1
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Lotsberg ML, Røsland GV, Rayford AJ, Dyrstad SE, Ekanger CT, Lu N, Frantz K, Stuhr LEB, Ditzel HJ, Thiery JP, Akslen LA, Lorens JB, Engelsen AST. Intrinsic Differences in Spatiotemporal Organization and Stromal Cell Interactions Between Isogenic Lung Cancer Cells of Epithelial and Mesenchymal Phenotypes Revealed by High-Dimensional Single-Cell Analysis of Heterotypic 3D Spheroid Models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:818437. [PMID: 35530312 PMCID: PMC9076321 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.818437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of inadequate preclinical models remains a limitation for cancer drug development and is a primary contributor to anti-cancer drug failures in clinical trials. Heterotypic multicellular spheroids are three-dimensional (3D) spherical structures generated by self-assembly from aggregates of two or more cell types. Compared to traditional monolayer cell culture models, the organization of cells into a 3D tissue-like structure favors relevant physiological conditions with chemical and physical gradients as well as cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that recapitulate many of the hallmarks of cancer in situ. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are prevalent in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet various mechanisms of acquired resistance, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), limit the clinical benefit of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFRi). Improved preclinical models that incorporate the complexity induced by epithelial-to-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) are urgently needed to advance new therapeutics for clinical NSCLC management. This study was designed to provide a thorough characterization of multicellular spheroids of isogenic cancer cells of various phenotypes and demonstrate proof-of-principle for the applicability of the presented spheroid model to evaluate the impact of cancer cell phenotype in drug screening experiments through high-dimensional and spatially resolved imaging mass cytometry (IMC) analyses. First, we developed and characterized 3D homotypic and heterotypic spheroid models comprising EGFRi-sensitive or EGFRi-resistant NSCLC cells. We observed that the degree of EMT correlated with the spheroid generation efficiency in monocultures. In-depth characterization of the multicellular heterotypic spheroids using immunohistochemistry and high-dimensional single-cell analyses by IMC revealed intrinsic differences between epithelial and mesenchymal-like cancer cells with respect to self-sorting, spatiotemporal organization, and stromal cell interactions when co-cultured with fibroblasts. While the carcinoma cells harboring an epithelial phenotype self-organized into a barrier sheet surrounding the fibroblasts, mesenchymal-like carcinoma cells localized to the central hypoxic and collagen-rich areas of the compact heterotypic spheroids. Further, deep-learning-based single-cell segmentation of IMC images and application of dimensionality reduction algorithms allowed a detailed visualization and multiparametric analysis of marker expression across the different cell subsets. We observed a high level of heterogeneity in the expression of EMT markers in both the carcinoma cell populations and the fibroblasts. Our study supports further application of these models in pre-clinical drug testing combined with complementary high-dimensional single-cell analyses, which in turn can advance our understanding of the impact of cancer-stroma interactions and epithelial phenotypic plasticity on innate and acquired therapy resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Lotsberg
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gro V. Røsland
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Austin J. Rayford
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- BerGenBio, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sissel E. Dyrstad
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla T. Ekanger
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ning Lu
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kirstine Frantz
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Linda E. B. Stuhr
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrik J. Ditzel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, UMR 1186, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Lars A. Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - James B. Lorens
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Agnete S. T. Engelsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Oudin A, Baus V, Barthelemy V, Fabian C, Klein E, Dieterle M, Wantz M, Hau AC, Dording C, Bernard A, Michelucci A, Yabo YA, Kanli G, Keunen O, Bjerkvig R, Niclou SP, Golebiewska A. Protocol for derivation of organoids and patient-derived orthotopic xenografts from glioma patient tumors. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100534. [PMID: 34027491 PMCID: PMC8132120 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor organoids and patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOXs) are some of the most valuable pre-clinical tools in cancer research. In this protocol, we describe efficient derivation of organoids and PDOX models from glioma patient tumors. We provide detailed steps for organoid culture, intracranial implantation, and detection of tumors in the brain. We further present technical adjustments for standardized functional assays and drug testing. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Golebiewska et al. (2020). Organoids can be generated from diverse glioma patient tumors High-grade glioma organoids give rise to patient-derived orthotopic xenografts Serial transplantation in vivo allows for consistent expansion of human tumor cells The adapted protocol for reconstitution of uniform organoids for functional assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Oudin
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Virginie Baus
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Vanessa Barthelemy
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Carina Fabian
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eliane Klein
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Monika Dieterle
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - May Wantz
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ann-Christin Hau
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Claire Dording
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Amandine Bernard
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yahaya A Yabo
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Georgia Kanli
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.,Translational Radiomics, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier Keunen
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.,Translational Radiomics, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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3
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Li Z, Langhans SA. In Vivo and Ex Vivo Pediatric Brain Tumor Models: An Overview. Front Oncol 2021; 11:620831. [PMID: 33869004 PMCID: PMC8047472 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.620831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After leukemia, tumors of the brain and spine are the second most common form of cancer in children. Despite advances in treatment, brain tumors remain a leading cause of death in pediatric cancer patients and survivors often suffer from life-long consequences of side effects of therapy. The 5-year survival rates, however, vary widely by tumor type, ranging from over 90% in more benign tumors to as low as 20% in the most aggressive forms such as glioblastoma. Even within historically defined tumor types such as medulloblastoma, molecular analysis identified biologically heterogeneous subgroups each with different genetic alterations, age of onset and prognosis. Besides molecularly driven patient stratification to tailor disease risk to therapy intensity, such a diversity demonstrates the need for more precise and disease-relevant pediatric brain cancer models for research and drug development. Here we give an overview of currently available in vitro and in vivo pediatric brain tumor models and discuss the opportunities that new technologies such as 3D cultures and organoids that can bridge limitations posed by the simplicity of monolayer cultures and the complexity of in vivo models, bring to accommodate better precision in drug development for pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrid A. Langhans
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
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4
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Golebiewska A, Hau AC, Oudin A, Stieber D, Yabo YA, Baus V, Barthelemy V, Klein E, Bougnaud S, Keunen O, Wantz M, Michelucci A, Neirinckx V, Muller A, Kaoma T, Nazarov PV, Azuaje F, De Falco A, Flies B, Richart L, Poovathingal S, Arns T, Grzyb K, Mock A, Herold-Mende C, Steino A, Brown D, May P, Miletic H, Malta TM, Noushmehr H, Kwon YJ, Jahn W, Klink B, Tanner G, Stead LF, Mittelbronn M, Skupin A, Hertel F, Bjerkvig R, Niclou SP. Patient-derived organoids and orthotopic xenografts of primary and recurrent gliomas represent relevant patient avatars for precision oncology. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:919-949. [PMID: 33009951 PMCID: PMC7666297 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patient-based cancer models are essential tools for studying tumor biology and for the assessment of drug responses in a translational context. We report the establishment a large cohort of unique organoids and patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX) of various glioma subtypes, including gliomas with mutations in IDH1, and paired longitudinal PDOX from primary and recurrent tumors of the same patient. We show that glioma PDOXs enable long-term propagation of patient tumors and represent clinically relevant patient avatars that retain histopathological, genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic features of parental tumors. We find no evidence of mouse-specific clonal evolution in glioma PDOXs. Our cohort captures individual molecular genotypes for precision medicine including mutations in IDH1, ATRX, TP53, MDM2/4, amplification of EGFR, PDGFRA, MET, CDK4/6, MDM2/4, and deletion of CDKN2A/B, PTCH, and PTEN. Matched longitudinal PDOX recapitulate the limited genetic evolution of gliomas observed in patients following treatment. At the histological level, we observe increased vascularization in the rat host as compared to mice. PDOX-derived standardized glioma organoids are amenable to high-throughput drug screens that can be validated in mice. We show clinically relevant responses to temozolomide (TMZ) and to targeted treatments, such as EGFR and CDK4/6 inhibitors in (epi)genetically defined subgroups, according to MGMT promoter and EGFR/CDK status, respectively. Dianhydrogalactitol (VAL-083), a promising bifunctional alkylating agent in the current clinical trial, displayed high therapeutic efficacy, and was able to overcome TMZ resistance in glioblastoma. Our work underscores the clinical relevance of glioma organoids and PDOX models for translational research and personalized treatment studies and represents a unique publicly available resource for precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golebiewska
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ann-Christin Hau
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anaïs Oudin
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Stieber
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, 3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Yahaya A Yabo
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Virginie Baus
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Vanessa Barthelemy
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Eliane Klein
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Bougnaud
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier Keunen
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - May Wantz
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Virginie Neirinckx
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Arnaud Muller
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Kaoma
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Francisco Azuaje
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Alfonso De Falco
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, 3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ben Flies
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, 3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Lorraine Richart
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- National Center of Pathology, Laboratoire National de Santé, 3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Suresh Poovathingal
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Thais Arns
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Kamil Grzyb
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Andreas Mock
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Steino
- DelMar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
- DelMar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Brown
- DelMar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
- DelMar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5019, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tathiane M Malta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Yong-Jun Kwon
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Winnie Jahn
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Klink
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, 3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgette Tanner
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- National Center of Pathology, Laboratoire National de Santé, 3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Frank Hertel
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Luxembourg, 1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5019, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5019, Bergen, Norway.
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5
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Okada S, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Kariya R. Application of Highly Immunocompromised Mice for the Establishment of Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) Models. Cells 2019; 8:E889. [PMID: 31412684 PMCID: PMC6721637 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are created by engraftment of patient tumor tissues into immunocompetent mice. Since a PDX model retains the characteristics of the primary patient tumor including gene expression profiles and drug responses, it has become the most reliable in vivo human cancer model. The engraftment rate increases with the introduction of Non-obese diabetic Severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID)-based immunocompromised mice, especially the NK-deficient NOD strains NOD/SCID/interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain(IL2Rγ)null (NOG/NSG) and NOD/SCID/Jak3(Janus kinase 3)null (NOJ). Success rates differ with tumor origin: gastrointestinal tumors acquire a higher engraftment rate, while the rate is lower for breast cancers. Subcutaneous transplantation is the most popular method to establish PDX, but some tumors require specific environments, e.g., orthotropic or renal capsule transplantation. Human hormone treatment is necessary to establish hormone-dependent cancers such as prostate and breast cancers. PDX mice with human hematopoietic and immune systems (humanized PDX) are powerful tools for the analysis of tumor-immune system interaction and evaluation of immunotherapy response. A PDX biobank equipped with patients' clinical data, gene-expression patterns, mutational statuses, tumor tissue architects, and drug responsiveness will be an authoritative resource for developing specific tumor biomarkers for chemotherapeutic predictions, creating individualized therapy, and establishing precise cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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6
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Zeiner PS, Preusse C, Golebiewska A, Zinke J, Iriondo A, Muller A, Kaoma T, Filipski K, Müller‐Eschner M, Bernatz S, Blank A, Baumgarten P, Ilina E, Grote A, Hansmann ML, Verhoff MA, Franz K, Feuerhake F, Steinbach JP, Wischhusen J, Stenzel W, Niclou SP, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M. Distribution and prognostic impact of microglia/macrophage subpopulations in gliomas. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:513-529. [PMID: 30506802 PMCID: PMC6849857 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While the central nervous system is considered an immunoprivileged site and brain tumors display immunosuppressive features, both innate and adaptive immune responses affect glioblastoma (GBM) growth and treatment resistance. However, the impact of the major immune cell population in gliomas, represented by glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs), on patients' clinical course is still unclear. Thus, we aimed at assessing the immunohistochemical expression of selected microglia and macrophage markers in 344 gliomas (including gliomas from WHO grade I-IV). Furthermore, we analyzed a cohort of 241 IDH1R132H-non-mutant GBM patients for association of GAM subtypes and patient overall survival. Phenotypical properties of GAMs, isolated from high-grade astrocytomas by CD11b-based magnetic cell sorting, were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, mRNA microarray, qRT-PCR and bioinformatic analyses. A higher amount of CD68-, CD163- and CD206-positive GAMs in the vital tumor core was associated with beneficial patient survival. The mRNA expression profile of GAMs displayed an upregulation of factors that are considered as pro-inflammatory M1 (eg, CCL2, CCL3L3, CCL4, PTGS2) and anti-inflammatory M2 polarization markers (eg, MRC1, LGMN, CD163, IL10, MSR1), the latter rather being associated with phagocytic functions in the GBM microenvironment. In summary, we present evidence that human GBMs contain mixed M1/M2-like polarized GAMs and that the levels of different GAM subpopulations in the tumor core are positively associated with overall survival of patients with IDH1R132H-non-mutant GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia S. Zeiner
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Department of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of NeurooncologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | | | - Anna Golebiewska
- NORLUX Neuro‐Oncology Laboratory, Department of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Ane Iriondo
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Arnaud Muller
- Department of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)Luxembourg
| | - Tony Kaoma
- Department of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)Luxembourg
| | - Katharina Filipski
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Simon Bernatz
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Anna‐Eva Blank
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Department of NeurosurgeryGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Elena Ilina
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- NORLUX Neuro‐Oncology Laboratory, Department of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP)Luxembourg
| | - Anne Grote
- Institute of Pathology and NeuropathologyMedical University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Martin L. Hansmann
- Senckenberg Institute of PathologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Marcel A. Verhoff
- Institute of Legal MedicineGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Kea Franz
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of NeurooncologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Department of NeurosurgeryGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Friedrich Feuerhake
- Institute of Pathology and NeuropathologyMedical University HannoverHannoverGermany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Clinic FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Joachim P. Steinbach
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of NeurooncologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Department of GynecologyUniversity of WuerzburgWuerzburgGermany
| | | | - Simone P. Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro‐Oncology Laboratory, Department of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)Luxembourg
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Patrick N. Harter
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger Institute, Institute of NeurologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- NORLUX Neuro‐Oncology Laboratory, Department of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)Luxembourg
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP)Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB)University of LuxembourgLuxembourg
- Laboratoire national de santé (LNS)DudelangeLuxembourg
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7
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Stem cell-associated heterogeneity in Glioblastoma results from intrinsic tumor plasticity shaped by the microenvironment. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1787. [PMID: 30992437 PMCID: PMC6467886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identity and unique capacity of cancer stem cells (CSC) to drive tumor growth and resistance have been challenged in brain tumors. Here we report that cells expressing CSC-associated cell membrane markers in Glioblastoma (GBM) do not represent a clonal entity defined by distinct functional properties and transcriptomic profiles, but rather a plastic state that most cancer cells can adopt. We show that phenotypic heterogeneity arises from non-hierarchical, reversible state transitions, instructed by the microenvironment and is predictable by mathematical modeling. Although functional stem cell properties were similar in vitro, accelerated reconstitution of heterogeneity provides a growth advantage in vivo, suggesting that tumorigenic potential is linked to intrinsic plasticity rather than CSC multipotency. The capacity of any given cancer cell to reconstitute tumor heterogeneity cautions against therapies targeting CSC-associated membrane epitopes. Instead inherent cancer cell plasticity emerges as a novel relevant target for treatment. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) comprise a putative population that can drive growth and resistance. Here, in glioblastoma models the authors show that rather than being a distinct clonal entity, the CSC population represents a plastic state adoptable by most cancer cells via reversible state transitions induced by the microenvironment.
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8
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Saito Y, Muramatsu T, Kanai Y, Ojima H, Sukeda A, Hiraoka N, Arai E, Sugiyama Y, Matsuzaki J, Uchida R, Yoshikawa N, Furukawa R, Saito H. Establishment of Patient-Derived Organoids and Drug Screening for Biliary Tract Carcinoma. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1265-1276.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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9
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Pan X, Feng J, Zhu Z, Yao L, Ma S, Hao B, Zhang G. A positive feedback loop between miR-181b and STAT3 that affects Warburg effect in colon cancer via regulating PIAS3 expression. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5040-5049. [PMID: 30054984 PMCID: PMC6156246 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the expression of microRNA (miR)‐181b, protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3) and STAT3, and to examine the function of the miR‐181b/PIAS3/STAT3 axis on the Warburg effect and xenograft tumour growth of colon cancer. Moreover, a positive feedback loop between miR‐181b and STAT3 that regulated the Warburg effect in colon cancer was explored. A luciferase reporter assay was used to identify whether PIAS3 was a direct target of miR‐181b. The gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function experiments were performed on HCT 116 cells to investigate the effect of miR‐181b/PIAS3/STAT3 on the Warburg effect and xenograft tumour growth of colon cancer, as determined by commercial kits and xenograft experiments. The relationship between the expression of miR‐181b, PIAS3 and STAT3 in HCT 116 and HT‐29 cells was determined using RT‐qPCR and Western blot. We found miR‐181b was a direct regulator of PIAS3. miR‐181b promoted the Warburg effect and the growth of colon cancer xenografts; however, these effects could be reversed by PIAS3. miR‐181b expression interacted with STAT3 phosphorylation in a positive feedback loop in colon cancer cells via regulating PIAS3 expression. In conclusion, this study for the first time demonstrated that miR‐181b contributed to the Warburg effect and xenograft tumour growth of colon cancer by targeting PIAS3. Moreover, a positive feedback loop between miR‐181b and STAT3 that regulated the Warburg effect in colon cancer was also demonstrated. This study suggested miR‐181b/PIAS3/STAT3 axis as a novel target for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linhua Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, China
| | - Shijie Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Molecular crosstalk between tumour and brain parenchyma instructs histopathological features in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31955-71. [PMID: 27049916 PMCID: PMC5077988 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The histopathological and molecular heterogeneity of glioblastomas represents a major obstacle for effective therapies. Glioblastomas do not develop autonomously, but evolve in a unique environment that adapts to the growing tumour mass and contributes to the malignancy of these neoplasms. Here, we show that patient-derived glioblastoma xenografts generated in the mouse brain from organotypic spheroids reproducibly give rise to three different histological phenotypes: (i) a highly invasive phenotype with an apparent normal brain vasculature, (ii) a highly angiogenic phenotype displaying microvascular proliferation and necrosis and (iii) an intermediate phenotype combining features of invasion and vessel abnormalities. These phenotypic differences were visible during early phases of tumour development suggesting an early instructive role of tumour cells on the brain parenchyma. Conversely, we found that tumour-instructed stromal cells differentially influenced tumour cell proliferation and migration in vitro, indicating a reciprocal crosstalk between neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. We did not detect any transdifferentiation of tumour cells into endothelial cells. Cell type-specific transcriptomic analysis of tumour and endothelial cells revealed a strong phenotype-specific molecular conversion between the two cell types, suggesting co-evolution of tumour and endothelial cells. Integrative bioinformatic analysis confirmed the reciprocal crosstalk between tumour and microenvironment and suggested a key role for TGFβ1 and extracellular matrix proteins as major interaction modules that shape glioblastoma progression. These data provide novel insight into tumour-host interactions and identify novel stroma-specific targets that may play a role in combinatorial treatment strategies against glioblastoma.
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11
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Sampetrean O, Saya H. Modeling phenotypes of malignant gliomas. Cancer Sci 2017; 109:6-14. [PMID: 28796931 PMCID: PMC5765309 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are primary tumors of the central nervous system characterized by diffuse infiltration into the brain and a high recurrence rate. Advances in comprehensive genomic studies have provided unprecedented insight into the genetic and molecular heterogeneity of these tumors and refined our understanding of their evolution from low to high grade. However, similar levels of phenotypic characterization are indispensable to understanding the complexity of malignant gliomas. Experimental glioma models have also achieved great progress in recent years. Advances in transgenic technologies and cell culture have allowed the establishment of mouse models that mirror the human disease with increasing fidelity and which support single-cell resolution for phenotypic analyses. Here we review the major types of preclinical glioma models, with an emphasis on how recent developments in experimental modeling have shed new light on two fundamental aspects of glioma phenotype, their cell of origin and their invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Abdul Rahim SA, Dirkse A, Oudin A, Schuster A, Bohler J, Barthelemy V, Muller A, Vallar L, Janji B, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP. Regulation of hypoxia-induced autophagy in glioblastoma involves ATG9A. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:813-825. [PMID: 28797031 PMCID: PMC5590001 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is negatively associated with glioblastoma (GBM) patient survival and contributes to tumour resistance. Anti-angiogenic therapy in GBM further increases hypoxia and activates survival pathways. The aim of this study was to determine the role of hypoxia-induced autophagy in GBM. METHODS Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy was applied in combination with bevacizumab in GBM patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Sensitivity towards inhibitors was further tested in vitro under normoxia and hypoxia, followed by transcriptomic analysis. Genetic interference was done using ATG9A-depleted cells. RESULTS We find that GBM cells activate autophagy as a survival mechanism to hypoxia, although basic autophagy appears active under normoxic conditions. Although single agent chloroquine treatment in vivo significantly increased survival of PDXs, the combination with bevacizumab resulted in a synergistic effect at low non-effective chloroquine dose. ATG9A was consistently induced by hypoxia, and silencing of ATG9A led to decreased proliferation in vitro and delayed tumour growth in vivo. Hypoxia-induced activation of autophagy was compromised upon ATG9A depletion. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that inhibition of autophagy is a promising strategy against GBM and identifies ATG9 as a novel target in hypoxia-induced autophagy. Combination with hypoxia-inducing agents may provide benefit by allowing to decrease the effective dose of autophagy inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aminah Abdul Rahim
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Dirkse
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4365, Luxembourg
| | - Anais Oudin
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Schuster
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Jill Bohler
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Vanessa Barthelemy
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Arnaud Muller
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Vallar
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5019 Bergen, Norway
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13
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Leiss L, Mutlu E, Øyan A, Yan T, Tsinkalovsky O, Sleire L, Petersen K, Rahman MA, Johannessen M, Mitra SS, Jacobsen HK, Talasila KM, Miletic H, Jonassen I, Li X, Brons NH, Kalland KH, Wang J, Enger PØ. Tumour-associated glial host cells display a stem-like phenotype with a distinct gene expression profile and promote growth of GBM xenografts. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:108. [PMID: 28173797 PMCID: PMC5294893 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the role of glial host cells in brain tumours. However, supporting stromal cells have been shown to foster tumour growth in other cancers. METHODS We isolated stromal cells from patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) xenografts established in GFP-NOD/scid mice. With simultaneous removal of CD11b+ immune and CD31+ endothelial cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), we obtained a population of tumour-associated glial cells, TAGs, expressing markers of terminally differentiaed glial cell types or glial progenitors. This cell population was subsequently characterised using gene expression analyses and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, sphere formation was assessed in vitro and their glioma growth-promoting ability was examined in vivo. Finally, the expression of TAG related markers was validated in human GBMs. RESULTS TAGs were highly enriched for the expression of glial cell proteins including GFAP and myelin basic protein (MBP), and immature markers such as Nestin and O4. A fraction of TAGs displayed sphere formation in stem cell medium. Moreover, TAGs promoted brain tumour growth in vivo when co-implanted with glioma cells, compared to implanting only glioma cells, or glioma cells and unconditioned glial cells from mice without tumours. Genome-wide microarray analysis of TAGs showed an expression profile distinct from glial cells from healthy mice brains. Notably, TAGs upregulated genes associated with immature cell types and self-renewal, including Pou3f2 and Sox2. In addition, TAGs from highly angiogenic tumours showed upregulation of angiogenic factors, including Vegf and Angiopoietin 2. Immunohistochemistry of three GBMs, two patient biopsies and one GBM xenograft, confirmed that the expression of these genes was mainly confined to TAGs in the tumour bed. Furthermore, their expression profiles displayed a significant overlap with gene clusters defining prognostic subclasses of human GBMs. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that glial host cells in brain tumours are functionally distinct from glial cells of healthy mice brains. Furthermore, TAGs display a gene expression profile with enrichment for genes related to stem cells, immature cell types and developmental processes. Future studies are needed to delineate the biological mechanisms regulating the brain tumour-host interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Leiss
- Neuro Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ercan Mutlu
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anne Øyan
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tao Yan
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Oleg Tsinkalovsky
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linda Sleire
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell Petersen
- Computational Biology Unit, Uni Computing, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mohummad Aminur Rahman
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mireille Johannessen
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sidhartha S Mitra
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hege K Jacobsen
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Krishna M Talasila
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Computational Biology Unit, Uni Computing, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Nicolaas H Brons
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), L-1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Karl-Henning Kalland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jian Wang
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Vascular Transdifferentiation in the CNS: A Focus on Neural and Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2759403. [PMID: 27738435 PMCID: PMC5055959 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2759403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are devastating and extensively vascularized brain tumors from which glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) have been isolated by many groups. These cells have a high tumorigenic potential and the capacity to generate heterogeneous phenotypes. There is growing evidence to support the possibility that these cells are derived from the accumulation of mutations in adult neural stem cells (NSCs) as well as in oligodendrocyte progenitors. It was recently reported that GSCs could transdifferentiate into endothelial-like and pericyte-like cells both in vitro and in vivo, notably under the influence of Notch and TGFβ signaling pathways. Vascular cells derived from GBM cells were also observed directly in patient samples. These results could lead to new directions for designing original therapeutic approaches against GBM neovascularization but this specific reprogramming requires further molecular investigations. Transdifferentiation of nontumoral neural stem cells into vascular cells has also been described and conversely vascular cells may generate neural stem cells. In this review, we present and discuss these recent data. As some of them appear controversial, further validation will be needed using new technical approaches such as high throughput profiling and functional analyses to avoid experimental pitfalls and misinterpretations.
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15
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Burtey A, Wagner M, Hodneland E, Skaftnesmo KO, Schoelermann J, Mondragon IR, Espedal H, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP, Bjerkvig R, Kögel T, Gerdes H. Intercellular transfer of transferrin receptor by a contact‐, Rab8‐dependent mechanism involving tunneling nanotubes. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burtey
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Marek Wagner
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of PathologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Erlend Hodneland
- Department of Clinical MedicineHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | | | - Julia Schoelermann
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Biomaterials, Department of Clinical DentistryUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Heidi Espedal
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NorLux Neuro‐Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- K. G. Jebsen Brain Tumour Research CenterUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- NorLux Neuro‐Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- K. G. Jebsen Brain Tumour Research CenterUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- NorLux Neuro‐Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Tanja Kögel
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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16
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Gotoh K, Kariya R, Matsuda K, Hattori S, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Okada S. A novel EGFP-expressing nude mice with complete loss of lymphocytes and NK cells to study tumor-host interactions. Biosci Trends 2015; 8:202-5. [PMID: 25224625 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2014.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expressing Balb/c nude mice strain with Rag-2 and Jak3 double mutants (Nude-R/J-EGFP mice) was established to improve the take rate of human tumors and to distinguish tumor and host cells. EGFP was ubiquitously expressed in all organs including the brain, lung, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract in Nude-R/J-EGFP mice. The mice showed complete loss of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and NK cells, indicating a higher take rate of human tumor xenograft. M213-mCherry, an mCherry expressing the cholangiocarcinoma cell line, was successfully detected and tumor vessels derived from the host were clearly identified with fluorescence imager. Thus, dual-color fluorescence imaging visualizes the tumor-host interaction by non-invasive in vivo fluorescent imaging in Nude-R/J-EGFP mice. These finding suggests that Nude-R/J-EGFP mice are becoming a powerful tool to investigate human tumor-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Gotoh
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University
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17
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Sanzey M, Abdul Rahim SA, Oudin A, Dirkse A, Kaoma T, Vallar L, Herold-Mende C, Bjerkvig R, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP. Comprehensive analysis of glycolytic enzymes as therapeutic targets in the treatment of glioblastoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123544. [PMID: 25932951 PMCID: PMC4416792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major efforts have been put in anti-angiogenic treatment for glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive and highly vascularized brain tumor with dismal prognosis. However clinical outcome with anti-angiogenic agents has been disappointing and tumors quickly develop escape mechanisms. In preclinical GBM models we have recently shown that bevacizumab, a blocking antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, induces hypoxia in treated tumors, which is accompanied by increased glycolytic activity and tumor invasiveness. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of patient derived GBM cells including stem cell lines revealed a strong up-regulation of glycolysis-related genes in response to severe hypoxia. We therefore investigated the importance of glycolytic enzymes in GBM adaptation and survival under hypoxia, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that shRNA-mediated attenuation of glycolytic enzyme expression interfered with GBM growth under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in all cellular models. Using intracranial GBM xenografts we identified seven glycolytic genes whose knockdown led to a dramatic survival benefit in mice. The most drastic effect was observed for PFKP (PFK1, +21.8%) and PDK1 (+20.9%), followed by PGAM1 and ENO1 (+14.5% each), HK2 (+11.8%), ALDOA (+10.9%) and ENO2 (+7.2%). The increase in mouse survival after genetic interference was confirmed using chemical inhibition of PFK1 with clotrimazole. We thus provide a comprehensive analysis on the importance of the glycolytic pathway for GBM growth in vivo and propose PFK1 and PDK1 as the most promising therapeutic targets to address the metabolic escape mechanisms of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sanzey
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Siti Aminah Abdul Rahim
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anais Oudin
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Dirkse
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Kaoma
- Genomics Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Vallar
- Genomics Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Waddell N, Pajic M, Patch AM, Chang DK, Kassahn KS, Bailey P, Johns AL, Miller D, Nones K, Quek K, Quinn MCJ, Robertson AJ, Fadlullah MZH, Bruxner TJC, Christ AN, Harliwong I, Idrisoglu S, Manning S, Nourse C, Nourbakhsh E, Wani S, Wilson PJ, Markham E, Cloonan N, Anderson MJ, Fink JL, Holmes O, Kazakoff SH, Leonard C, Newell F, Poudel B, Song S, Taylor D, Waddell N, Wood S, Xu Q, Wu J, Pinese M, Cowley MJ, Lee HC, Jones MD, Nagrial AM, Humphris J, Chantrill LA, Chin V, Steinmann AM, Mawson A, Humphrey ES, Colvin EK, Chou A, Scarlett CJ, Pinho AV, Giry-Laterriere M, Rooman I, Samra JS, Kench JG, Pettitt JA, Merrett ND, Toon C, Epari K, Nguyen NQ, Barbour A, Zeps N, Jamieson NB, Graham JS, Niclou SP, Bjerkvig R, Grützmann R, Aust D, Hruban RH, Maitra A, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Wolfgang CL, Morgan RA, Lawlor RT, Corbo V, Bassi C, Falconi M, Zamboni G, Tortora G, Tempero MA, Gill AJ, Eshleman JR, Pilarsky C, Scarpa A, Musgrove EA, Pearson JV, Biankin AV, Grimmond SM. Whole genomes redefine the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer. Nature 2015; 518:495-501. [PMID: 25719666 PMCID: PMC4523082 DOI: 10.1038/nature14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1840] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal of malignancies and a major health burden. We performed whole-genome sequencing and copy number variation (CNV) analysis of 100 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). Chromosomal rearrangements leading to gene disruption were prevalent, affecting genes known to be important in pancreatic cancer (TP53, SMAD4, CDKN2A, ARID1A and ROBO2) and new candidate drivers of pancreatic carcinogenesis (KDM6A and PREX2). Patterns of structural variation (variation in chromosomal structure) classified PDACs into 4 subtypes with potential clinical utility: the subtypes were termed stable, locally rearranged, scattered and unstable. A significant proportion harboured focal amplifications, many of which contained druggable oncogenes (ERBB2, MET, FGFR1, CDK6, PIK3R3 and PIK3CA), but at low individual patient prevalence. Genomic instability co-segregated with inactivation of DNA maintenance genes (BRCA1, BRCA2 or PALB2) and a mutational signature of DNA damage repair deficiency. Of 8 patients who received platinum therapy, 4 of 5 individuals with these measures of defective DNA maintenance responded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Waddell
- 1] Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia [2] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- 1] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia [2] St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David K Chang
- 1] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia [2] Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales 2200, Australia [3] South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia [4] Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karin S Kassahn
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Bailey
- 1] Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia [2] Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Amber L Johns
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - David Miller
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Katia Nones
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly Quek
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael C J Quinn
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alan J Robertson
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad Z H Fadlullah
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tim J C Bruxner
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angelika N Christ
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ivon Harliwong
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Senel Idrisoglu
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Suzanne Manning
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig Nourse
- 1] Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia [2] Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ehsan Nourbakhsh
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shivangi Wani
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter J Wilson
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Emma Markham
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicole Cloonan
- 1] Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia [2] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - J Lynn Fink
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Oliver Holmes
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen H Kazakoff
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Conrad Leonard
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Felicity Newell
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Barsha Poudel
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sarah Song
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Darrin Taylor
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nick Waddell
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Scott Wood
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Qinying Xu
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jianmin Wu
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mark Pinese
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Hong C Lee
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Marc D Jones
- 1] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia [2] Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Adnan M Nagrial
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jeremy Humphris
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Lorraine A Chantrill
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Venessa Chin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Angela M Steinmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Amanda Mawson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Emily S Humphrey
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Emily K Colvin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Angela Chou
- 1] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia [2] Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- 1] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia [2] School of Environmental &Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales 2258, Australia
| | - Andreia V Pinho
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Marc Giry-Laterriere
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Ilse Rooman
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jaswinder S Samra
- 1] Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia [2] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- 1] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia [2] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia [3] Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Jessica A Pettitt
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Neil D Merrett
- 1] Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales 2200, Australia [2] School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2175, Australia
| | - Christopher Toon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Krishna Epari
- Department of Surgery, Fremantle Hospital, Alma Street, Fremantle, Western Australia 6160, Australia
| | - Nam Q Nguyen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew Barbour
- Department of Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Rd, Woollongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Nikolajs Zeps
- 1] School of Surgery M507, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Nedlands 6009, Australia [2] St John of God Pathology, 12 Salvado Rd, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia [3] Bendat Family Comprehensive Cancer Centre, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Nigel B Jamieson
- 1] Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK [2] Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 OSF, UK [3] West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Janet S Graham
- 1] Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - Simone P Niclou
- Norlux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, CRP-Santé Luxembourg, 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Norlux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Aust
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- The David M. Rubenstein Pancreatic Cancer Research Center and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Richard A Morgan
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- 1] ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy [2] Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Claudio Bassi
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Pancreas Institute, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- 1] Department of Surgery and Oncology, Pancreas Institute, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy [2] Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Negrar, Verona 37024, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zamboni
- 1] Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy [2] Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Negrar, Verona 37024, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Department of Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Margaret A Tempero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94122, USA
| | - Anthony J Gill
- 1] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia [2] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - James R Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- 1] ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy [2] Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Elizabeth A Musgrove
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - John V Pearson
- 1] Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia [2] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- 1] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia [2] Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales 2200, Australia [3] South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia [4] Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sean M Grimmond
- 1] Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia [2] Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Yang N, Huang B, Tsinkalovsky O, Brekkå N, Zhu H, Leiss L, Enger PØ, Li X, Wang J. A novel GFP nude rat model to investigate tumor-stroma interactions. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 14:541. [PMID: 25663822 PMCID: PMC4319225 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD A key strategy for the study of the tumor microenvironment is to implant human tumor cells in an immunodeficient rodent strain ubiquitously expressing a fluorescent marker. Here, a novel nude rat expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene was established and engrafted with primary human tumor tissue in order to separate tumor from stromal cell populations for subsequent molecular analysis. METHODS SD-TG (GFP) 2BalRrrc transgenic rats were crossed with HsdHan™: rnu/rnu Rowett nude rats to develop a GFP expressing immunocompromised rat. PCR and flow cytometry were used to follow the GFP genotype and phenotype in newborns. After three to four generations, animals were implanted with 4 T1 dsRed murine breast cancer cells or primary human glioblastoma (GBM) biopsies to generate xenografts for subsequent separation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). RESULTS Fluorecence microscopy and reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that GFP, under the control of the human ubiquitin C promoter, was stably maintained and expressed in diverse organs over several generations. Immunophenotyping of blood samples by flow cytometry confirmed that the immunodeficient features of the parental rat strain, HsdHan™: rnu/rnu, were retained in the GFP nude rat. Both the murine cell line and human GBM biopsies engrafted, and stromal cell populations were isolated from dissociated xenografts by FACS to > 95% purity. CONCLUSIONS A GFP transgene was stably introduced into a nude rat background in which human and murine cancer cells successfully engrafted. This animal strain provides a novel in vivo system for detailed cellular and molecular characterization of tumor-stroma interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway ; Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Oleg Tsinkalovsky
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Narve Brekkå
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Huaiyang Zhu
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lina Leiss
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway ; Neuro Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway ; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway ; Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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20
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Fack F, Espedal H, Keunen O, Golebiewska A, Obad N, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M, Bähr O, Weyerbrock A, Stuhr L, Miletic H, Sakariassen PØ, Stieber D, Rygh CB, Lund-Johansen M, Zheng L, Gottlieb E, Niclou SP, Bjerkvig R. Bevacizumab treatment induces metabolic adaptation toward anaerobic metabolism in glioblastomas. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:115-31. [PMID: 25322816 PMCID: PMC4282692 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy in glioblastoma (GBM) has unfortunately not led to the anticipated improvement in patient prognosis. We here describe how human GBM adapts to bevacizumab treatment at the metabolic level. By performing (13)C6-glucose metabolic flux analysis, we show for the first time that the tumors undergo metabolic re-programming toward anaerobic metabolism, thereby uncoupling glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation. Following treatment, an increased influx of (13)C6-glucose was observed into the tumors, concomitant to increased lactate levels and a reduction of metabolites associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This was confirmed by increased expression of glycolytic enzymes including pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase in the treated tumors. Interestingly, L-glutamine levels were also reduced. These results were further confirmed by the assessment of in vivo metabolic data obtained by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography. Moreover, bevacizumab led to a depletion in glutathione levels indicating that the treatment caused oxidative stress in the tumors. Confirming the metabolic flux results, immunohistochemical analysis showed an up-regulation of lactate dehydrogenase in the bevacizumab-treated tumor core as well as in single tumor cells infiltrating the brain, which may explain the increased invasion observed after bevacizumab treatment. These observations were further validated in a panel of eight human GBM patients in which paired biopsy samples were obtained before and after bevacizumab treatment. Importantly, we show that the GBM adaptation to bevacizumab therapy is not mediated by clonal selection mechanisms, but represents an adaptive response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Fack
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Heidi Espedal
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olivier Keunen
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Nina Obad
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Patrick N. Harter
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, Goethe University, Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, Goethe University, Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Bähr
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Linda Stuhr
- Matrix Biology Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, The Gade Institute, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Ø. Sakariassen
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Stieber
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Cecilie B. Rygh
- Department of Biomedicine, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Lund-Johansen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liang Zheng
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5019 Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Yamamoto J, Ogura SI, Shimajiri S, Nakano Y, Akiba D, Kitagawa T, Ueta K, Tanaka T, Nishizawa S. 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX with multi-dose ionizing irradiation enhances host antitumor response and strongly inhibits tumor growth in experimental glioma in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1813-9. [PMID: 25420581 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing irradiation is a well‑established therapeutic modality for malignant gliomas. Due to its high cellular uptake, 5‑aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is used for fluorescence‑guided resection of malignant gliomas. We have previously shown that 5‑ALA sensitizes glioma cells to irradiation in vitro. The aim of the present study was to assess whether 5‑ALA acts as a radiosensitizer in experimental glioma in vivo. Rats were subcutaneously injected with 9L gliosarcoma cells and administered 5‑ALA. The accumulation of 5‑ALA‑induced protoporphyrin IX was confirmed by high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Subcutaneous (s.c.) tumors were subsequently irradiated with 2 Gy/day for five consecutive days. In the experimental glioma model, high‑performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed a high level of accumulation of 5‑ALA‑induced protoporphyrin IX in s.c. tumors 3 h after 5‑ALA administration. Multi‑dose ionizing irradiation induced greater inhibition of tumor growth in rats that were administered 5‑ALA than in the non‑5‑ALA‑treated animals. Immunohistochemical analysis of the s.c. tumors revealed that numerous ionized calcium‑binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)‑positive macrophages gathered at the surface of and within the s.c. tumors following multi‑dose ionizing irradiation in combination with 5‑ALA administration. By contrast, the s.c. tumors in the control group scarcely showed aggregation of Iba1‑positive macrophages. These results suggested that multi‑dose ionizing irradiation with 5‑ALA induced not only a direct cytotoxic effect but also enhanced the host antitumor immune response and thus caused high inhibition of tumor growth in experimental glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkoh Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Ogura
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226‑8501, Japan
| | - Shohei Shimajiri
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Akiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kitagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ueta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Tanaka
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Minato‑ku, Tokyo 106‑6020, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nishizawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
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22
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Demeure K, Duriez E, Domon B, Niclou SP. PeptideManager: a peptide selection tool for targeted proteomic studies involving mixed samples from different species. Front Genet 2014; 5:305. [PMID: 25228907 PMCID: PMC4151198 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for clinically useful protein biomarkers using advanced mass spectrometry approaches represents a major focus in cancer research. However, the direct analysis of human samples may be challenging due to limited availability, the absence of appropriate control samples, or the large background variability observed in patient material. As an alternative approach, human tumors orthotopically implanted into a different species (xenografts) are clinically relevant models that have proven their utility in pre-clinical research. Patient derived xenografts for glioblastoma have been extensively characterized in our laboratory and have been shown to retain the characteristics of the parental tumor at the phenotypic and genetic level. Such models were also found to adequately mimic the behavior and treatment response of human tumors. The reproducibility of such xenograft models, the possibility to identify their host background and perform tumor-host interaction studies, are major advantages over the direct analysis of human samples. At the proteome level, the analysis of xenograft samples is challenged by the presence of proteins from two different species which, depending on tumor size, type or location, often appear at variable ratios. Any proteomics approach aimed at quantifying proteins within such samples must consider the identification of species specific peptides in order to avoid biases introduced by the host proteome. Here, we present an in-house methodology and tool developed to select peptides used as surrogates for protein candidates from a defined proteome (e.g., human) in a host proteome background (e.g., mouse, rat) suited for a mass spectrometry analysis. The tools presented here are applicable to any species specific proteome, provided a protein database is available. By linking the information from both proteomes, PeptideManager significantly facilitates and expedites the selection of peptides used as surrogates to analyze proteins of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Demeure
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Elodie Duriez
- LCP, Luxembourg Clinical Proteomics Center, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Bruno Domon
- LCP, Luxembourg Clinical Proteomics Center, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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23
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Lu P, Woodruff G, Wang Y, Graham L, Hunt M, Wu D, Boehle E, Ahmad R, Poplawski G, Brock J, Goldstein LSB, Tuszynski MH. Long-distance axonal growth from human induced pluripotent stem cells after spinal cord injury. Neuron 2014; 83:789-96. [PMID: 25123310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a healthy 86-year-old male were differentiated into neural stem cells and grafted into adult immunodeficient rats after spinal cord injury. Three months after C5 lateral hemisections, iPSCs survived and differentiated into neurons and glia and extended tens of thousands of axons from the lesion site over virtually the entire length of the rat CNS. These iPSC-derived axons extended through adult white matter of the injured spinal cord, frequently penetrating gray matter and forming synapses with rat neurons. In turn, host supraspinal motor axons penetrated human iPSC grafts and formed synapses. These findings indicate that intrinsic neuronal mechanisms readily overcome the inhibitory milieu of the adult injured spinal cord to extend many axons over very long distances; these capabilities persist even in neurons reprogrammed from very aged human cells. VIDEO ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lu
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Grace Woodruff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yaozhi Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lori Graham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matt Hunt
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eileen Boehle
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruhel Ahmad
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gunnar Poplawski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Brock
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Szczepanski C, Tenstad O, Baumann A, Martinez A, Myklebust R, Bjerkvig R, Prestegarden L. Identification of a novel lytic peptide for the treatment of solid tumours. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:186-200. [PMID: 25061502 PMCID: PMC4104761 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally known as host defence peptides for their substantial bacteriotoxic effects, many cationic antimicrobial peptides also exhibit a potent cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Their mode of action is characterized mostly by electrostatic interactions with the plasma membrane, leading to membrane disruption and rapid necrotic cell death. In this work, we have designed a novel cationic peptide of 27 amino acids (Cypep-1), which shows efficacy against a number of cancer cell types, both in vitro and in vivo, while normal human fibroblasts were significantly less affected. Surface plasmon resonance experiments as well as liposome leakage assays monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a substantial binding affinity of Cypep-1 to negatively charged liposomes and induced significant leakage of liposome content after exposure to the peptide. The observed membranolytic effect of Cypep-1 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as by time-lapse confocal microscopy. Pharmacokinetic profiling of Cypep-1 in rats showed a short plasma half-life after i.v. injection, followed mainly by retention in the liver, spleen and kidneys. Extremely low concentrations within the organs of the central nervous system indicated that Cypep-1 did not pass the blood-brain-barrier. Local treatment of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma allografts by means of a single local bolus injection of Cypep-1 led to a significant reduction of tumour growth in the following weeks and prolonged survival. Detailed histological analysis of the treated tumours revealed large areas of necrosis. In sum, our findings show that the novel cationic peptide Cypep-1 displays a strong cytolytic activity against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo and thus holds a substantial therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olav Tenstad
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Baumann
- Biorecognition Group, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Biorecognition Group, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Reidar Myklebust
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg, Luxemburg
| | - Lars Prestegarden
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Dept. of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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25
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Wei X, Chen X, Ying M, Lu W. Brain tumor-targeted drug delivery strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:193-201. [PMID: 26579383 PMCID: PMC4629063 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the application of aggressive surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in clinics, brain tumors are still a difficult health challenge due to their fast development and poor prognosis. Brain tumor-targeted drug delivery systems, which increase drug accumulation in the tumor region and reduce toxicity in normal brain and peripheral tissue, are a promising new approach to brain tumor treatments. Since brain tumors exhibit many distinctive characteristics relative to tumors growing in peripheral tissues, potential targets based on continuously changing vascular characteristics and the microenvironment can be utilized to facilitate effective brain tumor-targeted drug delivery. In this review, we briefly describe the physiological characteristics of brain tumors, including blood–brain/brain tumor barriers, the tumor microenvironment, and tumor stem cells. We also review targeted delivery strategies and introduce a systematic targeted drug delivery strategy to overcome the challenges.
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26
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Tumor and endothelial cell hybrids participate in glioblastoma vasculature. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:827327. [PMID: 24868550 PMCID: PMC4017715 DOI: 10.1155/2014/827327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background. Recently antiangiogenic therapy with bevacizumab has shown a high but transient efficacy in glioblastoma (GBM). Indeed, GBM is one of the most angiogenic human tumors and endothelial proliferation is a hallmark of the disease. We therefore hypothesized that tumor cells may participate in endothelial proliferation of GBM. Materials and Methods. We used EGFR FISH Probe to detect EGFR amplification and anti-CD31, CD105, VE-cadherin, and vWF to identify endothelial cells. Endothelial and GBM cells were grown separately, labeled with GFP and DsRed lentiviruses, and then cocultured with or without contact. Results. In a subset of GBM tissues, we found that several tumor endothelial cells carry EGFR amplification, characteristic of GBM tumor cells. This observation was reproduced in vitro: when tumor stem cells derived from GBM were grown in the presence of human endothelial cells, a fraction of them acquired endothelial markers (CD31, CD105, VE-cadherin, and vWF). By transduction with GFP and DsRed expressing lentiviral vectors, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is due to cell fusion and not transdifferentiation. Conclusion. A fraction of GBM stem cells thus has the capacity to fuse with endothelial cells and the resulting hybrids may participate in tumor microvascular proliferation and in treatment resistance.
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27
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Higuchi Y, Kawai K, Yamamoto M, Kuronuma M, Ando Y, Katano I, Nakamura M, Suemizu H. Novel enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing NOG mouse for analyzing the microenvironment of xenograft tissues. Exp Anim 2014; 63:55-62. [PMID: 24521863 PMCID: PMC4160926 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between transplanted cells and host tissues is important for the growth
and maintenance of transplanted cells. To analyze the mechanisms of these interactions, a
systemic fluorescent protein-expressing mouse is a useful recipient. In this study, we
generated a novel NOG strain, which strongly expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein
(EGFP; PgkEGFP-NOG), especially in the liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and testis.
Because the host tissues expressed EGFP, xenotransplanted human cancer cells were clearly
identified as EGFP-negative colonies in PgkEGFP-NOG mice. Immunohistochemical analysis
revealed that EGFP-expressing stromal tissues formed a complicated tumor microenvironment
within xenograft tissues. Moreover, a similar microenvironment was observed in human iPS
cell-derived teratomas. Collectively, these results indicated that a suitable
microenvironment is essential for the growth and maintenance of xenotransplanted cells and
that PgkEGFP-NOG mice represent a useful animal model for analyzing the mechanisms of
microenvironment formation.
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28
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Glioblastomas are composed of genetically divergent clones with distinct tumourigenic potential and variable stem cell-associated phenotypes. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:203-19. [PMID: 24154962 PMCID: PMC3895194 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is known to be a heterogeneous disease; however, the genetic composition of the cells within a given tumour is only poorly explored. In the advent of personalised medicine the understanding of intra-tumoural heterogeneity at the cellular and the genetic level is mandatory to improve treatment and clinical outcome. By combining ploidy-based flow sorting with array-comparative genomic hybridization we show that primary GBMs present as either mono- or polygenomic tumours (64 versus 36 %, respectively). Monogenomic tumours were limited to a pseudodiploid tumour clone admixed with normal stromal cells, whereas polygenomic tumours contained multiple tumour clones, yet always including a pseudodiploid population. Interestingly, pseudodiploid and aneuploid fractions carried the same aberrations as defined by identical chromosomal breakpoints, suggesting that evolution towards aneuploidy is a late event in GBM development. Interestingly, while clonal heterogeneity could be recapitulated in spheroid-based xenografts, we find that genetically distinct clones displayed different tumourigenic potential. Moreover, we show that putative cancer stem cell markers including CD133, CD15, A2B5 and CD44 were present on genetically distinct tumour cell populations. These data reveal the clonal heterogeneity of GBMs at the level of DNA content, tumourigenic potential and stem cell marker expression, which is likely to impact glioma progression and treatment response. The combined knowledge of intra-tumour heterogeneity at the genetic, cellular and functional level is crucial to assess treatment responses and to design personalized treatment strategies for primary GBM.
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29
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Wong SY, Kumar S. Matrix regulation of tumor-initiating cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 126:243-56. [PMID: 25081621 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394624-9.00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that the progression of many tumors may be driven by specific subpopulations of cells with stem/progenitor-like properties (tumor-initiating cells or TICs, a.k.a. cancer stem cells) represents an important recent paradigm shift in cancer biology and therapeutics. TICs in solid tissues are expected to interface with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which can strongly influence cell behavior through a variety of biochemical and biophysical mechanisms. Understanding ECM regulation of TIC behavior is important for developing strategies to isolate, expand, and characterize TICs in a laboratory setting and for understanding the roles ECM-based inputs may play in disease progression and therapy. In this chapter, we discuss how the ECM regulates TICs, starting with a brief overview of TIC biology, isolation, and characterization, molecular mechanisms through which TICs may be regulated by ECM-based signals, and the potential importance of these signals to TIC-driven tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Y Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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30
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Brognaro E. "The development tumor model" to study and monitor the entire progression of both primary and metastatic tumors. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2219-30. [PMID: 24213851 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme and other malignant cancers resulting in solid tumors continue to be devastating diseases. In order to find more effective treatments, it is necessary to cultivate a better understanding of the dynamics of tumor development in relation to both primary and secondary tumors. Although hand-held or digital caliper methods can measure tumor growth in subcutaneous xenograft models, to date, the only way to follow and monitor the progression of growing tumors in orthotopic animal models is imaging. This is not enough. To improve our knowledge of the biological characteristics that take place during tumor progression at both primary and metastatic sites, it is indispensable to develop an in vivo model which enables us to reproduce, from the beginning to the end of the cancer's natural history, what really happens in a patient affected by a solid tumor. The ideal tumor model must allow us to monitor all the stages of the tumor's development, both in the primary bulk and in secondary locations, by obtaining cells, biopsies as well as performing stainings on sections. In this paper, "the development tumor model", already proposed by the author to monitor the whole progression of the glioblastoma, is also applied to the study of all solid malignancies. It is a xenogeneic orthotopic transplantation model using human tumor-derived cells from the pre-hypoxic phase as transplanted material, which will be cultured in a neurobasal serum-free medium. By transplanting the same material at the same time (time zero) into a number of immunodeficient and genetically identical mice or rats, the model can be used to create a pool of twin animal transplant candidates under the same testing conditions. By sacrificing one animal a week (or choosing other intervals as needed) and performing multiple biopsies and stainings on sections, we can monitor the entire development of both the primary and secondary tumors. This may shed light on which specific cells and particular markers need to be focused on in order to develop innovative, valid therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Brognaro
- Department of Neurosurgery, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Viale Tre Martiri, 45100, Rovigo, Italy,
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31
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Johansson M, Oudin A, Tiemann K, Bernard A, Golebiewska A, Keunen O, Fack F, Stieber D, Wang B, Hedman H, Niclou SP. The soluble form of the tumor suppressor Lrig1 potently inhibits in vivo glioma growth irrespective of EGF receptor status. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1200-11. [PMID: 23723255 PMCID: PMC3748912 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deregulated growth factor signaling is a major driving force in the initiation and progression of glioblastoma. The tumor suppressor and stem cell marker Lrig1 is a negative regulator of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. Here, we addressed the therapeutic potential of the soluble form of Lrig1 (sLrig1) in glioblastoma treatment and the mechanism of sLrig1-induced growth inhibition. Methods With use of encapsulated cells, recombinant sLrig1 was locally delivered in orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts generated from freshly isolated patient tumors. Tumor growth and mouse survival were evaluated. The efficacy of sLrig1 and the affected downstream signaling was studied in vitro and in vivo in glioma cells displaying variable expression of wild-type and/or a constitutively active EGFR mutant (EGFRvIII). Results Continuous interstitial delivery of sLrig1 in genetically diverse patient-derived glioma xenografts led to strong tumor growth inhibition. Glioma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo were potently inhibited by sLrig1, irrespective of EGFR expression levels. Of importance, tumor growth was also suppressed in EGFRvIII-driven glioma. sLrig1 induced cell cycle arrest without changing total receptor level or phosphorylation. Affected downstream effectors included MAP kinase but not AKT signaling. Of importance, local delivery of sLrig1 into established tumors led to a 32% survival advantage in treated mice. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that sLrig1 is a potent inhibitor of glioblastoma growth in clinically relevant experimental glioma models and that this effect is largely independent of EGFR status. The potent anti-tumor effect of sLrig1, in combination with cell encapsulation technology for in situ delivery, holds promise for future treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Johansson
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Sweden
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Jacobsen HK, Sleire L, Wang J, Netland IA, Mutlu E, Førde H, Pedersen PH, Gullberg D, Enger PØ. Establishment of a novel dsRed NOD/Scid mouse strain to investigate the host and tumor cell compartments. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:221-30. [PMID: 23521006 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.780075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a NOD/Scid mouse strain expressing the dsRed transgene. The strain is maintained by inbreeding of homozygous dsRed NOD/Scid siblings, and expresses red fluorescence from various organs. The model allows engraftment of human tumor tissue, and engrafted tumors were separated into stromal and malignant cell compartments. Furthermore, we compared tumor-associated and normal fibroblast for expression of fibroblast-associated markers, and identified a marker panel that was upregulated in the tumor-associated fibroblasts. In conclusion, we propose that this model may be used in a variety of studies of tumor progression and to elucidate the role of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege Karine Jacobsen
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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A novel, diffusely infiltrative xenograft model of human anaplastic oligodendroglioma with mutations in FUBP1, CIC, and IDH1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59773. [PMID: 23527265 PMCID: PMC3602110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendroglioma poses a biological conundrum for malignant adult human gliomas: it is a tumor type that is universally incurable for patients, and yet, only a few of the human tumors have been established as cell populations in vitro or as intracranial xenografts in vivo. Their survival, thus, may emerge only within a specific environmental context. To determine the fate of human oligodendroglioma in an experimental model, we studied the development of an anaplastic tumor after intracranial implantation into enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) positive NOD/SCID mice. Remarkably after nearly nine months, the tumor not only engrafted, but it also retained classic histological and genetic features of human oligodendroglioma, in particular cells with a clear cytoplasm, showing an infiltrative growth pattern, and harboring mutations of IDH1 (R132H) and of the tumor suppressor genes, FUBP1 and CIC. The xenografts were highly invasive, exhibiting a distinct migration and growth pattern around neurons, especially in the hippocampus, and following white matter tracts of the corpus callosum with tumor cells accumulating around established vasculature. Although tumors exhibited a high growth fraction in vivo, neither cells from the original patient tumor nor the xenograft exhibited significant growth in vitro over a six-month period. This glioma xenograft is the first to display a pure oligodendroglioma histology and expression of R132H. The unexpected property, that the cells fail to grow in vitro even after passage through the mouse, allows us to uniquely investigate the relationship of this oligodendroglioma with the in vivo microenvironment.
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34
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Golebiewska A, Bougnaud S, Stieber D, Brons NHC, Vallar L, Hertel F, Klink B, Schröck E, Bjerkvig R, Niclou SP. Side population in human glioblastoma is non-tumorigenic and characterizes brain endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:1462-75. [PMID: 23460667 PMCID: PMC3634193 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The identification and significance of cancer stem-like cells in malignant gliomas remains controversial. It has been proposed that cancer stem-like cells display increased drug resistance, through the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters that detoxify cells by effluxing exogenous compounds. Here, we investigated the ‘side population’ phenotype based on efflux properties of ATP-binding cassette transporters in freshly isolated human glioblastoma samples and intracranial xenografts derived thereof. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on sorted cells obtained from glioblastoma biopsies, as well as human tumour xenografts developed in immunodeficient enhanced green fluorescence protein-expressing mice that allow an unequivocal tumour-stroma discrimination, we show that side population cells in human glioblastoma are non-neoplastic and exclusively stroma-derived. Tumour cells were consistently devoid of efflux properties regardless of their genetic background, tumour ploidy or stem cell associated marker expression. Using multi-parameter flow cytometry we identified the stromal side population in human glioblastoma to be brain-derived endothelial cells with a minor contribution of astrocytes. In contrast with their foetal counterpart, neural stem/progenitor cells in the adult brain did not display the side population phenotype. Of note, we show that CD133-positive cells often associated with cancer stem-like cells in glioblastoma biopsies, do not represent a homogenous cell population and include CD31-positive endothelial cells. Interestingly, treatment of brain tumours with the anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab reduced total vessel density, but did not affect the efflux properties of endothelial cells. In conclusion our findings contribute to an unbiased identification of cancer stem-like cells and stromal cells in brain neoplasms, and provide novel insight into the complex issue of drug delivery to the brain. Since efflux properties of endothelial cells are likely to compromise drug availability, transiently targeting ATP-binding cassette transporters may be a valuable therapeutic strategy to improve treatment effects in brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golebiewska
- 1 NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Bougnaud
- 1 NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Stieber
- 1 NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolaas H. C. Brons
- 2 Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Vallar
- 3 Genomics Research Unit, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Frank Hertel
- 4 Centre Hospitalier Luxembourg, Department of Neurosurgery, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Barbara Klink
- 5 Institute for Clincial Genetics, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- 5 Institute for Clincial Genetics, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- 1 NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- 6 NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- 1 NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Fangusaro J. Pediatric high grade glioma: a review and update on tumor clinical characteristics and biology. Front Oncol 2012; 2:105. [PMID: 22937526 PMCID: PMC3426754 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High grade gliomas (HGG) are one of the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumors encountered in adults, but they only represent approximately 8–12% of all pediatric CNS tumors. Historically, pediatric HGG were thought to be similar to adult HGG since they appear histologically identical; however, molecular, genetic, and biologic data reveal that they are distinct. Similar to adults, pediatric HGG are very aggressive and malignant lesions with few patients achieving long-term survival despite a variety of therapies. Initial treatment strategies typically consist of a gross total resection (GTR) when feasible followed by focal radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Over the last few decades, a wealth of data has emerged from basic science and pre-clinical animal models helping to better define the common biologic, genetic, and molecular make-up of these tumors. These data have not only provided a better understanding of tumor biology, but they have also provided new areas of research targeting molecular and genetic pathways with the potential for novel treatment strategies and improved patient outcomes. Here we provide a review of pediatric non-brainstem HGG, including epidemiology, presentation, histology, imaging characteristics, treatments, survival outcomes, and an overview of both basic and translational research. An understanding of all relevant pre-clinical tumor models, including their strengths and pitfalls is essential in realizing improved patient outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Fangusaro
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, The Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
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Huszthy PC, Daphu I, Niclou SP, Stieber D, Nigro JM, Sakariassen PØ, Miletic H, Thorsen F, Bjerkvig R. In vivo models of primary brain tumors: pitfalls and perspectives. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:979-93. [PMID: 22679124 PMCID: PMC3408261 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal modeling for primary brain tumors has undergone constant development over the last 60 years, and significant improvements have been made recently with the establishment of highly invasive glioblastoma models. In this review we discuss the advantages and pitfalls of model development, focusing on chemically induced models, various xenogeneic grafts of human cell lines, including stem cell–like cell lines and biopsy spheroids. We then discuss the development of numerous genetically engineered models available to study mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. At present it is clear that none of the current animal models fully reflects human gliomas. Yet, the various model systems have provided important insight into specific mechanisms of tumor development. In particular, it is anticipated that a combined comprehensive knowledge of the various models currently available will provide important new knowledge on target identification and the validation and development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Huszthy
- NorLux, Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Shima K, Mizuma M, Hayashi H, Nakagawa K, Okada T, Sakata N, Omura N, Kitamura Y, Motoi F, Rikiyama T, Katayose Y, Egawa S, Ishii N, Horii A, Unno M. Potential utility of eGFP-expressing NOG mice (NOG-EGFP) as a high purity cancer sampling system. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:55. [PMID: 22672897 PMCID: PMC3444339 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is still technically difficult to collect high purity cancer cells from tumor tissues, which contain noncancerous cells. We hypothesized that xenograft models of NOG mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), referred to as NOG-EGFP mice, may be useful for obtaining such high purity cancer cells for detailed molecular and cellular analyses. METHODS Pancreato-biliary cancer cell lines were implanted subcutaneously to compare the tumorigenicity between NOG-EGFP mice and nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. To obtain high purity cancer cells, the subcutaneous tumors were harvested from the mice and enzymatically dissociated into single-cell suspensions. Then, the cells were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for separation of the host cells and the cancer cells. Thereafter, the contamination rate of host cells in collected cancer cells was quantified by using FACS analysis. The viability of cancer cells after FACS sorting was evaluated by cell culture and subsequent subcutaneous reimplantation in NOG-EGFP mice. RESULTS The tumorigenicity of NOG-EGFP mice was significantly better than that of NOD/SCID mice in all of the analyzed cell lines (p < 0.01). Sorting procedures enabled an almost pure collection of cancer cells with only slight contamination by host cells. Reimplantation of the sorted cancer cells formed tumors again, which demonstrated that cell viability after sorting was well maintained. CONCLUSIONS This method provides a novel cancer sampling system for molecular and cellular analysis with high accuracy and should contribute to the development of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Shima
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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Najbauer J, Huszthy PC, Barish ME, Garcia E, Metz MZ, Myers SM, Gutova M, Frank RT, Miletic H, Kendall SE, Glackin CA, Bjerkvig R, Aboody KS. Cellular host responses to gliomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35150. [PMID: 22539956 PMCID: PMC3335155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Molecular and genetic analysis has advanced our understanding of glioma biology, however mapping the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment is crucial for understanding the pathology of this dreaded brain cancer. In this study we identified major cell populations attracted by glioma using orthotopic rodent models of human glioma xenografts. Marker-specific, anatomical and morphological analyses revealed a robust influx of host cells into the main tumor bed and tumor satellites. Methodology/Principal Findings Human glioma cell lines and glioma spheroid orthotopic implants were used in rodents. In both models, the xenografts recruited large numbers of host nestin-expressing cells, which formed a ‘network’ with glioma. The host nestin-expressing cells appeared to originate in the subventricular zone ipsilateral to the tumor, and were clearly distinguishable from pericytes that expressed smooth muscle actin. These distinct cell populations established close physical contact in a ‘pair-wise’ manner and migrated together to the deeper layers of tumor satellites and gave rise to tumor vasculature. The GBM biopsy xenografts displayed two different phenotypes: (a) low-generation tumors (first in vivo passage in rats) were highly invasive and non-angiogenic, and host nestin-positive cells that infiltrated into these tumors displayed astrocytic or elongated bipolar morphology; (b) high-generation xenografts (fifth passage) had pronounced cellularity, were angiogenic with ‘glomerulus-like’ microvascular proliferations that contained host nestin-positive cells. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor CXCR4 were highly expressed in and around glioma xenografts, suggesting their role in glioma progression and invasion. Conclusions/Significance Our data demonstrate a robust migration of nestin-expressing host cells to glioma, which together with pericytes give rise to tumor vasculature. Mapping the cellular composition of glioma microenvironment and deciphering the complex ‘crosstalk’ between tumor and host may ultimately aid the development of novel anti-glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Najbauer
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America.
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Gole B, Huszthy PC, Popović M, Jeruc J, Ardebili YS, Bjerkvig R, Lah TT. The regulation of cysteine cathepsins and cystatins in human gliomas. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1779-89. [PMID: 22287159 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins play an important role in shaping the highly infiltrative growth pattern of human gliomas. We have previously demonstrated that the activity of cysteine cathepsins is elevated in invasive glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro, in part due to attenuation of their endogenous inhibitors, the cystatins. To investigate this relationship in vivo, we established U87-MG xenografts in non-obese diabetic (NOD)/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mice. Here, tumor growth correlated with an elevated enzymatic activity of CatB both in the tumor core and at the periphery, whereas CatS and CatL levels were higher at the xenograft edge compared to the core. Reversely, StefB expression was detected in the tumor core, but it was generally absent in the tumor periphery, suggesting that down-regulation of this inhibitor correlates with in vivo invasion. In human GBM samples, all cathepsins were elevated at the tumor periphery compared to brain parenchyma. CatB was also typically associated with angiogenic endothelia and necrotic areas. StefB was mainly detected in the tumor core, whereas CysC and StefA were evenly distributed, reflecting the observations in the xenografts. However, at the mRNA level, no differences in cathepsins and cystatins were observed between the tumor center and the periphery in both human biopsies and xenografts. Interestingly, in human tumors, cathepsin and stefin transcript levels correlated with CD68 and CXCR4 levels, but not with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Moreover, we reveal for the first time that an elevated StefA mRNA level is a highly significant prognostic factor for patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gole
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Moen I, Jevne C, Wang J, Kalland KH, Chekenya M, Akslen LA, Sleire L, Enger PØ, Reed RK, Øyan AM, Stuhr LEB. Gene expression in tumor cells and stroma in dsRed 4T1 tumors in eGFP-expressing mice with and without enhanced oxygenation. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:21. [PMID: 22251838 PMCID: PMC3274430 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor microenvironment is pivotal in tumor progression. Thus, we aimed to develop a mammary tumor model to elucidate molecular characteristics in the stroma versus the tumor cell compartment by global gene expression. Secondly, since tumor hypoxia influences several aspects of tumor pathophysiology, we hypothesized that hyperoxia might have an inhibitory effect on tumor growth per se. Finally, we aimed to identify differences in gene expression and key molecular mechanisms, both in the native state and following treatment. Methods 4T1 dsRed breast cancer cells were injected into eGFP expressing NOD/SCID mice. Group 1 was exposed to 3 intermittent HBO treatments (Day 1, 4 and 7), Group 2 to 7 daily HBO treatments (both 2.5bar, 100% O2, à 90 min), whereas the controls were exposed to a normal atmosphere. Tumor growth, histology, vascularisation, cell proliferation, cell death and metastasis were assessed. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to separate tumor cells from stromal cells prior to gene expression analysis. Results The purity of sorted cells was verified by fluorescence microscopy. Gene expression profiling demonstrated that highly expressed genes in the untreated tumor stroma included constituents of the extracellular matrix and matrix metalloproteinases. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited by HBO, and the MAPK pathway was found to be significantly reduced. Immunohistochemistry indicated a significantly reduced microvessel density after intermittent HBO, whereas daily HBO did not show a similar effect. The anti-angiogenic response was reflected in the expression trends of angiogenic factors. Conclusions The present in vivo mammary tumor model enabled us to separate tumor and stromal cells, and demonstrated that the two compartments are characterized by distinct gene expressions, both in the native state and following HBO treatments. Furthermore, hyperoxia induced a significant tumor growth-inhibitory effect, with significant down-regulation of the MAPK pathway. An anti-angiogenic effect after intermittent HBO was observed, and reflected in the gene expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Moen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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Wang J, Daphu I, Pedersen PH, Miletic H, Hovland R, Mørk S, Bjerkvig R, Tiron C, McCormack E, Micklem D, Lorens JB, Immervoll H, Thorsen F. A novel brain metastases model developed in immunodeficient rats closely mimics the growth of metastatic brain tumours in patients. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 37:189-205. [PMID: 20819169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS brain metastasis is a common cause of mortality in cancer patients, and associated with poor prognosis. Our objective was to develop a clinically relevant animal model by transplanting human biopsy spheroids derived from metastatic lesions into brains of immunodeficient rats. METHODS nine different patient brain metastases from four different primary cancers were implanted into brains of immunodeficient rats. The xenografts were compared with patient tumours by magnetic resonance imaging, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and DNA copy number analysis. RESULTS after transplantation, tumour growth was achieved in seven out of nine human brain metastases. Spheroids derived from four of the metastases initiated in the rat brains were further serially transplanted into new animals and a 100% tumour take was observed during second passage. Three of the biopsies were implanted subcutaneously, where no tumour take was observed. The animal brain metastases exhibited similar radiological features as observed clinically. Histological comparisons between the primary tumours from the patients, the patient brain metastases and the derived xenografts showed striking similarities in histology and growth patterns. Also, immunohistochemistry showed a strong marker expression similarity between the patient tumours and the corresponding xenografts. DNA copy number analysis between the brain metastases, and the corresponding xenografts revealed strong similarities in gains and losses of chromosomal content. CONCLUSION we have developed a representative in vivo model for studying the growth of human metastatic brain cancers. The model described represents an important tool to assess responses to new treatment modalities and for studying mechanisms behind metastatic growth in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Mancuso P, Martin-Padura I, Calleri A, Marighetti P, Quarna J, Rabascio C, Braidotti P, Bertolini F. Circulating perivascular progenitors: a target of PDGFR inhibition. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1344-50. [PMID: 21128230 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer blood vessels consist of two interacting types of cells: inner lining endothelial cells (ECs) and surrounding perivascular cells (pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells or mural cells). PDGFRbeta(CD140b)+ progenitor perivascular cells (PPC) can differentiate into pericytes and regulate vessel stability and vascular survival in tumors. Similarly to what we have done with circulating ECs and progenitors, we developed a flow cytometry procedure for the enumeration of circulating PPCs and the study of their viability in murine models of cancer and in cancer patients. DNA+CD45-CD31-CD140b+ cells were enumerated by six-colour flow cytometry, their morphology was studied by electron microscopy, PPC specificity confirmed by reverse trascription-PCR (RT-PCR) expression of CD140b mRNA, and viability assessed by Syto16 and 7AAD. In preclinical marrow transplantation studies, 9 ± 4% of circulating PPCs were derived from the marrow donor. PPCs were increased in cancer-bearing mice and in patients affected by some types of cancer. At variance with the kinetic of circulating endothelial progenitors, high-dose cyclophosphamide reduced the number of viable PPCs. The administration of sunitinib, a drug known to inhibit PDGFR, was associated in murine models and in cancer patients with an increase of apoptotic/necrotic circulating PPC, suggesting a direct targeting of these cells. PPC enumeration might be studied as a tool for the definition of the optimal biologic dose of anti-PDGFR drugs and investigated clinically as a possible predictive/prognostic tool in patients receiving anti-PDGFR drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Mancuso
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Critical Appraisal of the Side Population Assay in Stem Cell and Cancer Stem Cell Research. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sajithlal GB, McGuire TF, Lu J, Beer-Stolz D, Prochownik EV. Endothelial-like cells derived directly from human tumor xenografts. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2268-78. [PMID: 20162569 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) harboring various genomic abnormalities have been described in human cancers although their origins remain obscure. We generated 4 human cancer cell lines tagged with multiple markers, grew them as xenografts, and characterized their TAECs. Depending on their tumor of origin, 5-40% of TAECs reproducibly expressed all tags. Tagged TAECs (tTAECS) were morphologically, immunologically and functionally similar, although not identical, to normal endothelial cells (ECs) and contained only human chromosomes. tTAECs underwent a senescent-like proliferative arrest after several in vitro passages, but could be immortalized by telomerase, thus allowing us to show that the retention of the EC phenotype was of long-term duration. In contrast, nonimmortalized tTAECs could be propagated in vivo where they incorporated into the tumor neo-vasculature. Although consistent with previous reports that some tumor cells may undergo "vasculogenic mimicry" (VM), the tumor-derived endothelial-like cells described here appear distinctly different. Moreover, their properties and behaviors are more durable than expected for cells undergoing VM, are not the result of fusions between ECs and tumor cells, and are cell autonomous. These findings could have significant implications for therapies that target tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadharan B Sajithlal
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
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Bouchentouf M, Forner KA, Cuerquis J, Michaud V, Zheng J, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL, Galipeau J. Induction of cardiac angiogenesis requires killer cell lectin-like receptor 1 and α4β7 integrin expression by NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7014-25. [PMID: 20971926 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that NK cells are involved in cardiac repair following myocardial infarction. The aim of this study is to investigate the role NK cells in infarct angiogenesis and cardiac remodeling. In normal C57BL/6 mice, myelomonocytic inflammatory cells invaded infarcted heart within 24 h followed by a lymphoid/NK cell infiltrate by day 6, accompanied by substantial expression of IL-2, TNF-α, and CCL2. In contrast, NOD SCID mice had virtually no lymphoid cells infiltrating the heart and did not upregulate IL-2 levels. In vitro and in vivo, IL-2-activated NK cells promoted TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation, enhanced angiogenesis and reduced fibrosis within the infarcted myocardium. Adoptive transfer of IL-2-activated NK cells to NOD SCID mice improved post-myocardial infarction angiogenesis. RNA silencing technology and neutralizing Abs demonstrated that this process involved α4β7 integrin/VCAM-1 and killer cell lectin-like receptor 1/N-cadherin-specific binding. In this study, we show that IL-2-activated NK cells reduce myocardial collagen deposition along with an increase in neovascularization following acute cardiac ischemia through specific interaction with endothelial cells. These data define a potential role of activated NK cells in cardiac angiogenesis and open new perspectives for the treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf Bouchentouf
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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El Hallani S, Boisselier B, Peglion F, Rousseau A, Colin C, Idbaih A, Marie Y, Mokhtari K, Thomas JL, Eichmann A, Delattre JY, Maniotis AJ, Sanson M. A new alternative mechanism in glioblastoma vascularization: tubular vasculogenic mimicry. Brain 2010; 133:973-82. [PMID: 20375132 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most angiogenic human tumours and endothelial proliferation is a hallmark of the disease. A better understanding of glioblastoma vasculature is needed to optimize anti-angiogenic therapy that has shown a high but transient efficacy. We analysed human glioblastoma tissues and found non-endothelial cell-lined blood vessels that were formed by tumour cells (vasculogenic mimicry of the tubular type). We hypothesized that CD133+ glioblastoma cells presenting stem-cell properties may express pro-vascular molecules allowing them to form blood vessels de novo. We demonstrated in vitro that glioblastoma stem-like cells were capable of vasculogenesis and endothelium-associated genes expression. Moreover, a fraction of these glioblastoma stem-like cells could transdifferentiate into vascular smooth muscle-like cells. We describe here a new mechanism of alternative glioblastoma vascularization and open a new perspective for the antivascular treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane El Hallani
- UMR975, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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Animal models of breast cancer for the study of pathogenesis and therapeutic insights. Clin Transl Oncol 2010; 11:721-7. [PMID: 19917535 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-009-0434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumour suppressor genes are common events during breast cancer initiation and progression and often determine treatment responsiveness. Indeed, these events need to be recreated in in vitro systems and in mouse cancer models in order to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in breast cancer initiation and metastasis and assess their possible impact on responses to anticancer drugs. Optical-based imaging models are used to investigate and to follow important tumour progression processes. Moreover, the development of novel anticancer strategies requires more sensitive and less invasive methods to detect and monitor in vivo drug responses in breast cancer models. This review highlights some of the current strategies for modelling breast cancer in vitro and in the mouse, in order to answer biological or translational questions about human breast malignancies.
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Paulis YWJ, Soetekouw PMMB, Verheul HMW, Tjan-Heijnen VCG, Griffioen AW. Signalling pathways in vasculogenic mimicry. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:18-28. [PMID: 20079807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumour growth is dependent on the development of an adequate blood supply. For years, sprouting angiogenesis has been considered an exclusive mechanism of tumour vascularization. However, over the last years, several other mechanisms have been identified, including vessel-co-option, intussusception, recruitment of endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) and even mechanisms that do not involve endothelial cells, a process called vasculogenic mimicry (VM). The latter describes a mechanism by which highly aggressive tumour cells can form vessel-like structures themselves, by virtue of their high plasticity. VM has been observed in several tumour types and its occurrence is strongly associated with a poor prognosis. This review will focus on signalling molecules and cascades involved in VM. In addition, we will discuss the presence of VM in relation to ongoing cancer research. Finally, we describe the clinical significance of VM regarding anti-angiogenesis treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette W J Paulis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Eikesdal HP, Kalluri R. Drug resistance associated with antiangiogenesis therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:310-7. [PMID: 19524042 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neovascularization is one of the hallmarks associated with tumor growth. In the recent years, a number of angiogenesis inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in cancer patients. However, the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy is in most cases short-lasting, with likely drug resistance developing within a few months. It is becoming clear also that there are a subset of malignant tumors that are inherently resistant to angiogenesis inhibition. The knowledge regarding resistance mechanisms towards angiogenesis inhibitors is still evolving and here we propose some theories and in some cases provide experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Petter Eikesdal
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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