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Fazio E, Bionda A, Chiofalo V, La Fauci D, Randazzo C, Pino A, Crepaldi P, Attard G, Liotta L, Lopreiato V. Effects of Dietary Enrichment with Olive Cake on the Thyroid and Adrenocortical Responses in Growing Beef Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2120. [PMID: 37443918 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial by-products incorporated into livestock feed formulations can positively impact feed costs and promote a circular bio-economy. Italy produces significant amounts of olive cake (OC), a by-product of olive oil extraction, with the potential for incorporation into bovine diets. However, information on its effects on endocrine responses in growing beef calves is lacking. Forty-eight Limousines randomly allocated to dietary treatment (control or 10%-OC or 15%-OC inclusion) were segregated according to sex and body weight. Serum concentrations of TSH, thyroid hormones, and cortisol were measured on day 0, day 56, and at the end of the trial on day 147. Circulating TSH, total (T3, T4) and free (fT3, fT4) iodothyronines, and cortisol concentrations were all within the normal physiological ranges, with no significant effect imparted by diet. However, the diet × time interaction was significant for T3. The cortisol, T3, T4, and fT4 registered on day 147 were higher than those of day 56, and cortisol was higher in heifers than bulls. Final body weight was positively correlated with TSH and T3 and negatively with cortisol concentration. These findings suggest that the inclusion of OC at levels up to 15% in growing/finishing beef diets had no adverse effects on the calves' thyroid and cortical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esterina Fazio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Arianna Bionda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, University of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Chiofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Consortium of Research for Meat Chain and Agrifood (CoRFilCarni), Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah La Fauci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cinzia Randazzo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, S. Sofia Street 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pino
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, S. Sofia Street 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna SRL, Spin-Off of University of Catania, S. Sofia Street 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Crepaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, University of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - George Attard
- Department of Rural Sciences and Food Systems, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Heat stress of gilts around farrowing causes oxygen insufficiency in the umbilical cord and reduces piglet survival. Animal 2022; 16:100668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Fuller-Jackson JP, Henry BA. Adipose and skeletal muscle thermogenesis: studies from large animals. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R99-R115. [PMID: 29703782 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The balance between energy intake and energy expenditure establishes and preserves a 'set-point' body weight. The latter is comprised of three major components including metabolic rate, physical activity and thermogenesis. Thermogenesis is defined as the cellular dissipation of energy via heat production. This process has been extensively characterised in brown adipose tissue (BAT), wherein uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) creates a proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane, diverting protons away from ATP synthesis and resulting in heat dissipation. In beige adipocytes and skeletal muscle, thermogenesis can occur independent of UCP1. Beige adipocytes have been shown to produce heat via UCP1 as well as via both futile creatine and calcium cycling pathways. On the other hand, the UCP1 homologue UCP3 is abundant in skeletal muscle and post-prandial thermogenesis has been associated with UCP3 and the futile calcium cycling. This review will focus on the differential contributions of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in determining total thermogenic output and energy expenditure in large mammals. Sheep and pigs do not have a circumscribed brown fat depot but rather possess white fat depots that contain brown and beige adipocytes interspersed amongst white adipose tissue. This is representative of humans, where brown, beige and white adipocytes have been identified in the neck and supraclavicular regions. This review will describe the mechanisms of thermogenesis in pigs and sheep and the relative roles of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue thermogenesis in controlling body weight in larger mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belinda A Henry
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Henry BA, Pope M, Birtwistle M, Loughnan R, Alagal R, Fuller-Jackson JP, Perry V, Budge H, Clarke IJ, Symonds ME. Ontogeny and Thermogenic Role for Sternal Fat in Female Sheep. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2212-2225. [PMID: 28431116 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue acting through a unique uncoupling protein (UCP1) has a critical role in preventing hypothermia in newborn sheep but is then thought to rapidly disappear during postnatal life. The extent to which the anatomical location of fat influences postnatal development and thermogenic function in adulthood, particularly following feeding, is unknown, and we examined both in our study. Changes in gene expression of functionally important pathways (i.e., thermogenesis, development, adipogenesis, and metabolism) were compared between sternal and retroperitoneal fat depots together with a representative skeletal muscle over the first month of postnatal life, coincident with the loss of brown fat and the accumulation of white fat. In adult sheep, implanted temperature probes were used to characterize the thermogenic response of fat and muscle to feeding and the effects of reduced or increased adiposity. UCP1 was more abundant in sternal fat than in retroperitoneal fat and was retained only in the sternal depot of adults. Distinct differences in the abundance of gene pathway markers were apparent between tissues, with sternal fat exhibiting some similarities with muscle that were not apparent in the retroperitoneal depot. In adults, the postprandial rise in temperature was greater and more prolonged in sternal fat than in retroperitoneal fat and muscle, a difference that was maintained with altered adiposity. In conclusion, sternal adipose tissue retains UCP1 into adulthood, when it shows a greater thermogenic response to feeding than do muscle and retroperitoneal fat. Sternal fat may be more amenable to targeted interventions that promote thermogenesis in large mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda A Henry
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mark Pope
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Birtwistle
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Loughnan
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Reham Alagal
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Fuller-Jackson
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Viv Perry
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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Hewagalamulage SD, Clarke IJ, Rao A, Henry BA. Ewes With Divergent Cortisol Responses to ACTH Exhibit Functional Differences in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3540-9. [PMID: 27414744 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Within any population, the cortisol response to ACTH covers a considerable range. High responders (HRs) exhibit a greater cortisol secretory response to stress or ACTH, compared with individuals classified as low cortisol responders (LRs). We administered ACTH (0.2 μg/kg, iv) to 160 female sheep and selected subpopulations of animals as LR and HR. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in HR and LR and to identify factors that underlie the differing cortisol responses to ACTH. Hypothalami, pituitaries, and adrenals were collected from nonstressed HR and LR ewes. Expression of genes for CRH, arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin, glucocorticoid receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor were measured by in situ hybridization in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression was measured in the anterior pituitary. Expression of CRH, AVP, and POMC was higher in HR, with no differences in either glucocorticoid receptor or mineralocorticoid receptor expression. Oxytocin expression was greater in LR. In the adrenal gland, real-time PCR analysis indicated that expression of the ACTH receptor and a range of steroidogenic enzymes was similar in HR and LR. Adrenal weights, the cortex to medulla ratio and adrenal cortisol content were also similar in LR and HR. In conclusion, LR and HR display innate differences in the steady-state expression of CRH, AVP, oxytocin, and POMC, indicating that selection for cortisol responsiveness identifies distinct subpopulations that exhibit innate differences in the gene expression/function of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakda D Hewagalamulage
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program (S.D.H., B.A.H.) and Neuroscience Program (I.J.C., A.R.), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program (S.D.H., B.A.H.) and Neuroscience Program (I.J.C., A.R.), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alexandra Rao
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program (S.D.H., B.A.H.) and Neuroscience Program (I.J.C., A.R.), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Belinda A Henry
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program (S.D.H., B.A.H.) and Neuroscience Program (I.J.C., A.R.), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Hewagalamulage SD, Lee TK, Clarke IJ, Henry BA. Stress, cortisol, and obesity: a role for cortisol responsiveness in identifying individuals prone to obesity. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S112-20. [PMID: 27345309 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong inter-relationship between activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and energy homeostasis. Patients with abdominal obesity have elevated cortisol levels. Furthermore, stress and glucocorticoids act to control both food intake and energy expenditure. In particular, glucocorticoids are known to increase the consumption of foods enriched in fat and sugar. It is well-known that, in all species, the cortisol response to stress or adrenocorticotropin is highly variable. It has now emerged that cortisol responsiveness is an important determinant in the metabolic sequelae to stress. Sheep that are characterized as high-cortisol responders (HRs) have greater propensity to weight gain and obesity than low-cortisol responders (LRs). This difference in susceptibility to become obese is associated with a distinct metabolic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral phenotype. In women and ewes, HR individuals eat more in response to stress than LR. Furthermore, HR sheep have impaired melanocortin signaling and reduced skeletal muscle thermogenesis. High-cortisol responder sheep exhibit reactive coping strategies, whereas LRs exhibit proactive coping strategies. This complex set of traits leads to increased food intake and reduced energy expenditure in HR and thus, predisposition to obesity. We predict that cortisol responsiveness may be used as a marker to identify individuals who are at risk of weight gain and subsequent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T K Lee
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - I J Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - B A Henry
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Henry BA, Loughnan R, Hickford J, Young IR, St John JC, Clarke I. Differences in mitochondrial DNA inheritance and function align with body conformation in genetically lean and fat sheep. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:2083-93. [PMID: 26020304 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body weight and adiposity are determined by the balance between energy intake, energy expenditure, and nutrient deposition. We have identified differences in appetite-regulating peptides in sheep selectively bred to be either lean or fat, wherein gene expression for orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone are elevated in the lean group. Despite this, the underlying mechanisms leading to differences in body composition in the lean and fat lines remains unknown. We measured postprandial temperature in adipose tissue and muscle to ascertain whether a difference in thermogenesis is associated with the difference in body composition in genetically lean (n = 8) and fat (n = 12) ewes. Body weight was higher (P < 0.01) but percent fat mass was lower (P < 0.001) in the lean group. The percent lean mass was similar in lean and fat groups. Animals received intracerebroventricular cannulae and temperature probes implanted into the retroperitoneal fat and the hind-limb skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis). Animals were meal fed (1100-1600 h) to entrain postprandial thermogenesis. Food intake was similar between lean and fat animals. Postprandial thermogenesis was greater (P < 0.05) in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue of lean animals but not in skeletal muscle. Intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin reduced (P< 0.05) food intake by an equal extent in both groups. Postprandial expression of UCP1 mRNA was greater (P < 0.05) in retroperitoneal fat of lean animals, with similar UCP3 expression in skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial genome sequencing indicated haplotypic clustering in lean and fat animals within both the encoding and nonencoding regions. This demonstrates that differences in body composition may be underpinned by differences in thermogenesis, specifically within adipose tissue. Furthermore, thermogenic differences may be associated with specific mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, suggesting a strong genetic component inherited through the maternal lineage.
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Hewagalamulage SD, Clarke IJ, Young IR, Rao A, Henry BA. High cortisol response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone identifies ewes with reduced melanocortin signalling and increased propensity to obesity. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:44-56. [PMID: 25315658 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have identified female sheep that have either high (HR) or low (LR) cortisol responses to adrenocorticotrophin. On a high-energy diet, HR have greater propensity to weight gain and obesity, although the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides (ARP) exert reciprocal effects on food intake and energy expenditure. We aimed to quantify the expression and function of ARP in LR and HR ewes (n = 4 per group). Gene expression for neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP) pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), orexin and the melanocortin receptors (MC3R and MC4R) was measured by in situ hybridisation. Expression of NPY, AgRP and POMC was similar in HR and LR, although expression of orexin, MCH, MC3R and MC4R was higher (P < 0.05) in LR. Intracerebroventricular infusions of a low dose (50 μg/h) of NPY, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), orexin and MCH were performed between 10.00 h and 16.00 h in meal-fed ewes (n = 6-7 per group). Skeletal muscle and retroperitoneal (RP) fat temperatures were recorded using dataloggers. Post-prandial thermogenesis in muscle was higher (P < 0.05) in LR. There was little effect of ARP infusion on muscle or fat temperature in either group. Infusion of these doses of NPY, MCH or orexin did not stimulate food intake in meal-fed ewes, although αMSH reduced (P < 0.01) food intake in LR only. Using 24-h ARP infusions with ad lib. feeding, NPY increased (P < 0.001) food intake in both groups but αMSH was only effective in LR (P < 0.05). In summary, we show that HR are resistant to the satiety effects of αMSH and this coincides with a reduced expression of both the MC3R and MC4R in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. We conclude that an increased propensity to obesity in HR female sheep is associated with reduced melanocortin signalling.
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Aschbacher K, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, van Wietmarschen H, Tomiyama AJ, Jain S, Epel E, Doyle FJ, van der Greef J. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-leptin axis and metabolic health: a systems approach to resilience, robustness and control. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20140020. [PMID: 25285198 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids contribute to obesity and metabolic syndrome; however, the mechanisms are unclear, and prognostic measures are unavailable. A systems level understanding of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-leptin axis may reveal novel insights. Eighteen obese premenopausal women provided blood samples every 10 min over 24 h, which were assayed for cortisol, adrenocorticotropin releasing hormone (ACTH) and leptin. A published personalized HPA systems model was extended to incorporate leptin, yielding three parameters: (i) cortisol inhibitory feedback signalling, (ii) ACTH-adrenal signalling, and (iii) leptin-cortisol antagonism. We investigated associations between these parameters and metabolic risk profiles: fat and lean body mass (LBM; using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and insulin resistance. Decreased cortisol inhibitory feedback signalling was significantly associated with greater fat (kg; p = 0.01) and insulin resistance (p = 0.03) but not LBM. Leptin significantly antagonized cortisol dynamics in eight women, who exhibited significantly lower 24 h mean leptin levels, LBM and higher ACTH-adrenal signalling nocturnally (all p < 0.05), compared with women without antagonism. Traditional neuroendocrine measures did not predict metabolic health, whereas a dynamic systems approach revealed that lower central inhibitory cortisol feedback signalling was significantly associated with greater metabolic risk. While exploratory, leptin-cortisol antagonism may reflect a 'neuroendocrine starvation' response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Aschbacher
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Francisco, CA , USA ; The Institute for Integrative Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | | | - Herman van Wietmarschen
- TNO Innovation for Life , Zeist , The Netherlands ; Department of Analytical Biosciences , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - A Janet Tomiyama
- Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Shamini Jain
- Department of Brain, Mind & Healing , Samueli Institute , Alexandria, VA , USA ; Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Elissa Epel
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Santa Barbara, CA , USA
| | - Jan van der Greef
- TNO Innovation for Life , Zeist , The Netherlands ; Department of Analytical Biosciences , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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Lee TK, Lee C, Bischof R, Lambert GW, Clarke IJ, Henry BA. Stress-induced behavioral and metabolic adaptations lead to an obesity-prone phenotype in ewes with elevated cortisol responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 47:166-77. [PMID: 25001966 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The underlying cause of predisposition to obesity is complex but one marker is cortisol responsiveness. Selection of sheep for high (HR) or low (LR) cortisol responses to adrenocorticotropin shows that HR are more likely to become obese. Increased propensity to obesity is associated with reduced skeletal muscle thermogenesis. We sought to determine whether metabolic or behavioral responses to stress also contribute to altered propensity to obesity in LR and HR. Animals (n=5-10/group) were exposed to 3 stressors and we measured food intake and thermogenesis (recorded with dataloggers implanted into muscle). Stressors were hypoglycaemia (0.125 units/kg insulin, IV), a barking dog and immune challenge (200 ng/kg lipopolysaccharide--LPS, IV). LR animals showed a greater catabolic state in response to both immune and psychosocial stressors. LPS reduced (P<0.01) food intake in both groups but LR showed a greater (P<0.05) reduction in food intake and a more substantial (P<0.05) rise in muscle temperature. Introduction of the barking dog reduced (P<0.05) food intake in LR only. These metabolic differences coincided with differences in cortisol responsiveness, where HR animals had increased (P<0.05) cortisol in response to both immune and psychosocial stressors. We also assessed behavior in the following paradigms: 1, isolation in the open field test; 2, response to a human intruder; and 3, food competition. LR had greater (P<0.05) activity, reduced fearfulness and displayed a proactive coping style of behavior. Thus we demonstrate that high cortisol responsiveness identifies animals with stress-induced metabolic and behavioral traits that may contribute to susceptibility to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kevin Lee
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Caroline Lee
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Robert Bischof
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gavin W Lambert
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Belinda A Henry
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Sirotin N, Hoover DR, Shi Q, Anastos K, Weiser SD. Food insecurity with hunger is associated with obesity among HIV-infected and at risk women in Bronx, NY. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105957. [PMID: 25162598 PMCID: PMC4146558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food insecurity, insufficient quality and quantity of nutritionally adequate food, affects millions of people in the United States (US) yearly, with over 18 million Americans reporting hunger. Food insecurity is associated with obesity in the general population. Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected women, we sought to determine the relationship between food insecurity and obesity in this cohort of urban, HIV-infected and -uninfected but at risk women. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, we collected data on food insecurity, body mass index and demographic and clinical data from 231 HIV-infected and 119 HIV-negative women enrolled in Bronx site of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). We used multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with obesity. RESULTS Food insecurity was highly prevalent, with almost one third of women (110/350, 31%) reporting food insecurity over the previous six months and over 13% of women reported food insecurity with hunger. Over half the women were obese with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of ≥ 30. In multivariate analyses, women who were food insecure with hunger had higher odds of obesity (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.56, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.27, 5.20) after adjusting for HIV status, age, race, household status, income, drug and alcohol use. CONCLUSION Food insecurity with hunger was associated with obesity in this population of HIV-infected and -uninfected, urban women. Both food insecurity and obesity are independent markers for increased mortality; further research is needed to understand this relationship and their role in adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Sirotin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Hoover
- Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Qiuhu Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sheri D. Weiser
- Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United States of America
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