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Valle-León M, Casajuana-Martin N, Del Torrent CL, Argerich J, Gómez-Acero L, Sahlholm K, Ferré S, Pardo L, Ciruela F. Unique effect of clozapine on adenosine A 2A-dopamine D 2 receptor heteromerization. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114327. [PMID: 36736280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatal dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is generally accepted to be involved in positive symptoms of schizophrenia and is a main target for clinically used antipsychotics. D2R are highly expressed in the striatum, where they form heteromers with the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). Changes in the density of A2AR-D2R heteromers have been reported in postmortem tissue from patients with schizophrenia, but the degree to which A2R are involved in schizophrenia and the effect of antipsychotic drugs is unknown. Here, we examine the effect of exposure to three prototypical antipsychotic drugs on A2AR-D2R heteromerization in mammalian cells using a NanoBiT assay. After 16 h of exposure, a significant increase in the density of A2AR-D2R heteromers was found with haloperidol and aripiprazole, but not with clozapine. On the other hand, clozapine, but not haloperidol or aripiprazole, was associated with a significant decrease in A2AR-D2R heteromerization after 2 h of treatment. Computational binding models of these compounds revealed distinctive molecular signatures that explain their different influence on heteromerization. The bulky tricyclic moiety of clozapine displaces TM 5 of D2R, inducing a clash with A2AR, while the extended binding mode of haloperidol and aripiprazole stabilizes a specific conformation of the second extracellular loop of D2R that enhances the interaction with A2AR. It is proposed that an increase in A2AR-D2R heteromerization is involved in the extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) of antipsychotics and that the specific clozapine-mediated destabilization of A2AR-D2R heteromerization can explain its low EPS liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valle-León
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nil Casajuana-Martin
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Llinas Del Torrent
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Argerich
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez-Acero
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Kristoffer Sahlholm
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 907 87 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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Preference for vigorous exercise versus sedentary sucrose drinking: an animal model of anergia induced by dopamine receptor antagonism. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 31:553-564. [PMID: 32141919 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motivation has activational and directional components. Mesolimbic dopamine is critical for the regulation of behavioral activation and effort-related processes in motivated behaviors. Impairing mesolimbic dopamine function leads to fatigue and anergia, but leaves intact other aspects of reinforce seeking behaviors, such as the consummatory or hedonic component. In male Swiss mice, we characterized the impact of dopamine antagonism on the selection of concurrently presented stimuli that have different vigor requirements. We analyzed running wheel activity versus sucrose solution intake, typically used as a measure of anhedonia. Results are compared with data from nonconcurrent presentation to those stimuli. In the concurrent presentation experiment, control mice preferred to spend time running compared to sucrose intake. Dopamine antagonism shifted relative reinforcer preference, reducing time spent on the running wheel, but actually increasing time-consuming sucrose. Mice increased frequency of bouts for both reinforcers, suggesting that there was fatigue in the running wheel rather than aversion. Moreover, satiation or habituation by preexposing animals to both reinforcers did not shift preferences. In the nonconcurrent experiments, haloperidol reduced running wheel but had no impact on sucrose consumption. Dopamine antagonism did not change preference for sucrose or total volume consumed. Additional correlational analyses indicated that baseline differences in sucrose consumption were independent of baseline running or novelty exploration. Thus, dopamine antagonism seems to have anergic rather than anhedonic effects, and the concurrent presentation in this setting could be useful for assessing preferences based on effort requirements.
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Waku I, Magalhães MS, Alves CO, de Oliveira AR. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy as an animal model for parkinsonism: A systematic review of experimental studies. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3743-3767. [PMID: 33818841 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several useful animal models for parkinsonism have been developed so far. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy is often used as a rodent model for the study of motor impairments observed in Parkinson's disease and related disorders and for the screening of potential antiparkinsonian compounds. The objective of this systematic review is to identify publications that used the haloperidol-induced catalepsy model for parkinsonism and to explore the methodological characteristics and the main questions addressed in these studies. A careful systematic search of the literature was carried out by accessing articles in three different databases: Web of Science, PubMed and SCOPUS. The selection and inclusion of studies were performed based on the abstract and, subsequently, on full-text analysis. Data extraction included the objective of the study, study design and outcome of interest. Two hundred and fifty-five articles were included in the review. Publication years ranged from 1981 to 2020. Most studies used the model to explore the effects of potential treatments for parkinsonism. Although the methodological characteristics used are quite varied, most studies used Wistar rats as experimental subjects. The most frequent dose of haloperidol used was 1.0 mg/kg, and the horizontal bar test was the most used to assess catalepsy. The data presented here provide a framework for an evidence-based approach to the design of preclinical research on parkinsonism using the haloperidol-induced catalepsy model. This model has been used routinely and successfully and is likely to continue to play a critical role in the ongoing search for the next generation of therapeutic interventions for parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Waku
- Department of Psychology, Center of Education and Human Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mylena S Magalhães
- Department of Psychology, Center of Education and Human Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila O Alves
- Department of Psychology, Center of Education and Human Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda R de Oliveira
- Department of Psychology, Center of Education and Human Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Prasad K, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Allosteric Interactions between Adenosine A 2A and Dopamine D 2 Receptors in Heteromeric Complexes: Biochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics, and Opportunities for PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041719. [PMID: 33572077 PMCID: PMC7915359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine and dopamine interact antagonistically in living mammals. These interactions are mediated via adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (R). Stimulation of A2AR inhibits and blockade of A2AR enhances D2R-mediated locomotor activation and goal-directed behavior in rodents. In striatal membrane preparations, adenosine decreases both the affinity and the signal transduction of D2R via its interaction with A2AR. Reciprocal A2AR/D2R interactions occur mainly in striatopallidal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway that are involved in motor control, and in striatal astrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens, they also take place in MSNs involved in reward-related behavior. A2AR and D2R co-aggregate, co-internalize, and co-desensitize. They are at very close distance in biomembranes and form heteromers. Antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine are (at least partially) caused by allosteric receptor–receptor interactions within A2AR/D2R heteromeric complexes. Such interactions may be exploited in novel strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and perhaps also attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Little is known about shifting A2AR/D2R heteromer/homodimer equilibria in the brain. Positron emission tomography with suitable ligands may provide in vivo information about receptor crosstalk in the living organism. Some experimental approaches, and strategies for the design of novel imaging agents (e.g., heterobivalent ligands) are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C.Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
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Charvériat M, Guiard BP. Serotonergic neurons in the treatment of mood disorders: The dialogue with astrocytes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 259:197-228. [PMID: 33541677 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes were traditionally regarded as cells important to neuronal activity, providing both metabolic and structural supports. Recent evidence suggests that they may also play a crucial role in the control of higher brain functions. In keeping with this hypothesis, it is now well accepted that astrocytes contribute to stress but also react to antidepressant drugs as they express serotonergic transporters and receptors. However, the downstream mechanisms leading to the fine-tuned regulation of mood are still unknown. This chapter pays attention to the role of astrocytes in the regulation of emotional behavior and related serotonergic neurotransmission. In particular, it gives a current state of the clinical and preclinical evidence showing that astrocytes respond to environmental conditions and antidepressant drugs through the release of gliotransmitters and neurotrophic factors which in turn, influence serotonergic tone in discrete brain areas. This state-of-the-art review aims at demonstrating the remarkable potential for novel therapeutic antidepressant strategies targeting these glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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6
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Chang Y, Wang Y, Venton BJ. A 1 and A 2A Receptors Modulate Spontaneous Adenosine but Not Mechanically Stimulated Adenosine in the Caudate. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3377-3385. [PMID: 32976713 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuromodulator, and rapid increases in adenosine in the brain occur spontaneously or after mechanical stimulation. However, the regulation of rapid adenosine by adenosine receptors is unclear, and understanding it would allow better manipulation of neuromodulation. The two main adenosine receptors in the brain are A1 receptors, which are inhibitory, and A2A receptors, which are excitatory. Here, we investigated the regulation of spontaneous adenosine and mechanically stimulated adenosine by adenosine receptors, using global A1 or A2A knockout mice. Results were compared in vivo and in brain slices' models. A1 KO mice have increased frequency of spontaneous adenosine events, but no change in the average concentration of an event, while A2A KO mice had no change in frequency but increased average event concentration. Thus, both A1 and A2A self-regulate spontaneous adenosine release; however, A1 acts on the frequency of events, while A2A receptors regulate concentration. The trends are similar both in vivo and slices, so brain slices are a good model system to study spontaneous adenosine release. For mechanically stimulated adenosine, there was no effect of A1 or A2A KO in vivo, but in brain slices, there was a significant increase in concentration evoked in A1KO mice. Mechanically stimulated release was largely unregulated by A1 and A2A receptors, likely because of a different release mechanism than spontaneous adenosine. Thus, A1 receptors affect the frequency of spontaneous adenosine transients, and A2A receptors affect the concentration. Therefore, future studies could probe drug treatments targeting A1 and A2A receptors to increase rapid adenosine neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
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Ramírez-Jarquín UN, Shahani N, Pryor W, Usiello A, Subramaniam S. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase mediates haloperidol-induced cataleptic behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:336. [PMID: 33009372 PMCID: PMC7532208 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase protein complex (mTORC1 or mTORC2) that orchestrates diverse functions ranging from embryonic development to aging. However, its brain tissue-specific roles remain less explored. Here, we have identified that the depletion of the mTOR gene in the mice striatum completely prevented the extrapyramidal motor side effects (catalepsy) induced by the dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) antagonist haloperidol, which is the most widely used typical antipsychotic drug. Conversely, a lack of striatal mTOR in mice did not affect catalepsy triggered by the dopamine 1 receptor (D1R) antagonist SCH23390. Along with the lack of cataleptic effects, the administration of haloperidol in mTOR mutants failed to increase striatal phosphorylation levels of ribosomal protein pS6 (S235/236) as seen in control animals. To confirm the observations of the genetic approach, we used a pharmacological method and determined that the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin has a profound influence upon post-synaptic D2R-dependent functions. We consistently found that pretreatment with rapamycin entirely prevented (in a time-dependent manner) the haloperidol-induced catalepsy, and pS6K (T389) and pS6 (S235/236) signaling upregulation, in wild-type mice. Collectively, our data indicate that striatal mTORC1 blockade may offer therapeutic benefits with regard to the prevention of D2R-dependent extrapyramidal motor side effects of haloperidol in psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Nimrod Ramírez-Jarquín
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458 USA
| | - Neelam Shahani
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458 USA
| | - William Pryor
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458 USA
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- grid.9841.40000 0001 2200 8888Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XLaboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Srinivasa Subramaniam
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
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Napolitano F, D'Angelo L, de Girolamo P, Avallone L, de Lange P, Usiello A. The Thyroid Hormone-target Gene Rhes a Novel Crossroad for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: New Insights from Animal Models. Neuroscience 2018; 384:419-428. [PMID: 29857029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in striatum (Rhes) is predominantly expressed in the corpus striatum. Rhes mRNA is localized in virtually all dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-bearing medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), and cholinergic interneurons of striatum. Early studies in rodents showed that Rhes is developmentally regulated by thyroid hormone, as well as by dopamine innervation in adult rat, monkey and human brains. At cellular level, Rhes interferes with adenosine A2A- and dopamine D1 receptor-dependent cAMP/PKA pathway, upstream of the activation of the heterotrimeric G protein complex. Besides its involvement in GPCR-mediated signaling, Rhes modulates Akt pathway activation, acts as E3-ligase of mutant huntingtin, whose sumoylation accounts for neurotoxicity in Huntington's disease, and physically interacts with Beclin-1, suggesting its potential involvement in autophagy-related cellular events. In addition, this protein can also bind to and activate striatal mTORC1, one of the key players in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, lack of Rhes attenuated such motor disturbances in 6-OHDA-lesioned Rhes knockout mice. In support of its role in MSN-dependent functions, several studies documented that mutant animals displayed alterations in striatum-related phenotypes reminiscent of psychiatric illness in humans, including deficits in prepulse inhibition of startle reflex and, most interestingly, a striking enhancement of behavioral responses elicited by caffeine, phencyclidine or amphetamine. Overall, these data suggest that Rhes modulates molecular and biochemical events underlying striatal functioning, both in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Napolitano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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Ferré S, Bonaventura J, Zhu W, Hatcher-Solis C, Taura J, Quiroz C, Cai NS, Moreno E, Casadó-Anguera V, Kravitz AV, Thompson KR, Tomasi DG, Navarro G, Cordomí A, Pardo L, Lluís C, Dessauer CW, Volkow ND, Casadó V, Ciruela F, Logothetis DE, Zwilling D. Essential Control of the Function of the Striatopallidal Neuron by Pre-coupled Complexes of Adenosine A 2A-Dopamine D 2 Receptor Heterotetramers and Adenylyl Cyclase. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:243. [PMID: 29686613 PMCID: PMC5900444 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The central adenosine system and adenosine receptors play a fundamental role in the modulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. This is mostly achieved by the strategic co-localization of different adenosine and dopamine receptor subtypes in the two populations of striatal efferent neurons, striatonigral and striatopallidal, that give rise to the direct and indirect striatal efferent pathways, respectively. With optogenetic techniques it has been possible to dissect a differential role of the direct and indirect pathways in mediating "Go" responses upon exposure to reward-related stimuli and "NoGo" responses upon exposure to non-rewarded or aversive-related stimuli, respectively, which depends on their different connecting output structures and their differential expression of dopamine and adenosine receptor subtypes. The striatopallidal neuron selectively expresses dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) and adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), and numerous experiments using multiple genetic and pharmacological in vitro, in situ and in vivo approaches, demonstrate they can form A2AR-D2R heteromers. It was initially assumed that different pharmacological interactions between dopamine and adenosine receptor ligands indicated the existence of different subpopulations of A2AR and D2R in the striatopallidal neuron. However, as elaborated in the present essay, most evidence now indicates that all interactions can be explained with a predominant population of striatal A2AR-D2R heteromers forming complexes with adenylyl cyclase subtype 5 (AC5). The A2AR-D2R heteromer has a tetrameric structure, with two homodimers, which allows not only multiple allosteric interactions between different orthosteric ligands, agonists, and antagonists, but also the canonical Gs-Gi antagonistic interaction at the level of AC5. We present a model of the function of the A2AR-D2R heterotetramer-AC5 complex, which acts as an integrative device of adenosine and dopamine signals that determine the excitability and gene expression of the striatopallidal neurons. The model can explain most behavioral effects of A2AR and D2R ligands, including the psychostimulant effects of caffeine. The model is also discussed in the context of different functional striatal compartments, mainly the dorsal and the ventral striatum. The current accumulated knowledge of the biochemical properties of the A2AR-D2R heterotetramer-AC5 complex offers new therapeutic possibilities for Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, SUD and other neuropsychiatric disorders with dysfunction of dorsal or ventral striatopallidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wendy Zhu
- Circuit Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Candice Hatcher-Solis
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jaume Taura
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Quiroz
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ning-Sheng Cai
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Casadó-Anguera
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Eating and Addiction Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Dardo G Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Cordomí
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carme Lluís
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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Taura J, Valle-León M, Sahlholm K, Watanabe M, Van Craenenbroeck K, Fernández-Dueñas V, Ferré S, Ciruela F. Behavioral control by striatal adenosine A 2A -dopamine D 2 receptor heteromers. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:e12432. [PMID: 29053217 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) exhibit the ability to form receptor complexes that include molecularly different GPCR (ie, GPCR heteromers), which endow them with singular functional and pharmacological characteristics. The relative expression of GPCR heteromers remains a matter of intense debate. Recent studies support that adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2 R) predominantly form A2A R-D2 R heteromers in the striatum. The aim of the present study was evaluating the behavioral effects of pharmacological manipulation and genetic blockade of A2A R and D2 R within the frame of such a predominant striatal heteromeric population. First, in order to avoid possible strain-related differences, a new D2 R-deficient mouse with the same genetic background (CD-1) than the A2A R knock-out mouse was generated. Locomotor activity, pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) and drug-induced catalepsy were then evaluated in wild-type, A2A R and D2 R knock-out mice, with and without the concomitant administration of either the D2 R agonist sumanirole or the A2A R antagonist SCH442416. SCH442416-mediated locomotor effects were demonstrated to be dependent on D2 R signaling. Similarly, a significant dependence on A2A R signaling was observed for PPI and for haloperidol-induced catalepsy. The results could be explained by the existence of one main population of striatal postsynaptic A2A R-D2 R heteromers, which may constitute a relevant target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Taura
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Valle-León
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Sahlholm
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K Van Craenenbroeck
- Laboratory of GPCR Expression and Signal Transduction, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - F Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Correa M, Pardo M, Bayarri P, López-Cruz L, San Miguel N, Valverde O, Ledent C, Salamone JD. Choosing voluntary exercise over sucrose consumption depends upon dopamine transmission: effects of haloperidol in wild type and adenosine A₂AKO mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:393-404. [PMID: 26554387 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) regulates behavioral activation and effort-related decision-making in motivated behaviors. Mesolimbic DA D2 receptors are co-localized with adenosine A2A receptors, and they interact in an antagonistic manner. OBJECTIVES A T-maze task was developed to assess dopaminergic involvement in preference between a reinforcer that involves vigorous voluntary activity (running wheel) and a reinforcer that requires minimal behavioral activation (sucrose pellets). Haloperidol (D2 antagonist) was administered to adenosine A2A receptor knockout (A2AKO) and wild-type (WT) littermate controls to assess the involvement of these two receptors in the selection of running wheel activity versus sucrose consumption. RESULTS Under control conditions, mice spent more time running and less time eating. In WT mice, haloperidol reduced time running but actually increased time-consuming sucrose. However, A2AKO mice did not show the haloperidol-induced shift from running wheel activity to sucrose intake. Prefeeding reduced sucrose consumption in the T-maze in both strains, indicating that this paradigm is sensitive to motivational devaluation. Haloperidol increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACg) and nucleus accumbens (Acb) core of WT but not KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that after DA antagonism, the preference for vigorous physical activity is reduced, while palatable food selection increases. Adenosine A2A receptor deletion provides resistance to these effects of D2 receptor antagonism. These two receptors in Acb core and ACg seem to be involved in the regulation of the intrinsic reinforcing characteristics of voluntary exercise but not in the regulation of the primary reinforcing characteristics of palatable sedentary reinforcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Correa
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Marta Pardo
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Pilar Bayarri
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Laura López-Cruz
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Noemí San Miguel
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Olga Valverde
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra and IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Catherine Ledent
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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12
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Ghiglieri V, Napolitano F, Pelosi B, Schepisi C, Migliarini S, Di Maio A, Pendolino V, Mancini M, Sciamanna G, Vitucci D, Maddaloni G, Giampà C, Errico F, Nisticò R, Pasqualetti M, Picconi B, Usiello A. Rhes influences striatal cAMP/PKA-dependent signaling and synaptic plasticity in a gender-sensitive fashion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10933. [PMID: 26190541 PMCID: PMC4507147 DOI: 10.1038/srep10933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of gender-specific synaptic plasticity in the striatum, a brain region that controls motor, cognitive and psychiatric functions, remain unclear. Here we report that Rhes, a GTPase enriched in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of striatum, alters the striatal cAMP/PKA signaling cascade in a gender-specific manner. While Rhes knockout (KO) male mice, compared to wild-type (WT) mice, had a significant basal increase of cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, the Rhes KO females exhibited a much stronger response of this pathway, selectively under the conditions of dopamine/adenosine-related drug challenge. Corticostriatal LTP defects are exclusively found in A2AR/D2R-expressing MSNs of KO females, compared to KO males, an effect that is abolished by PKA inhibitors but not by the removal of circulating estrogens. This suggests that the synaptic alterations found in KO females could be triggered by an aberrant A2AR/cAMP/PKA activity, but not due to estrogen-mediated effect. Consistent with increased cAMP signaling, D1R-mediated motor stimulation, haloperidol-induced catalepsy and caffeine-evoked hyper-activity are robustly enhanced in Rhes KO females compared to mutant males. Thus Rhes, a thyroid hormone-target gene, plays a relevant role in gender-specific synaptic and behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ghiglieri
- Department of Philosophy, Human, Social, and Educational Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Schepisi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Sciamanna
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Vitucci
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere DiSMeB, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Errico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Pasqualetti
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Usiello
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Conditional neural knockout of the adenosine A(2A) receptor and pharmacological A(2A) antagonism reduce pilocarpine-induced tremulous jaw movements: studies with a mouse model of parkinsonian tremor. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:972-7. [PMID: 22947264 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tremulous jaw movements are rapid vertical deflections of the lower jaw that resemble chewing but are not directed at any particular stimulus. In rats, tremulous jaw movements can be induced by a number of conditions that parallel those seen in human parkinsonism, including dopamine depletion, dopamine antagonism, and cholinomimetic drugs. Moreover, tremulous jaw movements in rats can be attenuated using antiparkinsonian agents such as L-DOPA, dopamine agonists, muscarinic antagonists, and adenosine A(2A) antagonists. In the present studies, a mouse model of tremulous jaw movements was established to investigate the effects of adenosine A(2A) antagonism, and a conditional neuronal knockout of adenosine A(2A) receptors, on cholinomimetic-induced tremulous jaw movements. The muscarinic agonist pilocarpine significantly induced tremulous jaw movements in a dose-dependent manner (0.25-1.0mg/kg IP). These movements occurred largely in the 3-7.5 Hz local frequency range. Administration of the adenosine A(2A) antagonist MSX-3 (2.5-10.0 mg/kg IP) significantly attenuated pilocarpine-induced tremulous jaw movements. Furthermore, adenosine A(2A) receptor knockout mice showed a significant reduction in pilocarpine-induced tremulous jaw movements compared to littermate controls. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using the tremulous jaw movement model in mice, and indicate that adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonism and deletion are capable of reducing cholinomimetic-induced tremulous jaw movements in mice. Future studies should investigate the effects of additional genetic manipulations using the mouse tremulous jaw movement model.
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14
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Moreno JL, Holloway T, González-Maeso J. G protein-coupled receptor heterocomplexes in neuropsychiatric disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 117:187-205. [PMID: 23663970 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386931-9.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (or GPCRs) represent the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome and are the target of approximately half of all therapeutic drugs. GPCRs contain a conserved structure of seven transmembrane domains. Their amino terminus is located extracellularly, whereas the carboxy terminus extends into the cytoplasm. Accumulating evidence suggests that GPCRs exist and function as monomeric entities. Nevertheless, more recent findings indicate that GPCRs can also form dimers or even higher order oligomers. The differential pharmacological and signaling properties of GPCR heteromeric complexes hint that their physiological effects may be different as compared to those obtained in tissue cultures that express a particular GPCR. In this chapter, we review current data on the role of GPCR heteromerization in receptor signaling, as well as its potential implication in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
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15
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Nie HH, Huo LJ, Yang X, Gao ZY, Zeng JW, Trier K, Cui DM. Effects of 7-methylxanthine on form-deprivation myopia in pigmented rabbits. Int J Ophthalmol 2012; 5:133-7. [PMID: 22762036 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of 7-methylxanthine (7-MX) on the posterior sclera of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in pigmented rabbits. METHODS Sixteen pigmented rabbits were monocularly deprived (MD) by suturing the right eyelids after natural eye opening (ten-day old) for a period of 30 days. Two groups of pigmented rabbits were fed either 7-MX (30 mg per kg body weight; n=8) or vehicle control (saline equal volume with 7-MX; n=8). Ocular refractions, axial lengths and body weights were measured at the start and the end of the experiment 30 days later. Electron microscopy was used to measure and determine the collagen fibril diameters in the posterior pole of sclera. RESULTS In vehicle control MD pigmented rabbits, 30 days of MD produced -1.10D±0.78D of myopia and the axial length increased 0.51mm±0.09mm. In MD pigmented rabbits fed with 7-MX, 30 days of MD induced only -0.21D±0.11D of myopia and the axial length increased 0.07mm±0.10mm. There was significant change in axial length of vehicle control MD pigmented rabbits (13.11mm±0.19mm versus 12.60mm±0.06mm; P=0.03). The changes in refraction and axial length of two MD groups' contralateral eyes during the 30 days were not significantly different (2.75D±0.27D versus 2.75D±0.35D, P>0.05; 12.60mm±0.06mm versus 12.45mm±0.14mm, P>0.05). The weights of the two groups pigmented rabbits had no significant changes (187g±22.1g versus 189g±19.3g, P>0.05). The diameter of scleral collagen fibers increased in both eyes of 7-MX treated pigmented rabbits. There was significant difference in collagen fibril diameters of inner layer (111.34nm±28.30nm versus 94.80nm±27.52nm, P=0.002) and outer layer (167.92nm±55.82 nm versus 144.04 nm±47.02nm, P=0.016) in the posterior sclera between the myopic eyes of vehicle control MD group and contralateral eyes of 7-MX treated MD group. CONCLUSION 7-MX appears to prevent FDM in pigmented rabbits by remodeling the posterior sclera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hui Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Pardo M, Lopez-Cruz L, Valverde O, Ledent C, Baqi Y, Müller CE, Salamone JD, Correa M. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonism and genetic deletion attenuate the effects of dopamine D2 antagonism on effort-based decision making in mice. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2068-77. [PMID: 22261384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain dopamine (DA) and adenosine interact in the regulation of behavioral activation and effort-related processes. In the present studies, a T-maze task was developed in mice for the assessment of effort-related decision making. With this task, the two arms of the maze have different reinforcement densities, and a vertical barrier is positioned in the arm with the higher density (HD), presenting the animal with an effort-related challenge. Under control conditions mice prefer the HD arm, and climb the barrier to obtain the larger amount of food. The DA D(2) receptor antagonist haloperidol decreased selection of the HD arm and increased selection of the arm with the low density of reinforcement. However, the HD arm was still the preferred choice in haloperidol-treated mice trained with barriers in both arms. Pre-feeding the mice to reduce food motivation dramatically increased omissions, an effect that was distinct from the actions of haloperidol. Co-administration of theophylline, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, partially reversed the effects of haloperidol. This effect seems to be mediated by the A(2A) receptor but not the A(1) receptor, since the A(2A) antagonist MSX-3, but not the A(1) antagonist CPT, dose dependently reversed the effects of haloperidol on effort-related choice and on c-Fos expression in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens. In addition, adenosine A(2A) receptor knockout mice were resistant to the effects of haloperidol on effort-related choice in the maze. These results indicate that DA D(2) and adenosine A(2A) receptors interact to regulate effort-related decision making and effort expenditure in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pardo
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain.
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17
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Cui D, Trier K, Zeng J, Wu K, Yu M, Hu J, Chen X, Ge J. Effects of 7-methylxanthine on the sclera in form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:328-34. [PMID: 19860777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the adenosine receptor antagonist 7-methylxanthine (7-MX) on form deprivation myopia in 3-week-old guinea pigs. METHODS Two groups of 3-week-old guinea pigs were subjected to monocular deprivation (MD) using a diffuser and fed either 7-MX (300 mg/kg body weight; n = 7) or vehicle control (saline at an equal volume to 7-MX; n = 7). A control group (n = 6) was not subjected to form deprivation. Ocular refraction, axial length and body weight were measured at the start and after 21 days. The thickness of the posterior sclera was measured by light microscopy and the collagen fibril diameter in the inner, middle and outer layers of the sclera was measured by electron microscopy. RESULTS In the vehicle control group, 21 days of MD produced significant amounts of myopia, axial elongation, thinning of the posterior sclera and thinning of the median collagen fibril diameter in the posterior sclera relative to the contralateral eyes. In the guinea pigs fed with 7-MX, however, form deprivation produced significantly less myopia and axial elongation compared with vehicle control animals. The 7-MX-treated animals exhibited a thickening of the posterior sclera in both the MD eye and the contralateral eye. In the 7-MX-treated animals, the median collagen fibril diameter in the posterior sclera was not reduced by form deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with 7-MX appears to not only decrease the amount of myopia by around 50% and eliminate the eye elongation induced by form deprivation in guinea pigs, but also to prevent form deprivation myopia-related scleral changes, such as thinning of the sclera and thinning of the collagen fibril diameter in the posterior sclera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Cui D, Trier K, Zeng J, Wu K, Yu M, Ge J. Adenosine receptor protein changes in guinea pigs with form deprivation myopia. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88:759-65. [PMID: 19604158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent results have shown that treatment with the non-selective adenosine antagonist 7-methylxanthine (7-MX) reduces the development of form deprivation myopia (FDM) in guinea pigs. The aims of this study were to identify the presence of adenosine receptors (AdoRs) in the eye wall of the guinea pig and to determine their possible changes during form deprivation. METHODS Three-week-old guinea pigs were monocularly treated with a translucent lens to induce FDM. After 21 days, samples were taken from the posterior eye wall and examined with immunofluorescence confocal microscopy for the presence of AdoRA1, AdoRA2A, AdoRA2B and AdoRA3 proteins. Western blot analysis was used to quantitate AdoRs in samples from the retina, choroids and sclera. RESULTS All four subtypes of AdoR were expressed in the posterior wall of the guinea pig eye, although AdoRA3 only weakly. Twenty-one days after the induction of myopia, we observed a significant decrease in protein expression for AdoRA1 (- 25.5%) and an increase in protein expression for AdoRA2B (+ 66.7%) in the retina of FDM eyes. CONCLUSIONS AdoRs of all subtypes are expressed in the retina, choroids and sclera in guinea pigs and may play a role in the regulation of eye growth. The changed pattern of AdoR expression during form deprivation confirms that pharmaceutical intervention targeting AdoRs may reduce myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Cui
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Hodgson RA, Bedard PJ, Varty GB, Kazdoba TM, Di Paolo T, Grzelak ME, Pond AJ, Hadjtahar A, Belanger N, Gregoire L, Dare A, Neustadt BR, Stamford AW, Hunter JC. Preladenant, a selective A(2A) receptor antagonist, is active in primate models of movement disorders. Exp Neurol 2010; 225:384-90. [PMID: 20655910 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Extrapyramidal Syndrome (EPS) are movement disorders that result from degeneration of the dopaminergic input to the striatum and chronic inhibition of striatal dopamine D(2) receptors by antipsychotics, respectively. Adenosine A(2A) receptors are selectively localized in the basal ganglia, primarily in the striatopallidal ("indirect") pathway, where they appear to operate in concert with D(2) receptors and have been suggested to drive striatopallidal output balance. In cases of dopaminergic hypofunction, A(2A) receptor activation contributes to the overdrive of the indirect pathway. A(2A) receptor antagonists, therefore, have the potential to restore this inhibitor imbalance. Consequently, A(2A) receptor antagonists have therapeutic potential in diseases of dopaminergic hypofunction such as PD and EPS. Targeting the A(2A) receptor may also be a way to avoid the issues associated with direct dopamine agonists. Recently, preladenant was identified as a potent and highly selective A(2A) receptor antagonist, and has produced a significant improvement in motor function in rodent models of PD. Here we investigate the effects of preladenant in two primate movement disorder models. In MPTP-treated cynomolgus monkeys, preladenant (1 or 3 mg/kg; PO) improved motor ability and did not evoke any dopaminergic-mediated dyskinetic or motor complications. In Cebus apella monkeys with a history of chronic haloperidol treatment, preladenant (0.3-3.0 mg/kg; PO) delayed the onset of EPS symptoms evoked by an acute haloperidol challenge. Collectively, these data support the use of preladenant for the treatment of PD and antipsychotic-induced movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hodgson
- Department of Neurobiology, Merck and Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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20
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Systemic 7-methylxanthine in retarding axial eye growth and myopia progression: a 36-month pilot study. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2008; 1:85-93. [PMID: 20072638 PMCID: PMC2802512 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-008-9013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine antagonist 7-methylxanthine (7-mx) works against myopia in animal models. In a clinical trial, 68 myopic children (mean age 11.3 years) received either placebo or 7-mx tablets for 12 months. All participants subsequently received 7-mx for another 12 months, after which treatment was stopped. Axial length was measured with Zeiss IOL-Master and cycloplegic refraction with Nikon Retinomax at -6, 0, 12, 24, and 36 months. Axial growth was reduced among children treated with 7-mx for 24 months compared with those only treated for the last 12 months. Myopia progression and axial eye growth slowed down in periods with 7-mx treatment, but when the treatment was stopped, both myopia progression and axial eye growth continued with invariable speed. The results indicate that 7-mx reduces eye elongation and myopia progression in childhood myopia. The treatment is safe and without side effects and may be continued until 18-20 years of age when myopia progression normally stops.
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Abstract
Neurochemical and pharmacological evidence obtained over the past 30 yr has indicated that adenosine and dopamine interact functionally in the basal ganglia and that such interactions have pathophysiological and therapeutic implications. The receptors implicated are adenosine A1 and A2A, and dopamine D1 and D2. There is evidence that dopamine D2 receptor activation in vivo antagonizes tonic activation of adenosine A2A receptors. Thus, acute blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, or disruption of dopamine transmission, unmasks strong adenosine A2A activation. Effects of dopamine D2 blockade are different after adenosine A2A blockade or in A2A knockout mice. Possibly as an adaptation to this increase in adenosine A2A signaling, there is a decreased coupling of A2A receptors to biological effects in dopamine D2 knockout mice. Compared to wild-type mice, adenosine A2A knockout mice show decreased neurodegeneration after treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and show improved motor performance in models of Parkinson's disease Adenosine A1 receptors are not specifically located with any dopamine receptor, as is the A2A receptor with D2 receptors. Many A1 receptors are located presynaptically, where they regulate transmitter release. In A1 knockout mice, glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission is therefore modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Salmi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Fredholm BB, Chen JF, Masino SA, Vaugeois JM. ACTIONS OF ADENOSINE AT ITS RECEPTORS IN THE CNS: Insights from Knockouts and Drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45:385-412. [PMID: 15822182 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine and its receptors have been the topic of many recent reviews ( 1 – 26 ). These reviews provide a good summary of much of the relevant literature—including the older literature. We have, therefore, chosen to focus the present review on the insights gained from recent studies on genetically modified mice, particularly with respect to the function of adenosine receptors and their potential as therapeutic targets. The information gained from studies of drug effects is discussed in this context, and discrepancies between genetic and pharmacological results are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Alvarez-Cervera FJ, Villanueva-Toledo J, Moo-Puc RE, Heredia-López FJ, Alvarez-Cervera M, Pineda JC, Góngora-Alfaro JL. A novel automated rat catalepsy bar test system based on a RISC microcontroller. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 146:76-83. [PMID: 15935223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Catalepsy tests performed in rodents treated with drugs that interfere with dopaminergic transmission have been widely used for the screening of drugs with therapeutic potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The basic method for measuring catalepsy intensity is the "standard" bar test. We present here an easy to use microcontroller-based automatic system for recording bar test experiments. The design is simple, compact, and has a low cost. Recording intervals and total experimental time can be programmed within a wide range of values. The resulting catalepsy times are stored, and up to five simultaneous experiments can be recorded. A standard personal computer interface is included. The automated system also permits the elimination of human error associated with factors such as fatigue, distraction, and data transcription, occurring during manual recording. Furthermore, a uniform criterion for timing the cataleptic condition can be achieved. Correlation values between the results obtained with the automated system and those reported by two independent observers ranged between 0.88 and 0.99 (P<0.0001; three treatments, nine animals, 144 catalepsy time measurements).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Alvarez-Cervera
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, México
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24
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Xu K, Bastia E, Schwarzschild M. Therapeutic potential of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 105:267-310. [PMID: 15737407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of improved treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD), the adenosine A(2A) receptor has emerged as an attractive nondopaminergic target. Based on the compelling behavioral pharmacology and selective basal ganglia expression of this G-protein-coupled receptor, its antagonists are now crossing the threshold of clinical development as adjunctive symptomatic treatment for relatively advanced PD. The antiparkinsonian potential of A(2A) antagonism has been boosted further by recent preclinical evidence that A(2A) antagonists might favorably alter the course as well as the symptoms of the disease. Convergent epidemiological and laboratory data have suggested that A(2A) blockade may confer neuroprotection against the underlying dopaminergic neuron degeneration. In addition, rodent and nonhuman primate studies have raised the possibility that A(2A) receptor activation contributes to the pathophysiology of dyskinesias-problematic motor complications of standard PD therapy--and that A(2A) antagonism might help prevent them. Realistically, despite being targeted to basal ganglia pathophysiology, A(2A) antagonists may be expected to have other beneficial and adverse effects elsewhere in the central nervous system (e.g., on mood and sleep) and in the periphery (e.g., on immune and inflammatory processes). The thoughtful design of new clinical trials of A(2A) antagonists should take into consideration these counterbalancing hopes and concerns and may do well to shift toward a broader set of disease-modifying as well as symptomatic indications in early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xu
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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25
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Fredholm BB, Chen JF, Cunha RA, Svenningsson P, Vaugeois JM. Adenosine and Brain Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 63:191-270. [PMID: 15797469 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)63007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Costentin J. [The importance of in vivo pharmacology in fundamental research on psychotropic drugs and their biological targets]. Therapie 2004; 59:51-6. [PMID: 15199668 DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2004011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The main families of psychotropic drugs have been almost fortuitously discovered, from investigations carried out directly in humans. The burst of studies triggered by these discoveries and the considerably strengthened ethical guidelines for clinical trials have allowed remarkable developments in preclinical studies performed in animals, and especially in rodents. The corresponding models may be classified as follows: homologous models mimicking the aetiology of the disease against which one attempts to develop drugs; isomorphic models mimicking specific symptoms of a disease but involving different aetiological mechanisms; predictive models, which assess the effect of a drug on behavioural or other functional signs/symptoms unconnected to the psychiatric disease but involving the same type of biological targets as those affected by the disease; and theoretical or explanatory models that aim to elucidate the mechanism of action of agents producing psychotropic effects. Among the latter, the following can be cited: the knock out of genes coding for a specific biological target; the neutralisation of a specific ARNm by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, which also aims to prevent the synthesis of a specific biological target; use of controlled reproduction to achieve a concentration of genes, the association of which leads to the development of a disease. Each one of these approaches has been illustrated by an example developed within the Rouen Neuropsychopharmacology Unit: the psychobehavioural spectrum of mice with invalidation of the gene coding for adenosine A2A receptors; the abolition of either nociceptin ORL1 receptors or neurotensin NTR2 receptors in order to characterise their functions; the concentration, by controlled breeding in mice, of a phenotype corresponding to that of depression. These developments illustrate several recent developments in neuropsychopharmacology with the aim of emphasising the vitality of this discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Costentin
- Unité de Neuropsychopharmacologie Expérimentale, UMR CNRS 6036, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Rouen, France.
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27
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Cryan JF, Mombereau C. In search of a depressed mouse: utility of models for studying depression-related behavior in genetically modified mice. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:326-57. [PMID: 14743184 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to modify mice genetically has been one of the major breakthroughs in modern medical science affecting every discipline including psychiatry. It is hoped that the application of such technologies will result in the identification of novel targets for the treatment of diseases such as depression and to gain a better understanding of the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms that are regulated by current clinically effective antidepressant medications. The advent of these tools has resulted in the need to adopt, refine and develop mouse-specific models for analyses of depression-like behavior or behavioral patterns modulated by antidepressants. In this review, we will focus on the utility of current models (eg forced swim test, tail suspension test, olfactory bulbectomy, learned helplessness, chronic mild stress, drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia) and research strategies aimed at investigating novel targets relevant to depression in the mouse. We will focus on key questions that are considered relevant for examining the utility of such models. Further, we describe other avenues of research that may give clues as to whether indeed a genetically modified animal has alterations relevant to clinical depression. We suggest that it is prudent and most appropriate to use convergent tests that draw on different antidepressant-related endophenotypes, and complimentary physiological analyses in order to provide a program of information concerning whether a given phenotype is functionally relevant to depression-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cryan
- Neuroscience Research, The Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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Wong ML, Licinio J. From monoamines to genomic targets: a paradigm shift for drug discovery in depression. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3:136-51. [PMID: 15040578 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Depression, a complex psychiatric disorder that affects approximately 15% of the population, has an enormous social cost. Although the disorder is thought to be the outcome of gene-environmental interactions, the causative genes and environmental factors underlying depression remain to be identified. All the antidepressant drugs now in use--the forerunner of which was discovered serendipitously 50 years ago--modulate monoamine neurotransmission, and take six to eight weeks to exert their effects, but each drug is efficacious in only 60-70% of patients. A conceptually novel antidepressant that acted rapidly and safely in a high proportion of patients would almost certainly become the world's bestselling drug. Yet such a drug is not on the horizon. Here, we cover the different phases of antidepressant drug discovery in the past, present and future, and comment on the challenges and opportunities for antidepressant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma-Li Wong
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Neuropsychiatric Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, USA.
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29
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Lee YC, Chien CL, Sun CN, Huang CL, Huang NK, Chiang MC, Lai HL, Lin YS, Chou SY, Wang CKL, Tai MH, Liao WL, Lin TN, Liu FC, Chern Y. Characterization of the rat A2A adenosine receptor gene: a 4.8-kb promoter-proximal DNA fragment confers selective expression in the central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:1786-96. [PMID: 14622213 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We isolated and characterized a 4.8-kb 5' flanking region of the rat A2A adenosine receptor (A2A-R) gene in the present study. Promoter activity was observed with this DNA fragment in PC12 cells and C6 cells which contain endogenous A2A-Rs. A fusion fragment consisting of the 4.8-kb promoter-proximal DNA fragment of the A2A-R gene, and the coding region of lacZ was utilized to produce mice harbouring the fusion gene. In three independent founder lines, proteins and transcripts of the transgene were found in many areas of the central nervous system (CNS), but not in three peripheral tissues examined. Double immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the transgene was coexpressed with endogenous A2A-R and proper neuronal markers in the brain. Specifically, the transgene in the striatum was found in the enkephalin-containing GABAergic neurons and in the cholinergic neurons as was found for the endogenous A2A-R. However, a selectively enriched striatal expression of the transgene was not found as was observed for the endogenous A2A-R. Collectively, the 4.8-kb promoter-proximal DNA fragment of the rat A2A-R gene contains important element(s) to direct its expression in the CNS where functional A2A-R are found, but were not sufficient to confer the highly concentrated expression of the striatal A2A-R. Furthermore, expressions of A2A-R and the transgene were found in both neurons and astrocytes, suggesting that adenosine might mediate its function through A2A-R in both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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30
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Villanueva-Toledo J, Moo-Puc RE, Góngora-Alfaro JL. Selective A2A, but not A1 adenosine antagonists enhance the anticataleptic action of trihexyphenidyl in rats. Neurosci Lett 2003; 346:1-4. [PMID: 12850533 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In rats made cataleptic with haloperidol (5.32 micromol/kg), the bar test was used to assess the possible synergism between the muscarinic antagonist trihexyphenidyl (THP) and selective adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptor antagonists. Neither catalepsy intensity nor latency were affected by a subthreshold dose of THP (0.33 micromol/kg). The selective adenosine A(1) antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropyl-xanthine (DPCPX) (5.15 micromol/kg) caused a small, but significant reduction of catalepsy intensity that remained unchanged when combined with THP. DPCPX had no effect on catalepsy latency, either alone or combined with THP. In contrast, an equimolar dose of the selective adenosine A(2A) antagonist 4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)1,2,4-triazolo[2,3-a]-[1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol (ZM 241385) (5.15 micromol/kg) produced a significant reduction of catalepsy intensity and increased catalepsy latency. Both effects were potentiated when ZM 241385 was combined with THP. The synergism was more evident when rats were pretreated with a subthreshold dose of ZM 241385 (1.55 micromol/kg) that was unable to modify catalepsy parameters when applied alone, but produced a significant reduction in catalepsy intensity and an increase in catalepsy latency when administered with THP. Catalepsy was unaffected by a combination of equimolar, subthreshold doses of DPCPX (1.55 micromol/kg) and ZM 241385 (1.55 micromol/kg). These findings indicate that the anticataleptic effect of anticholinergics is enhanced only by the selective blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Villanueva-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, "Dr Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Avenida Itzáes No 490, Yucatán, Mérida CP 97000, Mexico
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