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De Los Santos Gomez P, Costello L, Goncalves K, Przyborski S. Comparison of photodamage in non-pigmented and pigmented human skin equivalents exposed to repeated ultraviolet radiation to investigate the role of melanocytes in skin photoprotection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1355799. [PMID: 38698778 PMCID: PMC11063240 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1355799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Daily solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation has an important impact on skin health. Understanding the initial events of the UV-induced response is critical to prevent deleterious conditions. However, studies in human volunteers have ethical, technical, and economic implications that make skin equivalents a valuable platform to investigate mechanisms related to UV exposure to the skin. In vitro human skin equivalents can recreate the structure and function of in vivo human skin and represent a valuable tool for academic and industrial applications. Previous studies have utilised non-pigmented full-thickness or pigmented epidermal skin equivalents to investigate skin responses to UV exposure. However, these do not recapitulate the dermal-epidermal crosstalk and the melanocyte role in photoprotection that occurs in vivo. In addition, the UV radiation used in these studies is generally not physiologically representative of real-world UV exposure. Methods Well-characterised pigmented and non-pigmented skin equivalents that contain human dermal fibroblasts, endogenous secreted extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) and a well-differentiated and stratified epidermis have been developed. These constructs were exposed to UV radiation for ×5 consecutive days with a physiologically relevant UV dose and subsequently analysed using appropriate end-points to ascertain photodamage to the skin. Results We have described that repeated irradiation of full-thickness human skin equivalents in a controlled laboratory environment can recreate UV-associated responses in vitro, mirroring those found in photoexposed native human skin: morphological damage, tanning, alterations in epidermal apoptosis, DNA lesions, proliferation, inflammatory response, and ECM-remodelling. Discussion We have found a differential response when using the same UV doses in non-pigmented and pigmented full-thickness skin equivalents, emphasising the role of melanocytes in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Costello
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Goncalves
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- Reprocell Europe Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
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2
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Zamudio Díaz DF, Busch L, Kröger M, Klein AL, Lohan SB, Mewes KR, Vierkotten L, Witzel C, Rohn S, Meinke MC. Significance of melanin distribution in the epidermis for the protective effect against UV light. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3488. [PMID: 38347037 PMCID: PMC10861496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanin, the most abundant skin chromophore, is produced by melanocytes and is one of the key components responsible for mediating the skin's response to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Because of its antioxidant, radical scavenging, and broadband UV absorbing properties, melanin reduces the penetration of UVR into the nuclei of keratinocytes. Despite its long-established photoprotective role, there is evidence that melanin may also induce oxidative DNA damage in keratinocytes after UV exposure and therefore be involved in the development of melanoma. The present work aimed at evaluating the dependence of UV-induced DNA damage on melanin content and distribution, using reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) models. Tanned and light RHE were irradiated with a 233 nm UV-C LED source at 60 mJ/cm2 and a UV lamp at 3 mJ/cm2. Higher UV-mediated free radicals and DNA damage were detected in tanned RHE with significantly higher melanin content than in light RHE. The melanin distribution in the individual models can explain the lack of photoprotection. Fluorescence lifetime-based analysis and Fontana-Masson staining revealed a non-homogeneous distribution and absence of perinuclear melanin in the tanned RHE compared to the in vivo situation in humans. Extracellularly dispersed epidermal melanin interferes with photoprotection of the keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Zamudio Díaz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Loris Busch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marius Kröger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Klein
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten R Mewes
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Vierkotten
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Witzel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Zamudio Díaz DF, Klein AL, Guttmann M, Zwicker P, Busch L, Kröger M, Klose H, Rohn S, Schleusener J, Meinke MC. Skin optical properties from 200 to 300 nm support far UV-C skin-safety in vivo. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 247:112784. [PMID: 37690371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The growing threat of multi-drug resistant pathogens and airborne microbial diseases has highlighted the need to improve or develop novel disinfection methods for clinical environments. Conventional ultraviolet C (UV-C) lamps effectively inactivate microorganisms but are harmful to human skin and eyes upon exposure. The use of new 233 nm far UV-C LEDs as an antiseptic can overcome those limitations. In this research, the light penetration into the skin was elucidated for the UV-C region (<300 nm) by measuring the scattering and absorption of skin layers and inverse Monte Carlo simulation, and further confirmed by the first clinical pilot trial in which healthy volunteers were irradiated with a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 at 233 nm. The radiation is strongly absorbed in the stratum corneum, resulting in minimal skin damage without inducing inflammatory responses. The results suggest that 233 nm far UV-C light emitting diodes (LEDs) could effectively inactivate microorganisms, while being safe and soft for the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Zamudio Díaz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Klein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Guttmann
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Zwicker
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Loris Busch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Kröger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Klose
- artMED Private Practice for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Friedrichstraße 61, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Busch L, Kröger M, Zamudio Díaz DF, Schleusener J, Lohan SB, Ma J, Witzel C, Keck CM, Meinke MC. Far-UVC- and UVB-induced DNA damage depending on skin type. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1582-1587. [PMID: 37545424 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Far-UVC radiation sources of wavelengths 222 nm and 233 nm represent an interesting potential alternative for the antiseptic treatment of the skin due to their high skin compatibility. Nevertheless, no studies on far-UVC-induced DNA damage in different skin types have been published to date, which this study aims for. After irradiating the skin with far-UVC of the wavelengths 222 and 233 nm as well as broadband UVB, the tissue was screened for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer-positive (CPD+ ) cells using immunohistochemistry. The epidermal DNA damage was lower in dark skin types than in fair skin types after irradiation at 233 nm. Contrary to this, irradiation at 222 nm caused no skin type-dependent differences, which can be attributed to the decreased penetration depth of radiation. UVB showed the relatively strongest differences between light and dark skin types when using a suberythemal dose of 3 mJ/cm2 . As melanin is known for its photoprotective effect, we evaluated the ratio of melanin content in the stratum basale and stratum granulosum in samples of different skin types using two-photon excited fluorescence lifetime imaging (TPE-FLIM) finding a higher ratio up to skin type IV-V. As far-UVC is known to penetrate only into the upper layers of the viable skin, the aforementioned melanin ratio could explain the less pronounced differences between skin types after irradiation with far-UVC compared to UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Busch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marius Kröger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela F Zamudio Díaz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jackie Ma
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Witzel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Tang T, Wei Y, Jia H, Wang L, Xu Y, Zhang P. 3D artificial sebocyte glands from inertial focusing effect for facile and flexible analysis of light damage and drug screening. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200634. [PMID: 37191095 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The sebaceous gland is a neuro-immuno-endocrine organ responsible for maintaining regular skin functions. Overdose exposure of UV and visible light (e.g., blue light) can cause sebocyte gland function disorders or even different diseases (e.g., chronic actinic dermatitis). Studying the mechanism of light-induced damage in sebaceous glands has been challenging, since ex vivo culture of sebaceous glands is difficult due to its short life in culture medium. To address this issue, a versatile 3D artificial sebocyte gland model was established using the inertial focusing effect for studying the impact of light damage and screening potential drugs. The artificial sebocyte gland exhibited specific biological function and structure similar to natural sebocyte glands. Using this artificial sebocyte gland, the interactions between the artificial organ and blue light or UV were studied. The results indicated that UV and blue light upregulated lipid secretion and downregulated cell viability within the sebocytes. Light damage intensified oxidative stress and promoted pro-inflammation cytokines (i.e., IL-1β and TNF-α) production in the artificial sebocytes. Additionally, the therapeutic effects of cannabidiol, a clinically tested drug for treating acne, was also indicated on restoring light damaged sebaceous gland functions. These results indicate that the 3D artificial sebocyte gland could be a versatile, fast, and low-cost platform for skincare studies or drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanran Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lelin Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Center of Soft Matter Physics and Its Applications, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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6
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Lim Y, Park SH, Kim EJ, Lim H, Jang J, Hong IS, Kim S, Jung Y. Polar microalgae extracts protect human HaCaT keratinocytes from damaging stimuli and ameliorate psoriatic skin inflammation in mice. Biol Res 2023; 56:40. [PMID: 37438821 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polar microalgae contain unique compounds that enable them to adapt to extreme environments. As the skin barrier is our first line of defense against external threats, polar microalgae extracts may possess restorative properties for damaged skin, but the potential of microalgae extracts as skin protective agents remains unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze compound profiles from polar microalgae extracts, evaluate their potential as skin epithelial protective agents, and examine the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Six different polar microalgae, Micractinium sp. (KSF0015 and KSF0041), Chlamydomonas sp. (KNM0029C, KSF0037, and KSF0134), and Chlorococcum sp. (KSF0003), were collected from the Antarctic or Arctic regions. Compound profiles of polar and non-polar microalgae extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The protective activities of polar microalgae extracts on human keratinocyte cell lines against oxidative stress, radiation, and psoriatic cytokine exposure were assessed. The potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms mediated by KSF0041, a polar microalga with protective properties against oxidative stress, ultraviolet (UV) B, and an inflammatory cytokine cocktail, were investigated using RNA-sequencing analysis. To evaluate the therapeutic activity of KSF0041, an imiquimod-induced murine model of psoriatic dermatitis was used. RESULTS Polar microalgae contain components comparable to those of their non-polar counterparts, but also showed distinct differences, particularly in fatty acid composition. Polar microalgae extracts had a greater ability to scavenge free radicals than did non-polar microalgae and enhanced the viability of HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line, following exposure to UVB radiation or psoriatic cytokines. These extracts also reduced barrier integrity damage and decreased mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in psoriatic HaCaT cells. Treatment with KSF0041 extract altered the transcriptome of psoriatic HaCaT cells toward a more normal state. Furthermore, KSF0041 extract had a therapeutic effect in a mouse model of psoriasis. CONCLUSIONS Bioactive compounds from polar microalgae extracts could provide novel therapeutics for damaged and/or inflamed skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoonHee Lim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Eun Jae Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Korea
| | - HeeJun Lim
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea
| | - Jinsun Jang
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - In-Sun Hong
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
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7
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El Mir J, Fedou S, Thézé N, Morice-Picard F, Cario M, Fayyad-Kazan H, Thiébaud P, Rezvani HR. Xenopus: An in vivo model for studying skin response to ultraviolet B irradiation. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:194-202. [PMID: 36880984 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) in sunlight cause skin damage, ranging from wrinkles to photoaging and skin cancer. UVB can affect genomic DNA by creating cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine-pyrimidine (6-4) photoproducts (6-4PPs). These lesions are mainly repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system and by photolyase enzymes that are activated by blue light. Our main goal was to validate the use of Xenopus laevis as an in vivo model system for investigating the impact of UVB on skin physiology. The mRNA expression levels of xpc and six other genes of the NER system and CPD/6-4PP photolyases were found at all stages of embryonic development and in all adult tissues tested. When examining Xenopus embryos at different time points after UVB irradiation, we observed a gradual decrease in CPD levels and an increased number of apoptotic cells, together with an epidermal thickening and an increased dendricity of melanocytes. We observed a quick removal of CPDs when embryos are exposed to blue light versus in the dark, confirming the efficient activation of photolyases. A decrease in the number of apoptotic cells and an accelerated return to normal proliferation rate was noted in blue light-exposed embryos compared with their control counterparts. Overall, a gradual decrease in CPD levels, detection of apoptotic cells, thickening of epidermis, and increased dendricity of melanocytes, emulate human skin responses to UVB and support Xenopus as an appropriate and alternative model for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joudi El Mir
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, BRIC, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Nadine Thézé
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, BRIC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Morice-Picard
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, BRIC, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Disorders, Hôpital des Enfants Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Cario
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, BRIC, Bordeaux, France.,Aquiderm, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hussein Fayyad-Kazan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | | | - Hamid-Reza Rezvani
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, BRIC, Bordeaux, France.,Aquiderm, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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8
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Gao R, Zhang X, Zou K, Meng D, Lv J. Cryptochrome 1 activation inhibits melanogenesis and melanosome transport through negative regulation of cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1081030. [PMID: 36814484 PMCID: PMC9939694 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous pigmentation was recently shown to be an event regulated by clock proteins. Cryptochrome (CRY) is a key protein composing the feedback loop of circadian clock, however, the function of CRY in melanocytes remains unclear. Here, we found that KL001, a synthetic small molecule modulator of CRY1, inhibited melanin synthesis, as well as reduced melanocyte dendrite elongation and melanosome transport. In addition, the dominant role of CRY1 in KL001-induced anti-melanogenesis was revealed by small interfering RNA transfection. Cellular tyrosinase activity and expression level of melanogenic proteins, including tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and transport proteins like Rab27a, Cdc42 and Myosin Va induced by α-MSH were remarkably reversed after KL001 treatment. Mechanistically, CRY1 activation inhibited melanogenesis through CREB-dependent downregulation of MITF and CREB phosphorylation was mediated by classical cAMP/PKA pathway. In addition, the other CRY1 activator, KL044 also suppressed cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway and inhibited melanogenesis. Finally, anti-melanogenic efficacy of KL001 was confirmed by determination of melanin contents in UVB-tanning model of brown guinea pigs, which indicated that targeting CRY1 activity, via topical application of small molecule activator, can be utilized therapeutically to manage human pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Dermatology, The first people’s Hospital of Changzhou, The third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ximei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Kun Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Duo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jinpeng Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Dermatology, The first people’s Hospital of Changzhou, The third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China,School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jinpeng Lv,
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9
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Seck S, Hamad J, Schalka S, Lim HW. Photoprotection in skin of color. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:441-456. [PMID: 36227521 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
As populations in many parts of the world are projected to become more racially diverse over the coming decades, we must better understand the unique characteristics of the skin of populations with skin of color (SOC). This review aims to highlight important physiologic and clinical considerations of photoprotection in SOC. Ultraviolet radiation and visible light affect dark and light skin differently. SOC populations have historically not been informed on photoprotection to the same degree as their light skinned counterparts. This has exacerbated dermatologic conditions in which SOC populations are disproportionately affected, such as hyperpigmentary disorders. Patients should be encouraged to utilize multiple methods of photoprotection, ranging from avoidance of sunlight during peak intensity hours, seeking shade, wearing sun-protective clothing and wide-brimmed hat, and applying sunscreen. Ideal sunscreens for SOC populations include those with UVA-PF/SPF ratios ≥ 2/3 and tinted sunscreens to protect against VL. Although there have been increased efforts recently, more research into photoprotection for SOC and targeted public education are required to disseminate photoprotection resources that are patient-centered and evidence-based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokhna Seck
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Judy Hamad
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Henry Ford Medical Center - New Center One, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Henry W Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Henry Ford Medical Center - New Center One, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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10
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Wu H, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Zhu H, Yue C. Extracellular vesicle: A magic lamp to treat skin aging, refractory wound, and pigmented dermatosis? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1043320. [PMID: 36420445 PMCID: PMC9676268 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1043320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the skin to an external stimulus may lead to a series of irreversible dysfunctions, such as skin aging, refractory wounds, and pigmented dermatosis. Nowadays, many cutaneous treatments have failed to strike a balance between cosmetic needs and medical recovery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the most promising therapeutic tools. EVs are cell-derived nanoparticles that can carry a variety of cargoes, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. They also have the ability to communicate with neighboring or distant cells. A growing body of evidence suggests that EVs play a significant role in skin repair. We summarize the current findings of EV therapy in skin aging, refractory wound, and pigmented dermatosis and also describe the novel engineering strategies for optimizing EV function and therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan’an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenchun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan’an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuemeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan’an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhao
- Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongming Zhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changwu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation of Yan’an, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
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11
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Lim HG, Kerns ML, Brown ID, Kang S, Chien AL. Skin type specific photobiological response to visible light is mediated by constitutional melanin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L. Kerns
- Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Isabelle D. Brown
- Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Sewon Kang
- Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Anna L. Chien
- Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
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12
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Chien AL, Kim DJ, Cheng N, Shin J, Leung SG, Nelson AM, Zang J, Suh H, Rainer B, Wallis L, Okoye GA, Loss M, Kang S. Biomarkers of Tretinoin Precursors and Tretinoin Efficacy in Patients With Moderate to Severe Facial Photodamage: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol 2022; 158:879-886. [PMID: 35675051 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Topical formulations of tretinoin precursors (retinol and its ester derivatives) are widely available over the counter and may offer similar clinical benefits to those of tretinoin for treatment of photoaging. However, which of the many purported molecular effects of retinoids most strongly drives clinical improvements in tretinoin-treated skin remains unclear. Objectives To evaluate the clinical efficacy of topical tretinoin precursors (TTP) vs tretinoin (RA) in treating moderate to severe facial photodamage and to identify potential biomarkers that correlate with clinical efficacy. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized, double-blind, single-center, parallel-arm study of 24 patients with moderate to severe facial photodamage was conducted at an academic referral center from November 2010 to December 2011, with data analysis performed from January 2012 to December 2021. Interventions Daily topical application of 0.02% RA or 1.1% TTP formulation containing retinol, retinyl acetate, and retinyl palmitate for 24 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures Photoaging and tolerability were assessed by dermatologist evaluations and patient-reported outcomes. Target gene expression was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction of biopsied tissue from treated areas. Results A total of 20 White women were ultimately analyzed (9 randomized to TTP, 11 randomized to RA). At week 24, there was no significant difference in Griffiths photoaging scores among patients receiving TTP vs RA (median, 4 vs 5) (TTP - RA difference: -1; 95% CI, -2 to 1; P = .27). Treatment with TTP was associated with erythema 6 times less frequently than RA (11% vs 64%) (TTP - RA difference: -0.53; 95% CI, -0.88 to -0.17; P = .01). Target gene analysis showed significant CRABP2 messenger RNA (mRNA) induction (confirming retinoic acid receptor signaling) but no significant changes in procollagen I or MMP1/3/9 mRNA in TTP-treated samples. Instead, MMP2 mRNA, which encodes a type IV collagenase, was significantly reduced in TTP-treated samples (week 24 - baseline mRNA difference: -5; 96% CI, -33 to 1.6; P = .02), and changes in MMP2 were strongly correlated with changes in fine wrinkles (r = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.80; P = .01). Interestingly, patients with severe baseline wrinkles exhibited greater improvements (r = -0.74; 95% CI, -0.89 to -0.43; P < .001). This trend was mirrored in MMP2 mRNA, with initial expression strongly predicting subsequent changes (r = -0.78; 95% CI, -0.89 to -0.43; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial, there was no significant difference in efficacy between this particular formulation of TTP and tretinoin 0.02%. However, the results of these mechanistic studies highlight MMP2 as a possible mediator of retinoid efficacy in photoaging. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01283464.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Chien
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel J Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nancy Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeonghyun Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Dermatology, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sherry G Leung
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amanda M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - Julie Zang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hoseok Suh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Dermatology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Barbara Rainer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Luke Wallis
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ginette A Okoye
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Dermatology, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Manisha Loss
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sewon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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[Sunscreens of the future: challenges and opportunities]. Hautarzt 2022; 73:257-265. [PMID: 35258659 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-04959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreens provide excellent protection against erythema and against chronic damage such as photoaging and skin cancer. Today's challenges concern safety of the products and improved methods for standardizing the evaluation of their efficacy. Other important topics are the further development of sunscreen products, as well as personalization of use. Personalized sun protection based on the phenotype, the genetic profiles and moreover the skin's microbiome - all linked to the identification of certain consumer susceptibility factors - is an exciting new area of research. In particular, the expansion with innovative topical agents such as DNA repair liposomes in improved galenic formulations with UV filters tailored to the skin phototype and new topical antioxidants could in future provide even more comprehensive sun protection. New antioxidants and other agents such as nicotinamide could increase systemic photoprevention. Sustainability will also be an important aspect to protect consumers, but also the environment (i.e. especially marine wildlife) from toxic effects of sunscreens.
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14
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Shi HX, Zhang RZ, Xiao L, Wang L. Effects of keratinocyte-derived and fibroblast-derived exosomes on human epidermal melanocytes. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021; 88:322-331. [PMID: 34951940 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_1087_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes have been demonstrated to carry proteins, membrane lipids, mRNAs and microRNAs which can be transferred to surrounding cells and regulate the functions of those recipient cells. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of exosomes released by keratinocytes and fibroblasts on the proliferation, tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis of melanocytes. METHODS Melanocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts obtained from human foreskin were cultured and exosomes secreted by keratinocytes and fibroblasts were harvested from the culture supernatants by ultracentrifugation. Each exosome fraction was divided into two parts; one part was subjected to high-throughput sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq sequencer to characterize the microRNA expression profiles, while the other part was labeled with the fluorescent dye PKH67 and was then co-cultivated with epidermal melanocytes. RESULTS High-throughput sequencing analysis showed 168 differentially expressed microRNA within exosomes derived from keratinocytes and from fibroblasts, 97 of those being up-regulated with the other 71 down-regulated. Gene ontology analysis showed that the target genes responsible for these differentially expressed microRNAs were mainly enriched in the protein-binding region of molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that target genes regulated by differentially expressed microRNA were mainly involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. Keratinocyte-derived exosomes were taken up by melanocytes co-cultured with them and promoted the proliferation, tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis of those melanocytes. However, fibroblast-derived exosomes had no similar effects on melanocytes. CONCLUSION Keratinocyte-derived exosomes but not fibroblast-derived exosomes were taken up by melanocytes in co-culture and significantly stimulated their proliferation, tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. Those different effects may be mainly due to the differential expression of microRNAs in exosomes derived from the different types of cells. LIMITATIONS Electron microscopy of the obtained exosomes and in-depth study of apparently differentially expressed microRNAs were not performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Shi
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ru-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
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15
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Okazaki S, Funasaka Y, Saeki H. Enhancement of ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis and elimination of DNA damage by pre-irradiation with infrared radiation A does not depend on DNA damage repair. J NIPPON MED SCH 2021; 89:184-189. [PMID: 34526460 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2022_89-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that pre-irradiation with infrared radiation A (IRA) eliminated ultraviolet B (UVB) -induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Accelerated elimination of CPDs could have resulted from enhanced DNA repair and/or enhanced induction of apoptosis. In this study, we examined whether IRA accelerated the elimination of CPDs by enhancing DNA repair, using Xpa knockout (KO) mice, which were deficient in DNA repair. METHODS We have already generated mice harboring epidermal melanocytes that produce only eumelanin and dominant pheomelanin, and no melanin. To obtain such mice but with impaired DNA repair ability, we backcrossed these mice with Xpa KO mice. Three hours before UVB irradiation, the mice were irradiated with IRA, and CPDs and apoptotic cells were examined. RESULTS Pre-irradiation of Xpa KO mice with IRA before UVB irradiation could accelerate the removal of CPDs and enhance apoptotic changes. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the enhancement of UVB-induced apoptosis and acceleration of removal of CPDs by pre-irradiation with IRA does not depend on DNA damage repair.
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16
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Eadie E, O'Mahoney P, Finlayson L, Barnard IRM, Ibbotson SH, Wood K. Computer Modeling Indicates Dramatically Less DNA Damage from Far-UVC Krypton Chloride Lamps (222 nm) than from Sunlight Exposure. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1150-1154. [PMID: 34161614 DOI: 10.1111/php.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate, with computer modeling, the DNA damage (assessed by cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation) from far-ultraviolet C (far-UVC) in comparison with sunlight exposure in both a temperate (Harwell, England) and Mediterranean (Thessaloniki, Greece) climate. The research utilizes the published results from Barnard et al. [Barnard, I.R.M (2020) Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 36, 476-477] to determine the relative CPD yield of unfiltered and filtered far-UVC and sunlight exposure. Under current American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) exposure limits, 10 min of sunlight at an ultraviolet (UV) Index of 4-typical throughout the day in a temperate climate from Spring to Autumn-produces equivalent numbers of CPD as 700 h of unfiltered far-UVC or more than 30 000 h of filtered far-UVC at the basal layer. At the top of the epidermis, these values are reduced to 30 and 300 h, respectively. In terms of DNA damage induction, as assessed by CPD formation, the risk from sunlight exposure greatly exceeds the risk from far-UVC. However, the photochemistry that will occur in the stratum corneum from absorption of the vast majority of the high-energy far-UVC photons is unknown, as are the consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Eadie
- NHS Tayside, Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul O'Mahoney
- Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Louise Finlayson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, SUPA, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Sally Helen Ibbotson
- Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Kenneth Wood
- School of Physics and Astronomy, SUPA, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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17
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Rouanet J, Quintana M, Auzeloux P, Cachin F, Degoul F. Benzamide derivative radiotracers targeting melanin for melanoma imaging and therapy: Preclinical/clinical development and combination with other treatments. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107829. [PMID: 33662452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma arises from proliferating melanocytes, cells specialized in the production of melanin. This property means melanin can be considered as a target for monitoring melanoma patients using nuclear imaging or targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Since the 1970s, many researchers have shown that specific molecules can interfere with melanin. This paper reviews some such molecules: benzamide structures improved to increase their pharmacokinetics for imaging or TRT. We first describe the characteristics and biosynthesis of melanin, and the main features of melanin tracers. The second part summarizes the preclinical and corresponding clinical studies on imaging. The last section presents TRT results from ongoing protocols and discusses combinations with other therapies as an opportunity for melanoma non-responders or patients resistant to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Rouanet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France; Department of Dermatology and Oncodermatology, CHU Estaing, 1 place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand F-63011, France.
| | - Mercedes Quintana
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Auzeloux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France.
| | - Florent Cachin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand F-63011, France.
| | - Françoise Degoul
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France.
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18
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Roy S, Rhim JW. New insight into melanin for food packaging and biotechnology applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4629-4655. [PMID: 33523716 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1878097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a dark brown to black biomacromolecule with biologically active multifunctional properties that do not have a precise chemical structure, but its structure mainly depends on the polymerization conditions during the synthesis process. Natural melanin can be isolated from various animal, plant, and microbial sources, while synthetic melanin-like compounds can be synthesized by simple polymerization of dopamine. Melanin is widely used in various areas due to its functional properties such as photosensitivity, light barrier property, free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant activity, etc. It also has an excellent ability to act as a reducing agent and capping agent to synthesize various metal nanoparticles. Melanin nanoparticles (MNP) or melanin-like nanoparticles (MLNP) have the unique potential to act as functional materials to improve nanocomposite films' physical and functional properties. Various food packaging and biomedical applications have been made alone or by mixing melanin or MLNP. In this review, the general aspects of melanin that highlight biological activity, along with a description of MNP and the use as nanofillers in packaging films as well as reducing and capping agents and biomedical applications, were comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Eddy K, Chen S. Overcoming Immune Evasion in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8984. [PMID: 33256089 PMCID: PMC7730443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer that develops from transformed melanocytes. It is crucial to identify melanoma at its early stages, in situ, as it is "curable" at this stage. However, after metastasis, it is difficult to treat and the five-year survival is only 25%. In recent years, a better understanding of the etiology of melanoma and its progression has made it possible for the development of targeted therapeutics, such as vemurafenib and immunotherapies, to treat advanced melanomas. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that mediate melanoma development and progression, with a special focus on the immune evasion strategies utilized by melanomas, to evade host immune surveillances. The proposed mechanism of action and the roles of immunotherapeutic agents, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab, adoptive T- cell therapy plus T-VEC in the treatment of advanced melanoma are discussed. In this review, we implore that a better understanding of the steps that mediate melanoma onset and progression, immune evasion strategies exploited by these tumor cells, and the identification of biomarkers to predict treatment response are critical in the design of improved strategies to improve clinical outcomes for patients with this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevinn Eddy
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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20
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Ali A, Khan H, Bahadar R, Riaz A, Asad MHHB. The impact of airborne pollution and exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation on skin: mechanistic and physiological insight. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:28730-28736. [PMID: 32462622 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For several decades air pollution has been recognized to hit drastically the skin of human body. Air pollutants predominantly accountable for aging, oxidative damage, and inflammatory allergic reactions led to psoriasis, dermatitis, acne, and skin cancer owing to the impaired functions of DNA, proteins, and lipid biomolecules. Elevated air pollution and its detrimental effects along with variations in physiological parameters of the skin are verily the scaffold for anti-pollution assertions and could be recognized as markers. The present article encompasses the salient features of air pollution and UV radiations besides dreadful effects on human skin physiological parameters and some anti-pollution approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hira Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan.
| | - Raheem Bahadar
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Asma Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Department of Genetics, Kazan Federal University, Tatarstan, 428001, Russia.
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21
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Kang MC, Lee JW, Lee TH, Subedi L, Wahedi HM, Do SG, Shin E, Moon EY, Kim SY. UP256 Inhibits Hyperpigmentation by Tyrosinase Expression/Dendrite Formation via Rho-Dependent Signaling and by Primary Cilium Formation in Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5341. [PMID: 32731326 PMCID: PMC7432859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin hyperpigmentation is generally characterized by increased synthesis and deposition of melanin in the skin. UP256, containing bakuchiol, is a well-known medication for acne vulgaris. Acne sometimes leaves dark spots on the skin, and we hypothesized that UP256 may be effective against hyperpigmentation-associated diseases. UP256 was treated for anti-melanogenesis and melanocyte dendrite formation in cultured normal human epidermal melanocytes as well as in the reconstituted skin and zebrafish models. Western blot analysis and glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pull down assays were used to evaluate the expression and interaction of enzymes related in melanin synthesis and transportation. The cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content assay revealed that UP256 decreased melanin synthesis by regulating the expression of proteins related on melanogenesis including tyrosinase, TRP-1 and -2, and SOX9. UP256 also decreased dendrite formation in melanocytes via regulating the Rac/Cdc42/α-PAK signaling proteins, without cytotoxic effects. UP256 also inhibited ciliogenesis-dependent melanogenesis in normal human epidermal melanocytes. Furthermore, UP256 suppressed melanin contents in the zebrafish and the 3D human skin tissue model. All things taken together, UP256 inhibits melanin synthesis, dendrite formation, and primary cilium formation leading to the inhibition of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheol Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea; (M.C.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Jae-Wook Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Taek Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Lalita Subedi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea; (M.C.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Hussain M. Wahedi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Mall Road, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Seon-Gil Do
- Wellness R&D Center, Univera, Inc., Seoul 04782, Korea; (S.-G.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Eunju Shin
- Wellness R&D Center, Univera, Inc., Seoul 04782, Korea; (S.-G.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea; (M.C.K.); (L.S.)
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea
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22
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Hauser D, Septiadi D, Turner J, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. From Bioinspired Glue to Medicine: Polydopamine as a Biomedical Material. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1730. [PMID: 32272786 PMCID: PMC7178714 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biological structures have emerged through millennia of evolution, and nature has fine-tuned the material properties in order to optimise the structure-function relationship. Following this paradigm, polydopamine (PDA), which was found to be crucial for the adhesion of mussels to wet surfaces, was hence initially introduced as a coating substance to increase the chemical reactivity and surface adhesion properties. Structurally, polydopamine is very similar to melanin, which is a pigment of human skin responsible for the protection of underlying skin layers by efficiently absorbing light with potentially harmful wavelengths. Recent findings have shown the subsequent release of the energy (in the form of heat) upon light excitation, presenting it as an ideal candidate for photothermal applications. Thus, polydopamine can both be used to (i) coat nanoparticle surfaces and to (ii) form capsules and ultra-small (nano)particles/nanocomposites while retaining bulk characteristics (i.e., biocompatibility, stability under UV irradiation, heat conversion, and activity during photoacoustic imaging). Due to the aforementioned properties, polydopamine-based materials have since been tested in adhesive and in energy-related as well as in a range of medical applications such as for tumour ablation, imaging, and drug delivery. In this review, we focus upon how different forms of the material can be synthesised and the use of polydopamine in biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hauser
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London NW3 2PS, UK;
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (D.S.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (D.S.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Joel Turner
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London NW3 2PS, UK;
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (D.S.); (A.P.-F.)
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23
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Markiewicz E, Idowu OC. Melanogenic Difference Consideration in Ethnic Skin Type: A Balance Approach Between Skin Brightening Applications and Beneficial Sun Exposure. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:215-232. [PMID: 32210602 PMCID: PMC7069578 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s245043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human skin demonstrates a striking variation in tone and color that is evident among multiple demographic populations. Such characteristics are determined predominantly by the expression of the genes controlling the quantity and quality of melanin, which can alter significantly due to the presence of small nucleotide polymorphism affecting various steps of the melanogenesis process and generally linked to the lighter skin phenotypes. Genetically determined, constitutive skin color is additionally complemented by the facultative melanogenesis and tanning responses; with high levels of melanin and melanogenic factors broadly recognized to have a protective effect against the UVR-induced molecular damage in darker skin. Long-term sun exposure, together with a genetic makeup responsible for the ability to tan or the activity of constitutive melanogenic factors, triggers defects in pigmentation across all ethnic skin types. However, sun exposure also has well documented beneficial effects that manifest at both skin homeostasis and the systemic level, such as synthesis of vitamin D, which is thought to be less efficient in the presence of high levels of melanin or potentially linked to the polymorphism in the genes responsible for skin darkening triggered by UVR. In this review, we discuss melanogenesis in a context of constitutive pigmentation, defined by gene polymorphism in ethnic skin types, and facultative pigmentation that is not only associated with the capacity to protect the skin against photo-damage but could also have an impact on vitamin D synthesis through gene polymorphism. Modulating the activities of melanogenic genes, with the focus on the markers specifically altered by polymorphism combined with differential requirements of sun exposure in ethnic skin types, could enhance the applications of already existing skin brightening factors and provide a novel approach toward improved skin tone and health in personalized skincare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Markiewicz
- Hexis Lab Limited, The Core, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5TF, UK
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24
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Arnette CR, Roth-Carter QR, Koetsier JL, Broussard JA, Burks HE, Cheng K, Amadi C, Gerami P, Johnson JL, Green KJ. Keratinocyte cadherin desmoglein 1 controls melanocyte behavior through paracrine signaling. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:305-317. [PMID: 31563153 PMCID: PMC7028503 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the first line of defense against ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun. Keratinocytes and melanocytes respond to UV exposure by eliciting a tanning response dependent in part on paracrine signaling, but how keratinocyte:melanocyte communication is regulated during this response remains understudied. Here, we uncover a surprising new function for the keratinocyte-specific cell-cell adhesion molecule desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) in regulating keratinocyte:melanocyte paracrine signaling to promote the tanning response in the absence of UV exposure. Melanocytes within Dsg1-silenced human skin equivalents exhibited increased pigmentation and altered dendrite morphology, phenotypes which were confirmed in 2D culture using conditioned media from Dsg1-silenced keratinocytes. Dsg1-silenced keratinocytes increased melanocyte-stimulating hormone precursor (Pomc) and cytokine mRNA. Melanocytes cultured in media conditioned by Dsg1-silenced keratinocytes increased Mitf and Tyrp1 mRNA, TYRP1 protein, and melanin production and secretion. Melanocytes in Dsg1-silenced skin equivalents mislocalized suprabasally, reminiscent of early melanoma pagetoid behavior. Together with our previous report that UV reduces Dsg1 expression, these data support a role for Dsg1 in controlling keratinocyte:melanocyte paracrine communication and raise the possibility that a Dsg1-deficient niche contributes to pagetoid behavior, such as occurs in early melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Arnette
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Quinn R. Roth-Carter
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer L. Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua A. Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hope E. Burks
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen Cheng
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christine Amadi
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jodi L. Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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25
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Liu K, Deng L, Zhang T, Shen K, Wang X. Facile Fabrication of Environmentally Friendly, Waterproof, and Breathable Nanofibrous Membranes with High UV-Resistant Performance by One-Step Electrospinning. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Li Deng
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Tonghui Zhang
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Ke Shen
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Xuefen Wang
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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26
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D-tyrosine adds an anti-melanogenic effect to cosmetic peptides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:262. [PMID: 31937863 PMCID: PMC6959337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
D-tyrosine is known to negatively regulate melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Here, we further reveal that peptides containing terminal D-tyrosine can reduce the melanin contents of human melanocytes. The addition of D-tyrosine to the terminus of the commercial anti-wrinkle peptide, pentapeptide-18 endowed the peptide with the ability to reduce the melanin content and tyrosinase activity in human MNT-1 melanoma cells and primary melanocytes. Consistently, terminal D-tyrosine-containing pentapeptide-18 inhibited the melanogenesis induced by α-MSH treatment or UV irradiation of MNT-1 cells and reduced melanin synthesis in the epidermal basal layer of a 3D human skin model. Furthermore, the addition of D-tyrosine to an anti-aging peptide (GEKG) or an anti-inflammatory peptide (GHK) endowed these short peptides with anti-melanogenic effects without altering their intrinsic effects. Together, these data suggest that the addition of D-tyrosine at the terminus of a short cosmetic peptide adds an anti-melanogenic effect to its intrinsic cosmetic effect. Our work offers a novel means of generating dual-function cosmetic peptides.
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27
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Krutmann J, Passeron T, Gilaberte Y, Granger C, Leone G, Narda M, Schalka S, Trullas C, Masson P, Lim HW. Photoprotection of the future: challenges and opportunities. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:447-454. [PMID: 31898355 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of sunscreens is an important and essential component of photoprotection. Since their introduction during the first half of the last century, sunscreens have benefited enormously from major technological advances such as the development of novel UV filters; as a result, their efficacy in preventing UV-induced erythema is unequivocal. More recently, however, new challenges have appeared, which have prompted a robust discussion about the safety of sunscreens. These include topics directly related to photoprotection of human skin such as improved/alternative methods for standardization of assessment of the efficacy of sunscreens, but also many others such as photoprotection beyond UV, concerns about human toxicity and ecological safety, the potential of oral photoprotective measures, consequences of innovative galenic formulations. On a first glance, some of these might raise questions and doubts among dermatologists, physicians and the general public about the use sunscreens as a means of photoprotection. This situation has prompted us to critically review such challenges, but also opportunities, based on existing scientific evidence. We conclude by providing our vision about how such challenges can be met best in the future in an attempt to create the ideal sunscreen, which should provide adequate and balanced protection and be easy and safe to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, Université Côte d'Azur. Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France.,Inserm U1065, C3M, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Y Gilaberte
- Dermatology Department, IIS Aragon, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.,University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Granger
- Innovation and Development, ISDIN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Leone
- San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - M Narda
- Innovation and Development, ISDIN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Schalka
- Medcin Skin Research Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Trullas
- Innovation and Development, ISDIN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Masson
- Phi Consulting, Bordeaux, France
| | - H W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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28
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Rachmin I, Ostrowski SM, Weng QY, Fisher DE. Topical treatment strategies to manipulate human skin pigmentation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 153:65-71. [PMID: 32092380 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a result of melanin produced by melanocytes in the epidermis. Melanocyte activity, along with the type and distribution of melanins, is the main driver for diversity of skin pigmentation. Dark melanin acts to protect against the deleterious effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including photo-aging and skin cancer formation. In turn, UV radiation activates skin melanocytes to induce further pigmentation (i.e., "tanning pathway"). The well-characterized MSH/MC1R-cAMP-MITF pathway regulates UV-induced melanization. Pharmacologic activation of this pathway ("sunless tanning") represents a potential strategy for skin cancer prevention, particularly in those with light skin or the "red hair" phenotype who tan poorly after UV exposure due to MC1R inactivating polymorphisms. Skin hyperpigmentation can also occur as a result of inflammatory processes and dermatological disorders such as melasma. While primarily of cosmetic concern, these conditions can dramatically impact quality of life of affected patients. Several topical agents are utilized to treat skin pigmentation disorders. Here, we review melanogenesis induced by UV exposure and the agents that target this pathway.
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29
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Alexis AF, Grimes P, Boyd C, Downie J, Drinkwater A, Garcia JK, Gallagher CJ. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Self-Assessed Facial Aging in Women: Results From a Multinational Study. Dermatol Surg 2019; 45:1635-1648. [PMID: 31702594 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic variations in skin structure and function may contribute to differential manifestations of facial aging in various races/ethnicities. OBJECTIVE To examine self-assessed differences in facial aging in women by race/ethnicity and Fitzpatrick skin phototypes. METHODS Women aged 18 to 75 years in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia compared their features against photonumeric rating scales depicting degrees of severity for 10 facial aging characteristics. Impact of race/ethnicity (black, Hispanic, Asian, and Caucasian) and skin phototypes on severity was assessed. RESULTS In total, 3,267 women completed the study. Black women reported the least severe facial aging; Caucasian women reported the most severe facial aging, with Asian and Hispanic women falling between these groups. Similarly, women with a skin phototype V/VI reported lesser aging severity than women with phototypes I through IV. More than 30% of black women did not report the presence of moderate/severe aging of facial areas until 60 to 79 years; most Hispanics and Asians did not report moderate/severe facial aging until 50 to 69 years and Caucasians, 40 to 59 years. CONCLUSION In this diverse sample, black women reported less severe aging of facial features compared with Hispanic, Asian, and Caucasian women. These results were supported by Fitzpatrick skin phototype analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pearl Grimes
- The Vitiligo & Pigmentation Institute of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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30
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Kumar JP, Mandal BB. The inhibitory effect of silk sericin against ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis and its potential use in cosmeceutics as an anti-hyperpigmentation compound. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2497-2508. [PMID: 31432056 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced redox imbalance in melanocytes triggers the activation of tyrosinase that results in melanogenesis and its related skin disorders. Supplementation of biological reductants or anti-tyrosinase compounds inhibits such melanogenesis. Silk sericin (SS), a globular protein, is known to possess antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities along with other biological attributes. However, its inhibitory activity against UVR-induced melanogenesis has yet to be explored. In the current study, we have scientifically explored the inhibitory activity of SS against UVR-induced melanogenesis. Anti-tyrosinase activity of SS was assessed using mushroom tyrosinase, showing that Antheraea assamensis sericin (AAS) and Philosamia ricini sericin (PRS) inhibited 50% of its activity. Inhibitory activity of SS against UVR-induced melanogenesis was assessed by measuring the cellular melanin content, intracellular tyrosinase activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in mouse melanoma. SS pretreatment significantly reduced cellular melanin and ROS production in UV irradiated melanocytes compared with SS untreated cells. AAS treatment before UVA or UVB irradiation significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity. Rheological studies showed that the skin care formulation prepared by the addition of AAS to the basic formulation minimally affected its flow properties. Altogether, our results validate that AAS efficiently inhibited UVR-induced melanogenesis and it could be used as a potential antioxidant molecule in skin care cosmeceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadi Praveen Kumar
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India.
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31
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Hartman ML, Czyz M. TYRP1 mRNA level is stable and MITF-M-independent in drug-naïve, vemurafenib- and trametinib-resistant BRAF V600E melanoma cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 312:385-392. [PMID: 31624899 PMCID: PMC7248034 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01995-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
TYRP1 mRNA is of interest due to its potential non-coding role as a sponge sequestering tumor-suppressive miRs in melanoma. To our knowledge, there is no report on changes in TYRP1 expression in melanomas after development of resistance to targeted therapies. We used patient-derived drug-naïve RASQ61R and BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines. In BRAFV600E melanoma cells, resistance to vemurafenib and trametinib was developed. A time-lapse fluorescence microscope was used to rate proliferation, qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to assess TYRP1 expression and MITF-M level and activity. A high TYRP1 protein level in RASQ61R cells corresponded with high TYRP1 mRNA level, whereas undetectable TYRP1 protein in BRAFV600E cells was accompanied by medium mRNA level, also in cells carrying NF1R135W variant in addition. TYRP1 expression was MITF-M-independent, since similar transcript status was found in MITF-Mhigh and MITF-Mlow cells. For the first time, we showed that TYRP1 expression remained unaltered in melanoma cells that became resistant to vemurafenib or trametinib, including those cells losing MITF-M. Also drug discontinuation in resistant cells did not substantially affect TYRP1 expression. To verify in vitro results, publicly available microarray data were analyzed. TYRP1 transcript levels stay unaltered in the majority of paired melanoma samples from patients before treatment and after relapse caused by resistance to targeted therapies. As TYRP1 mRNA level remains unaltered in melanoma cells during development of resistance to vemurafenib or trametinib, therapies developed to terminate a sponge activity of TYRP1 transcript may be extended to patients that relapse with resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
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32
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Chen L, Karisma VW, Liu H, Zhong L. MicroRNA-300: A Transcellular Mediator in Exosome Regulates Melanoma Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1005. [PMID: 31681565 PMCID: PMC6803498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a common and high-mortality skin cancer. Oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light (UV) are major causative factors of melanoma formation. However, the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, 218 dysregulated genes and 104 dysregulated miRNAs in response to UV were screened by analyzing sequencing datasets. Among them, 29 up-regulated miRNAs and 28 down-regulated miRNAs were involved in the melanoma pathway. As the only differential gene in the melanoma pathway, GADD45B severely affects the prognosis of melanoma patients. MiR-300 is the only differentially expressed miRNA that regulates GADD45B. In addition, compared to normal melanocytes, miR-300 was significantly down-regulated in melanoma cells (log FC = −1.63) and exosomes (log FC = −1.34). Among the transcription factors predicted to regulate miR-300, MYC, PPARG, and ZIC2 were significantly up-regulated in melanoma cells, and TP53, JUN, JUNB, FOS, and FOSB interacted with GADD45B. We attempted to reveal the pathogenesis of melanoma and screen new biomarkers by constructing a TF-mRNA-miRNA axis in turn to provide a view for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Bioengineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Huawen Liu
- Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Bioengineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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33
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34
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Passeron T, Bouillon R, Callender V, Cestari T, Diepgen TL, Green AC, van der Pols JC, Bernard BA, Ly F, Bernerd F, Marrot L, Nielsen M, Verschoore M, Jablonski NG, Young AR. Sunscreen photoprotection and vitamin D status. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:916-931. [PMID: 31069788 PMCID: PMC6899926 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Global concern about vitamin D deficiency has fuelled debates on photoprotection and the importance of solar exposure to meet vitamin D requirements. Objectives To review the published evidence to reach a consensus on the influence of photoprotection by sunscreens on vitamin D status, considering other relevant factors. Methods An international panel of 13 experts in endocrinology, dermatology, photobiology, epidemiology and biological anthropology reviewed the literature prior to a 1‐day meeting in June 2017, during which the evidence was discussed. Methods of assessment and determining factors of vitamin D status, and public health perspectives were examined and consequences of sun exposure and the effects of photoprotection were assessed. Results A serum level of ≥ 50 nmol L−1 25(OH)D is a target for all individuals. Broad‐spectrum sunscreens that prevent erythema are unlikely to compromise vitamin D status in healthy populations. Vitamin D screening should be restricted to those at risk of hypovitaminosis, such as patients with photosensitivity disorders, who require rigorous photoprotection. Screening and supplementation are advised for this group. Conclusions Sunscreen use for daily and recreational photoprotection does not compromise vitamin D synthesis, even when applied under optimal conditions. What's already known about this topic? Knowledge of the relationship between solar exposure behaviour, sunscreen use and vitamin D is important for public health but there is confusion about optimal vitamin D status and the safest way to achieve this. Practical recommendations on the potential impact of daily and/or recreational sunscreens on vitamin D status are lacking for healthy people.
What does this study add? Judicious use of daily broad‐spectrum sunscreens with high ultraviolet (UV) A protection will not compromise vitamin D status in healthy people. However, photoprotection strategies for patients with photosensitivity disorders that include high sun‐protection factor sunscreens with high UVA protection, along with protective clothing and shade‐seeking behaviour are likely to compromise vitamin D status. Screening for vitamin D status and supplementation are recommended in patients with photosensitivity disorders.
Linked Comment: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18126. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18494 available online
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Affiliation(s)
- T Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU Nice, 151, route de Ginestière, 06200, Nice, France.,C3M, INSERM U1065 Université Côte d'Azur, 151, route de Ginestière, 06200, Nice, France
| | - R Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Callender
- Callender Dermatology & Cosmetic Center, 12200 Annapolis Road, Suite 315, Glenn Dale, MD, 20769, U.S.A
| | - T Cestari
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcellos 2350 zone 13, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - T L Diepgen
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A C Green
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.,CRUK Manchester Institute and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9NQ, U.K
| | - J C van der Pols
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - B A Bernard
- L'Oréal R&I, Scientific Directorate, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - F Ly
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, BP 5825, Dakar, Senegal
| | - F Bernerd
- L'Oréal R&I, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600, Aulnay-sous-bois, France
| | - L Marrot
- L'Oréal R&I, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600, Aulnay-sous-bois, France
| | - M Nielsen
- L'Oréal R&I, Scientific Directorate, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - M Verschoore
- L'Oréal R&I, Scientific Directorate, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - N G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
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35
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Clinical and Demographic Features of Basal Cell Carcinoma in North Jordan. J Skin Cancer 2018; 2018:2624054. [PMID: 30498602 PMCID: PMC6220741 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2624054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer affecting humans. It almost has no tendency for metastasis; however it can be destructive to surrounding tissue. Patients with darker skin colors have lower risk of developing skin cancers and the clinical characteristics may differ from populations with lighter skin colors. Methods. This is a retrospective clinical study (2003-2017). Data on age, gender, and location of tumor were collected and analyzed. Results. 335 cases were identified. Males tend to get BCC at a younger age than females. Face was the most common site in both males and females. Cheeks and nose were the most likely areas of the face to be involved. Scalp was the most common extrafacial site to be involved in males; however in females scalp was much less likely to be involved. Conclusion. BCC is less common in populations with darker skin. Males were more affected and at an earlier age compared to females. Facial skin followed by scalp was the most common site affected. Skin phototype, cultural and religious dress type, and different sun exposure behavior may explain many of the clinical and demographic findings related to BCC in patients with darker skin tones.
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36
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Kassouf N, Kay CWM, Volkov A, Chiang SC, Birch-Machin MA, El-Khamisy SF, Haywood RM. UVA-induced carbon-centred radicals in lightly pigmented cells detected using ESR spectroscopy. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:153-165. [PMID: 30055236 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-A and melanin are implicated in melanoma, but whether melanin in vivo screens or acts as a UVA photosensitiser is debated. Here, we investigate the effect of UVA-irradiation on non-pigmented, lightly and darkly pigmented melanocytes and melanoma cells using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Using the spin trap 5,5 Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), carbon adducts were detected in all cells. However, higher levels of carbon adducts were detected in lightly pigmented cells than in non-pigmented or darkly pigmented cells. Nevertheless, when melanin levels were artificially increased in lightly pigmented cells by incubation with L-Tyrosine, the levels of carbon adducts decreased significantly. Carbon adducts were also detected in UVA-irradiated melanin-free cell nuclei, DNA-melanin systems, and the nucleoside 2'-deoxyguanosine combined with melanin, whereas they were only weakly detected in irradiated synthetic melanin and not at all in irradiated 2'-deoxyguanosine. The similarity of these carbon adducts suggests they may be derived from nucleic acid- guanine - radicals. These observations suggest that melanin is not consistently a UVA screen against free-radical formation in pigmented cells, but may also act as a photosensitizer for the formation of nucleic acid radicals in addition to superoxide. The findings are important for our understanding of the mechanism of damage caused by the UVA component of sunlight in non-melanoma and melanoma cells, and hence the causes of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Kassouf
- RAFT Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Arsen Volkov
- RAFT Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK
| | - Shih-Chieh Chiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mark A Birch-Machin
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Rachel M Haywood
- RAFT Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK.
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37
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Del Bino S, Duval C, Bernerd F. Clinical and Biological Characterization of Skin Pigmentation Diversity and Its Consequences on UV Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092668. [PMID: 30205563 PMCID: PMC6163216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin color diversity is the most variable and noticeable phenotypic trait in humans resulting from constitutive pigmentation variability. This paper will review the characterization of skin pigmentation diversity with a focus on the most recent data on the genetic basis of skin pigmentation, and the various methodologies for skin color assessment. Then, melanocyte activity and amount, type and distribution of melanins, which are the main drivers for skin pigmentation, are described. Paracrine regulators of melanocyte microenvironment are also discussed. Skin response to sun exposure is also highly dependent on color diversity. Thus, sensitivity to solar wavelengths is examined in terms of acute effects such as sunburn/erythema or induced-pigmentation but also long-term consequences such as skin cancers, photoageing and pigmentary disorders. More pronounced sun-sensitivity in lighter or darker skin types depending on the detrimental effects and involved wavelengths is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Del Bino
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Christine Duval
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Françoise Bernerd
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
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38
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Shih BB, Farrar MD, Cooke MS, Osman J, Langton AK, Kift R, Webb AR, Berry JL, Watson REB, Vail A, de Gruijl FR, Rhodes LE. Fractional Sunburn Threshold UVR Doses Generate Equivalent Vitamin D and DNA Damage in Skin Types I-VI but with Epidermal DNA Damage Gradient Correlated to Skin Darkness. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2244-2252. [PMID: 29730334 PMCID: PMC6158343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Public health guidance recommends limiting sun exposure to sub-sunburn levels, but it is unknown whether these can gain vitamin D (for musculoskeletal health) while avoiding epidermal DNA damage (initiates skin cancer). Well-characterized healthy humans of all skin types (I–VI, lightest to darkest skin) were exposed to a low-dose series of solar simulated UVR of 20%–80% their individual sunburn threshold dose (minimal erythema dose). Significant UVR dose responses were seen for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and whole epidermal cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), with as little as 0.2 minimal erythema dose concurrently producing 25-hydroxyvitamin D and CPD. Fractional MEDs generated equivalent levels of whole epidermal CPD and 25-hydroxyvitamin D across all skin types. Crucially, we showed an epidermal gradient of CPD formation strongly correlated with skin darkness (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001), which reflected melanin content and showed increasing protection across the skin types, ranging from darkest skin, where high CPD levels occurred superficially, with none in the germinative basal layer, to lightest skin, where CPD levels were induced evenly across the epidermal depth. People with darker skin can be encouraged to use sub-sunburn UVR-exposure to enhance their vitamin D. In people with lighter skin, basal cell damage occurs concurrent with vitamin D synthesis at exquisitely low UVR levels, providing an explanation for their high skin cancer incidence; greater caution is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Shih
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark D Farrar
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joanne Osman
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Abigail K Langton
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Kift
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann R Webb
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Berry
- Specialist Assay Laboratory, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel E B Watson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Andy Vail
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Frank R de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lesley E Rhodes
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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39
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Markiewicz E, Idowu OC. Personalized skincare: from molecular basis to clinical and commercial applications. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018; 11:161-171. [PMID: 29692619 PMCID: PMC5903487 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s163799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Individual responses of human skin to the environmental stress are determined by differences in the anatomy and physiology that are closely linked to the genetic characteristics such as pigmentation. Ethnic skin phenotypes can be distinguished based on defined genotypic traits, structural organization and compartmentalized sensitivity to distinct extrinsic aging factors. These differences are not only responsible for the variation in skin performance after exposure to damaging conditions, but can also affect the mechanisms of drug absorption, sensitization and other longer term effects. The unique characteristics of the individual skin function and, particularly, of the ethnic skin type are currently considered to shape the future of clinical and pharmacologic interventions as a basis for personalized skincare. Individual approaches to skincare render a novel and actively growing area with a range of biomedical and commercial applications within cosmetics industry. In this review, we summarize the aspects of the molecular and clinical manifestations of the environmental stress on human skin and proposed protective mechanisms that are linked to ethnic differences and pathophysiology of extrinsic skin aging. We subsequently discuss the possible applications and translation of this knowledge into personalized skincare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Markiewicz
- Research & Development, Hexis Lab, Science Central, The Core, Bath Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Olusola Clement Idowu
- Research & Development, Hexis Lab, Science Central, The Core, Bath Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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40
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Bagati A, Bianchi-Smiraglia A, Moparthy S, Kolesnikova K, Fink EE, Kolesnikova M, Roll MV, Jowdy P, Wolff DW, Polechetti A, Yun DH, Lipchick BC, Paul LM, Wrazen B, Moparthy K, Mudambi S, Morozevich GE, Georgieva SG, Wang J, Shafirstein G, Liu S, Kandel ES, Berman AE, Box NF, Paragh G, Nikiforov MA. FOXQ1 controls the induced differentiation of melanocytic cells. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1040-1049. [PMID: 29463842 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic transcription factor FOXQ1 has been implicated in promotion of multiple transformed phenotypes in carcinoma cells. Recently, we have characterized FOXQ1 as a melanoma tumor suppressor that acts via repression of N-cadherin gene, and invasion and metastasis. Here we report that FOXQ1 induces differentiation in normal and transformed melanocytic cells at least partially via direct transcriptional activation of MITF gene, melanocytic lineage-specific regulator of differentiation. Importantly, we demonstrate that pigmentation induced in cultured melanocytic cells and in mice by activation of cAMP/CREB1 pathway depends in large part on FOXQ1. Moreover, our data reveal that FOXQ1 acts as a critical mediator of BRAFV600E-dependent regulation of MITF levels, thus providing a novel link between two major signal transduction pathways controlling MITF and differentiation in melanocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archis Bagati
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, SM-0728, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Sudha Moparthy
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kateryna Kolesnikova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emily E Fink
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Masha Kolesnikova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Matthew V Roll
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Peter Jowdy
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David W Wolff
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Polechetti
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Yun
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brittany C Lipchick
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Leslie M Paul
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brian Wrazen
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kalyana Moparthy
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shaila Mudambi
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gal Shafirstein
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eugene S Kandel
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Albert E Berman
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Neil F Box
- Department of Dermatology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gyorgy Paragh
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail A Nikiforov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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41
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Effect of Dickkopf1 on the senescence of melanocytes: in vitro study. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:343-350. [PMID: 29442138 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts secrete several growth factors which are important for the regulation of skin pigmentation. Dickkopf1 (DKK1) is also secreted by fibroblasts which inhibit the growth and function of melanocytes. Therefore, the study was designed to check the role of DKK1 in vitiligo pathogenesis. This study confirmed the higher expression of DKK1 in lesional skin of vitiligo patients. In vitro effect of DKK1 on cultured melanocytes revealed decrease in the melanocytes proliferation and pigmentation. In vitro effect of DKK1 was then checked on the melanocytes senescence and found that DKK1 induced senescence in the treated melanocytes. Expression of senescence markers was significantly higher in DKK1 treated melanocytes. This study suggests that higher expression of DKK1 in the dermis induced senescence in melanocytes that may lead to hypopigmentation and play role in vitiligo pathogenesis.
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42
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Fajuyigbe D, Lwin SM, Diffey BL, Baker R, Tobin DJ, Sarkany RPE, Young AR. Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes. FASEB J 2018; 32:3700-3706. [PMID: 29394104 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701472r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal DNA damage, especially to the basal layer, is an established cause of keratinocyte cancers (KCs). Large differences in KC incidence (20- to 60-fold) between white and black populations are largely attributable to epidermal melanin photoprotection in the latter. The cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) is the most mutagenic DNA photolesion; however, most studies suggest that melanin photoprotection against CPD is modest and cannot explain the considerable skin color-based differences in KC incidence. Along with melanin quantity, solar-simulated radiation-induced CPD assessed immediately postexposure in the overall epidermis and within 3 epidermal zones was compared in black West Africans and fair Europeans. Melanin in black skin protected against CPD by 8.0-fold in the overall epidermis and by 59.0-, 16.5-, and 5.0-fold in the basal, middle, and upper epidermis, respectively. Protection was related to the distribution of melanin, which was most concentrated in the basal layer of black skin. These results may explain, at least in part, the considerable skin color differences in KC incidence. These data suggest that a DNA protection factor of at least 60 is necessary in sunscreens to reduce white skin KC incidence to a level that is comparable with that of black skin.-Fajuyigbe, D., Lwin, S. M., Diffey, B. L., Baker, R., Tobin, D. J., Sarkany, R. P. E., Young, A. R. Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Fajuyigbe
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Su M Lwin
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian L Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baker
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P E Sarkany
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antony R Young
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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43
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Park J, Jung H, Kim K, Lim KM, Kim JY, Jho EH, Oh ES. D-tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by competitively inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 31:374-383. [PMID: 29121440 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although L-tyrosine is well known for its melanogenic effect, the contribution of D-tyrosine to melanin synthesis was previously unexplored. Here, we reveal that, unlike L-tyrosine, D-tyrosine dose-dependently reduced the melanin contents of human MNT-1 melanoma cells and primary human melanocytes. In addition, 500 μM of D-tyrosine completely inhibited 10 μM L-tyrosine-induced melanogenesis, and both in vitro assays and L-DOPA staining MNT-1 cells showed that tyrosinase activity is reduced by D-tyrosine treatment. Thus, D-tyrosine appears to inhibit L-tyrosine-mediated melanogenesis by competitively inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Furthermore, we found that D-tyrosine inhibited melanogenesis induced by α-MSH treatment or UV irradiation, which are the most common environmental factors responsible for melanin synthesis. Finally, we confirmed that D-tyrosine reduced melanin synthesis in the epidermal basal layer of a 3D human skin model. Taken together, these data suggest that D-tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity in melanocyte-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Park
- Department of Life Sciences, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejung Jung
- Skin QC Institute of Dermatological Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyuri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,Skin QC Institute of Dermatological Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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44
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Maibam U, Hooda OK, Sharma PS, Singh SV, Mohanty AK, Upadhyay RC. Seasonal variation in HSP70 expression and oxidative stress in skin of zebu (Tharparkar) and crossbred (Karan Fries) cattle under tropical climate. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1307905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uttarani Maibam
- Animal Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - O. K. Hooda
- Animal Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Ph. Suraj Sharma
- Animal Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - S. V. Singh
- Animal Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - A. K. Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - R. C. Upadhyay
- Animal Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
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45
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Cestari T, Buster K. Photoprotection in specific populations: Children and people of color. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76:S110-S121. [PMID: 28038884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Improved education on appropriate photoprotection in children is vital. Photoprotection for these individuals should include seeking shade, the use of physical agents (clothing, hat, sunglasses), and application of sunscreens on exposed areas. Avoidance of the use of tanning beds is an important component of education for teenagers. Ultraviolet radiation exposure induces DNA damage and photoaging in all skin types, including people of color. The extent of such damage is inversely related to constitutive skin pigmentation. Therefore, personalized photoprotection recommendations concerning skin cancer risk factors, desired treatment outcomes, health needs (eg, vitamin D), and photoaging based on the needs and preferences of the patient are essential. It is clear that additional research is needed on optimal levels of protection against ultraviolet radiation for people of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Cestari
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Kesha Buster
- Buster Dermatology, Tulsa, Oklahoma; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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46
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Koh EK, Kim JE, Go J, Song SH, Sung JE, Son HJ, Jung YJ, Kim BH, Jung YS, Hwang DY. Protective effects of the antioxidant extract collected from Styela clava tunics on UV radiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1565-1577. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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47
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Fajuyigbe D, Young AR. The impact of skin colour on human photobiological responses. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:607-618. [PMID: 27454804 PMCID: PMC5132026 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exerts both beneficial and adverse effects on human skin. Epidemiological studies show a lower incidence of skin cancer in people with pigmented skins compared to fair skins. This is attributed to photoprotection by epidermal melanin, as is the poorer vitamin D status of those with darker skins. We summarize a wide range of photobiological responses across different skin colours including DNA damage and immunosuppression. Some studies show the generally modest photoprotective properties of melanin, but others show little or no effect. DNA photodamage initiates non‐melanoma skin cancer and is reduced by a factor of about 3 in pigmented skin compared with white skin. This suggests that if such a modest reduction in DNA damage can result in the significantly lower skin cancer incidence in black skin, the use of sunscreen protection might be extremely beneficial for susceptible population. Many contradictory results may be explained by protocol differences, including differences in UVR spectra and exposure protocols. We recommend that skin type comparisons be done with solar‐simulated radiation and standard erythema doses or physical doses (J/m2) rather than those based solely on clinical endpoints such as minimal erythema dose (MED).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Fajuyigbe
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antony R Young
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
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48
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Tada M, Niwano Y, Kohno M. Generation Mechanism of Deferoxamine Radical by Tyrosine-Tyrosinase Reaction. ANAL SCI 2016; 31:911-6. [PMID: 26353957 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxide radical formations of deferoxamine mesylate (DFX) that is used clinically to treat iron-overload patients was examined by a tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction system as models of the H-atom transfer or proton-coupled electron transfer. When DFX was exposed to the tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction, nine-line ESR spectrum (g = 2.0063, hfcc; aN = 0.78 mT, aH(2) = 0.63 mT) was detected, indicating that the oxidation of DFX leads to a nitroxide radical. The signal intensity of the DFX radical increased dependently on the concentrations of tyrosine and tyrosinase. The amounts of DMPO-OH spin adducts via the tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction declined with DFX. Furthermore, mass spectra of an extra removed from the tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction mixture showed that the enzyme reactions might not be degradations of DFX. Therefore, there might be two types of DFX reaction passways, which could be through an internal electron transfer from tyrosine and hydrogen absorptions by ·OH directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Tada
- Center for General Education, Tohoku Institute of Technology
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Inhibitory effects of ginsenosides on basic fibroblast growth factor-induced melanocyte proliferation. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:268-276. [PMID: 28701866 PMCID: PMC5489749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UV-B-exposed keratinocytes secrete various paracrine factors. Among these factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates the proliferation of melanocytes. Ginsenosides, the major active compounds of ginseng, are known to have broad pharmacological effects. In this study, we examined the antiproliferative effects of ginsenosides on bFGF-induced melanocyte proliferation. METHODS We investigated the inhibitory effects of Korean Red Ginseng and ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on bFGF-induced proliferation of melan-a melanocytes. RESULTS When melan-a melanocytes were treated with UV-B-irradiated SP-1 keratinocytes media, cell proliferation increased. This increased proliferation of melanocytes decreased with a neutralizing anti-bFGF antibody. To elucidate the effects of ginsenosides on melanocyte proliferation induced by bFGF, we tested 15 types of ginsenoside compounds. Among them, Rh3, Rh1, F1, and CK demonstrated antiproliferative effects on bFGF-induced melanocyte proliferation after 72 h of treatment. bFGF stimulated cell proliferation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in various cell types. Western blot analysis found bFGF-induced ERK phosphorylation in melan-a. Treatment with Rh3 inhibited bFGF-induced maximum ERK phosphorylation and F1-delayed maximum ERK phosphorylation, whereas Rh1 and CK had no detectable effects. In addition, cotreatment with Rh3 and F1 significantly suppressed bFGF-induced ERK phosphorylation. Western blot analysis found that bFGF increased microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) protein levels in melan-a. Treatment with Rh3 or F1 had no detectable effects, whereas cotreatment with Rh3 and F1 inhibited bFGF-induced MITF expression levels more strongly than a single treatment. CONCLUSION In summary, we found that ginsenosides Rh3 and F1 have a synergistic antiproliferative effect on bFGF-induced melan-a melanocyte proliferation via the inhibition of ERK-mediated upregulation of MITF.
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Zhou P, Hao Z, Wang X, Gao J, Li D, Xie S, Zhang TC. UV Irradiation Triggers Cylindromatosis Translocation, Modification, and Degradation in a Proteasome-Independent Manner. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 35:140-5. [PMID: 26717101 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor, cylindromatosis (CYLD), is a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling by removing lysine 63-linked ubiquitin chains from multiple NF-κB signaling components, including TRAF2, TRAF6, and NEMO. How CYLD itself is regulated, however, remains yet to be characterized. In this study, we present the first evidence that UV irradiation is able to induce CYLD translocation from the cytoplasm to microtubules and that the cytoskeleton-associated CYLD is subject to posttranslational modification and degradation in a proteasome-independent manner. By immunostaining, we found that CYLD displayed microtubule-like filament localization under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Further studies revealed that the cytoskeleton-associated CYLD underwent posttranslational modification, which in turn contributed to CYLD degradation in an unknown manner, distinct from proteasome-mediated degradation under normal conditions. Collectively, our data suggest that UV-induced CYLD degradation might serve as an underlying mechanism for UV-induced NF-κB pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- 1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Ziwei Hao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Xincheng Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Jinmin Gao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin, China .,3 Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
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