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Beghè D, Cirlini M, Beneventi E, Dall’Asta C, Marchioni I, Petruccelli R. Exploring Italian Autochthonous Punica granatum L. Accessions: Pomological, Physicochemical, and Aromatic Investigations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2558. [PMID: 39339533 PMCID: PMC11434734 DOI: 10.3390/plants13182558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Autochthonous Italian pomegranate accessions are still underexplored, although they could be an important resource for fresh consumption, processing, and nutraceutical uses. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the local germplasm to identify genotypes with desirable traits. In this study, six old Italian pomegranate landraces and a commercial cultivar (Dente di Cavallo) were investigated, evaluating their fruit pomological parameters, physicochemical (TSS, pH, TA, and color) characteristics, sugar content, and aromatic profiles (HeadSpace Solid-Phase MicroExtraction (HS-SPME)) coupled with Gas Chromatographyass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of pomegranate juices. Significant differences were observed in the size and weight of the seed and fruits (127.50-525.1 g), as well as the sugar content (100-133.6 gL-1), the sweetness (12.9-17.6 °Brix), and the aroma profiles. Over 56 volatile compounds, predominantly alcohols (56%), aldehydes (24%), and terpenes (9%), were simultaneously quantified. Large variability among the genotypes was also statistically confirmed. The results indicate a strong potential for commercial exploitation of this germplasm, both as fresh and processed fruit, and highlight its versatility for diverse applications. The genetic diversity of the autochthonous pomegranate accessions represents a precious heritage to be preserved and enhanced. This work represents a preliminary step toward a more comprehensive characterization and qualitative valorization of the Italian pomegranate germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Beghè
- Economics and Management Department, University of Parma, Via J.F. Kennedy 6, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Cirlini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.B.); (C.D.); (I.M.)
| | - Elisa Beneventi
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.B.); (C.D.); (I.M.)
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.B.); (C.D.); (I.M.)
| | - Ilaria Marchioni
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.B.); (C.D.); (I.M.)
| | - Raffaella Petruccelli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR-IBE), Via Madonna del Piano n. 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
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Liu G, Wu Z, Luo J, Wang C, Shang X, Zhang G. Genes expression profiles in vascular cambium of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis at different ages. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:500. [PMID: 37848837 PMCID: PMC10583469 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wood is a secondary xylem generated by vascular cambium. Vascular cambium activities mainly include cambium proliferation and vascular tissue formation through secondary growth, thereby producing new secondary phloem inward and secondary xylem outward and leading to continuous tree thickening and wood formation. Wood formation is a complex biological process, which is strictly regulated by multiple genes. Therefore, molecular level research on the vascular cambium of different tree ages can lead to the identification of both key and related genes involved in wood formation and further explain the molecular regulation mechanism of wood formation. RESULTS In the present study, RNA-Seq and Pac-Bio Iso-Seq were used for profiling gene expression changes in Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis (E. urograndis) vascular cambium at four different ages. A total of 59,770 non-redundant transcripts and 1892 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The expression trends of the DEGs related to cell division and differentiation, cell wall biosynthesis, phytohormone, and transcription factors were analyzed. The DEGs encoding expansin, kinesin, cycline, PAL, GRP9, KNOX, C2C2-dof, REV, etc., were highly expressed in E. urograndis at three years old, leading to positive effects on growth and development. Moreover, some gene family members, such as NAC, MYB, HD-ZIP III, RPK, and RAP, play different regulatory roles in wood formation because of their sophisticated transcriptional network and function redundantly. CONCLUSIONS These candidate genes are a potential resource to further study wood formation, especially in fast-growing and adaptable eucalyptus. The results may also serve as a basis for further research to unravel the molecular mechanism underlying wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianzhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chubiao Wang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiuhua Shang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guowu Zhang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China.
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Miller TW, Stangler DF, Larysch E, Honer H, Puhlmann H, Schindler D, Jung C, Seifert T, Rigling A, Kahle HP. Later growth onsets or reduced growth rates: What characterises legacy effects at the tree-ring level in conifers after the severe 2018 drought? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158703. [PMID: 36099953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe drought events negatively affect tree growth and often cause legacy effects, expressed by smaller tree rings in the post-drought recovery years. While the pattern of reduced tree-ring widths is frequently described the processes underlying such legacy effects, i.e., whether it is due to shorter growth periods or lower growth rates, remains unclear and is investigated in this study. To elucidate these post-drought effects, we examined radial stem growth dynamics monitored with precision band-dendrometers on 144 Douglas fir, Norway spruce and silver fir sample trees distributed along four elevational gradients in the Black Forest (Southwest Germany) during the post-drought years 2019 and 2020. Growth onset of all investigated species occurred between 11 and 24 days significantly earlier in 2020 compared to 2019. Modelling growth onset based on chilling and forcing units and taking the study year into account explained 88-98 % of the variance in the growth onset data. The highly significant effect of the study year (p < 0.001) led to the conclusion, that other factors than the prevailing site conditions (chilling and forcing units) must have triggered the earlier growth onset in 2020. On the other hand, for Douglas fir growth rates were significantly higher in 2020 compared to 2019 (2.9 μm d-1) and marginally significantly higher for silver fir (1.3 μm d-1), underlining the explanatory power of growth rate on recovery processes in general and suggesting that Douglas fir copes better with droughts, as it recovered faster. Growth dynamics at the beginning of the year showed limited growth for earlier growth onsets, which, however, could not explain the difference between the investigated years. Our results provide evidence that legacy effects of drought events are expressed by a delayed growth onset and a reduced growth rate in the post-drought year and that Douglas fir has a superior recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Walter Miller
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Dominik Florian Stangler
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Larysch
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Honer
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike Puhlmann
- Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schindler
- Environmental Meteorology, University of Freiburg, Werthmann-str. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Jung
- Environmental Meteorology, University of Freiburg, Werthmann-str. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Seifert
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department for Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Kahle
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Silvestro R, Sylvain JD, Drolet G, Buttò V, Auger I, Mencuccini M, Rossi S. Upscaling xylem phenology: sample size matters. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:811-824. [PMID: 36018569 PMCID: PMC9758298 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Upscaling carbon allocation requires knowledge of the variability at the scales at which data are collected and applied. Trees exhibit different growth rates and timings of wood formation. However, the factors explaining these differences remain undetermined, making samplings and estimations of the growth dynamics a complicated task, habitually based on technical rather than statistical reasons. This study explored the variability in xylem phenology among 159 balsam firs [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.]. METHODS Wood microcores were collected weekly from April to October 2018 in a natural stand in Quebec, Canada, to detect cambial activity and wood formation timings. We tested spatial autocorrelation, tree size and cell production rates as explanatory variables of xylem phenology. We assessed sample size and margin of error for wood phenology assessment at different confidence levels. KEY RESULTS Xylem formation lasted between 40 and 110 d, producing between 12 and 93 cells. No effect of spatial proximity or size of individuals was detected on the timings of xylem phenology. Trees with larger cell production rates showed a longer growing season, starting xylem differentiation earlier and ending later. A sample size of 23 trees produced estimates of xylem phenology at a confidence level of 95 % with a margin of error of 1 week. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the high variability in the timings of wood formation among trees within an area of 1 km2. The correlation between the number of new xylem cells and the growing season length suggests a close connection between the processes of wood formation and carbon sequestration. However, the causes of the observed differences in xylem phenology remain partially unresolved. We point out the need to carefully consider sample size when assessing xylem phenology to explore the reasons underlying this variability and to allow reliable upscaling of carbon allocation in forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Silvestro
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi (QC) G7H2B1, Canada
| | - Jean-Daniel Sylvain
- Direction de la recherche forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC G1P3W8, Canada
| | - Guillaume Drolet
- Direction de la recherche forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC G1P3W8, Canada
| | - Valentina Buttò
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi (QC) G7H2B1, Canada
- Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Auger
- Direction de la recherche forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC G1P3W8, Canada
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi (QC) G7H2B1, Canada
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Dória LC, Sonsin-Oliveira J, Rossi S, Marcati CR. Functional trade-offs in volume allocation to xylem cell types in 75 species from the Brazilian savanna Cerrado. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:445-456. [PMID: 35863898 PMCID: PMC9486921 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Xylem is a crucial tissue for plant survival, performing the functions of water transport, mechanical support and storage. Functional trade-offs are a result of the different assemblages of xylem cell types within a certain wood volume. We assessed how the volume allocated to different xylem cell types can be associated with wood functional trade-offs (hydraulics, mechanical and storage) in species from the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna. We also assessed the xylem anatomical characters linked to wood density across species. METHODS We analysed cross-sections of branches collected from 75 woody species belonging to 42 angiosperm families from the Cerrado. We estimated the wood volume fraction allocated to different cell types and performed measurements of vessel diameter and wood density. KEY RESULTS The largest volume of wood is allocated to fibres (0.47), followed by parenchyma (0.33) and vessels (0.20). Wood density is positively correlated to cell wall (fibre and vessel wall), and negatively to the fractions of fibre lumen and gelatinous fibres. We observed a trade-off between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and mechanics (cell wall fraction), and between mechanics and storage (parenchyma fraction). The expected positive functional relationships between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and water and carbohydrate storage (parenchyma and fibre lumen fractions) were not detected, though larger vessels are linked to a larger wood volume allocated to gelatinous fibres. CONCLUSIONS Woody species from the Cerrado show evidence of functional trade-offs between water transport, mechanical support and storage. Gelatinous fibres might be potentially linked to water storage and release by their positive relationship to increased vessel diameter, thus replacing the functional role of parenchyma and fibre lumen cells. Species can profit from the increased mechanical strength under tension provided by the presence of gelatinous fibres, avoiding expensive investments in high wood density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Sonsin-Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Carmen Regina Marcati
- Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Solos e Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Avenida Universitária, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Changes in the Differentiation Program of Birch Cambial Derivatives following Trunk Girdling. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating the tree trunk radial growth can be studied in original experiments. One technique for studying cambium activity (the meristem involved in radial growth) under conditions of an increased photoassimilate level is trunk girdling. We girdled the trunks of 17- to 22-year-old silver birch plants (Betula pendula Roth var. pendula) during the active growth period and collected xylem and phloem samples at two height levels (1 cm and 35 cm) above girdle, 10, 20, and 30 days after girdling. We investigated the changes that occurred at the anatomical level, as well as the activities of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant-system enzymes and the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in sucrose and auxin transport and metabolism. A moderate increase in photoassimilates (35 cm above the girdle) resulted in a change in the ratio of phloem to xylem increments and an increase in the proportion of parenchyma in the conducting tissues. The increase of photoassimilates above the level at which they can be used in the processes of normal tissue growth and development (1 cm above the girdle) led to xylogenesis suppression and the stimulation of phloem formation, a significant increase in the parenchyma proportion in the conducting tissues, and formation of large sclereid complexes. The differentiation of parenchyma and sclereid cells coincided with biochemical and molecular markers of abnormal conducting tissue formation in Karelian birch, which are also characterized by high proportions of parenchyma and sclereid near the cambium. The results obtained are important in understanding the cambium responses to the photoassimilate distribution changes and estimating tree productivity and survival under changing environmental conditions.
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Different-Sized Vessels of Quercus variabilis Blume Respond Diversely to Six-Year Canopy and Understory N Addition in a Warm-Temperate Transitional Zone. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a necessary macroelement in plant growth and is usually considered a limiting factor in many forest ecosystems. Increasing N deposition has been reported to affect tree growth. However, the effects still remain controversial due to variable N fertilization methods used. In order to study the realistic responses of tree growth to increasing N deposition, we investigated effects of canopy and understory N addition on tree-ring growth and vessel traits of Quercus variabilis Blume. Since 2013, 50 kg N ha−1 year was applied monthly from April to December to either the canopy (CN) or understory (UN) of trees in a warm-temperate forest in Central China. During 2013–2018, tree-ring growth and vessel-related traits (mean vessel area, theoretical xylem hydraulic conductivity (KH), relative ratio of KH, etc.) were analyzed. Tree rings were negatively impacted by both CN and UN treatments, but only the effect of UN was significant. Neither CN nor UN significantly impacted the detected vessel traits. However, some diverging influencing trends were still showed in some vessel traits. Both CN and UN treatments positively affected the percentage of annual total vessel area and vessel density, with the effect of UN on vessel density being more severe. All the detected vessel traits of the large vessels formed at the beginning of the tree-ring responded positively to CN, whereas the opposite response to UN was showed on mean vessel area and the relative ratio of KH. All these diverging responses in different vessel traits likely reflected the compensation and trade-off between maximizing growth and adapting to CN and UN treatments. Six-year long N addition negatively and positively affected tree-ring growth and vessel traits of Q. variabilis in Central China, respectively. UN treatment could not fully simulate the real effect on tree growth, especially on the hydraulic architecture.
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Yu B, Rossi S, Liang H, Guo X, Ma Q, Zhang S, Kang J, Zhao P, Zhang W, Ju Y, Huang JG. Effects of nitrogen addition and increased precipitation on xylem growth of Quercus acutissima Caruth. in central China. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:754-770. [PMID: 35029689 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and increasing precipitation affect carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, but how these two concurrent global change variables affect xylem growth in trees (i.e., independently or interactively) remains unclear. We conducted novel experiments in central China to monitor the xylem growth in a dominant species (Quercus acutissima Caruth.) in response to N addition (CN), supplemental precipitation (CW) or both treatments (CNW), compared with untreated controls (C). Measurements were made at weekly intervals during 2014-15. We found that supplemental precipitation significantly enhanced xylem growth in the dry spring of 2015, indicating a time-varying effect of increased precipitation on intra-annual xylem growth. Elevated N had no significant effect on xylem increment, xylem growth rate, and lumen diameters and potential hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of earlywood vessels, but Ks with elevated N was significantly negatively related to xylem increment. The combination of additional N and supplemental precipitation suppressed the positive effect of supplemental precipitation on xylem increment in the dry spring of 2015. These findings indicated that xylem width was more responsive to supplemental precipitation than to increasing N in a dry early growing season; the positive effect of supplemental precipitation on xylem growth could be offset by elevated N resources. The negative interactive effect of N addition and supplemental precipitation also suggested that increasing N deposition and precipitation in the future might potentially affect carbon sequestration of Q. acutissima during the early growing season in central China. The effects of N addition and supplemental precipitation on tree growth are complex and might vary depending on the growth period and local climatic conditions. Therefore, future models of tree growth need to consider multiple-time scales and local climatic conditions when simulating and projecting global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Hanxue Liang
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiali Guo
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Shaokang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jian Kang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuxi Ju
- Jigongshan National Natural Reserve, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Jian-Guo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Dominguez PG, Niittylä T. Mobile forms of carbon in trees: metabolism and transport. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:458-487. [PMID: 34542151 PMCID: PMC8919412 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants constitute 80% of the biomass on earth, and almost two-thirds of this biomass is found in wood. Wood formation is a carbon (C)-demanding process and relies on C transport from photosynthetic tissues. Thus, understanding the transport process is of major interest for understanding terrestrial biomass formation. Here, we review the molecules and mechanisms used to transport and allocate C in trees. Sucrose is the major form in which C is transported in plants, and it is found in the phloem sap of all tree species investigated so far. However, in several tree species, sucrose is accompanied by other molecules, notably polyols and the raffinose family of oligosaccharides. We describe the molecules that constitute each of these transport groups, and their distribution across different tree species. Furthermore, we detail the metabolic reactions for their synthesis, the mechanisms by which trees load and unload these compounds in and out of the vascular system, and how they are radially transported in the trunk and finally catabolized during wood formation. We also address a particular C recirculation process between phloem and xylem that occurs in trees during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. A search of possible evolutionary drivers behind the diversity of C-carrying molecules in trees reveals no consistent differences in C transport mechanisms between angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, the distribution of C forms across species suggests that climate-related environmental factors will not explain the diversity of C transport forms. However, the consideration of C-transport mechanisms in relation to tree-rhizosphere coevolution deserves further attention. To conclude the review, we identify possible future lines of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Guadalupe Dominguez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires B1686IGC, Argentina
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
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Guo Y, Xu H, Wu H, Shen W, Lin J, Zhao Y. Seasonal changes in cambium activity from active to dormant stage affect the formation of secondary xylem in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:585-599. [PMID: 34505153 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changing patterns of vascular cambium during seasonal cycles is crucial to reveal the mechanisms that control cambium activity and wood formation, but this area has been underexplored, especially in conifers. Here, we quantified the changing cellular morphology patterns of cambial zones during the active, transition and dormant stages. With the help of toluidine blue and periodic acid-Schiff staining to visualize cell walls and identify their constituents, we observed decreasing cambial cell layers, thickening of newly formed xylem cell walls and increased polysaccharide granules in phloem from June to the following March over the course of our collecting period. Pectin immunofluorescence showed that dormant-stage cambium can produce highly abundant de-esterified homogalacturonan and (1-4)-β-d-galactan epitopes, whereas active cambium can strong accumulate high methylesterified homogalacturonan. Calcofluor white staining and confocal Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed regular changes in the chemical composition of cell walls, such as relative lower cellulose deposition in transition stage in vascular cambium, and higher lignin accumulation was found in dormant stage in secondary xylem. Moreover, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis suggested that various IAA (Aux/IAA protein), CesA, CslA and HDZ genes, as well as NAC, PME3 and PME4, may be involved in cambium activities and secondary xylem formation. Taken together, these findings provide new information about cambium activity and cell differentiation in the formation, structure and chemistry in conifers during the active-dormant transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayu Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongyang Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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11
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Pasqualotto G, Ascari L, Bicego G, Carraro V, Huerta ES, De Gregorio T, Siniscalco C, Anfodillo T. Radial stem growth dynamics and phenology of a multi-stemmed species (Corylus avellana L.) across orchards in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2022-2033. [PMID: 33987674 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and the global economy impose new challenges in the management of food-producing trees and require studying how to model plant physiological responses, namely growth dynamics and phenology. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a multi-stemmed forest species domesticated for nut production and now widely spread across different continents. However, information on stem growth and its synchronization with leaf and reproductive phenology is extremely limited. This study aimed at (i) defining the sequencing of radial growth phases in hazelnut (onset, maximum growth and cessation) and the specific temperature triggering stem growth; and (ii) combining the stem growth phases with leaf and fruit phenology. Point dendrometers were installed on 20 hazelnut trees across eight orchards distributed in the Northern and Southern hemisphere during a period of three growing seasons between 2015 and 2018. The radial growth variations and climatic parameters were averaged and recorded every 15 min. Leaf and reproductive phenology were collected weekly at each site. Results showed that stem radial growth started from day of year 84 to 134 in relation to site and year but within a relatively narrow range of temperature (from 13 to 16.5 °C). However, we observed a temperature-related acclimation in the cultivar Tonda di Giffoni. Maximum growth always occurred well before the summer solstice (on average 35 days) and before the maximum annual air temperatures. Xylogenesis developed rapidly since the time interval between onset and maximum growth rate was about 3 weeks. Importantly, the species showed an evident delay of stem growth onset with respect to leaf emergence (on average 4-6 weeks) rarely observed in tree species. These findings represent the first global analysis of radial growth dynamics in hazelnut, which is an essential step for developing models on orchard functioning and management on different continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pasqualotto
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 350120 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ascari
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bicego
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 350120 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Vinicio Carraro
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 350120 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eloy Suarez Huerta
- Hazelnut Company Division, Ferrero Trading Luxembourg, Rue de Trèves, L-2632 Findel, Luxembourg
| | - Tommaso De Gregorio
- Hazelnut Company Division, Ferrero Trading Luxembourg, Rue de Trèves, L-2632 Findel, Luxembourg
| | - Consolata Siniscalco
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 350120 Legnaro, Italy
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12
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Sebastian-Azcona J, Hacke U, Hamann A. Xylem Anomalies as Indicators of Maladaptation to Climate in Forest Trees: Implications for Assisted Migration. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:208. [PMID: 32174948 PMCID: PMC7057245 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylem anomalies that are caused by unusual climate events have long been used to aid cross-dating in tree ring research. Here, we analyzed a range of xylem anomalies in a 39-year-old common garden experiment of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) in central Alberta, Canada, designed to investigate local adaptation. We extracted wood cores from trees representing 24 provenances covering much of the species range across the Canadian boreal forest. Using a double stain and light microscopy analysis, four xylem anomalies and their causes could be distinguished: (1) frost rings indicate issues with synchronizing the onset of growth with the start of the growing season, and were prevalent in young trees; (2) light rings represent thin cell walls caused by an insufficient growing season length, most prevalent in southern sources; (3) blue rings were caused by a failure to complete lignification of new wood due to an early end of the growing season; and (4) double rings represent density fluctuations due to drier than normal summers. Local provenances showed the least amount of xylem anomalies, indicating that they are correctly adapted to the environment in which they occur. In contrast, trees moved to the test site from other climate regions showed various types of xylem anomalies depending on their origin. In particular, populations originating from warmer regions showed an increased presence of latewood anomalies, consistent with a more extensive use of the growing season in the fall. We conclude that xylem anomalies may serve as a sensitive early indicator of maladaptation to climate before populations experience tree dieback or mortality. They may therefore be useful to monitor the health of natural populations, or to evaluate the success of assisted migration in reforestation to address climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Hamann
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Drobyshev I, Picq S, Ganivet E, Tremblay F, Bergeron Y. Decline in the strength of genetic controls on aspen environmental responses from seasonal to century‐long phenomena. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Drobyshev
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue 445 Boulevard de l'université Rouyn‐Noranda Canada J9X 5E4
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences PO Box 49 SE‐230 53 Alnarp Sweden
| | - S. Picq
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue 445 Boulevard de l'université Rouyn‐Noranda Canada J9X 5E4
| | - E. Ganivet
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue 445 Boulevard de l'université Rouyn‐Noranda Canada J9X 5E4
| | - F. Tremblay
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue 445 Boulevard de l'université Rouyn‐Noranda Canada J9X 5E4
| | - Y. Bergeron
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue 445 Boulevard de l'université Rouyn‐Noranda Canada J9X 5E4
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14
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Deslauriers A, Rossi S. Metabolic memory in the phenological events of plants: looking beyond climatic factors. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1272-1276. [PMID: 31359049 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'université, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'université, Chicoutimi, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Effect of Long-Term vs. Short-Term Ambient Ozone Exposure on Radial Stem Growth, Sap Flux and Xylem Morphology of O3-Sensitive Poplar Trees. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High ozone (O3) pollution impairs the carbon and water balance of trees, which is of special interest in planted forests. However, the effect of long-term O3 exposure on tree growth and water use, little remains known. In this study, we analysed the relationships of intra-annual stem growth pattern, seasonal sap flow dynamics and xylem morphology to assess the effect of long term O3 exposure of mature O3-sensitive hybrid poplars (‘Oxford’ clone). Rooted cuttings were planted in autumn 2007 and drip irrigated with 2 liters of water as ambient O3 treatment, or 450 ppm ethylenediurea (N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-N0-phenylurea, abbreviated as EDU) solution as O3 protection treatment over all growing seasons. During 2013, point dendrometers and heat pulses were installed to monitor radial growth, stem water relations and sap flow. Ambient O3 did not affect growth rates, even if the seasonal culmination point was 20 days earlier on average than that recorded in the O3 protected trees. Under ambient O3, trees showed reduced seasonal sap flow, however, the lower water use was due to a decrease of Huber value (decrease of leaf area for sapwood unit) rather than to a change in xylem morphology or due to a direct effect of sluggish stomatal responses on transpiration. Under high evaporative demand and ambient O3 concentrations, trees showed a high use of internal stem water resources modulated by stomatal sluggishness, thus predisposing them to be more sensitive water deficit during summer. The results of this study help untangle the compensatory mechanisms involved in the acclimation processes of forest species to long-term O3 exposure in a context of global change.
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16
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What Makes the Wood? Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms of Xylem Acclimation in Hardwoods to an Ever-Changing Environment. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wood, also designated as secondary xylem, is the major structure that gives trees and other woody plants stability for upright growth and maintains the water supply from the roots to all other plant tissues. Over recent decades, our understanding of the cellular processes of wood formation (xylogenesis) has substantially increased. Plants as sessile organisms face a multitude of abiotic stresses, e.g., heat, drought, salinity and limiting nutrient availability that require them to adjust their wood structure to maintain stability and water conductivity. Because of global climate change, more drastic and sudden changes in temperature and longer periods without precipitation are expected to impact tree productivity in the near future. Thus, it is essential to understand the process of wood formation in trees under stress. Many traits, such as vessel frequency and size, fiber thickness and density change in response to different environmental stimuli. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of how abiotic stress factors affect wood formation on the molecular level focussing on the genes that have been identified in these processes.
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17
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Gričar J, Zavadlav S, Jyske T, Lavrič M, Laakso T, Hafner P, Eler K, Vodnik D. Effect of soil water availability on intra-annual xylem and phloem formation and non-structural carbohydrate pools in stem of Quercus pubescens. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:222-233. [PMID: 30239939 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs, i.e., starch and soluble sugars) are frequently quantified in the context of tree response to stressful events (e.g., drought), because they serve as a carbon reservoir for growth and respiration, as well as providing a critical osmotic function to maintain turgor and vascular transport under different environmental conditions. We investigated the impact of soil water availability on intra-annual leaf phenology, radial growth dynamics and variation in NSC amounts in the stem of pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.). from a sub-Mediterranean region. For this purpose, trees growing at two nearby plots differing in bedrock and, consequently, soil characteristics (F-eutric cambisol on eocene flysch bedrock and L-rendzic leptosol on paleogenic limestone bedrock) were sampled. Non-structural carbohydrates were analysed in outer xylem and living phloem (separately for non-collapsed and collapsed parts). Results showed that xylem and phloem increments were 41.6% and 21.2%, respectively, wider in trees from F plot due to a higher rate of cell production. In contrast, the amount of NSCs and of soluble sugars significantly differed among the tissue parts and sampling dates but not between the two plots. Starch amounts were the highest in xylem, which could be explained by the abundance of xylem parenchyma cells. Two clear seasonal peaks of the starch amount were detected in all tissues, the first in September-November, in the period of leaf colouring and falling, and the second in March-April, i.e., at the onset of cambial cell production followed by bud development. The amounts of free sugars were highest in inner phloem + cambium, at the sites of active growth. Soil water availability substantially influenced secondary growth in the stem of Q. pubescens, whereas NSC amounts seemed to be less affected. The results show how the intricate relationships between soil properties, such as water availability, and tree performance should be considered when studying the impact of stressful events on the growth and functioning of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jožica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Zavadlav
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Production Systems Unit, Biomass Properties and Characterization, Tietotie 2, Espoo, Finland
| | - Martina Lavrič
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tapio Laakso
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Production Systems Unit, Biomass Properties and Characterization, Tietotie 2, Espoo, Finland
| | - Polona Hafner
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Eler
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominik Vodnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Chan T, Berninger F, Kolari P, Nikinmaa E, Hölttä T. Linking stem growth respiration to the seasonal course of stem growth and GPP of Scots pine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1356-1370. [PMID: 29771366 PMCID: PMC6178967 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Current methods to study relations between stem respiration and stem growth have been hampered by problems in quantifying stem growth from dendrometer measurements, particularly on a daily time scale. This is mainly due to the water-related influences within these measurements that mask growth. A previously published model was used to remove water-related influences from measured radial stem variations to reveal a daily radial growth signal (ΔˆGm). We analysed the intra- and inter-annual relations between ΔˆGm and estimated growth respiration rates (Rg) on a daily scale for 5 years. Results showed that Rg was weakly correlated to stem growth prior to tracheid formation, but was significant during the early summer. In the late summer, the correlation decreased slightly relative to the early summer. A 1-day time lag was found of ΔˆGm preceding Rg. Using wavelet analysis and measurements from eddy covariance, it was found that Rg followed gross primary production and temperature with a 2 and 3 h time lag, respectively.This study shows that further in-depth analysis of in-situ growth and growth respiration dynamics is greatly needed, with a focus on cellular respiration at specific developmental stages, its woody tissue costs and linkages to source-sink processes and environmental drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Chan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 68, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Kolari
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 68, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Nikinmaa
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Huang JG, Guo X, Rossi S, Zhai L, Yu B, Zhang S, Zhang M. Intra-annual wood formation of subtropical Chinese red pine shows better growth in dry season than wet season. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1225-1236. [PMID: 29757427 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
China's subtropical forests play a vital role in sequestering global carbon; therefore, it is critical to conduct a precise investigation of intra-annual wood formation in these ecosystems to clarify the mechanisms behind this. Two field experiments were established in Chinese subtropical forests to monitor weekly the intra-annual xylem formation of Pinus massoniana Lamb. from January to December 2015, using the recently developed micro-sampling approach. The effects of climate on wood formation were also assessed using linear or mixed models. Results indicate that there is an inactive period that might be semi-dormancy in subtropical pine ecosystems in January compared with the complete dormancy in temperate and boreal ecosystems and the fully active or short-term dormancy in tropical ecosystems. The duration of xylem formation of Chinese red pine in subtropical China in 2015 was 4-6 months longer than temperate and boreal forests. Moreover, trees were found to grow better during the dry season than the wet season, indicating that the Chinese red pine ecosystem is more strongly regulated by net energy than by environmental factors. Our findings indicate that China's subtropical pine forests may benefit from the expected longer dry seasons, possibly leading to better forest growth and improved carbon sequestration under continued climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiali Guo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi (QC), Canada
| | - Lihong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaokang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
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20
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Cartenì F, Deslauriers A, Rossi S, Morin H, De Micco V, Mazzoleni S, Giannino F. The Physiological Mechanisms Behind the Earlywood-To-Latewood Transition: A Process-Based Modeling Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1053. [PMID: 30079078 PMCID: PMC6063077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In extratropical ecosystems, the growth of trees is cyclic, producing tree rings composed of large-lumen and thin-walled cells (earlywood) alternating with narrow-lumen and thick-walled cells (latewood). So far, the physiology behind wood formation processes and the associated kinetics has rarely been considered to explain this pattern. We developed a process-based mechanistic model that simulates the development of conifer tracheids, explicitly considering the processes of cell enlargement and the deposition and lignification of cell walls. The model assumes that (1) wall deposition gradually slows down cell enlargement and (2) the deposition of cellulose and lignin is regulated by the availability of soluble sugars. The model reliably reproduces the anatomical traits and kinetics of the tracheids of four conifer species. At the beginning of the growing season, low sugar availability in the cambium results in slow wall deposition that allows for a longer enlargement time; thus, large cells with thin walls (i.e., earlywood) are produced. In late summer and early autumn, high sugar availability produces narrower cells having thick cell walls (i.e., latewood). This modeling framework provides a mechanistic link between plant ecophysiology and wood phenology and significantly contributes to understanding the role of sugar availability during xylogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Cartenì
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hubert Morin
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Veronica De Micco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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21
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Ning K, Ding C, Zhu W, Zhang W, Dong Y, Shen Y, Su X. Comparative Metabolomic Analysis of the Cambium Tissue of Non-transgenic and Multi-Gene Transgenic Poplar ( Populus × euramericana 'Guariento'). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1201. [PMID: 30174679 PMCID: PMC6108131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Poplar, a model for woody plant research, is the most widely distributed tree species in the world. Metabolites are the basis of phenotypes, allowing an intuitive and effective understanding of biological processes and their mechanisms. However, metabolites in non-transgenic and multi-gene transgenic poplar remains poorly characterized, especially in regards of the influences on quantity and in the analysis of the relative abundance of metabolites after the introduction of multi stress-related genes. In this study, we investigated the cambium metabolomes of one non-transgenic (D5-0) and two multi-gene (vgb, SacB, ERF36, BtCry3A, and OC-I) transgenic lines (D5-20 and D5-21) of hybrid poplar (Populus × euramericana 'Guariento') using both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). We aimed to explore the effects of the exogenous genes on metabolite composition and to screen out metabolites with important biological functions. Finally, we identified 239 named metabolites and determined their relative abundance. Among these, 197 metabolites had a different abundance across the three lines. These methabolites spanned nine primary and 44 secondary metabolism pathways. Arginine and glutamate, as substrates and intermediates in nitrogen metabolism, and important in growth and stress-related processes, as well as sucrose, uridine diphosphate glucose, and their derivatives, precursors in cell wall pathways, and catechol, relevant to insect resistance, differed greatly between the genetically modified and non-transgenic poplar. These findings may provide a basis for further study of cambium metabolism, and fully understand metabolites associated with stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Changjun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxu Zhu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetic Improvement, Shandong Academy of Forestry, Jinan, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohua Su,
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22
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Winkler A, Oberhuber W. Cambial response of Norway spruce to modified carbon availability by phloem girdling. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1527-1535. [PMID: 28651354 PMCID: PMC5718295 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that increase in carbon (C) availability in Norway spruce saplings (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) intensifies cambial cell division and increases cell lumen diameter (CLD) and cell wall thickness (CWT) when water availability is adequate. To accomplish this, we experimentally subjected 6-year-old P. abies saplings (n = 80 trees) to two levels of soil humidity (watered versus drought conditions) and manipulated tree C status by physically blocking phloem transport at three girdling dates (GDs). Stem girdling occurred in mid-March (day of the year (doy) 77) and in mid-May (GD doy 138), i.e., ~4 weeks before the onset of bud break and during vigorous stem growth, respectively, and in early July (GD doy 190), i.e., 6 and 4 weeks after cessation of radial growth in drought-stressed trees and shoot growth in both soil humidity (SH) treatments, respectively. In response to phloem blockage a striking increase in the number of xylem cells at all GDs and reactivation of cambial activity in drought-stressed trees was detected above the girdling zone, while below girdling xylem formation stopped in both SH-treatments. Although girdling differently affected wood anatomical parameters (CLD, CWT and CLD:CWT ratio) during earlywood and latewood formation, GD had a minor effect on cambial cell division and xylem cell differentiation. Results also revealed that phloem girdling outweighed drought effects imposed on cambial activity. We explain our findings by accumulation of carbohydrates, osmotically active sugars and/or C based signaling compound(s) in response to girdling. Altogether, we conclude that wood formation in P. abies saplings is limited by C availability, which is most likely caused by high C demand belowground especially under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Winkler
- Institute of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Institute of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Kabeya D, Inagaki Y, Noguchi K, Han Q. Growth rate reduction causes a decline in the annual incremental trunk growth in masting Fagus crenata trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1444-1452. [PMID: 28985431 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tree trunk annual increments are markedly reduced in mast years. There are two hypotheses that could explain the mechanism for this phenomenon: (1) a reduction in the duration of growth due to switching the resource allocation from somatic growth to seed production; (2) reduction of growth rate due to resources being shared between somatic growth and reproduction simultaneously. In this study, we aimed to test these hypotheses in Fagus crenata Blume from the point of view of resource allocation. The radial growth patterns in F. crenata during a year without reproduction (2014) and a masting year (2015) were monitored using a digital dendrometer. At the same time, shoot growth patterns were monitored by sampling branches from the top of the canopy. Data obtained using the digital dendrometer were fitted to a sigmoidal function, and the parameters of the function were evaluated with a hierarchal Bayesian approach; estimated parameters were used to represent the properties of trunk growth phenology. Trunk growth started synchronously just after leaf unfurling in both mass-fruiting (F15) and limited-fruiting (NF15) trees in 2014 and 2015. Reproduction reduced the growth rate in 2015. This was due to the resources being allocated for the development of cupules and for formation of relatively thick branches, both of which occurred simultaneously with trunk growth. There was no clear difference in the duration of radial growth between F15 and NF15 trees in the 2 years, although seed maturation started after trunk growth ceased. As a result, the annual trunk radius increment was reduced in the F15 trees in 2015. These results suggested that reduction of radial growth rate (Hypothesis 2) caused the reduction in annual trunk increment of reproducing trees of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kabeya
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inagaki
- Department of Forest Soils, FFPRI, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Shikoku Research Center, FFPRI, 2-915 Asakuranishi, Kochi 780-8077, Japan
| | - Kyotaro Noguchi
- Department of Forest Soils, FFPRI, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Qingmin Han
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
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24
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Oberhuber W, Gruber A, Lethaus G, Winkler A, Wieser G. Stem girdling indicates prioritized carbon allocation to the root system at the expense of radial stem growth in Norway spruce under drought conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 138:109-118. [PMID: 28392608 PMCID: PMC5381714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The early culmination of maximum radial growth (RG) in late spring has been found in several coniferous species in a dry inner Alpine environment. We hypothesized that an early decrease in RG is an adaptation to cope with drought stress, which might require an early switch of carbon (C) allocation to belowground organs. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally subjected six-year-old Norway spruce saplings (tree height: 1.35 m; n = 80 trees) to two levels of soil water availability (watered versus drought conditions) and manipulated tree C status by physically blocking phloem transport at three girdling dates (GD). The influence of C availability and drought on tree growth (radial and shoot growth; root biomass) in response to girdling was analyzed in both treatments. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs, soluble sugars and starch) were measured in the stem, root and current leader to evaluate changes in tree C status due to girdling. The main finding was a significant increase in RG of the girdled trees compared to the controls above the girdling zone (UZ). At all girdling dates the RG increase was significantly more intense in the drought-stressed compared with watered trees (c. 3.3 and 1.9-fold higher compared with controls in the drought-stressed and watered trees, respectively), most likely indicating that an early switch of C allocation to belowground occurs as an adaptation to maintain tree water status under drought conditions. Reactivation of the cambium after the cessation of its regular activity was detected in UZ in drought-stressed trees, while below the girdling zone no xylem formation was found and the NSC content was strikingly reduced. Irrespective of water availability, girdling before growth onset significantly reduced the progression of bud break (P < 0.05) and the length of the current leader shoot by -47% (P < 0.01) indicating a reduction in xylem hydraulic conductance, which was corroborated by significantly reduced xylem sap flow (P < 0.001). Based on our findings, we conclude that during the growing season drought stress prioritizes an early switch of C allocation to the root system as an adaptation to maintain adequate tree water status in drought-prone environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Oberhuber
- Institute of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Gruber
- Institute of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gina Lethaus
- Institute of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Winkler
- Institute of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wieser
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Rennweg 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Cho H, Dang TVT, Hwang I. Emergence of plant vascular system: roles of hormonal and non-hormonal regulatory networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:91-97. [PMID: 27918941 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The divergence of land plants followed by vascular plants has entirely changed the terrestrial ecology. The vascular system is a prerequisite for this evolutionary event, providing upright stature and communication for sink demand-source capacity and facilitating the development of plants and colonization over a wide range of environmental habitats. Various hormonal and non-hormonal regulatory networks have been identified and reviewed as key processes for vascular formation; however, how these factors have evolutionarily emerged and interconnected to trigger the emergence of the vascular system still remains elusive. Here, to understand the intricacy of cross-talks among these factors, we highlight how core hormonal signaling and transcriptional networks are coalesced into the appearance of vascular plants during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuong Vi T Dang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Pérez‐de‐Lis G, Olano JM, Rozas V, Rossi S, Vázquez‐Ruiz RA, García‐González I. Environmental conditions and vascular cambium regulate carbon allocation to xylem growth in deciduous oaks. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pérez‐de‐Lis
- Departamento de Botánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela EPS 27002 Lugo Spain
- CFE– Centro de Ecologia Funcional Departamento de Ciências da Vida Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade de Coimbra 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - José Miguel Olano
- Área de Botánica EUI Agrarias Universidad de Valladolid 42004 Soria Spain
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Área de Botánica EUI Agrarias Universidad de Valladolid 42004 Soria Spain
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Chicoutimi QCG7H 2B1 Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou510650 China
| | - Rosa Ana Vázquez‐Ruiz
- Departamento de Botánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela EPS 27002 Lugo Spain
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27
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Martínez-Vilalta J, Sala A, Asensio D, Galiano L, Hoch G, Palacio S, Piper FI, Lloret F. Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in terrestrial plants: a global synthesis. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | | | - Lucía Galiano
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Hydrology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg D-79098 Germany
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences-Botany; University of Basel; 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sara Palacio
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC); Avenida Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16 22700 Jaca Spain
| | - Frida I. Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP); Simpson 471 Coyhaique Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad; Las Palmeras 3425 Santiago Chile
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
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28
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Cocozza C, Palombo C, Tognetti R, La Porta N, Anichini M, Giovannelli A, Emiliani G. Monitoring intra-annual dynamics of wood formation with microcores and dendrometers in Picea abies at two different altitudes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:832-846. [PMID: 26941291 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal analyses of cambial cell production and day-by-day stem radial increment can help to elucidate how climate modulates wood formation in conifers. Intra-annual dynamics of wood formation were determined with microcores and dendrometers and related to climatic signals in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The seasonal dynamics of these processes were observed at two sites of different altitude, Savignano (650 m a.s.l.) and Lavazè (1800 m a.s.l.) in the Italian Alps. Seasonal dynamics of cambial activity were found to be site specific, indicating that the phenology of cambial cell production is highly variable and plastic with altitude. There was a site-specific trend in the number of cells in the wall thickening phase, with the maximum cell production in early July (DOY 186) at Savignano and in mid-July (DOY 200) at Lavazè. The formation of mature cells showed similar trends at the two sites, although different numbers of cells and timing of cell differentiation were visible in the model shapes; at the end of ring formation in 2010, the number of cells was four times higher at Savignano (106.5 cells) than at Lavazè (26.5 cells). At low altitudes, microcores and dendrometers described the radial growth patterns comparably, though the dendrometer function underlined the higher upper asymptote of maximum growth in comparison with the cell production function. In contrast, at high altitude, these functions exhibited different trends. The best model was obtained by fitting functions of the Gompertz model to the experimental data. By combining radial growth and cambial activity indices we defined a model system able to synchronize these processes. Processes of adaptation of the pattern of xylogenesis occurred, enabling P. abies to occupy sites with contrasting climatic conditions. The use of daily climatic variables in combination with plant functional traits obtained by sensors and/or destructive sampling could provide a suitable tool to better investigate the effect of disturbances on response strategies in trees and, consequently, contribute to improving our prediction of tree growth and species resilience based on climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cocozza
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Caterina Palombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università del Molise, I-86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università del Molise, I-86090 Pesche, Italy The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Edmund Mach Foundation, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Nicola La Porta
- The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Edmund Mach Foundation, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Monica Anichini
- Laboratorio di Xilogenesi, Istituto per la Valorizzazione Legno e delle Specie Arboree (IVALSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- Laboratorio di Xilogenesi, Istituto per la Valorizzazione Legno e delle Specie Arboree (IVALSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Laboratorio di Xilogenesi, Istituto per la Valorizzazione Legno e delle Specie Arboree (IVALSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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29
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Klein T, Vitasse Y, Hoch G. Coordination between growth, phenology and carbon storage in three coexisting deciduous tree species in a temperate forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:847-55. [PMID: 27126226 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In deciduous trees growing in temperate forests, bud break and growth in spring must rely on intrinsic carbon (C) reserves. Yet it is unclear whether growth and C storage occur simultaneously, and whether starch C in branches is sufficient for refoliation. To test in situ the relationships between growth, phenology and C utilization, we monitored stem growth, leaf phenology and stem and branch nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics in three deciduous species: Carpinus betulus L., Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. To quantify the role of NSC in C investment into growth, a C balance approach was applied. Across the three species, >95% of branchlet starch was consumed during bud break, confirming the importance of C reserves for refoliation in spring. The C balance calculation showed that 90% of the C investment in foliage (7.0-10.5 kg tree(-1) and 5-17 times the C needed for annual stem growth) was explained by simultaneous branchlet starch degradation. Carbon reserves were recovered sooner than expected, after leaf expansion, in parallel with stem growth. Carpinus had earlier leaf phenology (by ∼25 days) but delayed cambial growth (by ∼15 days) than Fagus and Quercus, the result of a competitive strategy to flush early, while having lower NSC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Klein
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Present address: Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO Volcani Center, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Institute of Geography, University of Neuchatel, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland; Group Mountain Ecosystems, Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), 7620 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Günter Hoch
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Wu H, Xu H, Li H, Wei D, Lin J, Li X. Seasonal development of cambial activity in relation to xylem formation in Chinese fir. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 195:23-30. [PMID: 26986869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem which can differentiate into secondary phloem and xylem. The secondary growth of woody plants resulting from vascular cambium activity has been a focus of considerable attention, but the quantitative relationships between cambial activity and secondary xylem formation have been little studied. Our analysis of cytological changes in the cambium of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), revealed a significant positive correlation between vascular cambium cell numbers and cambium zone width through the seasonal cycle. Cambium cell numbers and the cambium cell radial diameter were closely related to xylem formation. Immuno-labeling showed that de-esterified homogalacturonan and (1-4)-β-d-galactan epitopes were highly abundant in cell walls of dormant-stage cambium, whereas high methylesterified homogalacturonan was strongly labeled in the active stage. Raman spectroscopy detected significant changes in the chemical composition of cell walls during the active-dormant stage transition. More pectin and less monolignols occurred in radial cell walls than in tangential walls during the dormant stage, but no significant changes were found in other stages, indicating that pectin accumulation facilitates cell wall expansion, with cambium activity transition. Our quantitative analysis of the relationship between cambial activity and xylem formation, as well as the cell wall modification during the active stage provides useful information about cambial characteristics and xylogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hanyin Li
- Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Dongmei Wei
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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31
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Carriero G, Emiliani G, Giovannelli A, Hoshika Y, Manning WJ, Traversi ML, Paoletti E. Effects of long-term ambient ozone exposure on biomass and wood traits in poplar treated with ethylenediurea (EDU). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:575-81. [PMID: 26310976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This is the longest continuous experiment where ethylenediurea (EDU) was used to protect plants from ozone (O3). Effects of long-term ambient O3 exposure (23 ppm h AOT40) on biomass of an O3 sensitive poplar clone (Oxford) were examined after six years from in-ground planting. Trees were irrigated with either water or 450 ppm EDU. Above (-51%) and below-ground biomass (-47%) was reduced by O3 although the effect was significant only for stem and coarse roots. Ambient O3 decreased diameter of the lower stem, and increased moisture content along the stem of not-protected plants (+16%). No other change in the physical wood structure was observed. A comparison with a previous assessment in the same experiment suggested that O3 effects on biomass partitioning to above-ground organs depend on the tree ontogenetic stage. The root/shoot ratios did not change, suggesting that previous short-term observations of reduced allocation to tree roots may be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carriero
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G Emiliani
- IVALSA-CNR Laboratory of Xylogenesis, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Giovannelli
- IVALSA-CNR Laboratory of Xylogenesis, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Y Hoshika
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - W J Manning
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9320, USA
| | - M L Traversi
- IVALSA-CNR Laboratory of Xylogenesis, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - E Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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32
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Antonucci S, Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Lombardi F, Marchetti M, Tognetti R. Synchronisms and correlations of spring phenology between apical and lateral meristems in two boreal conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1086-94. [PMID: 26377874 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenological synchronisms between apical and lateral meristems could clarify some aspects related to the physiological relationships among the different organs of trees. This study correlated the phenological phases of bud development and xylem differentiation during spring 2010-14 in balsam fir (Abies balsamea Mill.) and black spruce [(Picea mariana Mill. (BSP)] of the Monts-Valin National Park (Quebec, Canada) by testing the hypothesis that bud development occurs after the reactivation of xylem growth. From May to September, we conducted weekly monitoring of xylem differentiation using microcores and bud development with direct observations on terminal branches. Synchronism between the beginning of bud development and xylem differentiation was found in both species with significant correlations between the phases of bud and xylem phenology. Degree-day sum was more appropriate in assessing the date of bud growth resumption, while thermal thresholds were more suitable for cambium phenology. Our results provide new knowledge on the dynamics of spring phenology and novel information on the synchronisms between two meristems in coniferous trees. The study demonstrates the importance of precisely defining the phases of bud development in order to correctly analyse the relationships with xylem phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Antonucci
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Pesche (IS) 86090, Italy Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi (QC), G7HSB1, Canada
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi (QC), G7HSB1, Canada Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi (QC), G7HSB1, Canada
| | - Fabio Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Pesche (IS) 86090, Italy
| | - Marco Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Pesche (IS) 86090, Italy
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Pesche (IS) 86090, Italy The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all'Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
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Jyske TM, Suuronen JP, Pranovich AV, Laakso T, Watanabe U, Kuroda K, Abe H. Seasonal variation in formation, structure, and chemical properties of phloem in Picea abies as studied by novel microtechniques. PLANTA 2015; 242:613-29. [PMID: 26105650 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phloem production and structural development were interlinked with seasonal variation in the primary and secondary metabolites of phloem. Novel microtechniques provided new perspectives on understanding phloem structure and chemistry. To gain new insights into phloem formation in Norway spruce (Picea abies), we monitored phloem cell production and seasonal variation in the primary and secondary metabolites of inner bark (non-structural carbohydrates and phenolic stilbene glucosides) during the 2012 growing season in southern and northern Finland. The structure of developing phloem was visualised in 3D by synchrotron X-ray microtomography. The chemical features of developing phloem tissues isolated by laser microdissection were analysed by chemical microanalysis. Within-year phloem formation was associated with seasonal changes in non-structural carbohydrates and phenolic extractive contents of inner bark. The onset of phloem cell production occurred in early and mid-May in southern and northern Finland, respectively. The maximal rate of phloem production and formation of a tangential band of axial phloem parenchyma occurred in mid-June, when total non-structural carbohydrates peaked (due to the high amount of starch). In contrast, soluble sugar content dropped during the most active growth period and increased in late summer and winter. The 3D visualisation showed that the new axial parenchyma clearly enlarged from June to August. Sub-cellular changes appeared to be associated with accumulation of stilbene glucosides and soluble sugars in the newest phloem. Stilbene glucosides also increased in inner bark during late summer and winter. Our findings may indicate that stilbene biosynthesis in older phloem predominantly occurs after the formation of the new band(s) of axial parenchyma. The complementary use of novel microtechniques provides new perspectives on the formation, structure, and chemistry of phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula M Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), New Business Opportunities, Jokiniemenkuja 1, 01370, Vantaa, Finland,
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Park SY, Eom CD, Seo JW. Seasonal Change of Cambium Activity of Pine Trees at Different Growth Sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5658/wood.2015.43.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jervis J, Hildreth SB, Sheng X, Beers EP, Brunner AM, Helm RF. A metabolomic assessment of NAC154 transcription factor overexpression in field grown poplar stem wood. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 115:112-20. [PMID: 25771508 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Several xylem-associated regulatory genes have been identified that control processes associated with wood formation in poplar. Prominent among these are the NAC domain transcription factors (NACs). Here, the putative involvement of Populus NAC154, a co-ortholog of the Arabidopsis gene SND2, was evaluated as a regulator of "secondary" biosynthetic processes in stem internode tissues by interrogating aqueous methanolic extracts from control and transgenic trees. Comprehensive untargeted metabolite profiling was accomplished with a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform that utilized two different chromatographic supports (HILIC and reversed phase) and both positive and negative ionization modes. Evaluation of current and previous year tissues provided datasets for assessing the effects of NAC154 overexpression in wood maturation processes. Phenolic glycoside levels as well as those of oligolignols, sucrose and arginine were modulated with phenotypic and chemotypic traits exhibiting similar trends. Specifically, increased levels of arginine in the NAC154 overexpressing tissues supports a role for the transcription factor in senescence/dormancy-associated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jervis
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sherry B Hildreth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eric P Beers
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Amy M Brunner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Richard F Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Steppe K, Sterck F, Deslauriers A. Diel growth dynamics in tree stems: linking anatomy and ecophysiology. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:335-43. [PMID: 25911419 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of climate on stem growth in trees are studied in anatomical, ecophysiological, and ecological disciplines, but an integrative framework to assess those impacts remains lacking. In this opinion article, we argue that three research efforts are required to provide that integration. First, we need to identify the missing links in diel patterns in stem diameter and stem growth and relate those patterns to the underlying mechanisms that control water and carbon balance. Second, we should focus on the understudied mechanisms responsible for seasonal impacts on such diel patterns. Third, information on stem anatomy and ecophysiology should be integrated in the same experiments and mechanistic plant growth models to capture both diel and seasonal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
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Deslauriers A, Caron L, Rossi S. Carbon allocation during defoliation: testing a defense-growth trade-off in balsam fir. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:338. [PMID: 26029235 PMCID: PMC4429555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During repetitive defoliation events, carbon can become limiting for trees. To maintain growth and survival, the resources have to be shared more efficiently, which could result in a trade-off between the different physiological processes of a plant. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of defoliation in carbon allocation of balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] to test the presence of a trade-off between allocation to growth, carbon storage, and defense. Three defoliation intensities [control (C-trees, 0% defoliation), moderately (M-trees, 41-60%), and heavily (H-trees, 61-80%) defoliated] were selected in order to monitor several variables related to stem growth (wood formation in xylem), carbon storage in stem and needle (non-structural soluble sugars and starch), and defense components in needles (terpenoids compound) from May to October 2011. The concentration of starch was drastically reduced in both wood and leaves of H-trees with a quasi-absence of carbon partitioning to storage in early summer. Fewer kinds of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were formed with an increasing level of defoliation indicating a lower carbon allocation for the production of defense. The carbon allocation to wood formation gradually reduced at increasing defoliation intensities, with a lower growth rate and fewer tracheids resulting in a reduced carbon sequestration in cell walls. The hypothesis of a trade-off between the allocations to defense components and to non-structural (NCS) and structural (growth) carbon was rejected as most of the measured variables decreased with increasing defoliation. The starch amount was highly indicative of the tree carbon status at different defoliation intensity and future research should focus on the mechanism of starch utilization for survival and growth following an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Deslauriers
- *Correspondence: Annie Deslauriers, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H2B1, Canada
| | - Laurie Caron
- These authors have contributed equally to this work
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Gričar J, Prislan P, Gryc V, Vavrčík H, de Luis M, Cufar K. Plastic and locally adapted phenology in cambial seasonality and production of xylem and phloem cells in Picea abies from temperate environments. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:869-81. [PMID: 24728295 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite its major economic importance and the vulnerability of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. to climate change, how its radial growth at intra-annual resolution is influenced by weather conditions in forest stands with a high production capacity has scarcely been explored. Between 2009 and 2011, phenological variation in seasonal cambial cell production (CP) was analysed in adult P. abies trees from three contrasting sites, differing in altitude and latitude. The results indicate that the timing of cambial CP is a highly synchronic process within populations since in all cases the cambium simultaneously started and stopped producing xylem and phloem cells. Our results also demonstrate that the phenology of cambial CP is highly variable and plastic between years, depending on seasonal temperature and precipitation variation. Differences among sites, however, are only partially explained by different environmental (elevation and altitude) and climatic conditions, suggesting that local adaptation may also play a decisive role in the strategy of P. abies for adapting wood and phloem increments to function optimally under local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimír Gryc
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hanuš Vavrčík
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin de Luis
- Department Geografía y O.T., University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Katarina Cufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Rozna dolina, c. VIII/34, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Gessler A, Ferrio JP, Hommel R, Treydte K, Werner RA, Monson RK. Stable isotopes in tree rings: towards a mechanistic understanding of isotope fractionation and mixing processes from the leaves to the wood. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:796-818. [PMID: 24907466 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of isotope fractionation processes is increasing but we still lack detailed knowledge of the processes that determine the isotopic composition of the tree-ring archive over the long term. Especially with regard to the path from leaf photosynthate production to wood formation, post-assimilation fractionations/processes might cause at least a partial decoupling between the leaf isotope signals that record processes such as stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis, and the wood or cellulose signals that are stored in the paleophysiological record. In this review, we start from the rather well understood processes at the leaf level such as photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation, leaf water evaporative isotope enrichment and the issue of the isotopic composition of inorganic sources (CO2 and H2O), though we focus on the less explored 'downstream' processes related to metabolism and transport. We further summarize the roles of cellulose and lignin as important chemical constituents of wood, and the processes that determine the transfer of photosynthate (sucrose) and associated isotopic signals to wood production. We cover the broad topics of post-carboxylation carbon isotope fractionation and of the exchange of organic oxygen with water within the tree. In two case studies, we assess the transfer of carbon and oxygen isotopic signals from leaves to tree rings. Finally we address the issue of different temporal scales and link isotope fractionation at the shorter time scale for processes in the leaf to the isotopic ratio as recorded across longer time scales of the tree-ring archive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gessler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalderstr. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Department of Crop and Forest Science-AGROTECNIO Center, University of Lleida, Avda Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Robert Hommel
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalderstr. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Research Unit Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Russell K Monson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Laboratory for Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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40
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Deslauriers A, Beaulieu M, Balducci L, Giovannelli A, Gagnon MJ, Rossi S. Impact of warming and drought on carbon balance related to wood formation in black spruce. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:335-45. [PMID: 24950772 PMCID: PMC4111389 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wood formation in trees represents a carbon sink that can be modified in the case of stress. The way carbon metabolism constrains growth during stress periods (high temperature and water deficit) is now under debate. In this study, the amounts of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) for xylogenesis in black spruce, Picea mariana, saplings were assessed under high temperature and drought in order to determine the role of sugar mobilization for osmotic purposes and its consequences for secondary growth. METHODS Four-year-old saplings of black spruce in a greenhouse were subjected to different thermal conditions with respect to the outside air temperature (T0) in 2010 (2 and 5 °C higher than T0) and 2011 (6 °C warmer than T0 during the day or night) with a dry period of about 1 month in June of each year. Wood formation together with starch, NSCs and leaf parameters (water potential and photosynthesis) were monitored from May to September. KEY RESULTS With the exception of raffinose, the amounts of soluble sugars were not modified in the cambium even if gas exchange and photosynthesis were greatly reduced during drought. Raffinose increased more than pinitol under a pre-dawn water potential of less than -1 Mpa, presumably because this compound is better suited than polyol for replacing water and capturing free radicals, and its degradation into simple sugar is easier. Warming decreased the starch storage in the xylem as well the available hexose pool in the cambium and the xylem, probably because of an increase in respiration. CONCLUSIONS Radial stem growth was reduced during drought due to the mobilization of NSCs for osmotic purposes and due to the lack of cell turgor. Thus plant water status during wood formation can influence the NSCs available for growth in the cambium and xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H2B1, Canada
| | - Marilène Beaulieu
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H2B1, Canada
| | - Lorena Balducci
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H2B1, Canada
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- Laboratorio di Xilogenesi, IVaLSA-CNR, via Madonna de Piano, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Michel J Gagnon
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H2B1, Canada
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H2B1, Canada
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Aloni R. Role of hormones in controlling vascular differentiation and the mechanism of lateral root initiation. PLANTA 2013; 238:819-30. [PMID: 23835810 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system in plants is induced and controlled by streams of inductive hormonal signals. Auxin produced in young leaves is the primary controlling signal in vascular differentiation. Its polar and non-polar transport pathways and major controlling mechanisms are clarified. Ethylene produced in differentiating protoxylem vessels is the signal that triggers lateral root initiation, while tumor-induced ethylene is a limiting and controlling factor of crown gall development and its vascular differentiation. Gibberellin produced in mature leaves moves non-polarly and promotes elongation, regulates cambium activity and induces long fibers. Cytokinin from the root cap moves upward to promote cambial activity and stimulate shoot growth and branching, while strigolactone from the root inhibits branching. Furthermore, the role of the hormonal signals in controlling the type of differentiating vascular elements and gradients of conduit size and density, and how they regulate plant adaptation and have shaped wood evolution are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Aloni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel,
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42
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Simard S, Giovannelli A, Treydte K, Traversi ML, King GM, Frank D, Fonti P. Intra-annual dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in the cambium of mature conifer trees reflects radial growth demands. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:913-23. [PMID: 24128848 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of soluble carbohydrates in the cambial zone, either from sugars recently produced during photosynthesis or from starch remobilized from storage organs, is necessary for radial tree growth. However, considerable uncertainties on carbohydrate dynamics and the consequences on tree productivity exist. This study aims to better understand the variation in different carbon pools at intra-annual resolution by quantifying how cambial zone sugar and starch concentrations fluctuate over the season and in relation to cambial phenology. A comparison between two physiologically different species growing at the same site, i.e., the evergreen Picea abies Karst. and the deciduous Larix decidua Mill., and between L. decidua from two contrasting elevations, is presented to identify mechanisms of growth limitation. Results indicate that the annual cycle of sugar concentration within the cambial zone is coupled to the process of wood formation. The highest sugar concentration is observed when the number of cells in secondary wall formation and lignification stages is at a maximum, subsequent to most radial growth. Starch disappears in winter, while other freeze-resistant non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) increase. Slight differences in NSC concentration between species are consistent with the differing climate sensitivity of the evergreen and deciduous species investigated. The general absence of differences between elevations suggests that the cambial activity of trees growing at the treeline was not limited by the availability of carbohydrates at the cambial zone but instead by environmental controls on the growing season duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Simard
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Krepkowski J, Gebrekirstos A, Shibistova O, Bräuning A. Stable carbon isotope labeling reveals different carry-over effects between functional types of tropical trees in an Ethiopian mountain forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:431-440. [PMID: 23586968 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present an intra-annual stable carbon isotope (δ(13)C) study based on a labeling experiment to illustrate differences in temporal patterns of recent carbon allocation to wood structures of two functional types of trees, Podocarpus falcatus (a late-successional evergreen conifer) and Croton macrostachyus (a deciduous broadleaved pioneer tree), in a tropical mountain forest in Ethiopia. Dendrometer data, wood anatomical thin sections, and intra-annual δ(13)C analyses were applied. Isotope data revealed a clear annual growth pattern in both studied species. For P. falcatus, it was possible to synchronize annual δ(13) C peaks, wood anatomical structures and monthly precipitation patterns. The labeling signature was evident for three consecutive years. For C. macrostachyus, isotope data illustrate a rapid decline of the labeling signal within half a year. Our δ(13)C labeling study indicates a distinct difference in carryover effects between trees of different functional types. A proportion of the labeled δ(13)C is stored in reserves of wood parenchyma for up to 3 yr in P. falcatus. By contrast, C. macrostachyus shows a high turnover of assimilates and a carbon carryover effect is only detectable in the subsequent year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krepkowski
- Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kochstr 4/4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Olga Shibistova
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
- V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kochstr 4/4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Sorce C, Giovannelli A, Sebastiani L, Anfodillo T. Hormonal signals involved in the regulation of cambial activity, xylogenesis and vessel patterning in trees. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:885-98. [PMID: 23553557 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The radial growth of plant stem is based on the development of cribro-vascular cambium tissues. It affects the transport efficiency of water, mineral nutrients and photoassimilates and, ultimately, also plant height. The rate of cambial cell divisions for the assembly of new xylem and phloem tissue primordia and the rate of differentiation of the primordia into mature tissues determine the amount of biomass produced and, in the case of woody species, the wood quality. These complex physiological processes proceed at a rate which depends on several factors, acting at various levels: growth regulators, resource availability and environmental factors. Several hormonal signals and, more recently, further regulatory molecules, have been shown to be involved in the induction and maintenance of cambium and the formation of secondary vascular tissues. The control of xylem cell patterning is of particular interest, because it determines the diameter of xylem vessels, which is central to the efficiency of water and nutrient transport from roots to leaves through the stem and may strongly influence the growth in height of the tree. Increasing scientific evidence have proved the role of other hormones in cambial cell activities and the study of the hormonal signals and their crosstalking in cambial cells may foster our understanding of the dynamics of xylogenesis and of the mechanism of vessel size control along the stem. In this article, the role of the hormonal signals involved in the control of cambium and xylem development in trees and their crosstalking are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sorce
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via L. Ghini, 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Beikircher B, Mayr S. Winter peridermal conductance of apple trees: lammas shoots and spring shoots compared. TREES (BERLIN, GERMANY : WEST) 2013; 27:707-715. [PMID: 23794789 PMCID: PMC3688303 DOI: 10.1007/s00468-012-0826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lammas shoots are flushes formed by some woody species later in the growing season. Having less time to develop, tissue formation is suggested to be incomplete leading to a higher peridermal water loss during consecutive months. In this study, we analysed morphological and anatomical parameters, peridermal conductance to water vapour and the level of native embolism in mid-winter and late-winter of lammas shoots and normal spring shoots of the apple varieties Malus domestica 'Gala' and 'Nicoter'. Lammas shoots showed a significantly higher shoot cross-sectional area due to larger pith and corticular parenchyma areas. In contrast, phloem was significantly thicker in spring shoots. No pronounced differences were observed in xylem and collenchyma thickness or mean hydraulic conduit diameter. The phellem of spring shoots was composed of more suberinised cells compared to lammas shoots, which led to a significantly higher peridermal conductance in the latter. The amount of native embolism in mid-winter did not differ between shoot types, but in late-winter lammas shoots were more embolised than spring shoots. Data show that the restricted vegetation period of lammas shoots affects their development and, in consequence, their transpiration shield. This may also pose a risk for winter desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Beikircher
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S. Mayr
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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46
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47
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Li X, Liang E, Gričar J, Prislan P, Rossi S, Čufar K. Age dependence of xylogenesis and its climatic sensitivity in Smith fir on the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23185065 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An age effect on growth trends and climate/growth relationships of trees can possibly be discovered by analysing the seasonal dynamics of xylem development. The aims of this study, therefore, were to compare xylem formation of young (43 ± 4 years) and old (162 ± 26 years) Smith fir (Abies georgei var. smithii (Viguie & Gaussen) W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu) trees in the Sygera Mountains, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau and, to identify the association between wood formation and climate. The seasonal radial growth dynamics of young and old trees was monitored on microcores collected at weekly intervals during two growing seasons. Transverse sections through phloem, cambium and outermost xylem of 9-12 μ m thickness were observed with a light microscope under bright field and polarized light to follow the cambial activity and differentiation of the developing xylem. Young trees were characterized by an earlier onset of xylogenesis, a longer growing season and a higher growth rate, resulting in a higher number of xylem cells. Both young and old trees responded fast to changes of the minimum air temperature, confirming that this factor was dominant by controlling Smith fir growth on the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Boulouf Lugo J, Deslauriers A, Rossi S. Duration of xylogenesis in black spruce lengthened between 1950 and 2010. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:1099-108. [PMID: 23041380 PMCID: PMC3478046 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reconstructions have identified the 20th century as being uniquely warm in the last 1000 years. Changes in the phenology of primary meristems converged toward increases in length of the growing season. Has the phenology of secondary meristem changed during the last century, and to what extent? METHODS Timings of wood formation in black spruce, Picea mariana, were monitored for 9 years on a weekly timescale at four sites in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Models for assessing xylem phenology were defined and applied to reconstruct onset, ending and duration of xylogenesis between 1950 and 2010 using thermal thresholds on chronologies of maximum and minimum temperatures. KEY RESULTS All sites exhibited increasing trends of both annual and May-September temperatures, with the greatest changes observed at the higher latitudes. Phenological events in spring were more affected than those occurring in autumn, with cambial resumptions occurring 0·5-0·8 d decade(-1) earlier. The duration of xylogenesis has lengthened significantly since 1950, although the models supplied wide ranges of variations, between 0·07 and 1·5 d decade(-1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The estimated changes in past cambial phenology demonstrated the marked effects of the recent increase in temperature on the phenological traits of secondary meristems. In the long run, the advancement of cambial activity could modify the short time window for growth of boreal species and dramatically affect the dynamics and productivity of trees in these temperature-limited ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Landscape Dynamics, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- (Author for correspondence: tel +41 44 7392285; email )
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Michelot A, Simard S, Rathgeber C, Dufrêne E, Damesin C. Comparing the intra-annual wood formation of three European species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris) as related to leaf phenology and non-structural carbohydrate dynamics. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:1033-45. [PMID: 22718524 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring cambial phenology and intra-annual growth dynamics is a useful approach for characterizing the tree growth response to climate change. However, there have been few reports concerning intra-annual wood formation in lowland temperate forests with high time resolution, especially for the comparison between deciduous and coniferous species. The main objective of this study was to determine how the timing, duration and rate of radial growth change between species as related to leaf phenology and the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) under the same climatic conditions. We studied two deciduous species, Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., and an evergreen conifer, Pinus sylvestris L. During the 2009 growing season, we weekly monitored (i) the stem radial increment using dendrometers, (ii) the xylem growth using microcoring and (iii) the leaf phenology from direct observations of the tree crowns. The NSC content was also measured in the eight last rings of the stem cores in April, June and August 2009. The leaf phenology, NSC storage and intra-annual growth were clearly different between species, highlighting their contrasting carbon allocation. Beech growth began just after budburst, with a maximal growth rate when the leaves were mature and variations in the NSC content were low. Thus, beech radial growth seemed highly dependent on leaf photosynthesis. For oak, earlywood quickly developed before budburst, which probably led to the starch decrease quantified in the stem from April to June. For pine, growth began before the needles unfolding and the lack of NSC decrease during the growing season suggested that the substrates for radial growth were new assimilates of the needles from the previous year. Only for oak, the pattern determined from the intra-annual growth measured using microcoring differed from the pattern determined from dendrometer data. For all species, the ring width was significantly influenced by growth duration and not by growth rate, which differs from previous studies. The observed between-species difference at the intra-annual scale is key information for anticipating suitability of future species in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Michelot
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR8079, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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