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Signaling pathways in obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:298. [PMID: 36031641 PMCID: PMC9420733 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, chronic disease and global public health challenge. Characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the body, obesity sharply increases the risk of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and is linked to lower life expectancy. Although lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise) has remarkable effects on weight management, achieving long-term success at weight loss is extremely challenging, and the prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide. Over the past decades, the pathophysiology of obesity has been extensively investigated, and an increasing number of signal transduction pathways have been implicated in obesity, making it possible to fight obesity in a more effective and precise way. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the pathogenesis of obesity from both experimental and clinical studies, focusing on signaling pathways and their roles in the regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, and chronic inflammation. We also discuss the current anti-obesity drugs, as well as weight loss compounds in clinical trials, that target these signals. The evolving knowledge of signaling transduction may shed light on the future direction of obesity research, as we move into a new era of precision medicine.
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Von-Hafe M, Borges-Canha M, Vale C, Leite AR, Sérgio Neves J, Carvalho D, Leite-Moreira A. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Endocrine Axes—A Scoping Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040298. [PMID: 35448486 PMCID: PMC9026925 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. NAFLD often occurs associated with endocrinopathies. Evidence suggests that endocrine dysfunction may play an important role in NAFLD development, progression, and severity. Our work aimed to explore and summarize the crosstalk between the liver and different endocrine organs, their hormones, and dysfunctions. For instance, our results show that hyperprolactinemia, hypercortisolemia, and polycystic ovary syndrome seem to worsen NAFLD’s pathway. Hypothyroidism and low growth hormone levels also may contribute to NAFLD’s progression, and a bidirectional association between hypercortisolism and hypogonadism and the NAFLD pathway looks likely, given the current evidence. Therefore, we concluded that it appears likely that there is a link between several endocrine disorders and NAFLD other than the typically known type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (MS). Nevertheless, there is controversial and insufficient evidence in this area of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Von-Hafe
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Marta Borges-Canha
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-918935390
| | - Catarina Vale
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Ana Rita Leite
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - João Sérgio Neves
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Davide Carvalho
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
- Serviço de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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MS4A15 drives ferroptosis resistance through calcium-restricted lipid remodeling. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:670-686. [PMID: 34663908 PMCID: PMC8901757 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by biochemical processes that promote oxidation within the lipid compartment. Calcium (Ca2+) is a signaling molecule in diverse cellular processes such as migration, neurotransmission, and cell death. Here, we uncover a crucial link between ferroptosis and Ca2+ through the identification of the novel tetraspanin MS4A15. MS4A15 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it blocks ferroptosis by depleting luminal Ca2+ stores and reprogramming membrane phospholipids to ferroptosis-resistant species. Specifically, prolonged Ca2+ depletion inhibits lipid elongation and desaturation, driving lipid droplet dispersion and formation of shorter, more saturated ether lipids that protect phospholipids from ferroptotic reactive species. We further demonstrate that increasing luminal Ca2+ levels can preferentially sensitize refractory cancer cell lines. In summary, MS4A15 regulation of anti-ferroptotic lipid reservoirs provides a key resistance mechanism that is distinct from antioxidant and lipid detoxification pathways. Manipulating Ca2+ homeostasis offers a compelling strategy to balance cellular lipids and cell survival in ferroptosis-associated diseases.
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Haidari F, Mohammadshahi M, Zarei M, Haghighizadeh MH, Mirzaee F. The Effect of Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Supplementation on Leptin, Adiponectin, Glycemic Indices, and Anthropometric Indices in Obese and Overweight Women. Clin Nutr Res 2021; 10:230-242. [PMID: 34386442 PMCID: PMC8331291 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2021.10.3.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally. Among several methods for treating obesity, the use of dietary supplements is common recently. One supplement that can help in this regard might be vitamin B6 in high doses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pyridoxine hydrochloride supplementation on anthropometric indices, body composition, visceral adiposity index (VAI), and metabolic status in obese and overweight women. In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 44 obese and overweight women aged 18-50 years were selected and divided randomly into 2 groups: an intervention group (receiving 80 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride supplement for 8 weeks) and a control group (receiving placebo for 8 weeks). In the pyridoxine hydrochloride group, weight (p = 0.03), body mass index (p = 0.023), fat mass (p = 0.003), waist circumference (p = 0.005), VAI (p = 0.001), fasting insulin, insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides (TG) and leptin (p < 0.001) decreased whereas adiponectin (p < 0.001) increased in comparison to the baseline values. There was a significant difference in fat mass, VAI, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and TG between pyridoxine hydrochloride and control groups following intervention in adjusted models (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that vitamin B6 supplementation may be effective in reducing BMI and improving body composition and biochemical factors associated with obesity. Trial Registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: IRCT20181002041206N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43337, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Haghighizadeh
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirzaee
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
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5
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Hong JY, Lee JS, Woo HW, Om AS, Kwock CK, Kim MK. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on calcium supplements and dairy products for changes in body weight and obesity indices. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:615-631. [PMID: 33292017 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1856794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis was performed to investigate whether calcium supplements and dairy products change obesity indices including fat mass. Original articles published in English between July 2009 and August 2019 were identified. Ten and 14 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with ≥ 12 weeks interventions of calcium supplements and dairy products among overweight or obese adults aged ≥18 were critically reviewed. Mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained using a random effect meta-analysis. Dairy products significantly changed fat mass (SMD, 95% CI; -0.40 [-0.77, -0.02]) and BMI (MD, 95% CI: -0.46 kg/m2 [-0.67, -0.26]), and calcium supplements also showed changes in fat mass (SMD, 95% CI; -0.15[-0.28, -0.02]). However, in the analysis of RCTs with low risk of bias scores, the significant changes remained only in the dairy-products intervention. Our findings suggest that dairy products without distinction of fat percentage may help reduce fat mass and BMI, but calcium supplements may not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Yeon Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Seon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Woo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ae Son Om
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Inoue H, Inazu M, Konishi M, Yokoyama U. Functional expression of TRPM7 as a Ca 2+ influx pathway in adipocytes. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14272. [PMID: 31650715 PMCID: PMC6813326 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In adipocytes, intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ modulates physiological functions, such as insulin action and the secretion of adipokines. TRPM7 is a Ca2+/Mg2+‐permeable non‐selective cation channel. TRPM7 mRNA is highly expressed in adipose tissue, however, its functional expression in adipocytes remains to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that TRPM7 was functionally expressed in both freshly isolated white adipocytes and in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes differentiated from a 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocyte cell line by whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. Consistent with known properties of TRPM7 current, the current in adipocytes was activated by the elimination of extracellular divalent cations and the reduction of intracellular free Mg2+ concentrations, and was inhibited by the TRPM7 inhibitors, 2‐aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2‐APB), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), N‐methyl maleimide (NMM), NS8593, and 2‐amino‐2‐[2‐(4‐octylphenyl)ethyl]‐1,3‐propanediol (FTY720). Treatment with small‐interfering (si) RNA targeting TRPM7 resulted in a reduction in the current to 23 ± 7% of nontargeting siRNA‐treated adipocytes. Moreover a TRPM7 activator, naltriben, increased the TRPM7‐like current and [Ca2+]i in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes but not in TRPM7‐knockdown adipocytes. These findings indicate that TRPM7 is functionally expressed, and plays a role as a Ca2+ influx pathway in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Inazu
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Konishi
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Du Y, Oh C, No J. Advantage of Dairy for Improving Aging Muscle. J Obes Metab Syndr 2019; 28:167-174. [PMID: 31583381 PMCID: PMC6774446 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2019.28.3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of sarcopenia increases with aging. Malnutrition in the elderly population is an important risk factor for sarcopenia. Calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), vitamin D and protein are key nutrients for the human body and affect muscle mass and quality. Dairy products are rich in these nutrients, which implicates that dairy products might be ideal for elderly population. This systematic review highlights the effects of dairy products on muscle mass, muscle strength and body performance in the elderly population in the perspective of Ca, P, vitamin D and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
| | - Chorong Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jaekyung No
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
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Kozma R, Rödin-Mörch P, Höglund J. Genomic regions of speciation and adaptation among three species of grouse. Sci Rep 2019; 9:812. [PMID: 30692562 PMCID: PMC6349846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of adaption is one of the central goals in evolutionary biology and when investigated across sister species it can provide detailed insight into the mechanisms of speciation. Here, we sequence the genomes of 34 individuals from three closely related grouse species in order to uncover the genomic architecture of speciation and the genes involved in adaptation. We identify 6 regions, containing 7 genes that show lineage specific signs of differential selection across the species. These genes are involved in a variety of cell processes ranging from stress response to neural, gut, olfactory and limb development. Genome wide neutrality test statistics reveal a strong signal of population expansion acting across the genomes. Additionally, we uncover a 3.5 Mb region on chromosome 20 that shows considerably lower levels of differentiation across the three grouse lineages, indicating possible action of uniform selection in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Kozma
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, SE-75236, Sweden
| | - Patrik Rödin-Mörch
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, SE-75236, Sweden
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, SE-75236, Sweden.
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Geng T, Qi L, Huang T. Effects of Dairy Products Consumption on Body Weight and Body Composition Among Adults: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 37 Randomized Control Trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 62. [PMID: 29058378 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Effects of dairy consumption on body weight and body composition have been inconsistently observed in randomized control trials (RCTs). Our meta-analysis aims to systematically evaluate the effects of dairy consumption on body weight and body composition among the adults. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a comprehensive search of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase databases of the relevant studies from 1966 to Mar 2017 regarding dairy consumption on body weight and body composition including body fat, lean mass, and waist circumference (WC). The summary results are pooled by using a random-effects meta-analysis. Thirty-seven RCTs with 184 802 participants are included in this meta-analysis. High dairy intervention increased body weight (0.01, 95% CI: -0.25, 0.26, I2 = 78.3%) and lean mass (0.37, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.62, I2 = 83.4%); decreased body fat (-0.23, 95% CI: -0.48, 0.02, I2 = 78.2%) and WC (-1.37, 95% CI: -2.28, -0.46, I2 = 98.9%) overall. In the subgroup analysis, we found that consumption of dairy products increases body weight (0.36, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.70, I2 = 83.1%) among participants without energy restriction. Dairy consumption decreases body weight (-0.64, 95% CI: -1.05, -0.24, I2 = 60.2%), body fat (-0.56, 95%CI: -0.95, -0.17, I2 = 66.6%), and waist circumference (-2.18, 95%CI: -4.30, -0.06, I2 = 99.0%) among the adults with energy restriction. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests a beneficial effect of energy-restricted dairy consumption on body weight and body composition. However, high dairy consumption in the absence of caloric restriction may increase body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Geng
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Brey CW, Akbari-Alavijeh S, Ling J, Sheagley J, Shaikh B, Al-Mohanna F, Wang Y, Gaugler R, Hashmi S. Salts and energy balance: A special role for dietary salts in metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1971-1985. [PMID: 30446179 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary salts sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), and calcium (Ca2+) are important in metabolic diseases. Yet, we do not have sufficient understanding on the salts global molecular network in these diseases. In this systematic review we have pooled information to identify the general effect of salts on obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension. AIMS To assess the roles of salts in metabolic disorders by focusing on their individual effect and the network effect among these salts. METHODS We searched articles in PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar. We selected original laboratory research, systematic reviews, clinical trials, observational studies and epidemiological data that focused on dietary salts and followed the preferred reporting items for systematic review in designing the present systematic review. RESULTS From the initial search of 2898 studies we selected a total of 199 articles that met our inclusion criteria and data extraction. Alterations in metabolic pathways associated with the sensitivity of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium may lead to obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. We found that the results of most laboratory research, animal studies and clinical trials are coherent but some research outcome are either inconsistent or inconclusive. CONCLUSION Important of salts in metabolic disorder is evident. In order to assess the effects of dietary salts in metablic diseases, environmental factors, dietary habits, physical activity, and the microbiome, should be considered in any study. Although interest in this area of research continues to grow, the challenge is to integrate the action of these salts in metabolic syndrom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safoura Akbari-Alavijeh
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jun Ling
- Department of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, 525 Pine Street, Scranton, PA, 18509, USA
| | - Jordan Sheagley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, 525 Pine Street, Scranton, PA, 18509, USA
| | - Bilal Shaikh
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Randy Gaugler
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Sarwar Hashmi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health, Rutgers University, USA.
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Abstract
Differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into adipocyte is involved in obesity. Multiple factors such as Ca2+ play important roles in different stages of this process. Because of the complicated roles of Ca2+ in adipogenesis, the aim of present investigation was to study the influx and efflux of Ca2+ into and out of the cells during adipogenesis. Adipose-derived MSCs were used to differentiate into adipocytes. MSCs were exposed to 2.5 mM Ca2+ or 1.8 mM Ca2+ plus calcium ionophore, A23187, for 3 days. Lipid staining, triglycerides (TG) content, and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity were evaluated to confirm the efficiency of the differentiation. Gene expression of GLUT4, PPARγ2, RAR-α, and calreticulin, as well as the protein levels of GLUT4 and PPARγ2 were determined. Ca2+ and in particular Ca2+ plus A23187 significantly lowered the efficiency of differentiation accompanied by decrease in intracellular TG deposits, GAPDH activity and alleviation of gene, and protein levels of GLUT4 and PPARγ2. While calreticulin and RAR-α were remarkably upregulated in A23187 group. This study showed the inhibitory effects of calcium in adipogenesis. Additionally, it indicated the greater inhibitory effect of calreticulin and RAR-α in controlling adipogenesis by higher levels of calcium.
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Othman F, Mohamad Nor NS, Appannah G, Zaki NAM, Ambak R, Omar A, Fazliana M, Salleh R, Yusof BNM, Muksan N, Aris T. Prediction of body fat loss in relation to change in nutrient intake among housewives participating in the MyBFF@home study. BMC Womens Health 2018; 18:102. [PMID: 30066632 PMCID: PMC6069758 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet compositions are likely to be one of the influential factors for body fat deposition. The aim of this paper was to determine the nutrient changes and its association to body fat loss among the overweight and obese housewives in the MyBFF@home study. METHODS Data of participants in the MyBFF@home study (intervention and control groups) were analysed. Participants in the intervention group received personalised dietary counselling consisted of reduced calorie diet 1200-1500 kcal/day, while the control group was assigned to receive women's health seminars. The dietary assessment was done during the intervention phase at baseline, 1 month (m), 2 m, 3 m and 6 m using a 3-day food diary. Body fat was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyser (In-body 720) at baseline and at the end of the intervention phase. The mean differences of nutrient intake and body compositions during the intervention phase were measured with paired t-test. The changes in body fat and nutrients intake were calculated by subtracting baseline measurements from those taken at 6 months. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the extent to which the changes in each gram of nutrients per 1000 kcal were predictive of changes in body fat mass. RESULTS There were significant reductions in energy, all macronutrients, dietary fibre, calcium and iron intake in both study groups after the intervention phase (p < 0.05). In the intervention group, body fat loss increased with the reduction of each gram of carbohydrate, protein and fat per 1000 kcal, (p < 0.05), and decreased with the reduction of each gram of calcium and fibre intake per 1000 kcal (p < 0.05). In the control group, body fat loss increased with the reduction of each gram fat per 1000 kcal (p < 0.05) and decreased with the reduction of each gram iron per 1000 kcal. CONCLUSION Changes in the intake of various nutrients have different effects on body fat loss between the intervention and control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Othman
- Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Safiza Mohamad Nor
- Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geeta Appannah
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Mohd Zaki
- Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rashidah Ambak
- Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azahadi Omar
- Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mansor Fazliana
- Diabetes and Endocrine Unit, Cardiovascular, Diabetes and Nutrition Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ruhaya Salleh
- Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Tahir Aris
- Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tabibian S, Daneshzad E, Bellissimo N, Brett NR, Dorosty-Motlagh AR, Azadbakht L. Association between adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet with food security and weight status in adult women. Nutr Diet 2018; 75:481-487. [PMID: 29888435 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet with food security and weight status in adult women. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out in 227 women-20-50 years of age-who were referred from 10 health centres. Dietary intakes were assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires. The DASH score was calculated using the Fung method based on eight food and nutrient components (high intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes, low-fat dairy, low intakes of red and processed meats, sweetened beverages and sodium). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) household food security questionnaire was used to assess food security status. RESULTS The prevalence of food insecurity was 33.9%. A greater percentage of overweight and obese people were in the food insecure group (P = 0.006). In addition, the prevalence of overweight and obese people was lower with greater adherence to the DASH dietary pattern (P = 0.017). After controlling for age and energy intake, participants in the highest tertile of adherence to DASH diet had 66% lower odds of overweight and obesity than those in the lowest tertile (odds ratio (OR): 0.34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15; 0.79). This relationship of DASH diet tertile and overweight and obesity was significant for both food secure women (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.23; 0.97) and food insecure women (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.06; 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Adherence to the DASH diet is associated with a reduced risk of overweight and obesity, based on body mass index, in both food secure and insecure Iranian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Tabibian
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Neil R Brett
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ahmad R Dorosty-Motlagh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Diabetes Research Centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang X, Saarinen AM, Campbell LE, De Filippis EA, Liu J. Regulation of Lipolytic Response and Energy Balance by Melanocortin 2 Receptor Accessory Protein (MRAP) in Adipocytes. Diabetes 2018; 67:222-234. [PMID: 29217655 PMCID: PMC5780064 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) is highly expressed in adrenal gland and adipose tissue. In adrenal cells, MRAP is essential for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-induced activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway by melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), leading to glucocorticoid production and secretion. Although ACTH was known to stimulate PKA-dependent lipolysis, the functional involvement of MRAP in adipocyte metabolism remains incompletely defined. Herein, we found that knockdown or overexpression of MRAP in 3T3-L1 adipocytes reduced or increased ACTH-induced lipolysis, respectively. Moreover, an unbiased proteomics screen and coimmunoprecipitation analysis identified Gαs as a novel interacting partner of MRAP. An MRAP mutant disabled in Gαs association failed to augment the activation of PKA and lipolytic response to ACTH. Furthermore, compared with wild-type mice, transgenic mice (aP2-MRAP) overexpressing MRAP fat specifically exhibited increased lipolytic response to ACTH. When fed a high-fat diet (HFD), the transgenic mice displayed a significant decrease in the gain of adiposity and body weight as well as an improvement in glucose and insulin tolerance. These phenotypes were accompanied by increased adipose expression of genes for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis, and overall energy expenditure. Collectively, our data strongly suggest that MRAP plays a critical role in the regulation of ACTH-induced adipose lipolysis and whole-body energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ
- HEALth Program, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | | | | | - Elena A De Filippis
- HEALth Program, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ
- HEALth Program, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
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15
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Abstract
Vitamin D, a secosteroid predominately obtained by endogenous production, has in recent years been linked to obesity and its comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to draw conclusions from animal and human studies on the effects of vitamin D on adipogenesis to identify the molecular links between vitamin D and obesity. The information presented herein was obtained from 4 databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus) using predefined search terms, as well as research literature and other reviews. The effects of vitamin D on adipogenesis have been researched in several animal models, and the majority of these studies suggest vitamin D plays an inhibitory role in adipogenesis. Studies into vitamin D status and obesity in humans are limited, with the majority being observational epidemiological studies that provide no conclusions on cause and effect or clear links on the molecular mechanisms. The few cell culture and supplementation studies that have investigated adipogenesis in human cells indicate that, in contrast to findings from rodent studies, vitamin D is proadipogenic. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether 1) vitamin D deficiency is associated with a lean or obese phenotype, 2) vitamin D deficiency is a consequence of obesity, or (3) the effects of vitamin D on fat tissue are due to interactions with calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Dix
- Centre for Dietetic Research, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Olivia R L Wright
- Centre for Dietetic Research, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Ling J, Brey C, Schilling M, Lateef F, Lopez-Dee ZP, Fernandes K, Thiruchelvam K, Wang Y, Chandel K, Rau K, Parhar R, Al-Mohanna F, Gaugler R, Hashmi S. Defective lipid metabolism associated with mutation in klf-2 and klf-3: important roles of essential dietary salts in fat storage. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:22. [PMID: 28261316 PMCID: PMC5331652 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary salts are important factors in metabolic disorders. They are vital components of enzymes, vitamins, hormones, and signal transduction that act synergistically to regulate lipid metabolism. Our previous studies have identified that Krüppel-like factor −3 (KLF-3) is an essential regulator of lipid metabolism. However, it is not known if KLF-2 also regulates lipid metabolism and whether KLF-2 and −3 mediate the effects of dietary salts on lipid metabolism. Methods In this study, we used klf mutants [homozygous klf-2 (ok1043) V and klf-3 (ok1975) II mutants] to investigate the role of dietary salts in lipid metabolism. All gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCR. Localization of KLF-2 was analyzed by the expression of klf-2::gfp (in pPD95.75 vector) using a fluorescent microscope. Fat storage was measured by Oil Red O staining. Results Klf-2 was identified to express in the intestine during all stages of Caenorhabditis elegans development with peak expression at L3 stage. Mutation of klf-2 increased fat accumulation. Under regular growth media free of Ca2+, the expression of both klf-2 and −3 was inhibited slightly; further their expression reduced significantly in WT worms fed on 10X Ca2+ diet. When klf-3 was mutated, the expression of klf-2 increased under 10X Ca2+ diet; but when klf-2 was mutated, the expression of klf-3 was not altered under 10X Ca2+ diet. Overall, Mg2+ and K+ were less effective on the gene expression of klfs. KLF target gene Ce-C/EBP-2 showed elevated expression in WT and klf-3 (ok1975) worms with changed Ca2+ concentrations but not in klf-2 (ok1043) worms. However, high Ca+2 diet exhibited inhibitory effect on Ce-SREBP expression in WT worms. Conclusion Dietary Ca2+ is most effective on fat storage and klf-2 expression, wherein high Ca2+ diet decreased klf-2 expression and reduced fat buildup. Mechanistic study identified Ce-C/EBP (C48E7.3; lpd-2) and Ce-SREBP (Y47D3B.7; lpd-1) as the target genes of klf-2 and/or klf-3 to mediate lipid metabolism. This study identifies a new function of klf-2 in inhibiting fat buildup and reveals the interplay between dietary salts and klf-2 and klf-3 in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ling
- Department of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, 525 Pine Street, Scranton, PA 18509 USA
| | | | - Megan Schilling
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Biosciences Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Farah Lateef
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180, Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Zenaida P Lopez-Dee
- Department of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, 525 Pine Street, Scranton, PA 18509 USA
| | - Kristopher Fernandes
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180, Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Kavita Thiruchelvam
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180, Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180, Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Kshitij Chandel
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180, Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Kai Rau
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180, Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Ranjit Parhar
- Department of Cell Biology-Cardiovascular unit, KFSH&RC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology-Cardiovascular unit, KFSH&RC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Randy Gaugler
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180, Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Sarwar Hashmi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180, Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
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18
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Wang W, Wu Y, Zhang D. Association of dairy products consumption with risk of obesity in children and adults: a meta-analysis of mainly cross-sectional studies. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:870-882.e2. [PMID: 27756684 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association of dairy products consumption with risk of obesity remains controversial. Therefore, we reviewed and quantitatively synthesized the evidence from observational studies with a meta-analysis. METHODS A literature search was performed in relevant databases. Random-effects model was used to pool odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline model. RESULTS Seventeen studies for total dairy products and 16 studies for milk with risk of obesity were eligible. The pooled odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of obesity for the highest versus lowest category of total dairy products consumption were 0.54 (0.38-0.77) in children, 0.75 (0.69-0.81) in adults, and 0.74 (0.68-0.80) for both. Evidence of a nonlinear relationship was found (Pfor nonlinearity = .009). Milk consumption was also associated with risk of obesity [0.81 (0.75-0.88)] both in children [0.87 (0.80-0.95)] and in adults [0.77 (0.68-0.87)], and a linear relationship (Pfor nonlinearity = .598) suggested that risk of obesity decreased by 16% [0.84 (0.77-0.92)] for every 200 g/d increment of milk consumption. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis indicates that dairy products consumption may be associated with a decreased risk of obesity. This association may be of public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yili Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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19
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El Bekay R, Coín-Aragüez L, Fernández-García D, Oliva-Olivera W, Bernal-López R, Clemente-Postigo M, Delgado-Lista J, Diaz-Ruiz A, Guzman-Ruiz R, Vázquez-Martínez R, Lhamyani S, Roca-Rodríguez MM, Veledo SF, Vendrell J, Malagón MM, Tinahones FJ. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on the differentiation and metabolism of human adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1820-34. [PMID: 26993859 PMCID: PMC4867741 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients and cause weight loss in obese subjects by as yet unknown mechanisms. We recently demonstrated that the GLP-1 receptor, which is present in adipocytes and the stromal vascular fraction of human adipose tissue (AT), is up-regulated in AT of insulin-resistant morbidly obese subjects compared with healthy lean subjects. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of in vitro and in vivo administration of GLP-1 and its analogues on AT and adipocyte functions from T2D morbidly obese subjects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We analysed the effects of GLP-1 on human AT and isolated adipocytes in vitro and the effects of GLP-1 mimetics on AT of morbidly obese T2D subjects in vivo. KEY RESULTS GLP-1 down-regulated the expression of lipogenic genes when administered during in vitro differentiation of human adipocytes from morbidly obese patients. GLP-1 also decreased the expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes in AT explants and mature adipocytes, while increasing that of lipolytic markers and adiponectin. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, GLP-1 decreased free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). GLP-1-induced responses were only partially blocked by GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin (9–39). Moreover, administration of exenatide or liraglutide reduced adipogenic and inflammatory marker mRNA in AT of T2D obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of GLP-1 are associated with changes in the adipogenic potential and ability of AT to expand, via activation of the canonical GLP-1 receptor and an additional, as yet unknown, receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa El Bekay
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Leticia Coín-Aragüez
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diego Fernández-García
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | - Wilfredo Oliva-Olivera
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosa Bernal-López
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mercedes Clemente-Postigo
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Delgado-Lista
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Medicine, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alberto Diaz-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/Universidad de Cordoba, CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Guzman-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/Universidad de Cordoba, CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Vázquez-Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/Universidad de Cordoba, CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Said Lhamyani
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Mar Roca-Rodríguez
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Joan Vendrell
- CIBERDEM, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Pere Virgili Institute, Tarragona, Spain
| | - María M Malagón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/Universidad de Cordoba, CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco José Tinahones
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
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20
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Freedman AH, Schweizer RM, Ortega-Del Vecchyo D, Han E, Davis BW, Gronau I, Silva PM, Galaverni M, Fan Z, Marx P, Lorente-Galdos B, Ramirez O, Hormozdiari F, Alkan C, Vilà C, Squire K, Geffen E, Kusak J, Boyko AR, Parker HG, Lee C, Tadigotla V, Siepel A, Bustamante CD, Harkins TT, Nelson SF, Marques-Bonet T, Ostrander EA, Wayne RK, Novembre J. Demographically-Based Evaluation of Genomic Regions under Selection in Domestic Dogs. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005851. [PMID: 26943675 PMCID: PMC4778760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling for background demographic effects is important for accurately identifying loci that have recently undergone positive selection. To date, the effects of demography have not yet been explicitly considered when identifying loci under selection during dog domestication. To investigate positive selection on the dog lineage early in the domestication, we examined patterns of polymorphism in six canid genomes that were previously used to infer a demographic model of dog domestication. Using an inferred demographic model, we computed false discovery rates (FDR) and identified 349 outlier regions consistent with positive selection at a low FDR. The signals in the top 100 regions were frequently centered on candidate genes related to brain function and behavior, including LHFPL3, CADM2, GRIK3, SH3GL2, MBP, PDE7B, NTAN1, and GLRA1. These regions contained significant enrichments in behavioral ontology categories. The 3rd top hit, CCRN4L, plays a major role in lipid metabolism, that is supported by additional metabolism related candidates revealed in our scan, including SCP2D1 and PDXC1. Comparing our method to an empirical outlier approach that does not directly account for demography, we found only modest overlaps between the two methods, with 60% of empirical outliers having no overlap with our demography-based outlier detection approach. Demography-aware approaches have lower-rates of false discovery. Our top candidates for selection, in addition to expanding the set of neurobehavioral candidate genes, include genes related to lipid metabolism, suggesting a dietary target of selection that was important during the period when proto-dogs hunted and fed alongside hunter-gatherers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. Freedman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rena M. Schweizer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Diego Ortega-Del Vecchyo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eunjung Han
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brian W. Davis
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ilan Gronau
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peter Marx
- Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Belen Lorente-Galdos
- ICREA at Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Ramirez
- ICREA at Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Farhad Hormozdiari
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Carles Vilà
- Estación Biológia de Doñana EBD-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kevin Squire
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eli Geffen
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Josip Kusak
- Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adam R. Boyko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Heidi G. Parker
- ICREA at Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clarence Lee
- Life Technologies, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Vasisht Tadigotla
- Life Technologies, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Adam Siepel
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Stanley F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- ICREA at Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico (CNAG/PCB), Baldiri Reixach 4–8, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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21
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Vasopressin-induced Ca(2+) signals in human adipose-derived stem cells. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:135-9. [PMID: 26830970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+) signals are essential for stem cell differentiation due to their ability to control signaling pathways involved in this process. Arginine vasopression (AVP) is a neurohypophyseal hormone that increases intracellular Ca(2+) concentration during adipogenesis via V1a receptors, Gq-proteins and the PLC-IP3 pathway in human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (hASCs). These Ca(2+) signals originate through calcium release from pools within the endoplasmic reticulum and the extracellular space. AVP supplementation to the adipogenic media inhibits adipogenesis and key adipocyte marker genes. This review focuses on the intersection between AVP, Ca(2+) signals and ASC differentiation.
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22
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Møller CL, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B, Conde-Frieboes KW, Raun K, Grove KL, Wulff BS. Melanocortin agonists stimulate lipolysis in human adipose tissue explants but not in adipocytes. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:559. [PMID: 26459134 PMCID: PMC4604100 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The central melanocortin system is broadly involved in the regulation of mammalian nutrient utilization. However, the function of melanocortin receptors (MCRs) expressed directly in peripheral metabolic tissues is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the lipolytic capacity of MC1-5R in differentiated adipocytes versus intact white adipose tissue. Results Non-selective MCR agonist α-MSH, MC5R-selective agonist PG-901 and MC4R-selective agonist LY2112688 significantly stimulated lipolysis in intact white adipose tissue, whereas stimulation of MCRs in differentiated adipocytes failed to do so. The lipolytic response of MC5R was decreased in intact human white adipose tissue when co-treating with β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, suggesting that the effect may be dependent on neuronal innervation via noradrenalin release. Conclusion When developing an anti-obesity therapeutic drug with selective MC4R/MC5R properties, effects on lipolysis in white adipose tissue may be physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Laustrup Møller
- Diabetes and Obesity Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark. .,Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 2-4, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Steen B Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Department of Endocrinology MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | - Kirsten Raun
- Type 2 Diabetes, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.
| | - Kevin L Grove
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97006, USA. .,Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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A combination of probiotics and whey proteins enhances anti-obesity effects of calcium and dairy products during nutritional energy restriction in aP2-agouti transgenic mice. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1689-96. [PMID: 25871498 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus paracasei TMC0409, Streptococcus thermophilus TMC1543 and whey proteins were used to prepare fermented milk. For the experiment aP2- agouti transgenic mice were pre-treated with a high-sucrose/high-fat diet for 6 weeks to induce obesity. The obese mice were fed a diet containing 1·2% Ca and either non-fat dried milk (NFDM) or probiotic-fermented milk (PFM) with nutritional energy restriction for 6 weeks. The animals were examined after the treatment for changes in body weight, fat pad weight, fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity, lypolysis, the expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity in adipocytes and skeletal muscle and the presence of biomarkers for oxidative and inflammatory stress in plasma. It was found that the PFM diet significantly reduced body weight, fat accumulation, and adipocyte FAS activity, and increased adipocyte lipolysis as compared with the effects of the NFDM diet (P<0·05). The adipose tissue gene expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) was significantly suppressed in mice that were fed PFM as compared with those that were fed NFDM (P<0·05). PFM caused a greater up-regulation of skeletal muscle PPARα, PPARδ, uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) and GLUT4 expression and a significant decrease in the plasma concentration of insulin, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and C-reactive protein as compared with the effects of NFDM (P<0·05). Fermentation of milk with selected probiotics and supplementation of milk with whey proteins may thus enhance anti-obesity effects of Ca and dairy products by the suppression of adipose tissue lipogenesis, activation of fat oxidation in skeletal muscle and reduction of oxidative and inflammatory stress.
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Beukel JC, Grefhorst A, Quarta C, Steenbergen J, Mastroberardino PG, Lombès M, Delhanty PJ, Mazza R, Pagotto U, Lely AJ, Themmen APN. Direct activating effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on brown adipose tissue are attenuated by corticosterone. FASEB J 2014; 28:4857-67. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C. Beukel
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Carmelo Quarta
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Medical and Surgical SciencesS.Orsola‐Malpighi HospitalUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica ApplicataDepartment of Medical and Surgical SciencesS.Orsola‐Malpighi HospitalUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Jacobie Steenbergen
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Lombès
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)Université Paris‐SudFaculté de Médecine Paris‐SudUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S693Le Kremlin BicêtreFrance
| | - Patric J. Delhanty
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Medical and Surgical SciencesS.Orsola‐Malpighi HospitalUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica ApplicataDepartment of Medical and Surgical SciencesS.Orsola‐Malpighi HospitalUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Medical and Surgical SciencesS.Orsola‐Malpighi HospitalUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica ApplicataDepartment of Medical and Surgical SciencesS.Orsola‐Malpighi HospitalUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Aart Jan Lely
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Axel P. N. Themmen
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Wang WLW, Tenniswood M. Vitamin D, intermediary metabolism and prostate cancer tumor progression. Front Physiol 2014; 5:183. [PMID: 24860512 PMCID: PMC4030193 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data have demonstrated an inverse association between serum vitamin D3 levels, cancer incidence and related mortality. However, the effects of vitamin D on prostate cancer biology and its utility for prevention of prostate cancer progression are not as well-defined. The data are often conflicting: some reports suggest that vitamin D3 induces apoptosis in androgen dependent prostate cancer cell lines, while others suggest that vitamin D3 only induces cell cycle arrest. Recent molecular studies have identified an extensive synergistic crosstalk between the vitamin D- and androgen-mediated mRNA and miRNA expression, adding an additional layer of post-transcriptional regulation to the known VDR- and AR-regulated gene activation. The Warburg effect, the inefficient metabolic pathway that converts glucose to lactate for rapid energy generation, is a phenomenon common to many different types of cancer. This process supports cell proliferation and promotes cancer progression via alteration of glucose, glutamine and lipid metabolism. Prostate cancer is a notable exception to this general process since the metabolic switch that occurs early during malignancy is the reverse of the Warburg effect. This "anti-Warburg effect" is due to the unique biology of normal prostate cells that harbor a truncated TCA cycle that is required to produce and secret citrate. In prostate cancer cells, the TCA cycle activity is restored and citrate oxidation is used to produce energy for cancer cell proliferation. 1,25(OH)2D3 and androgen together modulates the TCA cycle via transcriptional regulation of zinc transporters, suggesting that 1,25(OH)2D3 and androgen maintain normal prostate metabolism by blocking citrate oxidation. These data demonstrate the importance of androgens in the anti-proliferative effect of vitamin D in prostate cancer and highlight the importance of understanding the crosstalk between these two signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin W Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY, USA
| | - Martin Tenniswood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY, USA
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Baumbach J, Hummel P, Bickmeyer I, Kowalczyk KM, Frank M, Knorr K, Hildebrandt A, Riedel D, Jäckle H, Kühnlein RP. A Drosophila in vivo screen identifies store-operated calcium entry as a key regulator of adiposity. Cell Metab 2014; 19:331-43. [PMID: 24506874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To unravel the evolutionarily conserved genetic network underlying energy homeostasis, we performed a systematic in vivo gene knockdown screen in Drosophila. We used a transgenic RNAi library enriched for fly orthologs of human genes to functionally impair about half of all Drosophila genes specifically in adult fat storage tissue. This approach identified 77 genes, which affect the body fat content of the fly, including 58 previously unknown obesity-associated genes. These genes function in diverse biological processes such as lipid metabolism, vesicle-mediated trafficking, and the universal store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Impairment of the SOCE core component Stromal interaction molecule (Stim), as well as other components of the pathway, causes adiposity in flies. Acute Stim dysfunction in the fat storage tissue triggers hyperphagia via remote control of the orexigenic short neuropeptide F in the brain, which in turn affects the coordinated lipogenic and lipolytic gene regulation, resulting in adipose tissue hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Baumbach
- Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Forschungsgruppe Molekulare Physiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petra Hummel
- IT und Elektronik Service, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iris Bickmeyer
- Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M Kowalczyk
- Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Frank
- Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Knorr
- Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Hildebrandt
- Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Forschungsgruppe Molekulare Physiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Facility für Elektronenmikroskopie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herbert Jäckle
- Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ronald P Kühnlein
- Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Forschungsgruppe Molekulare Physiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Melanson EL, Donahoo WT, Dong F, Ida T, Zemel MB. Effect of Low- and High-Calcium Dairy-Based Diets on Macronutrient Oxidation in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:2102-12. [PMID: 16421344 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher calcium and dairy intakes may be associated with lower body weights, but a mechanism in humans has yet to be elucidated. We compared the effects of a dairy-based high-calcium diet and a low-calcium diet on macronutrient oxidation. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Subjects (10 men and nine women) consumed a low-dairy (LD, approximately one serving per day, approximately 500 mg Ca(2+)/d) or high-dairy (HD, approximately three to four servings per day, approximately 1400 mg Ca(2+)/d) energy balance diet for 1 week. Each diet condition was performed twice. On the 7th day, subjects were studied in a room calorimeter under one of four study conditions, applied in a randomized crossover design. Within each diet condition, subjects were studied under conditions of energy balance and acute energy deficit. The deficit (-600 kcal/d) was induced only for the 24 hours that subjects resided in the room and was achieved by a combination of caloric restriction and exercise. RESULTS Under energy balance conditions, there was no effect of diet treatment on respiratory quotient or 24-hour macronutrient oxidation. Under energy deficit conditions, 24-hour fat oxidation was significantly increased on the HD diet (HD with deficit = 136 +/- 13 g/d, LD with deficit = 106 +/- 7 g/d, p = 0.02). DISCUSSION Consumption of a dairy-based high-calcium diet increased 24-hour fat oxidation under conditions of acute energy deficit. We hypothesize that these effects are due to an increased fat oxidation during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Melanson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, 80262, USA.
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Koshimizu TA, Nakamura K, Egashira N, Hiroyama M, Nonoguchi H, Tanoue A. Vasopressin V1a and V1b Receptors: From Molecules to Physiological Systems. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1813-64. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) is essential for a wide range of physiological functions, including water reabsorption, cardiovascular homeostasis, hormone secretion, and social behavior. These and other actions of AVP are mediated by at least three distinct receptor subtypes: V1a, V1b, and V2. Although the antidiuretic action of AVP and V2 receptor in renal distal tubules and collecting ducts is relatively well understood, recent years have seen an increasing understanding of the physiological roles of V1a and V1b receptors. The V1a receptor is originally found in the vascular smooth muscle and the V1b receptor in the anterior pituitary. Deletion of V1a or V1b receptor genes in mice revealed that the contributions of these receptors extend far beyond cardiovascular or hormone-secreting functions. Together with extensively developed pharmacological tools, genetically altered rodent models have advanced the understanding of a variety of AVP systems. Our report reviews the findings in this important field by covering a wide range of research, from the molecular physiology of V1a and V1b receptors to studies on whole animals, including gene knockout/knockdown studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-aki Koshimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masami Hiroyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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Bradley RL, Mansfield JPR, Maratos-Flier E. Neuropeptides, Including Neuropeptide Y and Melanocortins, Mediate Lipolysis in Murine Adipocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:653-61. [PMID: 15897473 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether key appetite-regulating neuropeptides such as melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), which are known to mediate energy balance through centrally mediated pathways, also have direct acute effects on the lipolytic activity of murine adipocytes. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes serum starved overnight in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 2% bovine serum albumin or freshly isolated mouse adipocytes were incubated for up to 2 hours in the absence and presence of 100 nM each of NPY, MCH, alpha-MSH, the melanocortin receptor agonist MTII, or isoproterenol as a control. Free fatty acids secreted into the incubation medium were measured using a commercially available nonesterified fatty acid C test kit. RESULTS Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with 100 nM NPY decreased basal free fatty acid secretion (basal, 0.006 +/- 0.001 vs. NPY, 0.001 +/- 0.0003 nM at 90 minutes; p < 0.05), whereas both alpha-MSH and MTII stimulated up to a 7-fold increase in free fatty acid release (MTII, 0.238 +/- 0.004 vs. basal, 0.024 +/- 0.002 nM at 2 hours; p < 0.05; and alpha-MSH, 0.22 +/- 0.005 vs. basal, 0.04 +/- 0.003 nM at 2 hours; p < 0.05). Treatment with 100 nM MCH had no effect on basal free fatty acid release or on alpha-MSH-induced lipolysis during concurrent treatment. Conversely, concurrent treatment with 100 nM NPY dramatically inhibited (by approximately 90%) alpha-MSH-induced lipolysis. Similar treatment of freshly isolated mouse adipocytes showed virtually identical results. DISCUSSION In addition to their centrally mediated actions, appetite-regulating neuropeptides modulate adipose tissue mass through direct peripheral effects. Systemic administration of pharmacological agents altering the effects of these neuropeptides may form the basis of future obesity therapies. Thus, some of these agents will likely have direct effects on adipocytes that may serve to alter their therapeutic effectiveness.
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Morris KL, Zemel MB. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3Modulation of Adipocyte Glucocorticoid Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:670-7. [PMID: 15897475 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently increases intracellular calcium in human adipocytes. We have demonstrated that suppression of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels by increasing dietary calcium reduces adipocyte intracellular calcium and reduces adiposity in both humans and rodents, with preferential loss of trunk fat. Autocrine production of cortisol by adipocytes of mice overexpressing 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) in adipose tissue increases visceral adiposity, whereas knockout of 11beta-HSD 1 appears to attenuate truncal obesity. Accordingly, our objective was to investigate the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the modulation of adipocyte glucocorticoid metabolism. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We examined the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or angiotensin II on cortisol production and expression using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of 11beta-HSD 1, angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), and AT2 receptor in human adipocytes. RESULTS Adipocytes produced negligible cortisol in the absence of substrate (cortisone). In the presence of cortisone (1 to 10 nM), there was significant cortisol production, which was dose dependently augmented (2- to 6-fold, p < 0.001) by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.1 to 10 nM). 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently increased 11beta-HSD 1 expression up to 2-fold (p < 0.01) in both the presence and absence of cortisone. In contrast, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently decreased adipocyte AT1 expression (by 30% to 50%, p < 0.001) in both the presence and absence of cortisone, suggesting compensatory down-regulation of AT(1). DISCUSSION We conclude that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 directly regulates adipocyte 11beta-HSD 1 expression and, consequently, local cortisol levels and that this may contribute to the preferential loss of visceral adiposity by high-calcium diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Morris
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Room 229, Jessie Harris Building, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Zemel MB, Thompson W, Milstead A, Morris K, Campbell P. Calcium and Dairy Acceleration of Weight and Fat Loss during Energy Restriction in Obese Adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:582-90. [PMID: 15090625 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in response to low-calcium diets stimulates adipocyte Ca2+ influx and, as a consequence, stimulates lipogenesis, suppresses lipolysis, and increases lipid accumulation, whereas increasing dietary calcium inhibits these effects and markedly accelerates fat loss in mice subjected to caloric restriction. Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary calcium in the face of caloric restriction in humans. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 32 obese adults. Patients were maintained for 24 weeks on balanced deficit diets (500 kcal/d deficit) and randomized to a standard diet (400 to 500 mg of dietary calcium/d supplemented with placebo), a high-calcium diet (standard diet supplemented with 800 mg of calcium/d), or high-dairy diet (1200 to 1300 mg of dietary calcium/d supplemented with placebo). RESULTS Patients assigned to the standard diet lost 6.4 +/- 2.5% of their body weight, which was increased by 26% (to 8.6 +/- 1.1%) on the high-calcium diet and 70% (to 10.9 +/- 1.6% of body weight) on the high-dairy diet (p < 0.01). Fat loss was similarly augmented by the high-calcium and high-dairy diets, by 38% and 64%, respectively (p < 0.01). Moreover, fat loss from the trunk region represented 19.0 +/- 7.9% of total fat loss on the low-calcium diet, and this fraction was increased to 50.1 +/- 6.4% and 66.2 +/- 3.0% on the high-calcium and high-dairy diets, respectively (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Increasing dietary calcium significantly augmented weight and fat loss secondary to caloric restriction and increased the percentage of fat lost from the trunk region, whereas dairy products exerted a substantially greater effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Zemel
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA.
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Nasser JA, Hashim SA, Lachance PA. Calcium and Magnesium ATPase Activities in Women with Varying BMIs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:1844-50. [PMID: 15601981 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracellular calcium (Ca) is increased in obese humans, and magnesium (Mg)-ATPase activity is increased in monosodium glutamate-induced obese rats. The aims of this study were to test the hypotheses that Ca-ATPase activity is negatively correlated with BMI, and that Mg-ATPase activity is positively correlated with BMI and Ca-ATPase activity in obese women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Thirty healthy adult women, with BMIs of 20 to 40, donated a single sample of whole blood and were interviewed as to medical history and family history of obesity. Erythrocyte membranes were isolated and assayed for Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase. Weight and height were self-reported. Regression analysis was used to determine relationship between BMI and enzyme activity. Family history of obesity served as a covariant. RESULTS Ca-ATPase was negatively correlated with increasing BMI (r = - 0.38, p = 0.02). The relationship between BMI and Ca-ATPase remained valid after controlling for family history of obesity (r = -0.36, p = 0.03). There was a positive correlation between Mg-ATPase activity and Ca-ATPase (r = 0.42, p = 0.024), and this relationship remained valid after controlling for BMI and family history of obesity (r = 0.41, p = 0.03). DISCUSSION Ca-ATPase activity decreases as BMI increases. Decreased ATPase activity may contribute to increased intracellular calcium, previously reported in obese persons. Further studies are needed to determine whether a drop in Ca-ATPase activity can serve as a marker for the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Nasser
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Yang YL, Wang N, Song HX, Shen ZL, Sun B, Tang Y. Simultaneous telemetric monitoring of the circadian changes in core and BAT temperature in rats: Endogenous vasopressin may contribute to reduced BAT themogenesis and body temperature in the light phase of the circadian cycle. J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zemel MB, Bruckbauer A. Effects of a leucine and pyridoxine-containing nutraceutical on fat oxidation, and oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects. Nutrients 2012; 4:529-41. [PMID: 22822451 PMCID: PMC3397351 DOI: 10.3390/nu4060529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine stimulates tissue protein synthesis and may also attenuate adiposity by increasing fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle and adipocytes. Accordingly, the effects of a nutraceutical containing 2.25 g leucine and 30 mg pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) (NuFit active blend) were tested in cell culture and in a clinical trial. 3T3L1 adipocytes were treated with leucine (0.25 mM or 0.5 mM) and/or Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) (50 nM or 100 nM) for 48 h. For the clinical trial, twenty overweight or obese subjects received the NuFit active blend or placebo three times/day for 4 weeks without energy restriction. Leucine decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression and triglyceride content in adipocytes, and PLP addition significantly augmented this effect. Administration of NuFit active blend in the clinical trial increased fat oxidation by 33.6 g/day (p < 0.04), decreased respiratory quotient, improved HOMAIR, reduced oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers (plasma MDA, 8-isoprostane-F2α, TNF-α, C-reactive protein), and increased the anti-inflammatory marker adiponectin. These data indicate that the NuFit active blend significantly increased fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity, and reduced oxidative and inflammatory stress. Therefore, the NuFit active blend appears to be a useful nutraceutical in the management of obesity and associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Zemel
- NuSirt Sciences, 11020 Solway School Road, Knoxville, TN 37931, USA;
- The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-865-206-6154; Fax: +1-865-974-3491
| | - Antje Bruckbauer
- NuSirt Sciences, 11020 Solway School Road, Knoxville, TN 37931, USA;
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Albrecht E, Komolka K, Kuzinski J, Maak S. Agouti revisited: transcript quantification of the ASIP gene in bovine tissues related to protein expression and localization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35282. [PMID: 22530003 PMCID: PMC3328439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beside its role in melanogenesis, the agouti signaling protein (ASIP) has been related to obesity. The potentially crucial role in adipocyte development makes it a tempting candidate for economic relevant, fat related traits in farm animals. The objective of our study was to characterize the mRNA expression of different ASIP transcripts and of putative targets in different bovine tissues, as well as to study consequences on protein abundance and localization. ASIP mRNA abundance was determined by RT-qPCR in adipose and further tissues of cattle representing different breeds and crosses. ASIP mRNA was up-regulated more than 9-fold in intramuscular fat of Japanese Black cattle compared to Holstein (p<0.001). Further analyses revealed that a transposon-derived transcript was solely responsible for the increased ASIP mRNA abundance. This transcript was observed in single individuals of different breeds indicating a wide spread occurrence of this insertion at the ASIP locus in cattle. The protein was detected in different adipose tissues, skin, lung and liver, but not in skeletal muscle by Western blot with a bovine-specific ASIP antibody. However, the protein abundance was not related to the observed ASIP mRNA over-expression. Immuno-histochemical analyses revealed a putative nuclear localization of ASIP additionally to the expected cytosolic signal in different cell types. The expression of melanocortin receptors (MCR) 1 to 5 as potential targets for ASIP was analyzed by RT-PCR in subcutaneous fat. Only MC1R and MC4R were detected indicating a similar receptor expression like in human adipose tissue. Our results provide evidence for a widespread expression of ASIP in bovine tissues at mRNA and, for the first time, at protein level. ASIP protein is detectable in adipocytes as well as in further cells of adipose tissue. We generated a basis for a more detailed investigation of ASIP function in peripheral tissues of various mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Albrecht
- Research Unit Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Caron-Jobin M, Morisset AS, Tremblay A, Huot C, Légaré D, Tchernof A. Elevated serum 25(OH)D concentrations, vitamin D, and calcium intakes are associated with reduced adipocyte size in women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1335-41. [PMID: 21527900 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a beneficial effect of vitamin D and calcium on adipocyte metabolism and the metabolic profile. Our objective was to examine associations of vitamin D intake, calcium and dairy products as well as serum 25(OH)D concentration with adiposity measures and adipocyte size in women. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained from 43 women undergoing gynecological surgeries. Adipocyte size was measured using adipocyte suspensions from collagenase-digested fat tissues. Total and visceral adiposity were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by radioimmmunoassay. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Women consuming two or more dairy product portions daily had smaller adipocytes in the omental depot compared to women consuming less than two portions daily (79 ± 12 vs. 94 ± 16 µm, P ≤ 0.01). Dietary intakes of calcium (r = -0.55) and vitamin D (r = -0.43) as well as serum 25(OH)D (r = -0.35) were also inversely and significantly associated with omental adipocyte size (P ≤ 0.05 for all). Dietary vitamin D intake was inversely associated with visceral adipose tissue area (r = -0.34, P ≤ 0.05). Serum 25(OH)D was also inversely associated with visceral adipose tissue area (r = -0.32) as well as with total adipose tissue area (r = -0.44), subcutaneous adipose tissue area (r = -0.36), BMI (r =-0.43) and total body fat mass (r = -0.41, P ≤ 0.05 for all). In conclusion, elevated dietary vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D values are related to lower visceral adiposity and omental adipocyte size in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Caron-Jobin
- Endocrinology and Genomics, Laval University Medical Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Yuan T, Wang Y, Pao L, Anderson SM, Gu H. Lactation defect in a widely used MMTV-Cre transgenic line of mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19233. [PMID: 21559430 PMCID: PMC3084790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MMTV-Cre mouse lines have played important roles in our understanding about the functions of numerous genes in mouse mammary epithelial cells during mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. However, numerous studies have not included MMTV-Cre mice as controls, and many investigators have not indicated which of the different MMTV-Cre founder lines were used in their studies. Here, we describe a lactation defect that severely limits the use of one of the most commonly used MMTV-Cre founder lines. Methodology/Principal Findings To explore the role of protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp1 in mammary gland development, mice bearing the floxed Shp1 gene were crossed with MMTV-Cre mice and mammary gland development was examined by histological and biochemical techniques, while lactation competency was assessed by monitoring pup growth. Surprisingly, both the Shp1fl/+;MMTV-Cre and MMTV-Cre female mice displayed a severe lactation defect when compared to the Shp1 fl/+ control mice. Histological and biochemical analyses reveal that female mice expressing the MMTV-Cre transgene, either alone or in combination with floxed genes, exhibit defects in lobuloalveolar expansion, presence of large cytoplasmic lipid droplets in luminal alveolar epithelial cells postpartum, and precocious induction of involution. Using a PCR-based genotyping method, the three different founder lines can be distinguished, and we determined that the MMTV-Cre line A, the most widely used MMTV-Cre founder line, exhibits a profound lactation defect that limits its use in studies on mammary gland development. Conclusions/Significance The identification of a lactation defect in the MMTV-Cre line A mice indicates that investigators must use MMTV-Cre alone mice as control in studies that utilize Cre recombinase to excise genes of interest from mammary epithelial cells. Our results also suggest that previous results obtained in studies using the MMTV-Cre line A line should be re-evaluated if the controls did not include mice expressing only Cre recombinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichang Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yongping Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lily Pao
- Cancer Biology Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel and Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Haihua Gu
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Associations between dairy consumption and body weight: a review of the evidence and underlying mechanisms. Nutr Res Rev 2011; 24:72-95. [PMID: 21320381 DOI: 10.1017/s095442241000034x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the incidence of obesity is reaching 'epidemic' proportions, there is currently widespread interest in the impact of dietary components on body-weight and food intake regulation. The majority of data available from both epidemiological and intervention studies provide evidence of a negative but modest association between milk and dairy product consumption and BMI and other measures of adiposity, with indications that higher intakes result in increased weight loss and lean tissue maintenance during energy restriction. The purported physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of dairy constituents on adiposity are incompletely understood but may include effects on lipolysis, lipogeneis and fatty acid absorption. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates an impact of dairy constituents, in particular whey protein derivatives, on appetite regulation and food intake. The present review summarises available data and provides an insight into the likely contribution of dairy foods to strategies aimed at appetite regulation, weight loss or the prevention of weight gain.
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Zhang L, Li WH, Anthonavage M, Pappas A, Rossetti D, Cavender D, Seiberg M, Eisinger M. Melanocortin-5 receptor and sebogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:202-6. [PMID: 21215742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortins (α-MSH, β-MSH, γ-MSH, and ACTH) bind to the melanocortin receptors and signal through increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate to induce biological effects. The melanocortin MC(5) and MC(1) receptors are expressed in human sebaceous glands, which produce sebum, a lipid mixture of squalene, wax esters, triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and free fatty acids that is secreted onto the skin. Excessive sebum production is one of the major factors in the pathogenesis of acne. The expression of melanocortin MC(5) receptor has been associated with sebocyte differentiation and sebum production. Sebaceous lipids are down-regulated in melanocortin MC(5) receptor-deficient mice, consistent with the observation that α-MSH acts as a sebotropic hormone in rodents. These findings, which suggest that melanocortins stimulate sebaceous lipid production through the MC(5) receptor, led to our search for MC(5) receptor antagonists as potential sebum-suppressive agents. As predicted, an antagonist was shown to inhibit sebocyte differentiation in vitro, and to reduce sebum production in human skin transplanted onto immunodeficient mice. The melanocortin MC(5) receptor antagonists may prove to be clinically useful for the treatment of sebaceous disorders with excessive sebum production, such as acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- The Johnson & Johnson Skin Research Center, Consumer Product Worldwide, a unit of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc.,199 Grandview Rd., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA.
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Abstract
About 60% of adults in the United States do not consume the estimated average requirement for magnesium, but widespread pathological conditions attributed to magnesium deficiency have not been reported. Nevertheless, low magnesium status has been associated with numerous pathological conditions characterized as having a chronic inflammatory stress component. In humans, deficient magnesium intakes are mostly marginal to moderate (approximately 50% to <100% of the recommended dietary allowance). Animal experiments indicate that signs of marginal-to-moderate magnesium deficiency can be compensated or exacerbated by other factors influencing inflammatory and oxidative stress; recent studies suggest a similar happening in humans. This suggestion may have significance in obesity, which is characterized as having a chronic low-grade inflammation component and an increased incidence of a low magnesium status. Marginal-to-moderate magnesium deficiency through exacerbating chronic inflammatory stress may be contributing significantly to the occurrence of chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest H Nielsen
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9034, USA.
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Angeles-Agdeppa I, Capanzana MV, Li-Yu J, Schollum LM, Kruger MC. High-Calcium Milk Prevents Overweight and Obesity among Postmenopausal Women. Food Nutr Bull 2010; 31:381-90. [DOI: 10.1177/156482651003100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The Sixth National Nutrition Survey 2003 revealed that the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity among Filipino female adults (30.8%) was found in the age group from 40 to 59 years. Obesity is associated with a number of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Low calcium intake has been identified as a potential contributing factor to overweight and obesity. Objective To assess the effect of a high-calcium, fortified, low-fat milk drink with added vitamin D versus a low-calcium placebo drink on anthropometric measurements of postmenopausal women. Methods Women who were at least 5 years postmenopausal were invited to participate in the study. Potential participants underwent three stages of screening: initial interview, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and blood testing for biochemical screening. Anthropometric indices were measured at baseline and the end of the study. Sixty women were qualified to participate in the study. The women were randomly assigned to two groups, one of which received 400 ml of the high-calcium milk daily for 16 weeks while the other received the placebo drink. Results No significant increases were observed in the anthropometric indices of the subjects receiving the high-calcium fortified milk at the end of the study. However, there were significant increases in the weight ( p = .008), body mass index ( p = .007), and waist ( p = .018) and hip ( p = .003) circumferences of the subjects receiving the placebo drink. Conclusions A change in dietary calcium intake may be a useful measure as part of an overall approach to prevent the occurrence of overweight and obesity among postmenopausal women.
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Abstract
Ca is not only essential for bone mineralisation, but also for regulation of extracellular and intracellular processes. When the Ca2+ intake is low, the efficiency of intestinal Ca2+ absorption and renal Ca2+ reabsorption is increased. This adaptive mechanism involves calcitriol enhancement via parathyroid hormone stimulation. Bone is also highly affected. Low Ca2+ intake is considered a risk factor for osteoporosis. Patients with renal lithiasis may be at higher risk of recurrence of stone formation when they have low Ca2+ intake. The role of dietary Ca2+ on the regulation of lipid metabolism and lipogenic genes in adipocytes might explain an inverse relationship between dairy intake and BMI. Dietary Ca2+ restriction produces impairment of the adipocyte apoptosis and dysregulation of glucocorticosteroid metabolism in the adipose tissue. An inverse relationship between hypertension and a low-Ca2+ diet has been described. Ca2+ facilitates weight loss and stimulates insulin sensitivity, which contributes to the decrease in the blood pressure. There is also evidence that dietary Ca2+ is associated with colorectal cancer. Dietary Ca2+ could alter the ratio of faecal bile acids, reducing the cytotoxicity of faecal water, or it could activate Ca2+-sensing receptors, triggering intracellular signalling pathways. Also it could bind luminal antigens, transporting them into mucosal mononuclear cells as a mechanism of immunosurveillance and promotion of tolerance. Data relative to nutritional Ca2+ and incidences of other human cancers are controversial. Health professionals should be aware of these nutritional complications and reinforce the dairy intakes to ensure the recommended Ca2+ requirements and prevent diseases.
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Local Agouti Signaling Protein/Melanocortin Signaling System that Possibly Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Adipose Tissues of Chickens. J Poult Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.009110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Gunasekaran N, Long LE, Dawson BL, Hansen GH, Richardson DP, Li KM, Arnold JC, McGregor IS. Reintoxication: the release of fat-stored delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) into blood is enhanced by food deprivation or ACTH exposure. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:1330-7. [PMID: 19681888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, accumulates in adipose tissue where it is stored for long periods of time. Here we investigated whether conditions that promote lipolysis can liberate THC from adipocytes to yield increased blood levels of THC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vitro studies involved freshly isolated rat adipocytes that were incubated with THC before exposure to the lipolytic agent adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). A complementary in vivo approach examined the effects of both food deprivation and ACTH on blood levels of THC in rats that had been repeatedly injected with THC (10 mg.kg(-1)) for 10 consecutive days. Lipolysis promoted by ACTH or food deprivation was indexed by measurement of glycerol levels. KEY RESULTS ACTH increased THC levels in the medium of THC-pretreated adipocytes in vitro. ACTH also enhanced THC release from adipocytes in vitro when taken from rats repeatedly pretreated with THC in vivo. Finally, in vivo ACTH exposure and 24 h food deprivation both enhanced the levels of THC and its metabolite, (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in the blood of rats that had been pre-exposed to repeated THC injections. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The present study shows that lipolysis enhances the release of THC from fat stores back into blood. This suggests the likelihood of 'reintoxication' whereby food deprivation or stress may raise blood THC levels in animals chronically exposed to the drug. Further research will need to confirm whether this can lead to functional effects, such as impaired cognitive function or 'flashbacks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gunasekaran
- School of Medical Science (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zemel MB. Proposed role of calcium and dairy food components in weight management and metabolic health. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2009; 37:29-39. [PMID: 20048507 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2009.06.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary calcium and dairy foods have demonstrated an antiobesity effect in animal studies, observational and population studies, and randomized clinical trials. Moreover, there is a strong theoretical framework to explain the effects of dietary calcium on energy metabolism. The supporting mechanisms include dietary calcium-correcting suboptimal calcium intakes, thereby preventing the endocrine response (parathyroid hormone [PTH] and calcitriol), which favors adipocyte energy storage and inhibits adipocyte loss via apoptosis. Dietary calcium appears to further promote energy loss via formation of calcium soaps in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby modestly reduces net energy absorption. Dietary calcium appears to be responsible for approximately 50% of the antiobesity bioactivity of dairy foods. The additional dairy bioactivity has not been fully identified, but is primarily localized in whey protein. The major components are the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activity of whey proteins and the high concentration of leucine in whey. This high leucine content appears to be primarily responsible for the repartitioning of dietary energy from adipose tissue to skeletal muscle during weight loss, resulting in greater preservation of skeletal muscle and accelerated loss of adipose tissue during negative energy balance. Finally, high-calcium diets suppress obesity-induced oxidative and inflammatory stress independently from its role in modulating adiposity; these effects are similarly augmented by other dairy food components. However, the number of randomized clinical trials conducted is still modest, and a small number have not confirmed significant effects in weight management. Thus, the protective effects of dairy foods against obesity and its comorbidities are promising, but warrant further large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Zemel
- The Nutrition Institute, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1920, USA.
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Abstract
Calcitriol, a calcitrophic hormone that can be suppressed by high dietary calcium, favors fatty acid synthesis and inhibits lipolysis via non-genomic modulation of Ca(2+) influx. Calcitriol also suppresses UCP2 expression via the nVDR and thereby increases energy efficiency. Calcitriol exerts a dose-dependent impact on adipocyte apoptosis and regulates adipose tissue fat depot location and expansion by promoting glucocorticoid production and release. Recent data also demonstrate a pivotal role of calcitriol in the modulation of cytokines, with potential roles in energy metabolism in adipocytes, macrophages, and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Zemel
- The Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA.
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Bortolotti M, Rudelle S, Schneiter P, Vidal H, Loizon E, Tappy L, Acheson KJ. Dairy calcium supplementation in overweight or obese persons: its effect on markers of fat metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:877-85. [PMID: 18842771 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/88.4.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy calcium supplementation has been proposed to increase fat oxidation and to inhibit lipogenesis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of calcium supplementation on markers of fat metabolism. DESIGN In a placebo-controlled, crossover experiment, 10 overweight or obese subjects who were low calcium consumers received 800 mg dairy Ca/d for 5 wk. After 4 wk, adipose tissue was taken for biopsy for analysis of gene expression. Respiratory exchange, glycerol turnover, and subcutaneous adipose tissue microdialysis were performed for 7 h after consumption of 400 mg Ca or placebo, and the ingestion of either randomized slow-release caffeine (SRC; 300 mg) or lactose (500 mg). One week later, the test was repeated with the SRC or lactose crossover. RESULTS Calcium supplementation increased urinary calcium excretion by 16% (P = 0.017) but did not alter plasma parathyroid hormone or osteocalcin concentrations. Resting energy expenditure (59.9 +/- 3.0 or 59.6 +/- 3.3 kcal/h), fat oxidation (58.4 +/- 2.5 or 53.8 +/- 2.2 mg/min), plasma free fatty acid concentrations (0.63 +/- 0.02 or 0.62 +/- 0.03 mmol/L), and glycerol turnover (3.63 +/- 0.41 or 3.70 +/- 0.38 micromol . kg(-1) . min(-1)) were similar with or without calcium, respectively. SRC significantly increased free fatty acid concentrations, resting fat oxidation, and resting energy expenditure. During microdialysis, epinephrine increased dialysate glycerol concentrations by 250% without and 254% with calcium. Expression of 7 key metabolic genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue was not affected by calcium supplementation. CONCLUSION Dairy calcium supplementation in overweight subjects with habitually low calcium intakes failed to alter fat metabolism and energy expenditure under resting conditions and during acute stimulation by caffeine or epinephrine.
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Major GC, Chaput JP, Ledoux M, St-Pierre S, Anderson GH, Zemel MB, Tremblay A. Recent developments in calcium-related obesity research. Obes Rev 2008; 9:428-45. [PMID: 18282178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2007.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of calcium and dairy food intake on energy balance is the object of a growing scientific literature. This manuscript presents the information discussed by subject experts during a symposium on calcium and obesity, initially planned to document in a comprehensive manner the role of calcium and dairy food on energy balance and body composition. This manuscript is organized into 13 propositions statements which either resume the presentation of an invited speaker or integrate recent developments in calcium-related obesity research. More specifically, the effects of calcium and dairy consumption on body weight and adiposity level, appetite, weight loss intervention outcome, lipid-lipoprotein profile and the risk to develop metabolic syndrome are discussed together with the metabolic mechanisms proposed to explain these effects. Taken together, the observations presented in this manuscript suggest that calcium and dairy food intake can influence many components of energy and fat balance, indicating that inadequate calcium/dairy intake may increase the risk of positive energy balance and of other health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Major
- Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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49
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Heiss CJ, Shaw SE, Carothers L. Association of Calcium Intake and Adiposity in Postmenopausal Women. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 27:260-6. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Boon N, Goossens GH, Blaak EE, Saris WHM. The effects of hydralazine on lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. Metabolism 2007; 56:1742-8. [PMID: 17998030 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence from animal research and in vitro experiments indicates that changes in dietary calcium intake could cause changes in lipolysis through alterations of the intracellular calcium concentration in adipocytes. The objective of the study was to examine whether the calcium antagonist hydralazine affects blood flow and lipolysis in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in vivo in humans. Three different concentrations of hydralazine (12.2, 24.4, and 48.8 micromol/L) were locally administered in adipose tissue using the microdialysis technique to assess effects on lipolysis and blood flow in subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdominal region. Subjects from the general community were studied ambulatorily at a university hospital. Eight healthy men (age, 33.1 +/- 3.3 years; body mass index, 24.2 +/- 0.2 kg/m(2)) were recruited by local announcement. Subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdominal region was perfused with increasing concentrations of hydralazine. The main outcome measures were adipose tissue lipolysis and blood flow. Hydralazine had no effect on ethanol outflow-inflow ratios, but significantly increased interstitial glycerol concentration at the highest concentration (P < .05). The present results indicate that hydralazine increases lipolysis in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in healthy lean subjects, but hydralazine had no significant effects on local blood flow in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Boon
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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