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Browne CJ, Futamura R, Minier-Toribio A, Hicks EM, Ramakrishnan A, Martínez-Rivera FJ, Estill M, Godino A, Parise EM, Torres-Berrío A, Cunningham AM, Hamilton PJ, Walker DM, Huckins LM, Hurd YL, Shen L, Nestler EJ. Transcriptional signatures of heroin intake and relapse throughout the brain reward circuitry in male mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8558. [PMID: 37294757 PMCID: PMC10256172 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) looms as one of the most severe medical crises facing society. More effective therapeutics will require a deeper understanding of molecular changes supporting drug-taking and relapse. Here, we develop a brain reward circuit-wide atlas of opioid-induced transcriptional regulation by combining RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and heroin self-administration in male mice modeling multiple OUD-relevant conditions: acute heroin exposure, chronic heroin intake, context-induced drug-seeking following abstinence, and relapse. Bioinformatics analysis of this rich dataset identified numerous patterns of transcriptional regulation, with both region-specific and pan-circuit biological domains affected by heroin. Integration of RNA-seq data with OUD-relevant behavioral outcomes uncovered region-specific molecular changes and biological processes that predispose to OUD vulnerability. Comparisons with human OUD RNA-seq and genome-wide association study data revealed convergent molecular abnormalities and gene candidates with high therapeutic potential. These studies outline molecular reprogramming underlying OUD and provide a foundational resource for future investigations into mechanisms and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J. Browne
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rita Futamura
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angélica Minier-Toribio
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily M. Hicks
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Freddyson J. Martínez-Rivera
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Molly Estill
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arthur Godino
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric M. Parise
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angélica Torres-Berrío
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley M. Cunningham
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter J. Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Deena M. Walker
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Laura M. Huckins
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Center for Genomic Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yasmin L. Hurd
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Browne CJ, Godino A, Salery M, Nestler EJ. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Opioid Addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:22-33. [PMID: 31477236 PMCID: PMC6898774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use kills tens of thousands of Americans each year, devastates families and entire communities, and cripples the health care system. Exposure to opioids causes long-term changes to brain regions involved in reward processing and motivation, leading vulnerable individuals to engage in pathological drug seeking and drug taking that can remain a lifelong struggle. The persistence of these neuroadaptations is mediated in part by epigenetic remodeling of gene expression programs in discrete brain regions. Although the majority of work examining how epigenetic modifications contribute to addiction has focused on psychostimulants such as cocaine, research into opioid-induced changes to the epigenetic landscape is emerging. This review summarizes our knowledge of opioid-induced epigenetic modifications and their consequential changes to gene expression. Current evidence points toward opioids promoting higher levels of permissive histone acetylation and lower levels of repressive histone methylation as well as alterations to DNA methylation patterns and noncoding RNA expression throughout the brain's reward circuitry. Additionally, studies manipulating epigenetic enzymes in specific brain regions are beginning to build causal links between these epigenetic modifications and changes in addiction-related behavior. Moving forward, studies must leverage advanced chromatin analysis and next-generation sequencing approaches combined with bioinformatics pipelines to identify novel gene networks regulated by particular epigenetic modifications. Improved translational relevance also requires increased focus on volitional drug-intake models and standardization of opioid exposure paradigms. Such work will significantly advance our understanding of how opioids cause persistent changes to brain function and will provide a platform on which to develop interventions for treating opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Browne
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Arthur Godino
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marine Salery
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Tolerance to rewarding brain electrical stimulation: Differential effects of contingent and non-contingent activation of parabrachial complex and lateral hypothalamus. Behav Brain Res 2018; 336:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Schmitz LJM, Klaassen RV, Ruiperez-Alonso M, Zamri AE, Stroeder J, Rao-Ruiz P, Lodder JC, van der Loo RJ, Mansvelder HD, Smit AB, Spijker S. The AMPA receptor-associated protein Shisa7 regulates hippocampal synaptic function and contextual memory. eLife 2017; 6:24192. [PMID: 29199957 PMCID: PMC5737659 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic synapses rely on AMPA receptors (AMPARs) for fast synaptic transmission and plasticity. AMPAR auxiliary proteins regulate receptor trafficking, and modulate receptor mobility and its biophysical properties. The AMPAR auxiliary protein Shisa7 (CKAMP59) has been shown to interact with AMPARs in artificial expression systems, but it is unknown whether Shisa7 has a functional role in glutamatergic synapses. We show that Shisa7 physically interacts with synaptic AMPARs in mouse hippocampus. Shisa7 gene deletion resulted in faster AMPAR currents in CA1 synapses, without affecting its synaptic expression. Shisa7 KO mice showed reduced initiation and maintenance of long-term potentiation of glutamatergic synapses. In line with this, Shisa7 KO mice showed a specific deficit in contextual fear memory, both short-term and long-term after conditioning, whereas auditory fear memory and anxiety-related behavior were normal. Thus, Shisa7 is a bona-fide AMPAR modulatory protein affecting channel kinetics of AMPARs, necessary for synaptic hippocampal plasticity, and memory recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne J M Schmitz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco V Klaassen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Ruiperez-Alonso
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Azra Elia Zamri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Université de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jasper Stroeder
- Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Priyanka Rao-Ruiz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C Lodder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolinka J van der Loo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Geoffroy HAS, Puig S, Benturquia N, Noble F. Temporal regulation of peripheral BDNF levels during cocaine and morphine withdrawal: comparison with a natural reward. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 18:pyu088. [PMID: 25522421 PMCID: PMC4376544 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that has long been studied in the field of addiction and its importance in regulating drug addiction-related behavior has been widely demonstrated. The aim of our study was to analyze the consequences of a repeated exposure to drugs of abuse or natural reward on plasma BDNF levels during withdrawal. METHODS Rats were chronically injected with morphine (subcutaneously, 5mg/kg) or cocaine (intraperitoneally, 20mg/kg) or fed with a butter biscuit (per os, 4g) once per day for 14 days. Blood collection was performed on the 1st (withdrawal day 1 or WD1) or on (WD14), either at the same time point rats had been exposed to drugs or natural reward or at a different time point (used to quantify basal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels). RESULTS Cocaine treatment led to a rapid (WD1) and persistent (WD14) decrease of basal BDNF levels compared with saline-treated animals, whereas morphine induced an increase on WD14 without any alteration on WD1. On the contrary, the natural reward induced a significant increase of basal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels only on WD1. The analysis of BDNF levels at the usual time point at which animals had been exposed showed that both drugs, but not the natural reward, increased BDNF levels compared with basal levels. CONCLUSION Our data highlight that only drugs of abuse are able to persistently alter BDNF levels and to induce specific variations of this neurotrophic factor at the usual hour of injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Anne-Sophie Geoffroy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig and Noble); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig, Benturquia, and Noble); Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig, Benturquia, and Noble)
| | - Stephanie Puig
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig and Noble); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig, Benturquia, and Noble); Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig, Benturquia, and Noble)
| | - Nadia Benturquia
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig and Noble); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig, Benturquia, and Noble); Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig, Benturquia, and Noble)
| | - Florence Noble
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig and Noble); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig, Benturquia, and Noble); Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Ms Geoffroy, Drs Puig, Benturquia, and Noble).
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Le T, Xia M, Jia M, Sarkar N, Chen J, Li H, Wynn GH, Ursano RJ, Choi KH. Association between initial morphine intake and body weight change, acoustic startle reflex and drug seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4569-77. [PMID: 24819733 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although chronic use of opiates can induce physical dependence and addiction, individual differences contributing to these symptoms are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES Using intravenous morphine self-administration (MSA), we investigated whether individual differences in drug intake are associated with weight change, acoustic startle reflex (ASR), pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), and drug seeking during spontaneous withdrawal. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered morphine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) or saline for 3 weeks (4-6 h/day, 5 days/week) and drug intake and body weight were monitored daily. The ASR and the PPI (baseline, 1 day and 1 week) and drug seeking (1 week) were measured during spontaneous withdrawal. RESULTS Morphine animals did not gain weight (101 % ± 0.69), while the control animals did (115 % ± 1.06) after 3 weeks of self-administration. The ASR and the PPI were not significantly different between morphine and saline animals in 1-day or 1-week withdrawal. However, individual differences in initial (first 10 min), but not total (4-6 h), morphine intake of the daily sessions were positively correlated with weight change (r = 0.437, p = 0.037) and drug seeking (r = 0.424, p = 0.035) while inversely correlated with the ASR (r = -0.544, p = 0.005) in 1-week withdrawal from chronic morphine. CONCLUSIONS A subgroup of animals that self-administered a larger amount of morphine at the beginning of the daily sessions exhibited subsequent weight gain, reduced ASR, and enhanced drug seeking in morphine withdrawal. Thus, individual differences in initial morphine intake may reveal a novel behavioral phenotype in opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien Le
- Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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Blockade of mGluR5 in the nucleus accumbens shell but not core attenuates heroin seeking behavior in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1485-92. [PMID: 25399651 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Glutamatergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is crucial for the relapse to heroin seeking. The aim of this study was to determine whether mGluR5 in the NAc core or shell involved in heroin seeking behavior in rats. METHODS Male SD rats were self-administered heroin under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) reinforcement schedule for 14 d, and subsequently withdrawn for 2 weeks. The selective mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-phenylethynyl-pyridine (MPEP, 5, 15 and 50 nmol per side) was then microinjected into the NAc core or shell 10 min before a heroin-seeking test induced by context, cues or heroin priming. RESULTS Microinjection of MPEP into the NAc shell dose-dependently decreased the heroin seeking induced by context, cues or heroin priming. In contrast, microinjection of MPEP into the NAc core did not alter the heroin seeking induced by cues or heroin priming. In addition, microinjection with MPEP (15 nmol per side) in the NAc shell reversed both the percentage of open arms entries (OE%) and the percentage of time spent in open arms (OT%) after heroin withdrawal. Microinjection of MPEP (50 nmol per side) in the striatum as a control location did not affect the heroin seeking behavior. Microinjection of MPEP in the 3 locations did not change the locomotion activities. CONCLUSION Blockade of mGluR5 in NAc shell in rats specifically suppresses the relapse to heroin-seeking and anxiety-like behavior, suggesting that mGluR5 antagonists may be a potential candidate for the therapy of heroin addiction.
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Nucleus Accumbens Surgery for Addiction. World Neurosurg 2013; 80:S28.e9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tapocik JD, Luu TV, Mayo CL, Wang BD, Doyle E, Lee AD, Lee NH, Elmer GI. Neuroplasticity, axonal guidance and micro-RNA genes are associated with morphine self-administration behavior. Addict Biol 2013; 18:480-95. [PMID: 22804800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroadaptations in the ventral striatum (VS) and ventral midbrain (VMB) following chronic opioid administration are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis and persistence of opiate addiction. In order to identify candidate genes involved in these neuroadaptations, we utilized a behavior-genetics strategy designed to associate contingent intravenous drug self-administration with specific patterns of gene expression in inbred mice differentially predisposed to the rewarding effects of morphine. In a Yoked-control paradigm, C57BL/6J mice showed clear morphine-reinforced behavior, whereas DBA/2J mice did not. Moreover, the Yoked-control paradigm revealed the powerful consequences of self-administration versus passive administration at the level of gene expression. Morphine self-administration in the C57BL/6J mice uniquely up- or down-regulated 237 genes in the VS and 131 genes in the VMB. Interestingly, only a handful of the C57BL/6J self-administration genes (<3%) exhibited a similar expression pattern in the DBA/2J mice. Hence, specific sets of genes could be confidently assigned to regional effects of morphine in a contingent- and genotype-dependent manner. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that neuroplasticity, axonal guidance and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) were among the key themes associated with drug self-administration. Noteworthy were the primary miRNA genes H19 and micro-RNA containing gene (Mirg), processed, respectively, to mature miRNAs miR-675 and miR-154, because they are prime candidates to mediate network-like changes in responses to chronic drug administration. These miRNAs have postulated roles in dopaminergic neuron differentiation and mu-opioid receptor regulation. The strategic approach designed to focus on reinforcement-associated genes provides new insight into the role of neuroplasticity pathways and miRNAs in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Truong V. Luu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology; The George Washington University Medical Center; Washington; DC; USA
| | - Cheryl L. Mayo
- Department of Psychiatry; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore; MD; USA
| | - Bi-Dar Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology; The George Washington University Medical Center; Washington; DC; USA
| | - Erin Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology; The George Washington University Medical Center; Washington; DC; USA
| | - Alec D. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology; The George Washington University Medical Center; Washington; DC; USA
| | - Norman H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology; The George Washington University Medical Center; Washington; DC; USA
| | - Greg I. Elmer
- Department of Psychiatry; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore; MD; USA
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The volitional nature of nicotine exposure alters anandamide and oleoylethanolamide levels in the ventral tegmental area. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:574-84. [PMID: 23169348 PMCID: PMC3572454 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB(1)) have an important role in nicotine reward and their function is disrupted by chronic nicotine exposure, suggesting nicotine-induced alterations in endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling. However, the effects of nicotine on brain eCB levels have not been rigorously evaluated. Volitional intake of nicotine produces physiological and behavioral effects distinct from forced drug administration, although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not known. This study compared the effects of volitional nicotine self-administration (SA) and forced nicotine exposure (yoked administration (YA)) on levels of eCBs and related neuroactive lipids in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and other brain regions. Brain lipid levels were indexed both by in vivo microdialysis in the VTA and lipid extractions from brain tissues. Nicotine SA, but not YA, reduced baseline VTA dialysate oleoylethanolamide (OEA) levels relative to nicotine-naïve controls, and increased anandamide (AEA) release during nicotine intake. In contrast, all nicotine exposure paradigms increased VTA dialysate 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) levels. Thus, nicotine differentially modulates brain lipid (2-AG, AEA, and OEA) signaling, and these modulations are influenced by the volitional nature of the drug exposure. Corresponding bulk tissue analysis failed to identify these lipid changes. Nicotine exposure had no effect on fatty acid amide hydrolase activity in the VTA, suggesting that changes in AEA and OEA signaling result from alterations in their nicotine-induced biosynthesis. Both CB(1) (by AEA and 2-AG) and non-CB(1) (by OEA) targets can alter the excitability and activity of the dopaminergic neurons in the VTA. Collectively, these findings implicate disrupted lipid signaling in the motivational effects of nicotine.
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Schippers MC, Binnekade R, Schoffelmeer ANM, Pattij T, De Vries TJ. Unidirectional relationship between heroin self-administration and impulsive decision-making in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:443-52. [PMID: 21887498 PMCID: PMC3249213 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is growing clinical evidence for a strong relationship between drug addiction and impulsivity. However, it is not fully clear whether impulsivity is a pre-existing trait or a consequence of drug abuse. Recent observations in the animal models show that pre-existing levels of impulsivity predict cocaine and nicotine seeking. Whether such relationships also exist with respect to non-stimulant drugs is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We studied the relationship between impulsive choice and vulnerability to heroin taking and seeking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were selected in the delayed reward task based on individual differences in impulsive choice. Subsequently, heroin intravenous self-administration behaviour was analysed, including acquisition of heroin intake, motivation, extinction and drug- and cue-induced reinstatement. Throughout the entire experiment, changes in impulsive choice were monitored weekly. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION High impulsivity did not predict measures of heroin taking. Moreover, high impulsive rats did not differ from low impulsive rats in extinction rates or heroin- and cue-induced reinstatement. However, both groups became more impulsive as heroin self-administration continued. During abstinence, impulsivity levels returned towards baseline (pre-heroin) levels. Our results indicate that, in contrast to psychostimulants, impulsive choice does not predict vulnerability to heroin seeking and taking. CONCLUSION These data implicate that different neural mechanisms may underlie the vulnerability to opiate and psychostimulant dependence. Moreover, our data suggest that elevated impulsivity levels as observed in heroin-dependent subjects are a consequence of heroin intake rather than a pre-existing vulnerability trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Schippers
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Binnekade
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton N. M. Schoffelmeer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tommy Pattij
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco J. De Vries
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Reinforcement-related regulation of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits in the ventral tegmental area enhances motivation for cocaine. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7927-37. [PMID: 21613507 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6014-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cocaine use produces numerous biological changes in brain, but relatively few are functionally associated with cocaine reinforcement. Here we show that daily intravenous cocaine self-administration, but not passive cocaine administration, induces dynamic upregulation of the AMPA glutamate receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2 in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of rats. Increases in GluR1 protein and GluR1(S845) phosphorylation are associated with increased GluR1 mRNA in self-administering animals, whereas increased GluR2 protein levels occurred despite substantial decreases in GluR2 mRNA. We investigated the functional significance of GluR1 upregulation in the VTA on cocaine self-administration using localized viral-mediated gene transfer. Overexpression of GluR1(WT) in rat VTA primarily infected dopamine neurons (75%) and increased AMPA receptor-mediated membrane rectification in these neurons with AMPA application. Similar GluR1(WT) overexpression potentiated locomotor responses to intra-VTA AMPA, but not NMDA, infusions. In cocaine self-administering animals, overexpression of GluR1(WT) in the VTA markedly increased the motivation for cocaine injections on a progressive ratio schedule of cocaine reinforcement. In contrast, overexpression of protein kinase A-resistant GluR1(S845A) in the VTA reduced peak rates of cocaine self-administration on a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule. Neither viral vector altered sucrose self-administration, and overexpression of GluR1(WT) or GluR1(S845A) in the adjacent substantia nigra had no effect on cocaine self-administration. Together, these results suggest that dynamic regulation of AMPA receptors in the VTA during cocaine self-administration contributes to cocaine addiction by acting to facilitate subsequent cocaine use.
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Ikeda H, Miyatake M, Koshikawa N, Ochiai K, Yamada K, Kiss A, Donlin MJ, Panneton WM, Churchill JD, Green M, Siddiqui AM, Leinweber AL, Crews NR, Ezerskiy LA, Rendell VR, Belcheva MM, Coscia CJ. Morphine modulation of thrombospondin levels in astrocytes and its implications for neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38415-27. [PMID: 20889977 PMCID: PMC2992274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.109827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptor signaling via EGF receptor (EGFR) transactivation and ERK/MAPK phosphorylation initiates diverse cellular responses that are cell type-dependent. In astrocytes, multiple μ opioid receptor-mediated mechanisms of ERK activation exist that are temporally distinctive and feature different outcomes. Upon discovering that chronic opiate treatment of rats down-regulates thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) expression in the nucleus accumbens and cortex, we investigated the mechanism of action of this modulation in astrocytes. TSP1 is synthesized in astrocytes and is released into the extracellular matrix where it is known to play a role in synapse formation and neurite outgrowth. Acute morphine (hours) reduced TSP1 levels in astrocytes. Chronic (days) opioids repressed TSP1 gene expression and reduced its protein levels by μ opioid receptor and ERK-dependent mechanisms in astrocytes. Morphine also depleted TSP1 levels stimulated by TGFβ1 and abolished ERK activation induced by this factor. Chronic morphine treatment of astrocyte-neuron co-cultures reduced neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. Therefore, inhibitory actions of morphine were detected after both acute and chronic treatments. An acute mechanism of morphine signaling to ERK that entails depletion of TSP1 levels was suggested by inhibition of morphine activation of ERK by a function-blocking TSP1 antibody. This raises the novel possibility that acute morphine uses TSP1 as a source of EGF-like ligands to activate EGFR. Chronic morphine inhibition of TSP1 is reminiscent of the negative effect of μ opioids on EGFR-induced astrocyte proliferation via a phospho-ERK feedback inhibition mechanism. Both of these variations of classical EGFR transactivation may enable opiates to diminish neurite outgrowth and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikeda
- From the E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- the Departments of Pharmacology and
| | - Mayumi Miyatake
- From the E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamada
- Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Alexi Kiss
- From the E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Maureen J. Donlin
- From the E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas R. Crews
- From the E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Lubov A. Ezerskiy
- From the E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | | | - Carmine J. Coscia
- From the E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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14
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Van den Oever MC, Lubbers BR, Goriounova NA, Li KW, Van der Schors RC, Loos M, Riga D, Wiskerke J, Binnekade R, Stegeman M, Schoffelmeer ANM, Mansvelder HD, Smit AB, De Vries TJ, Spijker S. Extracellular matrix plasticity and GABAergic inhibition of prefrontal cortex pyramidal cells facilitates relapse to heroin seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:2120-33. [PMID: 20592718 PMCID: PMC3055295 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of drug addiction is hampered by high relapse rates during periods of abstinence. Neuroadaptation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is thought to have a crucial role in vulnerability to relapse to drug seeking, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. To identify protein changes that contribute to relapse susceptibility, we investigated synaptic membrane fractions from the mPFC of rats that underwent 21 days of forced abstinence following heroin self-administration. Quantitative proteomics revealed that long-term abstinence from heroin self-administration was associated with reduced levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. After extinction of heroin self-administration, downregulation of ECM proteins was also present in the mPFC, as well as nucleus accumbens (NAc), and these adaptations were partially restored following cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. In the mPFC, these ECM proteins are condensed in the perineuronal nets that exclusively surround GABAergic interneurons, indicating that ECM adaptation might alter the activity of GABAergic interneurons. In support of this, we observed an increase in the inhibitory GABAergic synaptic inputs received by the mPFC pyramidal cells after the re-exposure to heroin-conditioned cues. Recovering levels of ECM constituents by metalloproteinase inhibitor treatment (FN-439; i.c.v.) prior to a reinstatement test attenuated subsequent heroin seeking, suggesting that the reduced synaptic ECM levels during heroin abstinence enhanced sensitivity to respond to heroin-conditioned cues. We provide evidence for a novel neuroadaptive mechanism, in which heroin self-administration-induced adaptation of the ECM increased relapse vulnerability, potentially by augmenting the responsivity of mPFC GABAergic interneurons to heroin-associated stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel C Van den Oever
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart R Lubbers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ka W Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel C Van der Schors
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Loos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danai Riga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Wiskerke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Binnekade
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Stegeman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco J De Vries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
Drug addiction is marked by continued drug-seeking behavior despite deleterious consequences and a heightened propensity to relapse not withstanding long, drug-free periods. The enduring nature of addiction has been hypothesized to arise from perturbations in intracellular signaling, gene expression, and brain circuitry induced by substance abuse. Ameliorating some of these aberrations should abate behavioral and neurochemical markers associated with an 'addiction phenotype'. This review summarizes data showing that protein expression and signaling through the nonreceptor activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3) are altered by commonly abused substances in rat and in in-vitro addiction models. AGS3 structure and function are unrelated to the more broadly studied regulator of G-protein signaling family. Thus, the unique role of AGS3 is the focus of this review. Intriguingly, AGS3 protein changes persist into drug abstinence. Accordingly, studies probing the role of AGS3 in the neurochemistry of drug-seeking behavior and relapse are studied in detail. To illuminate this study, AGS3 structure, cellular localization, and function are covered so that an idealized AGS3-targeted pharmacotherapy can be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scott Bowers
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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16
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Neuroplastic alterations in the limbic system following cocaine or alcohol exposure. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2010; 3:3-27. [PMID: 21161748 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2009_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplastic changes in the CNS are thought to be a fundamental component of learning and memory. While pioneering studies in the hippocampus and cerebellum have detailed many of the basic mechanisms that can lead to alterations in synaptic transmission based on previous activity, only more recently has synaptic plasticity been monitored after behavioral manipulation or drug exposure. In this chapter, we review evidence that drugs of abuse are powerful modulators of synaptic plasticity. Both the dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area as well medium spiny neurons in nucleus accumbens show enhanced excitatory synaptic strength following passive or active exposure to drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. In the VTA, both the enhancement of excitatory synaptic strength and the acquisition of drug-related behaviors depend on signaling through the N-methyl-D: -aspartate receptors (NMDARs) which are mechanistically thought to lead to increased synaptic insertion of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). Synaptic insertion of AMPARs by drugs of abuse can be long lasting, depending on the route of administration, number of drug exposures, or whether the drugs are received passively or self-administered.
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17
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Weber RJ, Gomez-Flores R, Smith JE, Martin TJ. Neuronal adaptations, neuroendocrine and immune correlates of heroin self-administration. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:993-1002. [PMID: 19467321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptor-mediated action in the central nervous system (CNS) has been consistently shown to trigger changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and suppress a variety of parameters of immune function in investigator-delivered paradigms. Overwhelming evidence supports the concept that the CNS undergoes numerous and complex neuronal adaptive changes in addicts, and in animal models of heroin addiction as a result of the training of drug stimuli to serve as reinforcers, altering the function of individual neurons and the larger neural circuits within which the neurons operate. Taken together, these advances suggest that since plastic neuronal changes occur in drug addiction and related animal model paradigms, profiles of neuroendocrine and immune function would differ in a rat model of heroin self-administration compared to passive infusion of drug. Self-administration of heroin induces neuronal circuitry adaptations in specific brain regions that may be related to alterations in neuroendocrine and T lymphocyte function also observed. Animals self-administering (SA) heroin exhibit increased mu-opioid receptor agonist ([D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO))-stimulated guanosine-5'-O-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding in the anterior hypothalamus (50% and 33%) and rostral medial thalamus (33% and 36%) compared with control animals receiving identical non-contingent injections of yoked-heroin (YH) or yoked-saline (YS), respectively. No changes in agonist-stimulated G-protein sensitization were observed in 14 other brain regions studied. No changes in mu-opioid receptor density, ((3)H-DAMGO binding) were seen in all brain regions examined. The neuronal changes in SA animals were correlated with elevated adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (64% and 104%) and glucocorticoid production (198% and 79%) compared with YH and YS groups, respectively. Neuroendocrine adaptive changes in SA animals were associated with thymic hypoplasia. Splenic T lymphocytes from animals that had self-administered heroin showed a profoundly reduced ability to proliferate in response to concanavalin A (50% and 48% compared with YH and YS controls, respectively; Fig. 1A), or a monoclonal antibody (R73) to the CD3/T-cell receptor complex (anti-TCR) plus IL-2 (55% and 59% compared with YH and YS controls, respectively; Fig. 1B). Self-administration of heroin selectively alters T lymphocyte function, as no effects on natural killer cell activity or macrophage functions were observed. These findings may have relevance to the acquisition and documented increased incidence of infectious diseases, including HIV, in heroin addicts, due to a pre-existing T-cell immunodeficient state.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Weber
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA.
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18
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Kitanaka N, Kitanaka J, Hall FS, Tatsuta T, Morita Y, Takemura M, Wang XB, Uhl GR. Alterations in the levels of heterotrimeric G protein subunits induced by psychostimulants, opiates, barbiturates, and ethanol: Implications for drug dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal. Synapse 2008; 62:689-99. [PMID: 18566973 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal adaptations have been found to occur in multiple brain regions after chronic intake of abused drugs, and are therefore thought to underlie drug dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal. Pathophysiological changes in drug responsiveness as well as behavioral sequelae of chronic drug exposure are thought to depend largely upon the altered state of heterotrimeric GTP binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR)-G protein interactions. Responsiveness of GPCR-related intracellular signaling systems to drugs of abuse is heterogeneous, depending on the types of intracellular effectors to which the specific Galpha protein subtypes are coupled and GPCR-G protein coupling efficiency, factors influenced by the class of drug, expression levels of G protein subunits, and drug treatment regimens. To enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of pathophysiological states resulting from chronic intake of abused drugs, this review focuses on alterations in the expression levels of G protein subunits induced by various drugs of abuse. Changes in these mechanisms appear to be specific to particular drugs of abuse, and specific conditions of drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobue Kitanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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19
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Kodas E, Cohen C, Louis C, Griebel G. Cortico-limbic circuitry for conditioned nicotine-seeking behavior in rats involves endocannabinoid signaling. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 194:161-71. [PMID: 17557151 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in conditioned drug seeking, but the neuronal mechanisms involved in this behavior are unclear. OBJECTIVES Here, we evaluate the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the cortico-limbic circuitry in cue-induced nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. METHODS Animals were first trained to self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/injection, IV) under conditions in which responding was reinforced jointly by response-contingent nicotine injections and audiovisual stimuli. During subsequent sessions, nicotine was withdrawn and responding was reinforced by contingent presentation of the stimuli only. One month after nicotine removal, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, was injected bilaterally into the shell of the nucleus accumbens (ShNAcc, 0.3, 3, or 30 ng/0.5 microl), the basolateral amygdala (BLA, 30 ng/0.5 microl), or the prelimbic cortex (PLCx, 30 ng/0.5 microl). RESULTS Rimonabant injected into the ShNAcc dose-dependently reduced nicotine-seeking behavior without modifying spontaneous locomotor activity. Similar results were obtained when the drug (30 ng) was injected into the BLA or the PLCx. The anatomical specificity was confirmed in a control experiment using [(3)H]rimonabant. Fifteen minutes after drug injection, when the behavioral effects of rimonabant were already achieved, radioactivity was detected at the site of injection and had not diffused to adjacent regions. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that increased endocannabinoid transmission critically triggers conditioned nicotine-seeking behavior in key cortico-limbic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kodas
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Sanofi-Aventis Research and Development, 31 avenue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 92220, Bagneux, France
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20
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Scheper GC, van der Klok T, van Andel RJ, van Berkel CGM, Sissler M, Smet J, Muravina TI, Serkov SV, Uziel G, Bugiani M, Schiffmann R, Krägeloh-Mann I, Smeitink JAM, Florentz C, Van Coster R, Pronk JC, van der Knaap MS. Mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase deficiency causes leukoencephalopathy with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation. Nat Genet 2007; 39:534-9. [PMID: 17384640 DOI: 10.1038/ng2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) has recently been defined based on a highly characteristic constellation of abnormalities observed by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. LBSL is an autosomal recessive disease, most often manifesting in early childhood. Affected individuals develop slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, spasticity and dorsal column dysfunction, sometimes with a mild cognitive deficit or decline. We performed linkage mapping with microsatellite markers in LBSL families and found a candidate region on chromosome 1, which we narrowed by means of shared haplotypes. Sequencing of genes in this candidate region uncovered mutations in DARS2, which encodes mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, in affected individuals from all 30 families. Enzyme activities of mutant proteins were decreased. We were surprised to find that activities of mitochondrial complexes from fibroblasts and lymphoblasts derived from affected individuals were normal, as determined by different assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert C Scheper
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Vrije University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Marie-Claire C, Courtin C, Robert A, Gidrol X, Roques BP, Noble F. Sensitization to the conditioned rewarding effects of morphine modulates gene expression in rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2006; 52:430-5. [PMID: 17014870 PMCID: PMC1976342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Opiates addiction is characterized by its long-term persistence. In order to study the enduring changes in long-term memory in hippocampus, a pivotal region for this process, we used suppression subtractive hybridization to compare hippocampal gene expression in morphine and saline-treated rats. Animals were subjected to an extended place preference paradigm consisting of four conditioning phases. Sensitization to the reinforcing effects of the drug occurred after three conditioning phases. After 25 days of treatment rats were euthanized and the complementary DNA (cDNA) from the hippocampus of morphine-dependent and saline-treated animals were then screened for differentially expressed cDNAs. The selected 177 clones were then subjected to a microarray procedure and 20 clones were found differentially regulated. The pattern of regulated genes suggests impairments in neurotransmitter release and the activation of neuroprotective pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Marie-Claire
- Neuropsychopharmacologie des addictions. Vulnérabilité et variabilité expérimentale et clinique
CNRS : UMR7157 INSERM : U705 IFR71Université René Descartes - Paris V Université Denis Diderot - Paris VIIFaculté de Pharmacie
4 avenue de l'Observatoire
75006 PARIS,FR
| | - Cindie Courtin
- Neuropsychopharmacologie des addictions. Vulnérabilité et variabilité expérimentale et clinique
CNRS : UMR7157 INSERM : U705 IFR71Université René Descartes - Paris V Université Denis Diderot - Paris VIIFaculté de Pharmacie
4 avenue de l'Observatoire
75006 PARIS,FR
| | - Amelie Robert
- Service de génomique fonctionnelle
CEAGenopole d'Evry
91057 Evry Cedex,FR
| | - Xavier Gidrol
- Service de génomique fonctionnelle
CEAGenopole d'Evry
91057 Evry Cedex,FR
| | - Bernard P. Roques
- Pharmacochimie moléculaire et structurale
CNRS : FRE2463Université René Descartes - Paris V4 Av de l'Observatoire
75270 PARIS CEDEX 06,FR
| | - Florence Noble
- Neuropsychopharmacologie des addictions. Vulnérabilité et variabilité expérimentale et clinique
CNRS : UMR7157 INSERM : U705 IFR71Université René Descartes - Paris V Université Denis Diderot - Paris VIIFaculté de Pharmacie
4 avenue de l'Observatoire
75006 PARIS,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Florence Noble
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22
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Raffa RB, Tallarida RJ. Modified 'Joyce model' of opioid dependence/withdrawal. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 551:54-7. [PMID: 17045985 PMCID: PMC1752205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
By comprehensive and detailed measurement of the time course of withdrawal signs in rats, Joyce et al. (J. Theo. Biol. 240:531-537, 2006) recently provided a creative quantitative model of the onset of drug dependence based on the requirement of protein synthesis. Because the initial model fit the data imperfectly over the full time course, those authors postulated that additional features would be needed. We report excellent fit of the data (R(2)=0.96) by adding: (1) a transient early phase, and (2) a delay in the buildup of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Raffa
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia PA 19140, USA.
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23
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van Kollenburg B, van Dijk J, Garbern J, Thomas AAM, Scheper GC, Powers JM, van der Knaap MS. Glia-specific activation of all pathways of the unfolded protein response in vanishing white matter disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:707-15. [PMID: 16825957 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000228201.27539.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM) is a childhood white matter disorder with an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance. The clinical course is chronic progressive with episodes of rapid neurologic deterioration after febrile infections. The disease is caused by mutations in the genes encoding the subunits of eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B), a protein complex that is essential for protein synthesis. In VWM, mutations in the eIF2B genes are thought to impair the ability of cells to regulate protein synthesis under normal and stress conditions. It has been suggested that the pathophysiology of VWM involves inappropriate activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is a protective mechanism activated by an overload of unfolded or malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Activation of one pathway of the UPR, in which eIF2B is involved, has already been described in brain tissue of patients with VWM. In the present study, we demonstrate activation of all 3 UPR pathways in VWM brain tissue using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. We show that activation occurs exclusively in the white matter, predominantly in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The selective involvement of these cells suggests that inappropriate UPR activation may play a key role in the pathophysiology of VWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara van Kollenburg
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Koya E, Spijker S, Voorn P, Binnekade R, Schmidt ED, Schoffelmeer ANM, De Vries TJ, Smit AB. Enhanced cortical and accumbal molecular reactivity associated with conditioned heroin, but not sucrose-seeking behaviour. J Neurochem 2006; 98:905-15. [PMID: 16787418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Re-exposure to drug-related cues elicits drug-seeking behaviour and relapse in both humans and laboratory animals even after months of abstinence. Identifying neural and molecular substrates underlying conditioned heroin-seeking behaviour will be helpful in understanding mechanisms behind opiate relapse. In humans and animals, brain areas activated by natural reward-related stimuli (e.g. food, sex) do not show a complete overlap with those activated by stimuli associated with drugs of abuse, suggesting the involvement of different circuitry. To that end, we investigated neural reactivity by measuring immediate early gene (IEG) expression patterns in mesocorticolimbic system target areas following cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking and compared those IEG expression patterns to what was measured during natural reward (sucrose)-seeking behaviour. Animals were trained to administer heroin associated with a compound audio-visual cue. Re-exposure to the cue after 3 weeks of withdrawal reinstated heroin-seeking behaviour, which resulted in IEG expression of ania-3, MKP-1, c-fos and Nr4a3 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and of ania-3 in the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and nucleus accumbens core (NAC). The expression patterns for heroin-seeking behaviours did not generalize to sucrose-seeking behaviours, indicating that the two behaviours involve different connectivity pathways of neuronal signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Joyce AR, Easterling K, Holtzman SG, Kuhar MJ. Modeling the onset of drug dependence: A consideration of the requirement for protein synthesis. J Theor Biol 2006; 240:531-7. [PMID: 16352315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed, with some supporting evidence, that development of opiate tolerance and dependence requires protein synthesis. However, a quantitative, biologically based model within which to analyse and support the data has been lacking. Utilizing such a framework or model, we recently compared the time course of onset of opiate dependence in laboratory animals, with the mathematical time course of general changes in protein levels. Not only did the time course of onset of dependence parallel the time course of increasing levels of a protein, but also the half-life of the putative protein required by the model was very similar to those of many brain proteins. In this study, we have more extensively tested the model by producing and examining a much more detailed and surprisingly complex time course of the onset of dependence. Applying the protein synthesis time course model to the data suggested the presence of two distinct components of dependence, an early transient component and a later long-lasting component. These components appear to correspond to acute and chronic dependence, respectively. The protein synthesis hypothesis more readily applies to the chronic dependence portion. Because consideration of the model can generate components that correspond to accepted and well-known components of dependence, both the utility of the model as well as the hypothesis that opiate dependence at least partially requires protein synthesis are supported. It is also possible that individual components of the withdrawal syndrome have individual and unique rate limiting mechanisms. In any case, time course analysis may be helpful in revealing underlying mechanisms of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Joyce
- Bioinformatics Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Zarnegar P, Persson AI, Ming Y, Terenius L. Opioid-induced regulation of gene expression in PC12 cells stably transfected with mu-opioid receptor. Neurosci Lett 2005; 396:197-201. [PMID: 16377088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that opiates induce addictive behaviour via changes in gene expression. PC12 cells were stably transfected with the recombinant human mu-opioid receptor (MOR) to study opioid-induced gene expression. Expression was verified by binding assay, immunocytochemistry, and immunblotting experiments. Forskolin-induced cAMP formation was inhibited by [D-Ala(2), N-Me-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO 1 microM), a specific MOR agonist. This effect was completely antagonized by naloxone. By using cDNA arrays, including approximately 1,200 well-defined genes normally expressed in neural tissue, we monitored semi-quantitative changes in gene expression after 3 h short-term exposure to DAMGO. Incubation with DAMGO increased mRNA levels for 13 genes and down-regulated 13 other genes. Annexin V, RGS4 and CREB genes showed pronounced increase in expression after stimulation with DAMGO. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that DAMGO increased mRNA levels of Annexin V, an apoptosis-induced gene. We suggest that the PC12 cell transfected with the recombinant human MOR is a useful tool for identification of opioid-induced genes that may provide information on opiate effects of relevance for dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Zarnegar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Van den Oever MC, Spijker S, Li KW, Jiménez CR, Koya E, Van der Schors RC, Gouwenberg Y, Binnekade R, De Vries TJ, Schoffelmeer ANM, Smit AB. A Proteomics Approach to Identify Long-Term Molecular Changes in Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex Resulting from Sucrose Self-Administration. J Proteome Res 2005; 5:147-54. [PMID: 16396505 DOI: 10.1021/pr050303y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in the processing and retrieval of reward-related information. Here, we investigated long-lasting changes in protein composition of the mPFC in rats with a history of sucrose self-administration. Protein levels were analyzed using 2-D PAGE and MALDI-TOF sequencing. From approximately 1500 spots, 28 regulated proteins were unambiguously identified and were involved in cytoskeleton organization, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuronal outgrowth and differentiation. For several proteins, this change was also found as a long-lasting alteration in gene expression. We show that self-administration of sucrose produces long-lasting molecular neuroadaptations in the mPFC that may be involved in reward-related information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel C Van den Oever
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
Opiate addiction is a central nervous system disorder of unknown mechanism. Neuronal basis of positive reinforcement, which is essential to the action of opioids, relies on activation of dopaminergic neurons resulting in an increased dopamine release in the mesolimbic brain structures. Certain aspects of opioid dependence and withdrawal syndrome are also related to the activity of noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, as well as to both excitatory and inhibitory amino acid and peptidergic systems. The latter pathways have been recently proven to be involved both in the development of dependence and in counteracting the states related to relapse. An important role in neurochemical mechanisms of opioid reward, dependence and vulnerability to addiction has been ascribed to endogenous opioid peptides, particularly those acting via the mu- and kappa-opioid receptors. Opiate abuse leads to adaptive reactions in the nervous system which occur at the cellular and molecular levels. Recent research indicates that intracellular mechanisms of signal transmission-from the receptor, through G proteins, cyclic AMP, MAP kinases to transcription factors--also play an important role in opioid tolerance and dependence. The latter link in this chain of reactions may modify synthesis of target genes and in this manner, it may be responsible for opiate-induced long-lasting neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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29
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Jacobs EH, Wardeh G, Smit AB, Schoffelmeer ANM. Morphine causes a delayed increase in glutamate receptor functioning in the nucleus accumbens core. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 511:27-30. [PMID: 15777776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced excitatory neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic system may contribute to the persistence of addiction behaviour. Here, we demonstrated that glutamate-, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-induced [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from superfused rat nucleus accumbens core slices is profoundly enhanced 3 weeks, but not 3 days, after a single s.c. morphine injection. This delayed increase in glutamate receptor functioning is associated with enhanced gene transcript levels of ionotropic NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptor subunits. These data reveal that morphine may progressively enhance glutamate neurotransmission within the nucleus accumbens core subsequent to drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin H Jacobs
- Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Drug Abuse Program, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Free University Medical Center, VUmc, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Jacobs EH, Smit AB, de Vries TJ, Schoffelmeer ANM. Long-term gene expression in the nucleus accumbens following heroin administration is subregion-specific and depends on the nature of drug administration. Addict Biol 2005; 10:91-100. [PMID: 15849023 DOI: 10.1080/13556210412331284748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to addictive drugs results in long-lasting neuroadaptations in the brain, especially in the mesocorticolimbic system. Within this system, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a major integrative role. As such, the NAc has been shown to be a target of short- and long-lasting drug-induced neuroadaptations at the levels of neurotransmission and cellular morphology. The long-lasting neuroadaptations might depend critically on alterations in gene expression. Recently, we obtained a set of transcripts by means of subtractive hybridization, of which the expression was decreased in the rat NAc shell after long-term extinction of intravenous heroin self-administration. Interestingly, the majority of these transcripts were also down-regulated upon long-term extinction of cocaine self-administration. Using the yoked-control operant paradigm, it was shown that non-contingent administration of these drugs resulted in a totally different gene expression profile. However, in the rat NAc core, both self-administration and non-contingent heroin administration induced a qualitatively similar expression profile. Hence, cognitive processes associated with drug self-administration seem to direct the long-term genomic responses in the NAc shell, whereas the NAc core might primarily mediate the persistent pharmacological effects of addictive drugs (including Pavlovian conditioning).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin H Jacobs
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Research Institute Neurosciences, VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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31
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Abstract
A variety of analytical methodologies to investigate gene expression patterns in cells or tissues have been developed. For screening purposes, a large number of target mRNAs have to be interrogated simultaneously. These requirements have been met more or less comprehensively by Differential Display (DD) RT-PCR, Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH), Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), and DNA chips. The ultimate goal to cover any gene transcript potentially expressed by a given cell is on the way to be achieved by microbead arrays and by Affymetrix gene chips. Once targets of interest are identified, techniques employing low degrees of multiplexing, such as RNAse protection assays or some bead-based techniques (Luminex) eventually provide extremely fast results on the diagnostic level. With the aid of powerful computer programs, expression profiling technologies have opened intriguing new insights into the complex world of gene regulation. These new techniques have also been applied in drug abuse research recently and some examples of such approaches are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gebicke-Haerter
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute for Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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32
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Yuferov V, Nielsen D, Butelman E, Kreek MJ. Microarray studies of psychostimulant-induced changes in gene expression. Addict Biol 2005; 10:101-18. [PMID: 15849024 DOI: 10.1080/13556210412331308976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the expression of multiple genes in many brain regions are likely to contribute to psychostimulant-induced behaviours. Microarray technology provides a powerful tool for the simultaneous interrogation of gene expression levels of a large number of genes. Several recent experimental studies, reviewed here, demonstrate the power, limitations and progress of microarray technology in the field of psychostimulant addiction. These studies vary in the paradigms of cocaine or amphetamine administration, drug doses, route and also mode of administration, duration of treatment, animal species, brain regions studied and time of tissue collection after final drug administration. The studies also utilize different microarray platforms and statistical techniques for analysis of differentially expressed genes. These variables influence substantially the results of these studies. It is clear that current microarray techniques cannot detect small changes reliably in gene expression of genes with low expression levels, including functionally significant changes in components of major neurotransmission systems such as glutamate, dopamine, opioid and GABA receptors, especially those that may occur after chronic drug administration or drug withdrawal. However, the microarray studies reviewed here showed cocaine- or amphetamine-induced alterations in the expression of numerous genes involved in the modulation of neuronal growth, cytoskeletal structures, synaptogenesis, signal transduction, apoptosis and cell metabolism. Application of laser capture microdissection and single-cell cDNA amplification may greatly enhance microarray studies of gene expression profiling. The combination of rapidly evolving microarray technology with established methods of neuroscience, molecular biology and genetics, as well as appropriate behavioural models of drug reinforcement, may provide a productive approach for delineating the neurobiological underpinnings of drug responses that lead to addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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33
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Greenwald MK, Roehrs TA. Mu-opioid self-administration vs passive administration in heroin abusers produces differential EEG activation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:212-21. [PMID: 15508021 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Psychoactive drug self-administration (SA) produces different neurobiological effects than passive administration (PA) in non-human animals; however, such consequences have never been examined in human drug abusers. The present study compared electroencephalographic (EEG) activation produced by intravenous PA and SA of the mu-opioid fentanyl in eight heroin-dependent, methadone-stabilized male participants. In phase 1, participants received cumulative PA of fentanyl (up to 1.5 mg/70 kg; session 1), then bolus PA of placebo and fentanyl 1.5 mg/70 kg (session 2). High-dose fentanyl significantly increased the amplitude of slow-frequency (delta- and theta-band) EEG activity. In phase 2, bolus fentanyl 1.5 mg/70 kg was available for SA, requiring the participant to complete 1500 responses, in each of two sessions after saline or naloxone pretreatment. Delta EEG peak amplitude increases were greater following fentanyl SA than fentanyl PA, primarily over the central midline region, and were attenuated by naloxone pretreatment. The EEG increase and its attenuation by naloxone agree with preclinical evidence and suggest that SA-related EEG responses were mediated by opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Greenwald
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48207, USA.
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34
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Rodriguez Parkitna JM, Bilecki W, Mierzejewski P, Stefanski R, Ligeza A, Bargiela A, Ziolkowska B, Kostowski W, Przewlocki R. Effects of morphine on gene expression in the rat amygdala. J Neurochem 2004; 91:38-48. [PMID: 15379885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influence of morphine self-administration on gene expression in the rat amygdala was studied using rat genome DNA arrays U34A from Affymetrix. Animals were trained to self-administer morphine, each having two 'yoked' control animals, receiving passive injections of either morphine or saline. After 40 sessions of self-administration, amygdalae were removed, total RNA was isolated and used to prepare probes for Genechip arrays. The treatment was found to significantly change abundance of 29 transcripts. Analysis by means of reverse transcription real-time PCR showed significant changes in abundance of five transcripts: gamma protein kinase C (PKC), upstream binding factor 2 (UBF2), lysozyme, noggin and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70). After 30 days of forced abstinence from morphine self-administration, abundance of hsp70 and lysozyme returned to basal levels. Changes in abundance of UBF2 persisted, and abundance of three additional genes, namely nuclear factor I/A, gamma1 subunit of GABAA receptor and the neuronal calcium sensor 1, changed. Additionally, acute as well as chronic intraperitoneal morphine administration changed the abundance of PKC gamma, gamma1 subunit of GABAA and hsp70 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rodriguez Parkitna
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAN, Cracow, Poland
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35
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Abstract
Mu opioid receptors mediate positive reinforcement following direct (morphine) or indirect (alcohol, cannabinoids, nicotine) activation, and our understanding of mu receptor function is central to the development of addiction therapies. Recent data obtained in native neurons confirm that mu receptor signaling and regulation are strongly agonist-dependent. Current functional mapping reveals morphine-activated neurons in the extended amygdala and early genomic approaches have identified novel mu receptor-associated proteins. A classification of about 30 genes either promoting or counteracting the addictive properties of morphine is proposed from the analysis of knockout mice data. The targeting of effectors or regulatory proteins, beyond the mu receptor itself, might provide valuable strategies to treat addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Contet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, UMR7104, Parc d'Innovation, 1 rue Laurent Fries BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, Strasbourg, France
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36
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Hemby SE. Morphine-induced alterations in gene expression of calbindin immunopositive neurons in nucleus accumbens shell and core. Neuroscience 2004; 126:689-703. [PMID: 15183518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic opiate administration induces a number of biochemical alterations within the mesolimbic dopamine system that may mediate various aspects of the addictive process. In the present study, rats were administered morphine (1.0 mg/infusion) for 20 days (17.6+/-3.0 infusions/day) based on infusion histories of self-administering rats. Calbindin-D28K immunoreactive neurons were microdissected from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core subregions and gene expression was assessed using cDNA macroarrays. Comparison of gene expression between the shell and core subregions of vehicle-treated rats revealed significantly higher relative abundance of GABA-A alpha1, Galphai2 and post-synaptic density protein 95 transcript (PSD-95) mRNA levels in the shell, whereas Ggamma2 and synuclein 1 were more abundant in the core of the NAc. In the NAc shell, morphine administration resulted in upregulation of caspace 9, NF-kappaB, NF-H, tau, GABA-A delta subunit, FGFR1, Ggamma2, synuclein 1, syntaxin 5 and 13, GRK5, and c-fos mRNAs. Caspace 1, D2 dopamine receptor, GABA-A alpha1 subunit, GRIA 1/3/4, Galphai2, PSD-95 and CREB were down-regulated in the NAc shell with morphine administration. In the core, neuronal apoptotic inhibitory protein (NAIP), GABA-A alpha1 subunit, GRIN2C, GRIA1, mGluR1, D4 dopamine receptor and PSD-95 were upregulated by morphine administration whereas bax, bcl-x, cox-1 and MAP2 were decreased. These data demonstrate that morphine administration alters gene expression differentially in NAc subregions. Specifically, GABA-A alpha1 subunit, GRIA1 subunit and PSD-95 mRNAs were decreased in the shell but increased in the core following morphine administration. In addition, these results provide potential targets for further evaluation in models of morphine reinforcement as well as novel mechanisms of action in morphine-induced pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Hemby
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Division, Emory University School of Medicine, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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37
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Jacobs EH, Smit AB, de Vries TJ, Schoffelmeer ANM. Neuroadaptive effects of active versus passive drug administration in addiction research. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 24:566-73. [PMID: 14607079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing knowledge of the genome sequences of several organisms and the development of genome-wide, high-throughput screening techniques for gene expression are likely to generate a vast amount of data aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of addiction. These findings are likely to have potential for future addiction pharmacotherapies. However, it is important to employ animal models that dissociate the molecular and cellular consequences of the direct pharmacological effects of addictive drugs from those that result from the cognitive processes associated with self-administration of these drugs. In this article, we suggest that the short-term and long-term neuroadaptive effects of addictive drugs in the brain depend crucially on the drug-exposure paradigm used [i.e. passive (non-contingent) drug exposure and active (contingent) self-administration]. This has important ramifications for future molecular and cellular studies of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin H Jacobs
- Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Drug Abuse Program, Department of Medical Pharmacology, VU Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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38
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Spijker S, Houtzager SWJ, De Gunst MCM, De Boer WPH, Schoffelmeer ANM, Smit AB. Morphine exposure and abstinence define specific stages of gene expression in the rat nucleus accumbens. FASEB J 2004; 18:848-50. [PMID: 15033927 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0612fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent exposure to addictive drugs causes long-lasting changes in responsiveness to these substances due to persistent molecular and cellular alterations within the meso-corticolimbic system. In this report, we studied the expression profiles of 159 genes in the rat nucleus accumbens during morphine exposure (14 days, 10 mg/kg s.c.) and drug-abstinence (3 weeks). We used real-time quantitative PCR to monitor gene expression after establishing its sensitivity and resolution to resolve small changes in expression for genes in various abundance classes. Morphine-exposure (5 time points) and subsequent abstinence (6 time points) induced phase-specific temporal gene expression of distinct functional groups of genes, for example, short-term homeostatic responses. Opiate withdrawal appeared to be a new stimulus in terms of gene expression and mediates a marked wave of gene repression. Prolonged abstinence resulted in persistently changed expression levels of genes involved in neuronal outgrowth and re-wiring. Our findings substantiate the hypothesis that this new gene program, initiated upon morphine-withdrawal, may subserve long-term neuronal plasticity involved in the persistent behavioral consequences of repeated drug-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neurosciences,Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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39
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Kitanaka N, Kitanaka J, Walther D, Wang XB, Uhl GR. Comparative inter-strain sequence analysis of the putative regulatory region of murine psychostimulant-regulated gene GNB1 (G protein beta 1 subunit gene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 14:257-63. [PMID: 14631649 DOI: 10.1080/1042517031000149048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a cDNA clone from a murine genomic library of C57BL/6 strain, carrying 13.8 kb of nucleotides including exon 1 of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein beta 1 subunit gene (genetic symbol, GNB1) and 10.6 kb of the 5' flanking region. Sequence comparison with GNB1 gene locus from 129Sv strain revealed a 0.2% divergence in a 13.2 kb common region between these two strains. The divergence consisted of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms, three insertions and one deletion, with 129Sv used as the reference. The exon 1 and the putative regulation elements, such as cyclic AMP response element, AP1, AP2, Sp1 and nuclear factor-kappa B recognition sites, were perfectly conserved. The expression of GNB1 mRNA was significantly increased in mouse striatum 2 h after single methamphetamine administration with an approximately 150% expression level compared with the basal level. In contrast, no change in the expression level was observed in the cerebral cortex. After the chronic methamphetamine treatment regimen, the expression level of GNB1 mRNA did not change in any brain regions examined. These results suggest (1) that the 5' flanking nucleotide sequence of GNB1 gene was strictly conserved for its possible contribution to the same change in the expression level between the mouse strains in response to psychostimulants and (2) that the initial process of development of behavioral sensitization appeared to occur parallel to the significant increase in the expression level of GNB1 gene in the mouse striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobue Kitanaka
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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40
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Jacobs EH, de Vries TJ, Smit AB, Schoffelmeer ANM. Gene transcripts selectively down‐regulated in the shell of the nucleus accumbens long after heroin self‐administration are up‐regulated in the core independent of response contingency. FASEB J 2003; 18:200-2. [PMID: 14597559 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0317fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-term drug-induced alterations in neurotransmission within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core may underlie relapse to drug-seeking behavior and drug-taking upon re-exposure to drugs and drug-associated stimuli (cues) during abstinence. Using an open screening strategy, we recently identified 25 gene transcripts, encoding for proteins involved in neuronal functioning and structure that are down-regulated in rat NAc shell after contingent (active), but not after non-contingent (passive), heroin administration. Studying the expression of the same transcripts in the NAc core by means of quantitative PCR, we now demonstrate that most of these transcripts are up-regulated in that NAc subregion long (3 weeks) after heroin self-administration in rats. A similar up-regulation in gene expression was also apparent in the NAc core of animals with a history of non-contingent heroin administration (yoked controls). These data indicate that heroin self-administration differentially regulates genes in the NAc core as compared with the shell. Moreover, whereas cognitive processes involved in active drug self-administration (e.g., instrumental learning) seems to direct gene expression in the NAc shell, neuroplasticity in the NAc core may be due to the pharmacological effects of heroin (including Pavlovian conditioning), as expressed in rats upon contingent as well as non-contingent administration of heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin H Jacobs
- Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Department of Medical Pharmacology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
Addictive behaviour evolves only on the basis of voluntary drug intake. As a consequence, when designing an animal model that covers several aspects of alcohol dependence and other alcohol related-diseases a necessary precondition is that the animal has voluntary access to alcohol. Animal models on voluntary alcohol consumption have a long-standing tradition in biomedical research on alcoholism. However, preference studies allow only limited conclusions regarding alcohol dependence and addictive behaviour. Therefore, new animal models have been developed that mimic different aspects of human alcohol dependence such as craving, relapse and loss of control over drinking. These models include the reinstatement model, the alcohol deprivation model and the point-of-no-return model. These models have now been pharmacologically validated using anti-craving compounds that are used clinically for treating alcoholics. In conclusion, there appears to be a good correspondence between the events that induce relapse and loss of control over alcohol-taking behaviour in laboratory animals and those that provoke relapse and loss of control in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Department of Psychopharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, (CIMH), J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2002 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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