 concentration: the increase in (δ13C-derived) intrinsic water-use efficiency over the second half of the 20th century suggests an increase in carbon assimilation as a result of enhanced CO2 concentration. The tree-ring δ18O largely reflected recent precipitation as source water, thus indicating a low variability in stomatal conductance, which was confirmed by the dual isotope approach. These leaf-level effects were not reflected in stem growth as they may have been masked by the temperature-caused growth limitation controlling the allocation of increased amounts of photosynthates into wood growth. Our approach demonstrates that the identification of different roles of environmental factors on leaf and stem processes helps to improve the assessment of site-specific changes of carbon fluxes and growth performance under future environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie B Weigt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Ecosystem Fluxes, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Streit
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Ecosystem Fluxes, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf T W Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Ecosystem Fluxes, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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14
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Ruzicka KJ, Puettmann KJ, Brooks JR. Cross-scale interactions affect tree growth and intrinsic water use efficiency and highlight the importance of spatial context in managing forests under global change. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2017; 105:1425-1436. [PMID: 30220733 PMCID: PMC6134861 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
1. We investigated the potential of cross-scale interactions to affect the outcome of density reduction in a large-scale silvicultural experiment to better understand options for managing forests under climate change. 2. We measured tree growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) based on stable carbon isotopes δ13C) to investigate impacts of density reduction across a range of progressively finer spatial scales: site, stand, hillslope position, and neighborhood. In particular, we focused on the influence of treatments beyond the boundaries of treated stands to include impacts on downslope and neighboring stands across sites varying in soil moisture. 3. Trees at the wet site responded with increased growth when compared with trees at the dry site. Additionally, trees in treated stands at the dry site responded with increased iWUE while trees at the wet site showed no difference in iWUE compared to untreated stands. 4. We hypothesized that water is not the primary limiting factor for growth at our sites, but that density reduction released other resources, such as growing space or nutrients to drive the growth response. At progressively finer spatial scales we found that tree responses were not driven by hillslope location (i.e., downslope of treatment) but to changes in local neighborhood tree density. 5. Synthesis. This study demonstrated that water can be viewed as an agent to investigate cross-scale interactions as it links processes operating at coarse to finer spatial scales and vice versa. Consequently, management prescriptions such as density reductions to increase resistance and resilience of trees to climate change, specifically to drought, need to consider cross-scale interactions as specific magnitude and mechanisms of growth responses can only be predicted when multiple scales are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Ruzicka
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, present address: US Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Salem, Oregon
| | - Klaus J Puettmann
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - J Renée Brooks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97331
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15
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Peltier DMP, Fell M, Ogle K. Legacy effects of drought in the southwestern United States: A multi‐species synthesis. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M. P. Peltier
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University FlagstaffArizona 86011USA
| | - Michael Fell
- Informatics and Computing Program Northern Arizona University FlagstaffArizona 86011USA
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University TempeArizona 85287USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University FlagstaffArizona 86011USA
- Informatics and Computing Program Northern Arizona University FlagstaffArizona 86011USA
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16
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Gessler A, Treydte K. The fate and age of carbon - insights into the storage and remobilization dynamics in trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1338-1340. [PMID: 26840248 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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17
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Voelker SL, Brooks JR, Meinzer FC, Anderson R, Bader MKF, Battipaglia G, Becklin KM, Beerling D, Bert D, Betancourt JL, Dawson TE, Domec JC, Guyette RP, Körner C, Leavitt SW, Linder S, Marshall JD, Mildner M, Ogée J, Panyushkina I, Plumpton HJ, Pregitzer KS, Saurer M, Smith AR, Siegwolf RTW, Stambaugh MC, Talhelm AF, Tardif JC, Van de Water PK, Ward JK, Wingate L. A dynamic leaf gas-exchange strategy is conserved in woody plants under changing ambient CO2 : evidence from carbon isotope discrimination in paleo and CO2 enrichment studies. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:889-902. [PMID: 26391334 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric [CO2 ], ca , is expected to affect stomatal regulation of leaf gas-exchange of woody plants, thus influencing energy fluxes as well as carbon (C), water, and nutrient cycling of forests. Researchers have proposed various strategies for stomatal regulation of leaf gas-exchange that include maintaining a constant leaf internal [CO2 ], ci , a constant drawdown in CO2 (ca - ci ), and a constant ci /ca . These strategies can result in drastically different consequences for leaf gas-exchange. The accuracy of Earth systems models depends in part on assumptions about generalizable patterns in leaf gas-exchange responses to varying ca . The concept of optimal stomatal behavior, exemplified by woody plants shifting along a continuum of these strategies, provides a unifying framework for understanding leaf gas-exchange responses to ca . To assess leaf gas-exchange regulation strategies, we analyzed patterns in ci inferred from studies reporting C stable isotope ratios (δ(13) C) or photosynthetic discrimination (∆) in woody angiosperms and gymnosperms that grew across a range of ca spanning at least 100 ppm. Our results suggest that much of the ca -induced changes in ci /ca occurred across ca spanning 200 to 400 ppm. These patterns imply that ca - ci will eventually approach a constant level at high ca because assimilation rates will reach a maximum and stomatal conductance of each species should be constrained to some minimum level. These analyses are not consistent with canalization toward any single strategy, particularly maintaining a constant ci . Rather, the results are consistent with the existence of a broadly conserved pattern of stomatal optimization in woody angiosperms and gymnosperms. This results in trees being profligate water users at low ca , when additional water loss is small for each unit of C gain, and increasingly water-conservative at high ca , when photosystems are saturated and water loss is large for each unit C gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Voelker
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - J Renée Brooks
- Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Rebecca Anderson
- Jack Baskin Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95604, USA
| | - Martin K-F Bader
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (SCION), Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 20 Sala Street, 3046, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Second University of Naples, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Centre for Bio-Archaeology and Ecology, Institut de Botanique, University of Montpellier 2, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Katie M Becklin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - David Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Didier Bert
- UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | - Julio L Betancourt
- National Research Program, Water Mission Area, U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 430, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA, 20192, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1105 Valley Life Science Bldg #3140, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR ISPA 1391, INRA, 33175, Gradignan, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Richard P Guyette
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203 ABNR Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schonbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sune Linder
- Laboratory for Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721-0045, USA
| | - John D Marshall
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 49, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Manuel Mildner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schonbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR ISPA 1391, INRA, 33175, Gradignan, France
- UMR1391 ISPA, INRA, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Irina Panyushkina
- Laboratory for Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721-0045, USA
| | | | - Kurt S Pregitzer
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | | | - Andrew R Smith
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | | | - Michael C Stambaugh
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203 ABNR Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Alan F Talhelm
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Jacques C Tardif
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, 515 Avenue Portage, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 2E9
| | - Peter K Van de Water
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, California State University, Fresno, 2576 E. San Ramon Ave., Mail Stop ST-24, Fresno, CA, 93740, USA
| | - Joy K Ward
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR ISPA 1391, INRA, 33175, Gradignan, France
- UMR1391 ISPA, INRA, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Rinne KT, Saurer M, Kirdyanov AV, Loader NJ, Bryukhanova MV, Werner RA, Siegwolf RTW. The relationship between needle sugar carbon isotope ratios and tree rings of larch in Siberia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1192-1205. [PMID: 26433019 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant gaps still exist in our knowledge about post-photosynthetic leaf level and downstream metabolic processes and isotopic fractionations. This includes their impact on the isotopic climate signal stored in the carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C) of leaf assimilates and tree rings. For the first time, we compared the seasonal δ(13)C variability of leaf sucrose with intra-annual, high-resolution δ(13)C signature of tree rings from larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.). The trees were growing at two sites in the continuous permafrost zone of Siberia with different growth conditions. Our results indicate very similar low-frequency intra-seasonal trends of the sucrose and tree ring δ(13)C records with little or no indication for the use of 'old' photosynthates formed during the previous year(s). The comparison of leaf sucrose δ(13)C values with that in other leaf sugars and in tree rings elucidates the cause for the reported (13)C-enrichment of sink organs compared with leaves. We observed that while the average δ(13)C of all needle sugars was 1.2‰ more negative than δ(13)C value of wood, the δ(13)C value of the transport sugar sucrose was on an average 1.0‰ more positive than that of wood. Our study shows a high potential of the combined use of compound-specific isotope analysis of sugars (leaf and phloem) with intra-annual tree ring δ(13)C measurements for deepening our understanding about the mechanisms controlling the isotope variability in tree rings under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Rinne
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland Present address: Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - M Saurer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A V Kirdyanov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - N J Loader
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - M V Bryukhanova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - R A Werner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R T W Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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19
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Ogle K, Barber JJ, Barron‐Gafford GA, Bentley LP, Young JM, Huxman TE, Loik ME, Tissue DT. Quantifying ecological memory in plant and ecosystem processes. Ecol Lett 2014; 18:221-35. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiona Ogle
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Jarrett J. Barber
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Greg A. Barron‐Gafford
- School of Geography and Development & B2 Earthscience University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- Environmental Change Institute Oxford University Centre for the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Jessica M. Young
- International Arctic Research Center University of Alaska Fairbanks AK USA
| | - Travis E. Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Center for Environmental Biology University of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Michael E. Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment University of Western Sydney Richmond NSW Australia
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20
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Lévesque M, Siegwolf R, Saurer M, Eilmann B, Rigling A. Increased water-use efficiency does not lead to enhanced tree growth under xeric and mesic conditions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:94-109. [PMID: 24635031 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations (c(a)) can under certain conditions increase tree growth by enhancing photosynthesis, resulting in an increase of intrinsic water-use efficiency (i WUE) in trees. However, the magnitude of these effects and their interactions with changing climatic conditions are still poorly understood under xeric and mesic conditions. We combined radial growth analysis with intra- and interannual δ(13)C and δ(18)O measurements to investigate growth and physiological responses of Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Pseudotsuga menziesii in relation to rising c(a) and changing climate at a xeric site in the dry inner Alps and at a mesic site in the Swiss lowlands. (i)WUE increased significantly over the last 50 yr by 8-29% and varied depending on species, site water availability, and seasons. Regardless of species and increased (i)WUE, radial growth has significantly declined under xeric conditions, whereas growth has not increased as expected under mesic conditions. Overall, drought-induced stomatal closure has reduced transpiration at the cost of reduced carbon uptake and growth. Our results indicate that, even under mesic conditions, the temperature-induced drought stress has overridden the potential CO2 'fertilization' on tree growth, hence challenging today's predictions of improved forest productivity of temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lévesque
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Chair of Forest Ecology, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Marshall JD, Linder S. Mineral nutrition and elevated [CO(2)] interact to modify δ(13)C, an index of gas exchange, in Norway spruce. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1132-44. [PMID: 23425689 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the past century's increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) have been recorded in the stable carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C) of the annual growth rings of trees. The isotope record frequently shows increases in photosynthetic CO2 uptake relative to stomatal conductance, which estimates the CO2 concentration gradient across the stomata (ca - ci). This variable, which is one control over the net photosynthetic rate, has been suggested as a homeostatic gas-exchange set point that is easy to estimate from δ(13)C and [CO2]. However, in high-latitude conifer forests, the literature is mixed; some studies show increases in (ca - ci) and others show homeostasis. Here we present leaf and tree-ring δ(13)C data from a controlled experiment that tested factorial combinations of elevated [CO2] (365 and 700 ∝mol mol(-1)) and fertilization on mature Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in northern Sweden. We found first that the leaf carbon pool was contaminated by the current photosynthate in the older leaf cohorts. This is the reverse of the common observation that older photosynthate reserves can be used to produce new tissue; here the older tissue contains recent photosynthate. We found that the tree-ring data lack such contamination and in any case they better integrate over the canopy and the growing season than do leaves. In the second and third years of treatment, elevated [CO2] alone increased (ca - ci) by 38%; when combined with fertilization, it increased (ca - ci) by 60%. The results of this study support the idea that annual rings provide a clearer isotopic signal than do foliage age-classes. The tree-ring data show that inferred (ca - ci) depends not only on [CO2], but also on mineral-nutrient status. The differences in (ca - ci) are sufficiently large to account for the treatment-induced increase in wood-volume production in these stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Marshall
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, USA
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Battipaglia G, Saurer M, Cherubini P, Calfapietra C, McCarthy HR, Norby RJ, Francesca Cotrufo M. Elevated CO₂ increases tree-level intrinsic water use efficiency: insights from carbon and oxygen isotope analyses in tree rings across three forest FACE sites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:544-554. [PMID: 23215904 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO₂ increases intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE(i) ) of forests, but the magnitude of this effect and its interaction with climate is still poorly understood. We combined tree ring analysis with isotope measurements at three Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE, POP-EUROFACE, in Italy; Duke FACE in North Carolina and ORNL in Tennessee, USA) sites, to cover the entire life of the trees. We used δ¹³C to assess carbon isotope discrimination and changes in water-use efficiency, while direct CO₂ effects on stomatal conductance were explored using δ¹⁸O as a proxy. Across all the sites, elevated CO₂ increased ¹³C-derived water-use efficiency on average by 73% for Liquidambar styraciflua, 77% for Pinus taeda and 75% for Populus sp., but through different ecophysiological mechanisms. Our findings provide a robust means of predicting water-use efficiency responses from a variety of tree species exposed to variable environmental conditions over time, and species-specific relationships that can help modelling elevated CO₂ and climate impacts on forest productivity, carbon and water balances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Battipaglia
- Environmental Science Department, Second University of Naples, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- Centre for Bio-Archeology and Ecology, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (PALECO EPHE), Institut de Botanique, University of Montpellier 2, F-34090, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Paolo Cherubini
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- IBAF-Institute of agro-environmental and Forest Biology, CNR, Porano, Italy
| | - Heather R McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - M Francesca Cotrufo
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Leonardi S, Gentilesca T, Guerrieri R, Ripullone F, Magnani F, Mencuccini M, Noije TV, Borghetti M. Assessing the effects of nitrogen deposition and climate on carbon isotope discrimination and intrinsic water-use efficiency of angiosperm and conifer trees under rising CO2 conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2012; 18:2925-2944. [PMID: 24501068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to globally assess the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and climate, associated with rising levels of atmospheric CO2 , on the variability of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ(13) C), and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of angiosperm and conifer tree species. Eighty-nine long-term isotope tree-ring chronologies, representing 23 conifer and 13 angiosperm species for 53 sites worldwide, were extracted from the literature, and used to obtain long-term time series of Δ(13) C and iWUE. Δ(13) C and iWUE were related to the increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 over the industrial period (1850-2000) and to the variation of simulated atmospheric nitrogen deposition and climatic variables over the period 1950-2000. We applied generalized additive models and linear mixed-effects models to predict the effects of climatic variables and nitrogen deposition on Δ(13) C and iWUE. Results showed a declining Δ(13) C trend in the angiosperm and conifer species over the industrial period and a 16.1% increase of iWUE between 1850 and 2000, with no evidence that the increased rate was reduced at higher ambient CO2 values. The temporal variation in Δ(13) C supported the hypothesis of an active plant mechanism that maintains a constant ratio between intercellular and ambient CO2 concentrations. We defined linear mixed-effects models that were effective to describe the variation of Δ(13) C and iWUE as a function of a set of environmental predictors, alternatively including annual rate (Nrate ) and long-term cumulative (Ncum ) nitrogen deposition. No single climatic or atmospheric variable had a clearly predominant effect, however, Δ(13) C and iWUE showed complex dependent interactions between different covariates. A significant association of Nrate with iWUE and Δ(13) C was observed in conifers and in the angiosperms, and Ncum was the only independent term with a significant positive association with iWUE, although a multi-factorial control was evident in conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università di Parma, via G. P. Usberti 11, 43100, Parma, Italy
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Roden JS, Farquhar GD. A controlled test of the dual-isotope approach for the interpretation of stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratio variation in tree rings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:490-503. [PMID: 22440882 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings of a conifer (Pinus radiata D. Don) and a broad leaf angiosperm (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) were grown for 100 days in two growth cabinets at 45 or 65% relative humidity. The seedlings were exposed to treatments designed to modify carbon assimilation rates and capacities, stomatal conductance and transpiration to test conceptual models that attempt to clarify the interpretation of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ(13)C) by using oxygen isotope enrichment (Δ(18)O). Differences in relative humidity and within-cabinet treatments (including lower irradiance, lower nitrogen inputs, higher leaf temperature and lower moisture status than control seedlings) produced significant differences in assimilation rates, photosynthetic capacities, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration rates and leaf evaporative enrichment. The dual-isotope approach accurately interpreted the cause of variation in wood cellulose Δ(13)C for some of the treatments, but not for others. We also tested whether we could use Δ(13)C variation to constrain the interpretation of δ(18)O variation. Carbon isotope discrimination appears to be influenced by transpiration (providing information on leaf evaporative enrichment), but the results did not provide a clear way to interpret such variation. The dual-isotope approach appears to be valid conceptually, but more work is needed to make it operational under different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Roden
- Department of Biology, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR 97520, USA.
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25
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Maseyk K, Hemming D, Angert A, Leavitt SW, Yakir D. Increase in water-use efficiency and underlying processes in pine forests across a precipitation gradient in the dry Mediterranean region over the past 30 years. Oecologia 2011; 167:573-85. [PMID: 21590331 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by persistent predictions of warming and drying in the entire Mediterranean and other regions, we have examined the interactions of intrinsic water-use efficiency (W(i)) with environmental conditions in Pinus halepensis. We used 30-year (1974-2003) tree-ring records of basal area increment (BAI) and cellulose (13)C and (18)O composition, complemented by short-term physiological measurements, from three sites across a precipitation (P) gradient (280-700 mm) in Israel. The results show a clear trend of increasing W(i) in both the earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) that varied in magnitude depending on site and season, with the increase ranging from ca. 5 to 20% over the study period. These W(i) trends were better correlated with the increase in atmospheric CO(2) concentration, C(a), than with the local increase in temperature (~0.04°C year(-1)), whereas age, height and density variations had minor effects on the long-term isotope record. There were no trends in P over time, but W(i) from EW and BAI were dependent on the interannual variations in P. From reconstructed C(i) values, we demonstrate that contrasting gas-exchange responses at opposing ends of the hydrologic gradient underlie the variation in W(i) sensitivity to C(a) between sites and seasons. Under the mild water limitations typical of the main seasonal growth period, regulation was directed at increasing C(i)/C(a) towards a homeostatic set-point observed at the most mesic site, with a decrease in the W(i) response to C(i) with increasing aridity. With more extreme drought stress, as seen in the late season at the drier sites, the response was W(i) driven, and there was an increase in the W(i) sensitivity to C(a) with aridity and a decreasing sensitivity of C(i) to C(a). The apparent C(a)-driven increases in W(i) can help to identify the adjustments to drying conditions that forest ecosystems can make in the face of predicted atmospheric change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadmiel Maseyk
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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26
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Dorado Liñán I, Gutiérrez E, Helle G, Heinrich I, Andreu-Hayles L, Planells O, Leuenberger M, Bürger C, Schleser G. Pooled versus separate measurements of tree-ring stable isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:2244-2251. [PMID: 21402397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
δ(13)C and δ(18)O of tree rings contain time integrated information about the environmental conditions weighted by seasonal growth dynamics and are well established as sources of palaeoclimatic and ecophysiological data. Annually resolved isotope chronologies are frequently produced by pooling dated growth rings from several trees prior to the isotopic analyses. This procedure has the advantage of saving time and resources, but precludes from defining the isotopic error or statistical uncertainty related to the inter-tree variability. Up to now only a few studies have compared isotope series from pooled tree rings with isotopic measurements from individual trees. We tested whether or not the δ(13)C and the δ(18)O chronologies derived from pooled and from individual tree rings display significant differences at two locations from the Iberian Peninsula to assess advantages and constraints of both methodologies. The comparisons along the period 1900-2003 reveal a good agreement between pooled chronologies and the two mean master series which were created by averaging raw individual values (Mean) or by generating a mass calibrated mean (MassC). In most of the cases, pooled chronologies show high synchronicity with averaged individual samples at interannual scale but some differences also show up especially when comparing δ(18)O decadal to multi-decadal variations. Moreover, differences in the first order autocorrelation among individuals may be obscured by pooling strategies. The lack of replication of pooled chronologies prevents detection of a bias due to a higher mass contribution of one sample but uncertainties associated with the analytical process itself, as sample inhomogeneity, seems to account for the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Dorado Liñán
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departament d'Ecologia, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Berner LT, Beck PSA, Bunn AG, Lloyd AH, Goetz SJ. High-latitude tree growth and satellite vegetation indices: Correlations and trends in Russia and Canada (1982–2008). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Leavitt SW. Tree-ring C-H-O isotope variability and sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5244-5253. [PMID: 20719360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In light of the proliferation of tree-ring isotope studies, the magnitude and cause of variability of tree-ring δ(13)C, δ(18)O and δ(2)H within individual trees (circumferential) and among trees at a site is examined in reference to field and laboratory sampling requirements and strategies. Within this framework, this paper provides a state-of-knowledge summary of the influence of "juvenile" isotope effects, ageing effects, and genetic effects, as well as the interchangeability of species, choice of ring segment to analyze (whole ring, earlywood or latewood), and the option of sample pooling. The range of isotopic composition of the same ring among trees at a site is ca. 1-3‰ for δ(13)C, 1-4‰ δ(18)O, and 5-30‰ for δ(2)H, whereas the circumferential variability within a tree is lower. A standard prescription for sampling and analysis does not exist because of differences in field environmental circumstances and mixed findings represented in relevant published literature. Decisions in this regard will usually be tightly constrained by goals of the study and project resources. Sampling 4-6 trees at a site while avoiding juvenile effects in rings near the pith seems to be the most commonly used methodology, and although there are some reasoned arguments for analyzing only latewood and developing separate isotope records from each tree, the existence of some contradictory findings together with efforts to reduce cost and effort have prompted alternate strategies (e.g., most years pooled with occasional analysis of rings in the sequence separately for each tree) that have produced useful results in many studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Leavitt
- Lab. of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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29
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Guerrieri R, Siegwolf R, Saurer M, Ripullone F, Mencuccini M, Borghetti M. Anthropogenic NOx emissions alter the intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) for Quercus cerris stands under Mediterranean climate conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2841-2847. [PMID: 20638760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of N deposition (Ndep) on intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi), the ratio of photosynthesis (A) to stomatal conductance (gs), for two Quercus cerris stands at different distances to an oil refinery in Southern Italy. We used delta13C in tree rings for assessing changes in WUEi; while the influence of climate and NOx emission was explored through delta18O and delta15N, respectively. Differences in WUEi between the two sites were significant, with trees exposed to different degrees of NOx emissions showing an abrupt increase with the onset of pollution. Assuming similar gs at the two sites, as inferred through delta18O, the higher N availability at the polluted site caused the shift of the A/gs ratio in favour of A. Overall, our result suggests that an increase of Ndep may enhance tree WUE under a scenario of reduction of precipitation predicted for Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Guerrieri
- Department of Crop Systems, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100 Potenza, Italy.
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Vaganov EA, Schulze ED, Skomarkova MV, Knohl A, Brand WA, Roscher C. Intra-annual variability of anatomical structure and delta(13)C values within tree rings of spruce and pine in alpine, temperate and boreal Europe. Oecologia 2009; 161:729-45. [PMID: 19653008 PMCID: PMC2744769 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tree-ring width, wood density, anatomical structure and 13C/12C ratios expressed as δ13C-values of whole wood of Picea abies were investigated for trees growing in closed canopy forest stands. Samples were collected from the alpine Renon site in North Italy, the lowland Hainich site in Central Germany and the boreal Flakaliden site in North Sweden. In addition, Pinus cembra was studied at the alpine site and Pinus sylvestris at the boreal site. The density profiles of tree rings were measured using the DENDRO-2003 densitometer, δ13C was measured using high-resolution laser-ablation-combustion-gas chromatography-infra-red mass spectrometry and anatomical characteristics of tree rings (tracheid diameter, cell-wall thickness, cell-wall area and cell-lumen area) were measured using an image analyzer. Based on long-term statistics, climatic variables, such as temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit, explained <20% of the variation in tree-ring width and wood density over consecutive years, while 29–58% of the variation in tree-ring width were explained by autocorrelation between tree rings. An intensive study of tree rings between 1999 and 2003 revealed that tree ring width and δ13C-values of whole wood were significantly correlated with length of the growing season, net radiation and vapor pressure deficit. The δ13C-values were not correlated with precipitation or temperature. A highly significant correlation was also found between δ13C of the early wood of one year and the late wood of the previous year, indicating a carry-over effect of the growing conditions of the previous season on current wood production. This latter effect may explain the high autocorrelation of long-term tree-ring statistics. The pattern, however, was complex, showing stepwise decreases as well as stepwise increases in the δ13C between late wood and early wood. The results are interpreted in the context of the biochemistry of wood formation and its linkage to storage products. It is clear that the relations between δ13C and tree-ring width and climate are multi-factorial in seasonal climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Vaganov
- Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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31
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Boettger T, Friedrich M. A new serial pooling method of shifted tree ring blocks to construct millennia long tree ring isotope chronologies with annual resolution. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2009; 45:68-80. [PMID: 19191128 DOI: 10.1080/10256010802522218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The study presents a new serial pooling method of shifted tree ring blocks for the building of isotope chronologies. This method combines the advantages of traditional 'serial' and 'intertree' pooling, and can be recommended for the construction of sub-regional long isotope chronologies with sufficient replication, and on annual resolution, especially for the case of extremely narrow tree rings. For Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L., Khibiny Low Mountains, NW Russia) and Silver firs (Abies alba Mill., Franconia, Southern Germany), serial pooling of five consecutive tree rings seems appropriate because the species- and site-specific particularities lead to blurs of climate linkages in their tree rings for the period up to ca. five years back. An equivalent to a five-year running means that curve gained on the base annual data sets of single trees can be derived from the analysis of yearly shifted five-year blocks of consecutive tree rings, and therefore, with approximately 20% of the expense. Good coherence of delta(13)C- and delta(18)O-values between calculated means of annual total rings or late wood data and means of five-year blocks of consecutive total tree rings analysed experimentally on most similar material confirms this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Boettger
- Department of Isotope Hydrology, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany.
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32
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Phillips NG, Buckley TN, Tissue DT. Capacity of old trees to respond to environmental change. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:1355-1364. [PMID: 19017123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] has increased dramatically within the current life spans of long-lived trees and old forests. Consider that a 500-year-old tree in the early twenty-first century has spent 70% of its life growing under pre-industrial levels of [CO2], which were 30% lower than current levels. Here we address the question of whether old trees have already responded to the rapid rise in [CO2] occurring over the past 150 years. In spite of limited data, aging trees have been shown to possess a substantial capacity for increased net growth after a period of post-maturity growth decline. Observations of renewed growth and physiological function in old trees have, in some instances, coincided with Industrial Age increases in key environmental resources, including [CO2], suggesting the potential for continued growth in old trees as a function of continued global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Phillips
- Centre for Plant and Food Science, University of Western Sydney, Richmond NSW 2753, Australia.
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Keel SG, Siegwolf RTW, Jäggi M, Körner C. Rapid mixing between old and new C pools in the canopy of mature forest trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:963-72. [PMID: 17617824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Stable C isotope signals in plant tissues became a key tool in explaining growth responses to the environment. The technique is based on the fundamental assumption that the isotopic composition of a given unit of tissue (e.g. a tree ring) reflects the specific C uptake conditions in the leaf at a given time. Beyond the methodological implications of any deviation from this assumption, it is of physiological interest whether new C is transferred directly from sources (a photosynthesizing leaf) to structural sinks (e.g. adjacent stem tissue), or inherently passes through existing (mobile) C pools, which may be of variable (older) age. Here, we explore the fate of (13)C-labelled photosynthates in the crowns of a 30-35 m tall, mixed forest using a canopy crane. In all nine study species labelled C reached woody tissue within 2-9 h after labelling. Four months later, very small signals were left in branch wood of Tilia suggesting that low mixing of new, labelled C with old C had taken place. In contrast, signals in Fagus and Quercus had increased, indicating more intense mixing. This species-specific mixing of new with old C pools is likely to mask year- or season-specific linkages between tree ring formation and climate and has considerable implications for climate reconstruction using stable isotopes as proxies for past climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja G Keel
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Wagner R, Wagner E. Influence of air pollution and site conditions on trends of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in tree ring cellulose. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2006; 42:351-65. [PMID: 17090487 DOI: 10.1080/10256010600991078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of tree ring cellulose (delta13Ccell and delta18Ocell) were measured for pines growing at four sites in east Germany. Three sites differed markedly in soil water availability within a short distance and the fourth site served as a reference. The choice of the sites was guided by the desire to detect effects of air pollution on the long-term trend of isotopic compositions and to examine the influence of soil water availability on the relationship between the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios. Locations in east Germany are particularly well suited for the study of pollution effects because there was a steady increase in environmental contamination until the German Reunification in 1990, followed by a sharp decline due to the implementation of stricter environmental standards. The long-term trend of delta13Ccell showed an extraordinary increase in the period 1945-1990 and a rapid decrease after 1990, whereas delta18Ocell remained nearly constant. The increase of delta13Ccell is explained by secondary fractionation caused by phytotoxicity of SO2. Two effects are mainly responsible for the secondary fractionation under SO2 exposure: increase of dark respiration, and changes in photosynthate allocation and partitioning. Both effects do not influence delta18Ocell. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between the year-to-year variations of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios (delta13Cresid and delta18Oresid) has been found for all sites. The slopes of the relationship between delta13Cresid and delta18Oresid differ insignificantly. It is concluded that this relationship is not influenced by soil water availability but by climatic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Wagner
- Department of Isotope Hydrology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle GmbH, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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35
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Kagawa A, Sugimoto A, Maximov TC. 13CO2 pulse-labelling of photoassimilates reveals carbon allocation within and between tree rings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:1571-84. [PMID: 16898018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-photosynthetic fractionation processes during translocation, storage and remobilization of photoassimilate are closely related to intra-annual sigma13C of tree rings, and understanding how these processes affect tree-ring sigma13C is therefore indispensable for improving the quality of climate reconstruction. Our first objective was to study the relationship between translocation path and phloem grain. We pulse-labelled a branch of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. and later analysed the sigma13C distribution in the stem. A 13C spiral translocation path closely related to the spiral grain was observed. Our second objective was to study the use of remobilized storage material for earlywood formation in spring, which is a suspected cause of the autocorrelation (correlation of ring parameters to the climate in the previous year) observed in (isotope) dendroclimatology. We pulse-labelled whole trees to study how spring, summer and autumn photoassimilate is later used for both earlywood and latewood formation. Analysis of intra-annual sigma13C of the tree rings formed after the labelling revealed that earlywood contained photoassimilate from the previous summer and autumn as well as from the current spring. Latewood was mainly composed of photoassimilate from the current year's summer/autumn, although it also relied on stored material in some cases. These results emphasize the need for separating earlywood and latewood for climate reconstruction work with narrow boreal tree rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kagawa
- Wood Anatomy and Quality Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Abstract
We proposed the hydraulic limitation hypothesis (HLH) as a mechanism to explain universal patterns in tree height, and tree and stand biomass growth: height growth slows down as trees grow taller, maximum height is lower for trees of the same species on resource-poor sites and annual wood production declines after canopy closure for even-aged forests. Our review of 51 studies that measured one or more of the components necessary for testing the hypothesis showed that taller trees differ physiologically from shorter, younger trees. Stomatal conductance to water vapour (g(s)), photosynthesis (A) and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (K L) are often, but not always, lower in taller trees. Additionally, leaf mass per area is often greater in taller trees, and leaf area:sapwood area ratio changes with tree height. We conclude that hydraulic limitation of gas exchange with increasing tree size is common, but not universal. Where hydraulic limitations to A do occur, no evidence supports the original expectation that hydraulic limitation of carbon assimilation is sufficient to explain observed declines in wood production. Any limit to height or height growth does not appear to be related to the so-called age-related decline in wood production of forests after canopy closure. Future work on this problem should explicitly link leaf or canopy gas exchange with tree and stand growth, and consider a more fundamental assumption: whether tree biomass growth is limited by carbon availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ryan
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect RD, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
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Kagawa A, Sugimoto A, Maximov TC. Seasonal course of translocation, storage and remobilization of 13C pulse-labeled photoassimilate in naturally growing Larix gmelinii saplings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 171:793-803. [PMID: 16918550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Autocorrelation--correlation of tree-ring parameters such as ring width, density and isotope ratios to the environmental conditions of the previous year(s)--is associated with the use of previous photoassimilate for current year's tree ring formation. To clarify the seasonal course of carbon allocation patterns among needles, branches, stem and roots, we pulse-labeled 10 Larix gmelinii growing in a continuous permafrost zone with 13CO2. Photoassimilate incorporated in June was allocated mainly to above-ground parts, indicating active above-ground growth in spring. Very little was allocated to below-ground parts (2.6-7.9%), probably because root growth is inhibited by low soil temperatures in spring. Conversely, a higher proportion of July and August photoassimilate was allocated to below-ground parts (32-44 and 12-24%, respectively). About half the carbon in new needles was derived from stored material. The starch pool in non-needle parts, which can be used for xylem formation, drew approx. 43% of its carbon from the previous year's photoassimilate, indicating that carbon storage is a key mechanism behind autocorrelation in (isotope) dendroclimatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kagawa
- Wood Anatomy and Quality Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin PO Box 16, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
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Kirschbaum MUF. Direct and indirect climate change effects on photosynthesis and transpiration. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2004; 6:242-253. [PMID: 15143433 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-820883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Climate change affects plants in many different ways. Increasing CO(2) concentration can increase photosynthetic rates. This is especially pronounced for C(3) plants, at high temperatures and under water-limited conditions. Increasing temperature also affects photosynthesis, but plants have a considerable ability to adapt to their growth conditions and can function even at extremely high temperatures, provided adequate water is available. Temperature optima differ between species and growth conditions, and are higher in elevated atmospheric CO(2). With increasing temperature, vapour pressure deficits of the air may increase, with a concomitant increase in the transpiration rate from plant canopies. However, if stomata close in response to increasing CO(2) concentration, or if there is a reduction in the diurnal temperature range, then transpiration rates may even decrease. Soil organic matter decomposition rates are likely to be stimulated by higher temperatures, so that nutrients can be more readily mineralised and made available to plants. This is likely to increase photosynthetic carbon gain in nutrient-limited systems. All the factors listed above interact strongly so that, for different combinations of increases in temperature and CO(2) concentration, and for systems in different climatic regions and primarily affected by water or nutrient limitations, photosynthesis must be expected to respond differently to the same climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U F Kirschbaum
- CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box 4008, Kingston ACT 2604, Australia.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E. Dawson
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Stefania Mambelli
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Agneta H. Plamboeck
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Pamela H. Templer
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Kevin P. Tu
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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