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Thomson AR, Hwa H, Pasanta D, Hopwood B, Powell HJ, Lawrence R, Tabuenca ZG, Arichi T, Edden RAE, Chai X, Puts NA. The developmental trajectory of 1H-MRS brain metabolites from childhood to adulthood. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae046. [PMID: 38430105 PMCID: PMC10908220 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brain development is ongoing throughout childhood, with for example, myelination of nerve fibers and refinement of synaptic connections continuing until early adulthood. 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used to quantify the concentrations of endogenous metabolites (e.g. glutamate and γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA)) in the human brain in vivo and so can provide valuable, tractable insight into the biochemical processes that support postnatal neurodevelopment. This can feasibly provide new insight into and aid the management of neurodevelopmental disorders by providing chemical markers of atypical development. This study aims to characterize the normative developmental trajectory of various brain metabolites, as measured by 1H-MRS from a midline posterior parietal voxel. We find significant non-linear trajectories for GABA+ (GABA plus macromolecules), Glx (glutamate + glutamine), total choline (tCho) and total creatine (tCr) concentrations. Glx and GABA+ concentrations steeply decrease across childhood, with more stable trajectories across early adulthood. tCr and tCho concentrations increase from childhood to early adulthood. Total N-acetyl aspartate (tNAA) and Myo-Inositol (mI) concentrations are relatively stable across development. Trajectories likely reflect fundamental neurodevelopmental processes (including local circuit refinement) which occur from childhood to early adulthood and can be associated with cognitive development; we find GABA+ concentrations significantly positively correlate with recognition memory scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Thomson
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Hwa
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Duanghathai Pasanta
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Hopwood
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Powell
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Lawrence
- Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 1629 Thames Street Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Zeus G Tabuenca
- Department of Statistical Methods, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, 1st Floor, South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Xiaoqian Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, QC H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Nicolaas A Puts
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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Dora K, Tsukamoto H, Suga T, Tomoo K, Suzuki A, Adachi Y, Takeshita M, Kato Y, Kawasaki M, Sato W, Imaizumi A, Karakawa S, Uchida H, Hashimoto T. Essential amino acid supplements ingestion has a positive effect on executive function after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22644. [PMID: 38114553 PMCID: PMC10730626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise acutely improves cognitive function (e.g., executive function (EF); memory recognition (MR)) and increases circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) ingestion acutely shortens the choice reaction time and increases brain BDNF. We examined whether the ingestion of essential amino acid (EAA) supplements (mainly composed of BCAA) would positively impact on cognitive function and circulating BDNF after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Twenty-two healthy young men received either an EAA supplements or the placebo (PL) 30 min before undergoing aerobic exercise. The participants performed a cycling exercise at 60% of peak oxygen uptake for 30 min. EF after aerobic exercise was better after the EAA treatment than after the PL treatment (P = 0.02). MR (P = 0.38 for response accuracy; P = 0.15 for reaction time) and circulating BDNF (P = 0.59) were not altered by EAA supplements. EF improvement was correlated with increases in some amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, phenylalanine; all Ps < 0.05) that are potential substrates for synthesizing neurotransmitters in the brain. These results suggest that EAA supplements ingestion had a positive effect on EF after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, while MR and BDNF were not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Dora
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Keigo Tomoo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Asuka Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takeshita
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kato
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Kawasaki
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Sato
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Imaizumi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sachise Karakawa
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Uchida
- Sports Nutrition Department, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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3
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Wang D, Gao Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Du X, Li X, Zhang Y, Liu S, Xu Y. Plasma metabolomics and network pharmacology identified glutamate, glutamine, and arginine as biomarkers of depression under Shuganjieyu capsule treatment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 232:115419. [PMID: 37146496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a psychiatric disorder and confers an enormous burden on society. Mild to moderate forms of depression (MMD) are particularly common. Our previous studies showed that the Shuganjieyu (SGJY) capsule might improve depressive and cognitive symptoms in patients with MMD. However, biomarkers evaluating the efficacy of SGJY and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to discover efficacy biomarkers and explore the underlying mechanisms of SGJY as antidepression treatment. Twenty-three patients with MMD were recruited and administered with SGJY for 8 weeks. Results showed that the content of 19 metabolites changed significantly in the plasma of patients with MMD, among which 8 metabolites improved significantly after SGJY treatment. Network pharmacology analysis showed that 19 active compounds, 102 potential targets, and 73 enzymes were related to the mechanistic action of SGJY. Through a comprehensive analysis, we identified four hub enzymes (GLS2, GLS, GLUL, and ADC), three key differential metabolites (glutamine, glutamate, and arginine), and two shared pathways (alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and arginine biosynthesis). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that the three metabolites had a high diagnostic ability. The expression of hub enzymes was validated using RT-qPCR in animal models. Overall, glutamate, glutamine, and arginine may be potential biomarkers for evaluating the efficacy of SGJY. The present study provides a new strategy for pharmacodynamic evaluation and mechanistic study of SGJY, and offers new information for clinical practice and treatment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, 030000 Taiyuan, China; Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaojun Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, 030000 Taiyuan, China; Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinzhe Du
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, 030000 Taiyuan, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030032 Taiyuan, China; Department of Psychiatry, First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, China.
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Guerrero-Molina MP, Morales-Conejo M, Delmiro A, Morán M, Domínguez-González C, Arranz-Canales E, Ramos-González A, Arenas J, Martín MA, de la Aleja JG. High-dose oral glutamine supplementation reduces elevated glutamate levels in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:538-547. [PMID: 36334048 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations. There are no disease-modifying therapies, and treatment remains mainly supportive. It has been shown previously that patients with MELAS syndrome have significantly increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate and significantly decreased CSF glutamine levels compared to controls. Glutamine has many metabolic fates in neurons and astrocytes, and the glutamate-glutamine cycle couples with many metabolic pathways depending on cellular requirements. The aim was to compare CSF glutamate and glutamine levels before and after dietary glutamine supplementation. It is postulated that high-dose oral glutamine supplementation could reduce the increase in glutamate levels. METHOD This open-label, single-cohort study determined the safety and changes in glutamate and glutamine levels in CSF after 12 weeks of oral glutamine supplementation. RESULTS Nine adult patients with MELAS syndrome (66.7% females, mean age 35.8 ± 3.2 years) were included. After glutamine supplementation, CSF glutamate levels were significantly reduced (9.77 ± 1.21 vs. 18.48 ± 1.34 μmol/l, p < 0.001) and CSF glutamine levels were significantly increased (433.66 ± 15.31 vs. 336.31 ± 12.92 μmol/l, p = 0.002). A side effect observed in four of nine patients was a mild sensation of satiety. One patient developed mild and transient elevation of transaminases, and another patient was admitted for an epileptic status without stroke-like episode. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that high-dose oral glutamine supplementation significantly reduces CSF glutamate and increases CSF glutamine levels in patients with MELAS syndrome. These findings may have potential therapeutic implications in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04948138. Initial release 24 June 2021, first patient enrolled 1 July 2021. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04948138.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Montserrat Morales-Conejo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- National Reference Center for Congenital Errors of Metabolism (CSUR) and European Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disease (MetabERN), University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Delmiro
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Morán
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Neurology Department, Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Arranz-Canales
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- National Reference Center for Congenital Errors of Metabolism (CSUR) and European Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disease (MetabERN), University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Arenas
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute ('imas12'), University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús González de la Aleja
- National Reference Center for Congenital Errors of Metabolism (CSUR) and European Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disease (MetabERN), University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Neurology Department, Epilepsy Unit, University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Liu X, Han Y, Zhou S, Tian J, Qin X, Ji C, Zhao W, Chen A. Serum metabolomic responses to aerobic exercise in rats under chronic unpredictable mild stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4888. [PMID: 35318439 PMCID: PMC8941184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of aerobic exercise on endogenous serum metabolites in response to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) using a rat model, aiming to identify the metabolic regulatory pathways involved in the antidepressant effect resulted from a 28-day treadmill aerobic exercise intervention. The animals were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): normal control, normal with aerobic exercise, CUMS control, and CUMS with aerobic exercise. Body weight, sucrose preference and open field tests were performed weekly during the intervention period for changes in depressant symptoms. Serum metabolic profiles obtained by using the LC-MS/MS metabolomics were analyzed to explore the regulatory mechanism for the effect of the aerobic exercise on depression. Behavior tests showed that the aerobic exercise resulted in a significant improvement in depression-like behavior in the CUMS rats. A total of 21 differential metabolites were identified as being associated with depression in serum metabolic profile, of which the aerobic exercise significantly modulated 15, mainly related to amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. Collectively, this is the first study that LC-MS/MS techniques were used to reveal the modulatory effects of aerobic exercise on the serum metabolic profile of depressed rats and the findings further enriched our understanding of potential mechanisms of aerobic exercise interventions on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yumei Han
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Shi Zhou
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
| | - Junsheng Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Cui Ji
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Weidi Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Anping Chen
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
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Radford-Smith DE, Patel PJ, Irvine KM, Russell A, Siskind D, Anthony DC, Powell EE, Probert F. Depressive symptoms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are identified by perturbed lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261555. [PMID: 34990473 PMCID: PMC8735618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and depression are common disorders and have bidirectional contributing relationships to metabolic syndrome. We aimed to determine whether a fasting serum signature of recent, self-reported depressive symptoms could be identified in a heterogeneous NAFLD cohort using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics integrated with clinical chemistry. Serum nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolite profiles and corresponding clinical chemistry were compared between patients with depressive symptoms in the last 12-months (n = 81) and patients without recent depressive symptoms (n = 137 controls) using multivariate statistics. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of the biochemical and metabolomic data identified NAFLD patients with recent depression with a cross-validated accuracy of 61.5%, independent of age, sex, medication, and other comorbidities. This led to the development of a diagnostic algorithm with AUC 0.83 for future testing in larger clinical cohorts. Serum triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol, and the inflammatory biomarker GlycA were key metabolites increased in patients with recent depressive symptoms, while serum glutamine level was reduced. Here, serum NMR metabolite analysis provides a link between disturbed lipid metabolism, inflammation, and active mental health issues in NAFLD, irrespective of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Radford-Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Preya J. Patel
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M. Irvine
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Mater Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony Russell
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dan Siskind
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth E. Powell
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fay Probert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Dhami M, Raj K, Singh S. Neuroprotective Effect of Fucoxanthin against Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) Induced Cognitive Impairment in Experimental Rats. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:623-637. [PMID: 34792011 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211118144602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of memory and cognitive functions caused by oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, change in neurotransmitter levels, and excessive deposition of Aβ(1-42) plaques. Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective actions. OBJECTIVE In the present study, fucoxanthin was employed as a protective strategy in Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) induced experimental model of cognitive impairment. METHODS STZ was injected twice ICV (3 mg/kg) on alternate days 1 and 3, and Wistar rats were evaluated for the memory analysis using Morris water maze and elevated plus-maze. Fucoxanthin at low 50 mg/kg, p.o. and high dose 100 mg/kg, p.o. was administered for 14 days. All animals were sacrificed on day 29, and brain hippocampus tissue after isolation was used for biochemical (MDA, nitrite, GSH, SOD and Catalase), neuroinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), neurotransmitters (ACh, GABA Glutamate), Aβ(1-42) and Tau protein measurements. RESULTS STZ-infused rats showed significant impairment in learning and memory, increased oxidative stress (MDA, nitrite), reduced antioxidant defense (GSH, SOD and Catalase), promoted cytokine release, and change in neurotransmitters level. However, fucoxanthin improved cognitive functions, restored antioxidant levels, reduced inflammatory markers dose-dependently, and restored neurotransmitters concentration. CONCLUSION The finding of the current study suggests that fucoxanthin could be the promising compound for improving cognitive functions through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective mechanisms, and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activities, Aβ(1-42) accumulation, and tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadev Dhami
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Khadga Raj
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
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8
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Pu J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Tian L, Gui S, Yu Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Yang L, Ran Y, Zhong X, Xu S, Song X, Liu L, Zheng P, Wang H, Xie P. An integrated meta-analysis of peripheral blood metabolites and biological functions in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4265-4276. [PMID: 31959849 PMCID: PMC8550972 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental illness, characterized by high morbidity, which has increased in recent decades. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MDD remain unclear. Previous studies have identified altered metabolic profiles in peripheral tissues associated with MDD. Using curated metabolic characterization data from a large sample of MDD patients, we meta-analyzed the results of metabolites in peripheral blood. Pathway and network analyses were then performed to elucidate the biological themes within these altered metabolites. We identified 23 differentially expressed metabolites between MDD patients and controls from 46 studies. MDD patients were characterized by higher levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, tyramine, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, phosphatidylcholine (32:1), and taurochenodesoxycholic acid and lower levels of L-acetylcarnitine, creatinine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, linoleic acid, pyruvic acid, palmitoleic acid, L-serine, oleic acid, myo-inositol, dodecanoic acid, L-methionine, hypoxanthine, palmitic acid, L-tryptophan, kynurenic acid, taurine, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D compared with controls. L-tryptophan and kynurenic acid were consistently downregulated in MDD patients, regardless of antidepressant exposure. Depression rating scores were negatively associated with decreased levels of L-tryptophan. Pathway and network analyses revealed altered amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism, especially for the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and fatty acid metabolism, in the peripheral system of MDD patients. Taken together, our integrated results revealed that metabolic changes in the peripheral blood were associated with MDD, particularly decreased L-tryptophan and kynurenic acid levels, and alterations in the tryptophan-kynurenine and fatty acid metabolism pathways. Our findings may facilitate biomarker development and the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that underly MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncai Pu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Hanping Zhang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Lu Tian
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Siwen Gui
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yue Yu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901 USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yue Chen
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Lining Yang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yanqin Ran
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Xuemian Song
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Peng Zheng
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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9
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Qureshi T, Sørensen C, Berghuis P, Jensen V, Dobszay MB, Farkas T, Dalen KT, Guo C, Hassel B, Utheim TP, Hvalby Ø, Hafting T, Harkany T, Fyhn M, Chaudhry FA. The Glutamine Transporter Slc38a1 Regulates GABAergic Neurotransmission and Synaptic Plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:5166-5179. [PMID: 31050701 PMCID: PMC6918930 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA signaling sustains fundamental brain functions, from nervous system development to the synchronization of population activity and synaptic plasticity. Despite these pivotal features, molecular determinants underscoring the rapid and cell-autonomous replenishment of the vesicular neurotransmitter GABA and its impact on synaptic plasticity remain elusive. Here, we show that genetic disruption of the glutamine transporter Slc38a1 in mice hampers GABA synthesis, modifies synaptic vesicle morphology in GABAergic presynapses and impairs critical period plasticity. We demonstrate that Slc38a1-mediated glutamine transport regulates vesicular GABA content, induces high-frequency membrane oscillations and shapes cortical processing and plasticity. Taken together, this work shows that Slc38a1 is not merely a transporter accumulating glutamine for metabolic purposes, but a key component regulating several neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Qureshi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Christina Sørensen
- Department of Biosciences, UiO, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Berghuis
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vidar Jensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Marton B Dobszay
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamás Farkas
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Caiying Guo
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital (OUH) and UiO, Norway
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, OUH, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, OUS and UiO, Norway
| | - Øivind Hvalby
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Torkel Hafting
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Farrukh Abbas Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, OUS and UiO, Norway
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10
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Strasser A, Luksys G, Xin L, Pessiglione M, Gruetter R, Sandi C. Glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in the nucleus accumbens predicts effort-based motivated performance in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2048-2057. [PMID: 32688366 PMCID: PMC7547698 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence implicates the nucleus accumbens in motivated performance, but very little is known about the neurochemical underpinnings of individual differences in motivation. Here, we applied 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at ultra-high-field in the nucleus accumbens and inquired whether levels of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), GABA or their ratios predict interindividual differences in effort-based motivated task performance. Given the incentive value of social competition, we also examined differences in performance under self-motivated or competition settings. Our results indicate that higher accumbal Gln-to-Glu ratio predicts better overall performance and reduced effort perception. As performance is the outcome of multiple cognitive, motor and physiological processes, we applied computational modeling to estimate best-fitting individual parameters related to specific processes modeled with utility, effort and performance functions. This model-based analysis revealed that accumbal Gln-to-Glu ratio specifically relates to stamina; i.e., the capacity to maintain performance over long periods. It also indicated that competition boosts performance from task onset, particularly for low Gln-to-Glu individuals. In conclusion, our findings provide novel insights implicating accumbal Gln and Glu balance on the prediction of specific computational components of motivated performance. This approach and findings can help developing therapeutic strategies based on targeting metabolism to ameliorate deficits in effort engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Strasser
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics (LGC), Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gediminas Luksys
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences (CDBS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,ZJU-UoE Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, Haining, China.
| | - Lijing Xin
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- grid.411439.a0000 0001 2150 9058Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Radiology, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics (LGC), Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Markowitz JS, Gurley PC, Gurley BJ. Medical Foods-A Closer Look at the Menu: A Brief Review and Commentary. Clin Ther 2020; 42:1416-1423. [PMID: 32593475 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The notion of a medical food-a foodstuff that, by definition, must be obtained and used while under medical supervision, and regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration, is a source of considerable confusion to the lay public as well as many-if not most-in the health professions community. Such restrictions are more often associated with pharmaceutical agents or medical devices. Additionally, specific regulatory aspects of medical foods are overseen by the US Food and Drug Administration, and these specifics appear to overlap with other foods and dietary supplements in terms of requirements and allowances. Furthermore, these requirements and allowances have changed over time and are likely to continue to evolve via federal regulatory action, or the introduction of newer formulations that defy current categorization. The present review attempts to bring some clarity to the definition of medical foods, to parse out the differences from related products, and to review the terminology surrounding medical foods, other foods, and dietary supplements.l.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Patrick C Gurley
- College of Pharmacy and College of Health Professions, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
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12
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Lian S, Li W, Wang D, Xu B, Guo X, Yang H, Wang J. Effects of prenatal cold stress on maternal serum metabolomics in rats. Life Sci 2020; 246:117432. [PMID: 32061867 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that prenatal cold stress leads to placental inflammatory response and induces anxiety-like behavior reduced in offspring rats. However, the role and mechanisms by which prenatal cold stress affects offspring remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the metabolic profiles from the maternal serum and helpful in understanding the role and mechanisms by which prenatal cold stress affects the offspring. In this study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used to analyze serum metabolites, and PCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA were performed to analyze changes in metabolites in the maternal serum after cold stress of 3 or 7 days. The results showed that 19 metabolites in the CS (cold stress 7 days)-NS (control) group and 23 metabolites in the CT (cold stress 3 days)-NT (control) group were significantly altered. These metabolites were mainly associated with unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, and arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and glutamine and glutamate metabolism. The data indicated that prenatal cold stress not only affected the maternal neuroendocrine system, but also affected the immune system, and lipid and amino acid metabolism. These results further supported the findings of our previous studies on the effects of prenatal cold stress on the mother and offspring. A more comprehensive understanding of these data may lead to maternal intervention that can reverse the damage of prenatal stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Wenjie Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Xueheng Guo
- National Education Examinations Authority, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Huanmin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
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13
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Adams CD. Circulating Glutamine and Alzheimer's Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:185-193. [PMID: 32103921 PMCID: PMC7020919 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s239350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder. Its worldwide prevalence is over 24 million and is expected to double by 2040. Finding ways to prevent its cognitive decline is urgent. METHODS A two-sample Mendelian randomization study was performed instrumenting glutamine, which is abundant in blood, capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, and involved in a metabolic cycle with glutamate in the brain. RESULTS The results reveal a protective effect of circulating glutamine against Alzheimer's disease (inverse-variance weighted method, odds ratio per 1-standard deviation increase in circulating glutamine = 0.83; 95% CI 0.71, 0.97; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION These findings lend credence to the emerging story supporting the modifiability of glutamine/glutamate metabolism for the prevention of cognitive decline. More circulating glutamine might mean that more substrate is available during times of stress, acting as a neuroprotectant. Modifications to exogenous glutamine may be worth exploring in future efforts to prevent and/or treat Alzheimer's disease.
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14
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Selective Upregulation by Theanine of Slc38a1 Expression in Neural Stem Cell for Brain Wellness. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020347. [PMID: 31952134 PMCID: PMC7024158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Theanine is an amino acid abundant in green tea with an amide moiety analogous to glutamine (GLN) rather than glutamic acid (Glu) and GABA, which are both well-known as amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain. Theanine has no polyphenol and flavonoid structures required for an anti-oxidative property as seen with catechins and tannins, which are more enriched in green tea. We have shown marked inhibition by this exogenous amino acid theanine of the uptake of [3H]GLN, but not of [3H]Glu, in rat brain synaptosomes. Beside a ubiquitous role as an endogenous amino acid, GLN has been believed to be a main precursor for the neurotransmitter Glu sequestered in a neurotransmitter pool at glutamatergic neurons in the brain. The GLN transporter solute carrier 38a1 (Slc38a1) plays a crucial role in the incorporation of extracellular GLN for the intracellular conversion to Glu by glutaminase and subsequent sequestration at synaptic vesicles in neurons. However, Slc38a1 is also expressed by undifferentiated neural progenitor cells (NPCs) not featuring a neuronal phenotype. NPCs are derived from a primitive stem cell endowed to proliferate for self-renewal and to commit differentiation to several daughter cell lineages such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In vitro culture with theanine leads to the marked promotion of the generation of new neurons together with selective upregulation of Slc38a1 transcript expression in NPCs. In this review, we will refer to a possible novel neurogenic role of theanine for brain wellness through a molecular mechanism relevant to facilitated neurogenesis with a focus on Slc38a1 expressed by undifferentiated NPCs on the basis of our accumulating findings to date.
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15
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Chan F, Lax NZ, Voss CM, Aldana BI, Whyte S, Jenkins A, Nicholson C, Nichols S, Tilley E, Powell Z, Waagepetersen HS, Davies CH, Turnbull DM, Cunningham MO. The role of astrocytes in seizure generation: insights from a novel in vitro seizure model based on mitochondrial dysfunction. Brain 2019; 142:391-411. [PMID: 30689758 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-quarter of patients with mitochondrial disease experience epilepsy. Their epilepsy is often severe and resistant towards conventional antiepileptic drugs. Despite the severity of this epilepsy, there are currently no animal models available to provide a mechanistic understanding of mitochondrial epilepsy. We conducted neuropathological studies on patients with mitochondrial epilepsy and found the involvement of the astrocytic compartment. As a proof of concept, we developed a novel brain slice model of mitochondrial epilepsy by the application of an astrocytic-specific aconitase inhibitor, fluorocitrate, concomitant with mitochondrial respiratory inhibitors, rotenone and potassium cyanide. The model was robust and exhibited both face and predictive validity. We then used the model to assess the role that astrocytes play in seizure generation and demonstrated the involvement of the GABA-glutamate-glutamine cycle. Notably, glutamine appears to be an important intermediary molecule between the neuronal and astrocytic compartment in the regulation of GABAergic inhibitory tone. Finally, we found that a deficiency in glutamine synthetase is an important pathogenic process for seizure generation in both the brain slice model and the human neuropathological study. Our study describes the first model for mitochondrial epilepsy and provides a mechanistic insight into how astrocytes drive seizure generation in mitochondrial epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nichola Z Lax
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Caroline Marie Voss
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuna Whyte
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alistair Jenkins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Claire Nicholson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sophie Nichols
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elizabeth Tilley
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zoe Powell
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ceri H Davies
- Neural Pathways DPU, GSK, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark O Cunningham
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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16
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de Vasconcelos DAA, Giesbertz P, de Souza DR, Vitzel KF, Abreu P, Marzuca-Nassr GN, Fortes MAS, Murata GM, Hirabara SM, Curi R, Daniel H, Pithon-Curi TC. Oral L-glutamine pretreatment attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy induced by 24-h fasting in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 70:202-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Tian JS, Meng Y, Wu YF, Zhao L, Xiang H, Jia JP, Qin XM. A novel insight into the underlying mechanism of Baihe Dihuang Tang improving the state of psychological suboptimal health subjects obtained from plasma metabolic profiles and network analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 169:99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Bai YX, Fang F, Jiang JL, Xu F. Extrinsic Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Inhibits Hyperoxia-Induced Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production by Enhancing Notch 1 and Homocysteine-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein (HERP) Expression. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5774-5782. [PMID: 29206808 PMCID: PMC5728081 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung alveolar epithelial type II cells (AEC II) are the most important stem cells in lung tissues, which are critical for wound repair of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This study investigated the effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on AEC II cells exposed to hyperoxia. Material/Methods Neonatal rat AEC II cells were isolated and identified by detecting surfactant protein C (SP-C). Three small interfering RNAs targeting Notch 1 were synthesized and transfected into AEC II. A hyperoxia-exposed AEC II cell injury model was established and was divided into 8 groups. MDA levels and SOD activity were examined using lipid peroxidation assay kits. Apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated using flow cytometry. Notch 1 mRNA expression was examined using RT-PCR. Homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum protein (HERP) was examined using Western blot analysis. Results CGRP treatment significantly enhanced MDA levels and decreased SOD activity compared to hyperoxia-treated AEC II cells (P<0.05). CGRP treatment significantly inhibited hyperoxia-induced AEC II cell apoptosis, and significantly suppressed hyperoxia-induced ROS production compared to hyperoxia-treated AEC II cells (P<0.05) either undergoing γ secretase inhibitor or Notch RNA interference. CGRP significantly triggered Notch 1 mRNA expression and significantly enhanced HERP expression compared to hyperoxia-treated AEC II cells (P<0.05) either undergoing γ secretase inhibitor or Notch RNA interference. Conclusions In AEC II cells, extrinsic peptide CGRP suppressed hyperoxia-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and ROS production, which may be triggered by Notch 1 and HERP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Bai
- Department of Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Jia-Ling Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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19
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Glutamine triggers long-lasting increase in striatal network activity in vitro. Exp Neurol 2017; 290:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Neonatal l-glutamine modulates anxiety-like behavior, cortical spreading depression, and microglial immunoreactivity: analysis in developing rats suckled on normal size- and large size litters. Amino Acids 2016; 49:337-346. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Singh S, Kumar P. Neuroprotective potential of curcumin in combination with piperine against 6-hydroxy dopamine induced motor deficit and neurochemical alterations in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 25:69-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Di Lorenzo A, Nabavi SF, Sureda A, Moghaddam AH, Khanjani S, Arcidiaco P, Nabavi SM, Daglia M. Antidepressive-like effects and antioxidant activity of green tea and GABA green tea in a mouse model of post-stroke depression. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:566-79. [PMID: 26626862 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a role in the development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and some psychiatric disorders. Tea consumption exerts beneficial effects against damage induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in ischemic stroke and depressive symptoms in depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vivo, the protective activity of green tea (GT) and GABA green tea (GGT) against post-stroke depression (PSD), a common consequence of stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS The antidepressive-like effects of GT and GGT were determined by behavioral tests in a mouse model of post-stroke depression. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by GSH, SOD, and TBARS measurements on mouse brain. The chemical composition of tea extracts was characterized through chromatographic methods. GGT and GT resulted active in the modulation of depressive symptoms and the reduction of oxidative stress, restoring normal behavior, and at least in part, antioxidant endogenous defenses. The higher polyphenol, theanine, glutamine, and caffeine content may justify the higher activity found in GGT. CONCLUSIONS This work represents the first attempt to demonstrate the positive effect of tea, and especially GGT, on post-stroke depression and to correlate this effect with the antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Di Lorenzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Pavia University, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Grup de Nutrició Comunitària i Estrès Oxidatiu (IUNICS) and CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Sedigheh Khanjani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Pavia University, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
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Rozas NS, Redell JB, Pita-Almenar JD, Mckenna J, Moore AN, Gambello MJ, Dash PK. Intrahippocampal glutamine administration inhibits mTORC1 signaling and impairs long-term memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:239-46. [PMID: 25878136 PMCID: PMC4408772 DOI: 10.1101/lm.038265.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1), a key regulator of protein synthesis and cellular growth, is also required for long-term memory formation. Stimulation of mTORC1 signaling is known to be dependent on the availability of energy and growth factors, as well as the presence of amino acids. In vitro studies using serum- and amino acid-starved cells have reported that glutamine addition can either stimulate or repress mTORC1 activity, depending on the particular experimental system that was used. However, these experiments do not directly address the effect of glutamine on mTORC1 activity under physiological conditions in nondeprived cells in vivo. We present experimental results indicating that intrahippocampal administration of glutamine to rats reduces mTORC1 activity. Moreover, post-training administration of glutamine impairs long-term spatial memory formation, while coadministration of glutamine with leucine had no influence on memory. Intracellular recordings in hippocampal slices showed that glutamine did not alter either excitatory or inhibitory synaptic activity, suggesting that the observed memory impairments may not result from conversion of glutamine to either glutamate or GABA. Taken together, these findings indicate that glutamine can decrease mTORC1 activity in the brain and may have implications for treatments of neurological diseases associated with high mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Rozas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - John B Redell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Juan D Pita-Almenar
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - James Mckenna
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Anthony N Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Michael J Gambello
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
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Abd Allah ESH, Gomaa AMS, Sayed MM. The effect of omega-3 on cognition in hypothyroid adult male rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:362-76. [PMID: 25183510 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.101.2014.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones and omega-3 are essential for normal brain functions. Recent studies have suggested that omega-3 may protect against the risk of dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hypothyroidism on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats, the underlying mechanisms and the possible therapeutic value of omega-3 supplementation. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups; control, hypothyroid and omega-3 treated. Hypothyroidism induced significant deficits in working and reference memories in radial arm maze, retention deficits in passive avoidance test and impaired intermediate and long-term memories in novel object recognition test. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hippocampal serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were decreased in the hypothyroid group as compared to the control group. Moreover, the hippocampus of hypothyroid rats showed marked structural changes as diffuse vacuolar degeneration and distortion of the pyramidal cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Cav1.2 (the voltage dependent LTCC alpha 1c subunit) protein was increased in the hypothyroid group as compared to the control group. Omega-3 supplementation ameliorated memory deficits, increased TAC, decreased the structural changes and decreased the expression of Cav1.2 protein. In conclusion omega-3 could be useful as a neuroprotective agent against hypothyroidism-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman S H Abd Allah
- Assiut University Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Assiut Egypt
| | - Asmaa M S Gomaa
- Assiut University Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Assiut Egypt
| | - Manal M Sayed
- Assiut University Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine Assiut Egypt
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Docosahexaenoic acid intake ameliorates ketamine-induced impairment of spatial cognition and learning ability in ICR mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:125-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The potential biomarker panels for identification of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients with and without early life stress (ELS) by metabonomic analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97479. [PMID: 24870353 PMCID: PMC4037179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The lack of the disease biomarker to support objective laboratory tests still constitutes a bottleneck in the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of major depressive disorder (MDD) and its subtypes. We used metabonomic techniques to screen the diagnostic biomarker panels from the plasma of MDD patients with and without early life stress (ELS) experience. Methods Plasma samples were collected from 25 healthy adults and 46 patients with MDD, including 23 patients with ELS and 23 patients without ELS. Furthermore, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the differences in global plasma metabolites among the 3 groups. Results The distinctive metabolic profiles exist either between healthy subjects and MDD patients or between the MDD patients with ELS experience (ELS/MDD patients) and the MDD patients without it (non-ELS/MDD patients), and some diagnostic panels of feature metabolites' combination have higher predictive potential than the diagnostic panels of differential metabolites. Conclusions These findings in this study have high potential of being used as novel laboratory diagnostic tool for MDD patients and it with ELS or not in clinical application.
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Zhang QY, Fu JH, Xue XD. Expression and function of aquaporin-1 in hyperoxia-exposed alveolar epithelial type II cells. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:493-498. [PMID: 25009607 PMCID: PMC4079425 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate water transport dysfunction in alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECII), which were exposed to hyperoxia, and to investigate the mechanism of pulmonary edema resulting from hyperoxic lung injury. The lung cells of newborn rats were isolated for primary cell culture and divided into control and experimental groups. The control and experimental group cells were placed into a normoxic incubator (oxygen volume fraction, 0.21) or hyperoxic incubator (oxygen volume fraction, 0.9), respectively. Twenty-four, 48 and 72 h after cell attachment, the gene transcription and protein expression levels of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) were detected via quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Flow cytometry was conducted to detect the volume of the cells in the experimental and control groups. In the present study, it was identified that AQP1 expression and cell volume were greater in the experimental group when compared with the control group. Thus, hyperoxia may disturb the gene expression regulation of AQP1 in AECII, resulting in water transport dysfunction. This may be one of the mechanisms underlying pulmonary edema caused by hyperoxic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China ; Pediatrics Intensive Care Units, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Dong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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A nutrient combination that can affect synapse formation. Nutrients 2014; 6:1701-10. [PMID: 24763080 PMCID: PMC4011061 DOI: 10.3390/nu6041701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain neurons form synapses throughout the life span. This process is initiated by neuronal depolarization, however the numbers of synapses thus formed depend on brain levels of three key nutrients-uridine, the omega-3 fatty acid DHA, and choline. Given together, these nutrients accelerate formation of synaptic membrane, the major component of synapses. In infants, when synaptogenesis is maximal, relatively large amounts of all three nutrients are provided in bioavailable forms (e.g., uridine in the UMP of mothers' milk and infant formulas). However, in adults the uridine in foods, mostly present at RNA, is not bioavailable, and no food has ever been compelling demonstrated to elevate plasma uridine levels. Moreover, the quantities of DHA and choline in regular foods can be insufficient for raising their blood levels enough to promote optimal synaptogenesis. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) the need for extra quantities of the three nutrients is enhanced, both because their basal plasma levels may be subnormal (reflecting impaired hepatic synthesis), and because especially high brain levels are needed for correcting the disease-related deficiencies in synaptic membrane and synapses.
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Pierre JF, Heneghan AF, Lawson CM, Wischmeyer PE, Kozar RA, Kudsk KA. Pharmaconutrition Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37:51S-65S. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607113493326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Pierre
- Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Aaron F. Heneghan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Christy M. Lawson
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville
| | | | - Rosemary A. Kozar
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas–Houston Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Kenneth A. Kudsk
- Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Heneghan AF, Pierre JF, Tandee K, Shanmuganayagam D, Wang X, Reed JD, Steele JL, Kudsk KA. Parenteral nutrition decreases paneth cell function and intestinal bactericidal activity while increasing susceptibility to bacterial enteroinvasion. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 38:817-824. [PMID: 23894173 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113497514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parenteral nutrition (PN) increases the risk of infection in patients with contraindication to enteral feeding. Paneth cells produce and secrete antimicrobial products that protect the mucosa from pathogens. Their loss is associated with increased host-pathogen interactions, mucosal inflammation, and altered microbiome composition. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that PN reduces Paneth cell product expression, and these changes would reduce bactericidal properties of tissue secretions following cholinergic stimulation, increase mucosal enteroinvasion, and shift the intestinal microbiome. METHOD Experiment 1: Male ICR mice were randomized to Chow (n = 8) or PN (n = 8). Ileum tissue was collected for Paneth cell antimicrobial expression using RT-PCR, stimulated with a cholinergic agonist degranulate Paneth cells bactericidal activity, or used to assess bacterial enteroinvasion in EVISC. Experiment 2: Mice were randomized to Chow (n = 11) or PN (n = 8) and ileum washing was collected for 16s pyrosequencing analysis. RESULTS Compared to Chow, PN decreased tissue expression of REGIII-g (p < 0.002), lysozyme (p < 0.002), and cryptdin-4 (p < 0.03). At the phylum level, PN decreased total Firmicutes but increased total Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Functionally, secretions from PN tissue was less bactericidal (p < 0.03) and demonstrated increased susceptibility to enteroinvasion by E coli (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION PN without enteral nutrition impairs innate mucosal immune function. Tissue expression of Paneth cell antimicrobial proteins decreases associated with compositional shifts to the microbiome, decreased bactericidal activity of mucosal secretions and greater susceptibility of to enteroinvasion by E coli. These changes may explain in-part the increased risk of infection in parenterally fed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Heneghan
- Surgical Service of the William S. Middleton Veteran Memorial Hospital, Madison WI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Surgical Service of the William S. Middleton Veteran Memorial Hospital, Madison WI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kanokwan Tandee
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Xinying Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Surgery, Nanjing University, Jinling hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jess D Reed
- Reed Research Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin -Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - James L Steele
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kenneth A Kudsk
- Surgical Service of the William S. Middleton Veteran Memorial Hospital, Madison WI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Fliegel S, Brand I, Spanagel R, Noori HR. Ethanol-induced alterations of amino acids measured by in vivo microdialysis in rats: a meta-analysis. In Silico Pharmacol 2013; 1:7. [PMID: 25505652 PMCID: PMC4230485 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years in vivo microdialysis has become an important method in research studies investigating the alterations of neurotransmitters in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Based on the major involvement of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mediating a variety of alcohol effects in the mammalian brain, numerous microdialysis studies have focused on the dynamical behavior of these systems in response to alcohol. METHODS Here we performed multiple meta-analyses on published datasets from the rat brain: (i) we studied basal extracellular concentrations of glutamate and GABA in brain regions that belong to a neurocircuitry involved in neuropsychiatric diseases, especially in alcoholism (Noori et al., Addict Biol 17:827-864, 2012); (ii) we examined the effect of acute ethanol administration on glutamate and GABA levels within this network and (iii) we studied alcohol withdrawal-induced alterations in glutamate and GABA levels within this neurocircuitry. RESULTS For extraction of basal concentrations of these neurotransmitters, datasets of 6932 rats were analyzed and the absolute basal glutamate and GABA levels were estimated for 18 different brain sites. In response to different doses of acute ethanol administration, datasets of 529 rats were analyzed and a non-linear dose response (glutamate and GABA release) relationship was observed in several brain sites. Specifically, glutamate in the nucleus accumbens shows a decreasing logarithmic dose response curve. Finally, regression analysis of 11 published reports employing brain microdialysis experiments in 104 alcohol-dependent rats reveals very consistent augmented extracellular glutamate and GABA levels in various brain sites that correlate with the intensity of the withdrawal response were identified. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results provide standardized basal values for future experimental and in silico studies on neurotransmitter release in the rat brain and may be helpful to understand the effect of ethanol on neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, this study illustrates the benefit of meta-analyses using the generalization of a wide range of preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fliegel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ines Brand
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hamid R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Disruption of striatal glutamatergic/GABAergic homeostasis following acute methamphetamine in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:522-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hu WW, Fang Q, Xu ZH, Yan HJ, He P, Zhong K, Fan YY, Yang Y, Zhang XN, Zhang CY, Ohtsu H, Xu TL, Chen Z. Chronic h1-antihistamine treatment increases seizure susceptibility after withdrawal by impairing glutamine synthetase. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:683-90. [PMID: 22742831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of chronic H1-antihistamine treatment on seizure susceptibility after drug withdrawal in nonepileptic rats and to further study its relation to glutamine synthetase (GS), which is the key enzyme for glutamate metabolism and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis. METHODS After drug withdrawal from a 2-week treatment with diphenhydramine or pyrilamine, seizure susceptibility was determined by amygdaloid kindling or pentylenetetrazol model; meanwhile, the GS expression or activity was analyzed. The glutamine, glutamate, and GABA contents were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Seizure susceptibility significantly increased in amygdaloid kindling and pentylenetetrazol model 10 days after drug withdrawal from a 2-week treatment with H1-antihistamines. Meanwhile, GS activity and expression in the cortex or hippocampus decreased simultaneously with a marked decline of glutamine and GABA content. Comparable inhibition of GS activity by methionine sulfoximine was also sufficient to increase the susceptibility, while supplementation with glutamine reversed the high susceptibility 10 days after diphenhydramine withdrawal. Moreover, the seizure susceptibility increased 10 days after diphenhydramine withdrawal in wild-type mice but not in histidine decarboxylase knockout mice, which lack histamine. CONCLUSIONS Chronic H1-antihistamine treatment produces long-lasting increase in seizure susceptibility in nonepileptic rodents after drug withdrawal and its mechanism involves impairment of GS through blocking the action of histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Aizawa S, Sakai T, Sakata I. Glutamine and glutamic acid enhance thyroid-stimulating hormone β subunit mRNA expression in the rat pars tuberalis. J Endocrinol 2012; 212:383-94. [PMID: 22219301 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing cells of the pars tuberalis (PT) display distinct characteristics that differ from those of the pars distalis (PD). The mRNA expression of TSHβ and αGSU in PT has a circadian rhythm and is inhibited by melatonin via melatonin receptor type 1; however, the detailed regulatory mechanism for TSHβ expression in the PT remains unclear. To identify the factors that affect PT, a microarray analysis was performed on laser-captured PT tissue to screen for genes coding for receptors that are abundantly expressed in the PT. In the PT, we found high expression of the KA2, which is an ionotropic glutamic acid receptor (iGluR). In addition, the amino acid transporter A2 (ATA2), also known as the glutamine transporter, and glutaminase (GLS), as well as GLS2, were highly expressed in the PT compared to the PD. We examined the effects of glutamine and glutamic acid on TSHβ expression and αGSU expression in PT slice cultures. l-Glutamine and l-glutamic acid significantly stimulated TSHβ expression in PT slices after 2- and 4-h treatments, and the effect of l-glutamic acid was stronger than that of l-glutamine. In contrast, treatment with glutamine and glutamic acid did not affect αGSU expression in the PT or the expression of TSHβ or αGSU in the PD. These results strongly suggest that glutamine is taken up by PT cells through ATA2 and that glutamic acid locally converted from glutamine by Gls induces TSHβ expression via the KA2 in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner in the PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Aizawa
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Zheng P, Gao HC, Li Q, Shao WH, Zhang ML, Cheng K, Yang DY, Fan SH, Chen L, Fang L, Xie P. Plasma metabonomics as a novel diagnostic approach for major depressive disorder. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:1741-8. [PMID: 22239730 DOI: 10.1021/pr2010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a socially detrimental psychiatric disorder, contributing to increased healthcare expenditures and suicide rates. However, no empirical laboratory-based tests are available to support the diagnosis of MDD. In this study, a NMR-based plasma metabonomic method for the diagnosis of MDD was tested. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectra of plasma sampled from first-episode drug-naı̈ve depressed patients (n = 58) and healthy controls (n = 42) were recorded and analyzed by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The OPLS-DA score plots of the spectra demonstrated that the depressed patient group was significantly distinguishable from the healthy control group. Moreover, the method accurately diagnosed blinded samples (n = 26) in an independent replication cohort with a sensitivity and specificity of 92.8% and 83.3%, respectively. Taken together, NMR-based plasma metabonomics may offer an accurate empirical laboratory-based method applicable to the diagnosis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is found abundantly in the central nervous system (CNS) where it participates in a variety of metabolic pathways. Its major role in the brain is that of a precursor of the neurotransmitter amino acids: the excitatory amino acids, glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp), and the inhibitory amino acid, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). The precursor-product relationship between Gln and Glu/GABA in the brain relates to the intercellular compartmentalization of the Gln/Glu(GABA) cycle (GGC). Gln is synthesized from Glu and ammonia in astrocytes, in a reaction catalyzed by Gln synthetase (GS), which, in the CNS, is almost exclusively located in astrocytes (Martinez-Hernandez et al., 1977). Newly synthesized Gln is transferred to neurons and hydrolyzed by phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) to give rise to Glu, a portion of which may be decarboxylated to GABA or transaminated to Asp. There is a rich body of evidence which indicates that a significant proportion of the Glu, Asp and GABA derived from Gln feed the synaptic, neurotransmitter pools of the amino acids. Depolarization-induced-, calcium- and PAG activity-dependent releases of Gln-derived Glu, GABA and Asp have been observed in CNS preparations in vitro and in the brain in situ. Immunocytochemical studies in brain slices have documented Gln transfer from astrocytes to neurons as well as the location of Gln-derived Glu, GABA and Asp in the synaptic terminals. Patch-clamp studies in brain slices and astrocyte/neuron co-cultures have provided functional evidence that uninterrupted Gln synthesis in astrocytes and its transport to neurons, as mediated by specific carriers, promotes glutamatergic and GABA-ergic transmission. Gln entry into the neuronal compartment is facilitated by its abundance in the extracellular spaces relative to other amino acids. Gln also appears to affect neurotransmission directly by interacting with the NMDA class of Glu receptors. Transmission may also be modulated by alterations in cell membrane polarity related to the electrogenic nature of Gln transport or to uncoupled ion conductances in the neuronal or glial cell membranes elicited by Gln transporters. In addition, Gln appears to modulate the synthesis of the gaseous messenger, nitric oxide (NO), by controlling the supply to the cells of its precursor, arginine. Disturbances of Gln metabolism and/or transport contribute to changes in Glu-ergic or GABA-ergic transmission associated with different pathological conditions of the brain, which are best recognized in epilepsy, hepatic encephalopathy and manganese encephalopathy.
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Wurtman RJ. Non-nutritional uses of nutrients. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S10-5. [PMID: 21816139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients are generally conceived as dietary substances which the body requires more-or-less continuously, within a particular dosage range, to protect against developing the characteristic syndromes that occur when they are deficient. However some nutrients - when given apart from their usual food sources or at higher doses than those obtained from the diet - can also exercise pharmacologic effects, particularly on the CNS. Some, like folic acid, can promote neuronal development; others, like the neurotransmitter precursors tryptophan, choline, and histidine, can modulate the rates at which their products are synthesized; yet others, like uridine and omega-3 fatty acids, can increase the production of synaptic membrane, and thus promote synaptogenesis. In order for the nutrient to produce such effects, its plasma levels must be allowed to increase substantially when larger amounts are consumed; an unsaturated or competitive system must exist for transporting the nutrient across the blood-brain barrier; and the enzymes that convert the nutrient to its pharmacologically-active form must also be unsaturated with substrate. Nutrient mixtures chosen for their pharmacologic effects (and general lack of serious side-effects) are presently used for ameliorating several conditions, and more such uses can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wurtman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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The acute and late CNS glutamine response to benzodiazepine challenge: a pilot pharmacokinetic study using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Psychiatry Res 2010; 184:171-6. [PMID: 21055907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZs), which are typically used as anxiolytics, act by modulating inhibitory signaling through gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA)(A) receptors. Functionally, the inhibitory effects of GABA may be counterbalanced by the excitatory effects of glutamate (Glu) as the two neurotransmitter systems are metabolically linked through their synthetic intermediate glutamine (Gln). The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the effects of different BZs on the GABA and Glu/Gln systems would vary according to the pharmacokinetics of the different drugs. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) was used to measure GABA, Glu, and Gln levels in six healthy adult volunteers 1h and 10 h following immediate release alprazolam, extended release alprazolam, clonazepam, or placebo. Although there were no differences between 1 and 10 h when the drugs were examined individually, there was a trend level difference between the 1- and 10-h effects of BZs on Gln when the BZs were combined. In post-hoc comparisons, the difference in the Gln to creatine (Cr) ratio was 0.04 for the BZs versus placebo at 1h and 0.01 at 10h following the administration of drug (t(11)=2.49, P=0.03 1 h; t(10)=0.65, P=0.53 10 h; no correction for multiple comparisons). An increase in Gln/Cr at 1 h post-BZ is consistent with a functionally synergistic relationship between Glu/Gln and GABA in the brain. It also suggests that MRS may have sufficient sensitivity to detect acute drug effects.
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Lee H, Chang MJ, Kim SH. Effects of poly-gamma-glutamic acid on serum and brain concentrations of glutamate and GABA in diet-induced obese rats. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:23-9. [PMID: 20198205 PMCID: PMC2830410 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) is a mucilaginous and biodegradable compound produced by Bacillus subtilis from fermented soybeans, and is found in the traditional Korean soy product, cheongkukjang. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of gamma-PGA from a food source on the concentration of the neurotransmitter GABA and its metabolic precursor glutamate in diet-induced obese rats. Eight-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=60) were used. The rats were divided into two groups and obesity was induced by providing either a 10% control fat or 45% high fat diet for 5 weeks. The rats were then blocked into 6 groups and supplemented with a 0.1% gamma-PGA diet for 4 weeks. After sacrifice, brain and serum GABA and glutamate concentrations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. The rats fed the high fat diet had significantly increased body weights. gamma-PGA supplementation significantly increased serum concentrations of glutamate and GABA in the control fat diet groups while this effect was not found in the high fat groups. In the brain, glutamate concentrations were significantly higher in the gamma-PGA supplemented groups both in rats fed the normal and high fat diets than in the no gamma-PGA controls. GABA concentrations showed the same tendency. The results indicated that gamma-PGA intake increased GABA concentrations in the serum and brain. However, the effects were not shown in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesung Lee
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, 861-1 Jeongneung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Moon-Jeong Chang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, 861-1 Jeongneung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, 861-1 Jeongneung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
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de Lima DSC, de Seixas Maia LMS, de Andrade Barboza E, de Almeida Duarte R, de Souza LS, Guedes RCA. l-Glutamine supplementation during the lactation period facilitates cortical spreading depression in well-nourished and early-malnourished rats. Life Sci 2009; 85:241-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pereira FC, Rolo MR, Marques E, Mendes VM, Ribeiro CF, Ali SF, Morgadinho T, Macedo TR. Acute Increase of the Glutamate-Glutamine Cycling in Discrete Brain Areas after Administration of a Single Dose of Amphetamine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1139:212-21. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1432.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid of the human body. Besides its role as a constituent of proteins and its importance in amino acid transamination, glutamine has regulatory capacity in immune and cell modulation. Glutamine deprivation reduces proliferation of lymphocytes, influences expression of surface activation markers on lymphocytes and monocytes, affects the production of cytokines, and stimulates apoptosis. Moreover, glutamine administration seems to have a positive effect on glucose metabolism in the state of insulin resistance. Glutamine influences a variety of different molecular pathways. Glutamine stimulates the formation of heat shock protein 70 in monocytes by enhancing the stability of mRNA, influences the redox potential of the cell by enhancing the formation of glutathione, induces cellular anabolic effects by increasing the cell volume, activates mitogen-activated protein kinases, and interacts with particular aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases in specific glutamine-sensing metabolism. Glutamine is applied under clinical conditions as an oral, parenteral, or enteral supplement either as the single amino acid or in the form of glutamine-containing dipeptides for preventing mucositis/stomatitis and for preventing glutamine-deficiency in critically ill patients. Because of the high turnover rate of glutamine, even high amounts of glutamine up to a daily administration of 30 g can be given without any important side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Roth
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Hong NN, Yang G, Li J, Zhang YP, Li JL. Rapid Determination of l-Glutamine using Engineered Escherichia coli Overexpressing Glutamine Synthetase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 158:398-407. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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